Pravoslav (Bulgaria; PRA)

Hoard Description

ClosingDate: 4 B.C.
Description: Denarius: 56, Denarius Serratus: 2

Findspot

Description:

Falls Within: Pravoslav (Bulgaria)
Type: inhabited places

References

Reference
- Title: RRCH
- Identifier: 520
Reference: Nikolov, D. "Trésor monétaire de deniers républicains découverts dans la région de Stara Zagora." Bulletin de l’Institut d’Archéologique Bulgare 27 (1964): 153-180.

Notes

Source: offprint in Michael Crawford's archive.

Legend		Mint		Findspot

View map in fullscreen.

Contents
Quantitative Analysis

Count	Description
1	RRC 384/1 Denarius Serratus, 79 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 384/1 Date: 79 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Serratus Material: Silver Authority Issuer: L. Papius Geographic Mint: Rome Obverse Type: Head of Juno Sospita right; behind, control mark. Bead and reel border. Deity: Juno Reverse Legend: L·PAPI Type: Griffin leaping right; below, control mark. Bead and reel border.	[more]
1	RRC 393/1a Denarius, 76 B.C.-75 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 393/1a Date Range: 76 B.C. - 75 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus Geographic Mint: Hispania (uncertain) Obverse Legend: G·P·R Type: Bust of Genius Populi Romani right, draped and hair tied with band, with sceptre over shoulder . Border of dots. Deity: Genius Reverse Legend: EX S·C CN·LEN Q Type: Sceptre with wreath, globe and rudder . Border of dots.	[more]
1	RRC 409/1 Denarius, 67 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 409/1 Date: 67 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: M. Plaetorius Cestianus Geographic Mint: Rome Obverse Legend: CESTIANVS S·C Type: Bust right, draped and with attributes of Isis, Minerva, Apollo, Diana and Victory; before, cornucopia. Bead and reel border. Deity: Apollo Deity: Diana Deity: Isis Deity: Minerva Deity: Victory Reverse Legend: M·PLAETORIVS·M·F·AED·CVR Type: Eagle on thunderbolt; around, inscription. Bead and reel border.	[more]
1	RRC 412/1 Denarius Serratus, 64 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 412/1 Date: 64 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Serratus Material: Silver Authority Issuer: L. Roscius Fabatus Geographic Mint: Rome Obverse Legend: L·ROSCI Type: Head of Juno Sospita right; behind, control mark . Border of dots. Deity: Juno Reverse Legend: FABATI Type: Girl and snake facing each other; on left, control mark. Border of dots.	[more]
1	RRC 423/1 Denarius, 57 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 423/1 Date: 57 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: C. Servilius Geographic Mint: Rome Obverse Legend: FLORAL·PRIMVS Type: Head of Flora right; behind, lituus. Border of dots. Deity: Flora Reverse Legend: C·SERVEIL C·F Type: Two soldiers facing each other and presenting swords. Border of dots.	[more]
2	RRC 425/1 Denarius, 56 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 425/1 Date: 56 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: L. Marcius Philippus Geographic Mint: Rome Obverse Legend: ANCVS Type: Head of Ancus Marcius, wearing diadem; behind, lituus . Border of dots. Reverse Legend: PHILIPPVS AQVA MAR Type: Aqueduct, on which stands equestrian statue; at horse's feet, flower; within arches of aquedcut, inscription. Border of dots.	[more]
1	RRC 428/3 Denarius, 55 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 428/3 Date: 55 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: Q. Cassius Longinus Geographic Mint: Rome Obverse Type: Head of Genius Populi Romani right, with sceptre over shoulder. Border of dots. Deity: Genius Reverse Legend: Q·CASSIVS Type: Eagle on thunderbolt right; on left, lituus; on right, jug . Border of dots.	[more]
1	RRC 430/1 Denarius, 55 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 430/1 Date: 55 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: P. Licinius Crassus Geographic Mint: Rome Obverse Legend: S·C Type: Bust of Venus right, draped, laureate and wearing diadem. Border of dots. Deity: Venus Reverse Legend: P·CRASSVS·M·F Type: Female figure leading horse left with right hand and holding spear in left hand; at feet, cuirass and shield; around, inscription. Border of dots.	[more]
2	RRC 433/2 Denarius, 54 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 433/2 Date: 54 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: Brutus Geographic Mint: Rome Obverse Legend: BRVTVS Type: Head of L. Junius Brutus, right. Border of dots. Reverse Legend: AHALA Type: Head of C. Servilius Ahala, right. Border of dots.	[more]
