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“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.” So wrote Charles Dickens (1812-1870) about the French Revolution (1789-1799), but he was also aptly describing the sweeping political and social changes of the 19th century. The turmoil of European political expansion and overseas colonialism led to numerous questions regarding social inequity and social justice—particularly concerning slavery. Ferocious debate regarding slavery in Britain led to its abolition by Act of Parliament in 1833. However, Britain still possessed an overseas empire in which there was significant inequity, particularly in India. The United States…
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In the 19th century, three factors changed the Asian monetary system forever: the globalization…
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Although the rulers of the great Ethiopian kingdom of Aksum, which flourished between AD…
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North America’s first European settlers often traded by barter, using corn, tobacco, and other…
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The 18th century was an age of frequent and costly warfare between the states…
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By the early 1600s, the rich mines of Potosí, Bolivia, had reached their highest…
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The 15th and 16th centuries are probably best known for a renewed interest in…
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East Asian coins are noticeably different from Western coins and evolved separately from the…
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Throughout early Medieval Europe, coins were not as important as they had been during…
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The Byzantine emperors in Constantinople struck a gold coin called a solidus, which was…
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The Romans established a highly centralized system of currency, which became the model for…
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The first coins were struck in 7th-century Lydia in Western Turkey. The new…
Money
Money, as a medium of exchange, progressively replaced self-sufficiency and barter.
Money provides a common scale against which all kinds of…