2	As issue RRC 442/1a Denarius, 49 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 442/1a Date: 49 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: Mn. Acilius Geographic Mint: Rome Obverse Legend: [SALVTIS] Type: Laureate head of Salus right. Border of dots. Deity: Salus Reverse Legend: MN·ACILIVS [III·VIR·VALETV] Type: Valetudo standing left, resting left arm on column and holding snake in right hand. Border of dots.	[more]
2	RRC 443/1 Denarius, 49 B.C.-48 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 443/1 Date Range: 49 B.C. - 48 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: Julius Caesar Geographic Mint: Uncertain value Obverse Type: Pontifical emblems - culullus, aspergillum, axe and apex. Border of dots. Reverse Legend: CAESAR Type: Elephant right, trampling dragon. Border of dots.	[more]
1	RRC 446/1 Denarius, 49 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 446/1 Date: 49 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: Pompey Issuer: Cn. Piso Geographic Mint: Uncertain value Obverse Legend: NVMA CN·PISO·PRO·Q Type: Bearded head of Numa right, wearing diadem inscribed NVMA. Line border. Reverse Legend: MAGN PRO·COS Type: Prow right . Line border.	[more]
1	RRC 445/1b Denarius, 49 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 445/1b Date: 49 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: C. Claudius Marcellus Issuer: L. Cornelius Lentulus Crus Geographic Mint: Apollonia Mordiaeum Obverse Type: Triskele with winged head of Medusa in centre and corn-ears between legs. Border of dots. Deity: Medusa Reverse Legend: LENT MAR COS Type: Jupiter standing facing, holding thunderbolt in right hand and eagle in left hand; on far right, harpa. Border of dots. Deity: Jupiter	[more]
1	RRC 444/1a Denarius, 49 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 444/1a Date: 49 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: Q. Sicinius Issuer: C. Coponius Geographic Mint: Rome Obverse Legend: Q·SICINIVS III·VIR Type: Head of Apollo right, hair tied with band; below, star. Border of dots. Deity: Apollo Reverse Legend: PR·S·C C·COPONIVS Type: Club upright, on which hangs lion's skin with head in profile; on left, arrow and inscription; on right, bow and inscription. Border of dots.	[more]
2	RRC 452/2 Denarius, 48 B.C.-47 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 452/2 Date Range: 48 B.C. - 47 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: Julius Caesar Geographic Mint: Rome Obverse Legend: LII Type: Female head right, wearing oak-wreath and diadem. Border of dots. Reverse Legend: CAE SAR Type: Trophy with Gallic shield and carnyx; on right, axe, below, inscription. Border of dots.	[more]
1	RRC 448/3 Denarius, 48 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 448/3 Date: 48 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: L. Hostilius Saserna Geographic Mint: Rome Obverse Type: Female head right, with long hair; behind, carnyx. Border of dots. Reverse Legend: L·HOSTILIVS SASERNA Type: Artemis facing, holding spear in left hand and placing right hand on head of stag. Border of dots. Deity: Artemis	[more]
1	RRC 453/1a Denarius, 47 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 453/1a Date: 47 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: L. Plautius Plancus Geographic Mint: Rome Obverse Legend: L·PLAVTIVS Type: Head of Medusa facing, with coiled snake on either side . Border of dots. Deity: Medusa Reverse Legend: PLANCVS Type: Victory facing, holding palm-branch in left hand and leading four horses . Border of dots. Deity: Victory	[more]
1	RRC 506/2 Denarius, 43 B.C.-42 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 506/2 Date Range: 43 B.C. - 42 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: Brutus Issuer: (Pedanius) Costa Geographic Mint: Uncertain value Obverse Legend: COSTA LEG Type: Laureate head of Apollo right. Border of dots. Deity: Apollo Reverse Legend: BRVTVS IMP Type: Trophy with figure-of-eight shield and two spears. Border of dots.	[more]
1	RRC 501/1 Denarius, 43 B.C.-42 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 501/1 Date Range: 43 B.C. - 42 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: Brutus Geographic Mint: Uncertain value Obverse Legend: LEIBERTAS Type: Head of Libertas right. Border of dots. Deity: Libertas Reverse Legend: CAEPIO·BRVTVS·PRO·COS Type: Plectrum, lyre and laurel-branch tied with fillet; around, inscription. Border of dots.	[more]
1	RRC 496/2 Denarius, 42 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 496/2 Date: 42 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: Mark Antony Geographic Mint: Uncertain value Obverse Type: Head of M. Antonius right, bearded; behind, lituus. Border of dots. Reverse Legend: M·ANTONIVS·III·VIR·R·P·C Type: Radiate head of Sol right; around, inscription. Border of dots. Deity: Sol	[more]
1	RRC 511/3a Denarius, 42 B.C.-40 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 511/3a Date Range: 42 B.C. - 40 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: Sextus Pompey Geographic Mint: Sicily Obverse Legend: [MA]G·PIVS·IMP·ITER Type: Head of Pompey the Great right; behind, jug; before, lituus; around, inscription. Border of dots. Reverse Legend: PRAEF CLAS·ET·OR[AE] MARIT·EX·S·C Type: Neptune standing left, wearing diadem, holding aplustre in right hand and cloak over left arm; placing right foot on prow; on either side, one of the Catanean brothers, bearing his father on his shoulders . Border of dots. Deity: Neptune	[more]
2	RRC 494/23 Denarius, 42 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 494/23 Date: 42 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: P. Clodius Geographic Mint: Rome Obverse Type: Laureate head of Apollo right; behind, lyre. Border of dots. Deity: Apollo Reverse Legend: P·CLODIVS M·F Type: Diana standing facing, with bow and quiver over shoulder, holding lighted torch in each hand. Border of dots. Deity: Diana	[more]
2	RRC 517/2 Denarius, 41 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 517/2 Date: 41 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: Mark Antony Issuer: M. Barbatius Pollio Geographic Mint: Uncertain value Obverse Legend: M·ANT·IMP·AVG·III·VIR·R·P·C·M·BARBAT·Q·P Type: Head of M. Antonius right; around, inscription. Border of dots. Reverse Legend: CAESAR·IMP·PONT·III·VIR·R·P·C Type: Head of Octavian right, bearded; around, inscription. Border of dots.	[more]
1	RRC 512/2 Denarius, 41 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 512/2 Date: 41 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: C. Clodius Vestalis Geographic Mint: Rome Obverse Legend: C·CLODIVS C·F Type: Head of Flora right; behind, flower. Border of dots. Deity: Flora Reverse Legend: VESTALIS Type: Female figure (Claudia Pulchra) seated left, holding culullus in right hand. Border of dots.	[more]
1	RRC 526/2 Denarius, 40 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 526/2 Date: 40 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: Q. Voconius Vitulus Geographic Mint: Rome Obverse Legend: DIVI·IVLI Type: Laureate head Julius Caesar right; behind, lituus. Border of dots. Reverse Legend: Q·VOCONIVS VITVLVS Type: Calf left . Border of dots.	[more]
1	RRC 526/4 Denarius, 40 B.C. Typological Description Source: RRC 526/4 Date: 40 B.C. Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Issuer: Q. Voconius Vitulus Geographic Mint: Rome Obverse Type: Laureate head Julius Caesar right. Border of dots. Reverse Legend: Q·VOCONIVS VITVLVS·Q· DESIGN S C Type: Calf left ; on either side, inscription. Border of dots.	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 253 Denarius, 32 BC-29 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 253 Date Range: 32 BC - 29 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Geographic Mint: Uncertain value Region: Italy Obverse Type: Bust of Pax, draped, right, with stephane; behind, cornucopia; in front, olive-spray Deity: Pax Reverse Legend: CAESAR DIVI F Type: Octavian in military dress, standing right, raising right hand and left hand holding spear over shoulder Portrait: Octavian	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 257 Denarius, 32 BC-29 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 257 Date Range: 32 BC - 29 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Geographic Mint: Uncertain value Region: Italy Obverse Type: Head of Octavian, bare, right Portrait: Octavian Reverse Legend: CAESAR DIVI F Type: Naked male figure seated right on cloak on rock, holding lyre, petasus behind	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 252 Denarius, 32 BC-29 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 252 Date Range: 32 BC - 29 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Geographic Mint: Uncertain value Region: Italy Obverse Type: Head of Octavian, bare, right Portrait: Octavian Reverse Legend: CAESAR DIVI F Type: Pax, draped, standing left, holding olive-branch in right and cornucopia in left Deity: Pax	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 81 Denarius, 19 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 81 Date: 19 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Geographic Mint: Colonia Patricia Region: Lusitania Obverse Legend: CAESAR AVGVSTVS Type: Head of Augustus, bare, left Portrait: Augustus Reverse Legend: SIGNIS RECEPTIS Type: Mars, helmeted and cloaked, standing front, head right, holding aquila in right hand and standard on left shoulder Deity: Mars	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 42A Denarius, 20 BC-19 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 42A Date Range: 20 BC - 19 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Geographic Mint: Caesaraugusta Region: Lusitania Obverse Legend: CAESAR AVGVSTVS Type: Head of Augustus, bare, right Portrait: Augustus Reverse Legend: S P Q R CL V Type: Legend in two lines on shield	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 37B Denarius, 19 BC-18 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 37B Date Range: 19 BC - 18 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Geographic Mint: Caesaraugusta Region: Lusitania Obverse Legend: CAESAR AVGVSTVS Type: Head of Augustus, oak-wreathed, left Portrait: Augustus Reverse Legend: DIVVS IVLIVS Type: Comet with eight rays and tail	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 313 Denarius, 19 BC-4 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 313 Date Range: 19 BC - 4 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Issuer: M. Durmius Geographic Mint: Rome Region: Italy Obverse Legend: M DVRMIVS III VIR HONORI Type: Head of Honos, right, in between two six-rayed stars Deity: Honos Reverse Legend: CAESAR AVGVSTVS S C Type: Slow quadriga right, with round basket-like car and three grain stalks	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 297 Denarius, 19 BC-4 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 297 Date Range: 19 BC - 4 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Issuer: P. Petronius Turpilianus Geographic Mint: Rome Region: Italy Obverse Legend: CAESAR AVGVSTVS Type: Head of Augustus, bare, right Portrait: Augustus Reverse Legend: P PETRON TVRPILIAN III VIR Type: Pegasus walking right	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 296 Denarius, 19 BC-4 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 296 Date Range: 19 BC - 4 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Issuer: P. Petronius Turpilianus Geographic Mint: Rome Region: Italy Obverse Legend: CAESAR AVGVSTVS Type: Head of Augustus, bare, right Portrait: Augustus Reverse Legend: P PETRON TVRPILIAN III VIR Type: Siren with wings, standing left, holding flute in raised right hand, and another in left at her side	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 287 Denarius, 19 BC-4 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 287 Date Range: 19 BC - 4 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Issuer: P. Petronius Turpilianus Geographic Mint: Rome Region: Italy Obverse Legend: TVRPILIANVS IIIVIR Type: Head of Liber, ivy-wreathed, right Deity: Liber Reverse Legend: CAESAR AVGVSTVS SIGN RECE Type: Parthian kneeling right, extending standard with X-marked vexillum with right hand and holding out left hand	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 322 Denarius, 19 BC-4 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 322 Date Range: 19 BC - 4 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Issuer: Q. Rustius Geographic Mint: Rome Region: Italy Obverse Legend: Q RVSTIVS FORTVNAE ANTIAT Type: Jugate busts of Fortuna Victrix, with round helmet, and Fortuna Felix, with diadem, right on bar with rams' heads Deity: Fortuna Victrix Deity: Fortuna Felix Reverse Legend: CAESARI AVGVSTO EX SC Type: Ornamented altar inscribed FOR RE	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 119 Denarius, 18 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 119 Date: 18 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Geographic Mint: Colonia Patricia Region: Lusitania Obverse Legend: CAESARI AVGVSTO Type: Head of Augustus, laureate, right Portrait: Augustus Reverse Legend: S P Q R Type: Domed tetrastyle temple with triumphal currus standing within, right, containing aquila and four miniature galloping horses	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 117 Denarius, 18 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 117 Date: 18 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Geographic Mint: Colonia Patricia Region: Lusitania Obverse Legend: CAESARI AVGVSTO Type: Head of Augustus, laureate, left Portrait: Augustus Reverse Legend: S P Q R Type: Domed tetrastyle temple with triumphal currus standing within, right, containing aquila and four miniature galloping horses	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 103 Denarius, 18 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 103 Date: 18 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Geographic Mint: Colonia Patricia Region: Lusitania Obverse Legend: CAESAR AVGVSTVS Type: Head of Augustus, laureate, right Portrait: Augustus Reverse Legend: MAR VLT Type: Hexastyle domed temple, aquila between two standards inside Deity: Mars	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 108B Denarius, 18 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 108B Date: 18 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Geographic Mint: Colonia Patricia Region: Lusitania Obverse Legend: CAESARI AVGVSTO Type: Head of Augustus, laureate, left Portrait: Augustus Reverse Legend: S P Q R Type: Slow quadriga right, with four miniature horses and aquila	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 144 Denarius, 18 BC-17 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 144 Date Range: 18 BC - 17 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Geographic Mint: Colonia Patricia Region: Lusitania Obverse Legend: S P Q R CAESARI AVGVSTO Type: Head of Augustus, bare, right Portrait: Augustus Reverse Legend: QVOD VIAE MVN SVNT Type: Double triumphal arch on viaduct, Augustus in quadriga being crowned by Victory Deity: Victory	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 343 Denarius, 17 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 343 Date: 17 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Issuer: P. Licinius Stolo Geographic Mint: Rome Region: Italy Obverse Legend: AVGVSTVS TR POT Type: Head of Augustus, bare, right Portrait: Augustus Reverse Legend: P STOLO IIIVIR Type: Apex between two oval shields	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 351 Denarius, 16 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 351 Date: 16 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Issuer: L. Mescinius Rufus Geographic Mint: Rome Region: Italy Obverse Type: Head of Augustus, bare, right Portrait: Augustus Reverse Legend: L MESCINIVS RVFVS Type: Mars, helmeted and cloaked, standing left, holding spear in right hand and parazonium in left, on pedestal inscribed S P Q R V PR RE CAES Deity: Mars	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 360 Denarius, 17 BC-16 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 360 Date Range: 17 BC - 16 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Issuer: L. Vinicius Geographic Mint: Rome Region: Italy Obverse Legend: AVGVSTVS TR POT VII Type: Head of Augustus, bare, right Portrait: Augustus Reverse Legend: L VINICIVS L F IIIVIR Type: Cippus inscribed S P Q R IMP CAE QVOD V M S EX EA PQ IS AD A DE	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 399 Denarius, 13 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 399 Date: 13 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Issuer: C. Marius C F Tro Geographic Mint: Rome Region: Italy Obverse Legend: AVGVSTVS Type: Head of Augustus, bare, right; behind, lituus Portrait: Augustus Reverse Legend: C MARIVS C F TRO IIIVIR Type: Quadriga right, carrying palm	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 407 Denarius, 13 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 407 Date: 13 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Issuer: C. Sulpicius Platorinus Geographic Mint: Rome Region: Italy Obverse Legend: CAESAR AVGVSTVS Type: Head of Augustus, bare, right Portrait: Augustus Reverse Legend: C SVLPICIVS PLATORIN Type: Augustus and Agrippa, togate, seated on bisellium on platform with three rostra, apparitor's staff left Portrait: Augustus Portrait: Agrippa	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 415 Denarius, 12 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 415 Date: 12 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Issuer: L. Lentulus Geographic Mint: Rome Region: Italy Obverse Legend: AVGVSTVS Type: Head of Augustus, bare, right Portrait: Augustus Reverse Legend: L LENTVLVS FLAMEN MARTIALIS Type: Augustus, laureate and togate, right, resting on shield inscribed CV, placing star on other figure holding spear and Victory on globe Portrait: Augustus Deity: Victory	[more]
1	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 183 Denarius, 11 BC-10 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 183 Date Range: 11 BC - 10 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Geographic Mint: Lugdunum Region: Gallia Obverse Legend: AVGVSTVS DIVI F Type: Head of Augustus, bare, right Portrait: Augustus Reverse Legend: IMP XII SICILI Type: Diana, in tunic, standing at angle to left, leaning right hand on spear and holding bow in left; dog left Deity: Diana	[more]
2	RIC I (second edition) Augustus 199 Denarius, 9 BC Typological Description Source: RIC I (second edition) Augustus 199 Date: 9 BC Object Type: Coin Manufacture: Struck Denomination: Denarius Material: Silver Authority Authority: Augustus Geographic Mint: Lugdunum Region: Gallia Obverse Legend: AVGVSTVS DIVI F Type: Head of Augustus, laureate, right Portrait: Augustus Reverse Legend: C CAES AVGVS F Type: Gaius Caesar galloping right, holding sword and shield in left hand, aquila between two standards on ground Portrait: Gaius Caesar	[more]

Quantitative Analysis

Use this feature to visualize percentages or numeric occurrences of the following typologies.

Select Categories for Analysis

A category must be selected.

[visualize_response_type]

Percentage

Count

Cumulative

Poiana (Romania; 1PO)
Abertura (Spain; ABE)
Actium (Greece; ACT)
Amarastii de Jos (Romania; ADJ)
Alba di Massa (Italy; ADM)
Alcala del Rio (Spain; ADR)
Albanchez de Ubeda (Spain; ADU)
Aggius (Sardinia; AGG)
Agnona (Italy; AGN)
Aidona (Greece; AID)
Cortijo del Alamo (Spain; ALA)
Alife (Italy; ALI)
Allein (Italy; ALL)
Almadenejos (Spain; ALM)
Alungeni (Romania; ALN)
Albesti (Romania; ALS)
Alvignano (Italy; ALV)
Alexandria (Romania; ALX)
Amaseno (Italy; AMA)
Lacco Ameno (Italy; AME)
Amnas (Romania; AMN)
Ancona (Italy; AN1)
Ancona (Italy; AN2)
Santa Anna (Italy; ANA)
Aquileia (Italy; AQU)
Arbanats (France; ARB)
Athens (Greece; ATH)
Altino (Italy; ATO)
Avetrana (Italy; AVE)
Avvocata (Italy; AVV)
Avezzano (Italy; AVZ)
Aznalcollar (Spain; AZN)
Bad Durkheim-Limburg (Germany; BAD)
Bagheria (Sicily; BAG)
Balanesti (Romania; BAL)
Banzi (Italy; BAN)
Bastasi (Yugoslavia; BAS)
Bazias (Lunca Deal) (Romania; BAZ)
Baños de Fortuna (Spain; BDF)
Barranco de Romero (Spain; BDR)
Belmonte del Sannio (Italy; BDS)
Beauvoisin (France; BEA)
Beneventum (Italy; BEN)
Berchidda (Sardinia; BER)
Bessan (France; BES)
Mont Beuvray (France; BEU)
Bevagna (Italy; BEV)
Bahrfeldt (---; BHR)
Birsa (Romania; BIR)
Bellicello (Castelvetrano) (Sicily; BLC)
Belfiore (Italy; BLF)
Bologna (Italy; BLG)
Bancu (Romania; BNC)
Bobaia (Romania; BOB)
Bodrum (Turkey; BOD)
Bompas (France; BOM)
Bontesti (Romania; BON)
Borzano (Italy; BOR)
Bourgueil (France; BOU)
Bran Poarta (Romania; BPT)
Brandosa (Italy; BRA)
Bordesti (Romania; BRD)
Brescello (Italy; BRE)
Borgonuovo (Italy; BRG)
Brindisi (Italy; BRI)
Brincoveanu (Romania; BRN)
Broni (Italy; BRO)
Breasta (Romania; BRS)
Brusc (France; BRU)
Breaza (Romania; BRZ)
Bucuresti (Romania; BUC)
Bugiulesti (Romania; BUG)
Burgos (Italy; BUR)
Buzau (Romania; BUZ)
Bevagna (Italy; BVG)
Bylandse Waard (Netherlands; BYL)
Cabeca de Corte (Portugal; CAB)
Cachapets (Spain; CAC)
Italy (Italy; CAH)
Calvatone (Italy; CAL)
Cani Islands (Tunisia; CAN)
Capilna (Romania; CAP)
Carovilli (Italy; CAR)
Casaleone (Italy; CAS)
Catalunya (Spain; CAT)
Cavriago (Italy; CAV)
Castro de Alvarelhos (Portugal; CDA)
Cortijo de los Cosmes (Spain; CDC)
Cernatu de Jos (Romania; CDJ)
Chao de Lamas (Portugal; CDL)
Castro de Romariz (Portugal; CDR)
Citania de Sanfins (Portugal; CDS)
Sierra Morena (El Centenillo) (Spain; CEN)
Cervia (Italy; CER)
Cesena (Italy; CES)
Cetateni (Romania; CET)
Cerignola (Italy; CG1)
Cerignola (Italy; CG2)
Cheverny (France; CHE)
Civitella in Val di Chiana (Italy; CHI)
Chiclana de Segura (Spain; CHL)
Chitorani (Romania; CHT)
Cingoli (Italy; CIN)
Cisterna di Latina (Italy; CIS)
Citluk (Yugoslavia; CIT)
Ciuperceni (Romania; CIU)
Claterna (Italy; CLA)
Castillo de las Guardas (Spain; CLG)
Calinesti (Romania; CLN)
Calvatone (Italy; CLV)
Contesti (Romania; CNT)
Villanueva de Cordoba (Spain; CO1)
Cordoba (Spain; CO2)
Monte Codruzzo (Italy; COD)
Cogollos de Guadix (Spain; COG)
Compito (Italy; COM)
Cornetu (Capreni) (Romania; COR)
Cosa (Italy; COS)
Capalbio (Italy; CPL)
Capranica (Italy; CPR)
Carbonara (Italy; CR1)
Carbonara (Italy; CR2)
Crevillente (Spain; CRE)
Corfu (Corfu; CRF)
Crognaleto (Italy; CRG)
Carlentini (Sicily; CRL)
Cremenari (Romania; CRM)
Cornii de Sus (Romania; CRN)
Crotone (Italy; CRO)
Carpena (Italy; CRP)
Cerriolo (Italy; CRR)
Carissa (Spain; CRS)
Corvaro (Italy; CRV)
Castulo (Spain; CSL)
Cerreto Sannita (Italy; CSN)
Caserta (Italy; CSR)
Castelnovo (Italy; CST)
Contigliano (Italy; CTG)
Costinesti (Romania; CTN)
Canturato (Italy; CTR)
Cuceu (Romania; CUC)
Masseria Cuoco (Italy; CUO)
San Angelo a Cupolo (Italy; CUP)
Curtea de Arges (Romania; CUR)
Cologna Veneta (Italy; CVE)
Carovigno (Italy; CVG)
Daesti (Romania; DAE)
Delos (Greece; DEL)
Dobrogea (Romania; DOB)
Santa Domenica di Tropea (Italy; DOM)
Dracevica (Yugoslavia; DRA)
Dragesti (Romania; DRG)
Dunareni (Romania; DUN)
Deva I (Romania; DV1)
Deva (Romania; DV3)
Mirabella Eclano (Italy; ECL)
El Centenillo (Spain; EL1)
El Centenillo (Spain; EL2)
Elena (Italy; ELE)
Santa Elena (Spain; ELN)
Alt Empordà (Spain; EMP)
Enemonzo (Italy; ENE)
Erd (Hungary; ERD)
Este (Italy; ES1)
Este (Italy; ES2)
Farcasele I (Romania; FA1)
Farcasele II (Romania; FA2)
Fuente Alamo (Spain; FAL)
Fano (Italy; FAN)
Fuente de Cantos (Spain; FDC)
Ferentino (Italy; FER)
Fiume (Yugoslavia; FI1)
Fiesole (Italy; FIE)
Firenze (Italy; FIR)
Frauendorf (Romania; FND)
Fossombrone (Italy; FOS)
Fragagnano (Italy; FRA)
Francoli (Spain; FRC)
Francin (France; FRN)
Fronfeste (Germany; FRO)
Fossalta (Portogruaro) (Italy; FSL)
Fundeni (Romania; FUN)
Fuscaldo (Italy; FUS)
Gajine (Yugoslavia; GAJ)
Gallignano (Italy; GAL)
Garvan (Romania; GAR)
Gliganul de Jos (Rociu) (Romania; GDJ)
Gioia dei Marsi (Italy; GDM)
Gerenzago (Italy; GER)
Goldenstedt (Germany; GOL)
Goranu (Romania; GOR)
Gottolengo (Italy; GOT)
Grazzanise (Italy; GRA)
Gradistea (Romania; GRD)
San Gregorio di Sassola (Italy; GRE)
La Grajuela (Spain; GRJ)
Gulgancy (Bulgaria; GUL)
Gura Padinii (Romania; GUR)
Guiaes (Portugal; GUS)
Haggen (Switzerland; HAG)
Henchir-Djebel-Dis (Tunisia; HDD)
Herdade da Milia (Portugal; HDM)
Alcala de Henares (Spain; HEN)
Hoffmann (Italy; HF1)
Hilib (Romania; HIL)
Hunedoara IV (Romania; HN4)
Hotarani (Romania; HOT)
Hotaroaia (Romania; HTR)
Idanha-a-Velha (Portugal; IAV)
Iclanzel (Romania; ICL)
Icland (Romania; ICN)
Ilieni (Romania; ILI)
Imola (Italy; IMO)
Montoro Inferiore (Italy; INF)
Inuri (Romania; INU)
Montalbano Ionico (Italy; ION)
Isalnita (Romania; ISA)
Islaz (Romania; ISL)
Puy D'Issolu (France; ISS)
Italy (Italy; IT1)
Italy (Italy; IT2)
Central Italy (Italy; IT4)
Italy (Italy; IT6)
Jaen (Spain; JA2)
Jaen (Spain; JAE)
Jalance (Spain; JAL)
Jdioara (Romania; JDI)
Jegalia (Romania; JEG)
Jersey (Jersey; JER)
Jesi (Italy; JES)
Jesi (Italy; JSI)
Torre de Juan Abad (Spain; JUA)
Karavelovo (Bulgaria; KAR)
Kavalla (Greece; KAV)
Kempten-Lindenberg (Germany; KEM)
Kerassia (Greece; KER)
Koln I (Germany; KL1)
Kobarid (Slovenia; KOB)
Korosszakal (Hungary; KRS)
La Barroca (Spain; LAB)
Laibacher-Moor (Yugoslavia; LAI)
Langelille (Netherlands; LAN)
Lauterach (Austria; LAU)
Lucoli (Italy; LCL)
Licuriciu (Romania; LCR)
Fuente-Librilla (Spain; LIB)
Licodia (Sicily; LIC)
Linares (Spain; LIN)
Lipov (Romania; LIP)
Lissac (France; LIS)
Ljubuski (Yugoslavia; LJU)
Baix Llobregat (Spain; LLO)
Lampersberg (Austria; LMP)
Lunca (Romania; LNC)
La Loba (Spain; LOB)
Locusteni (Romania; LOC)
San Lorenzo del Vallo (Italy; LOR)
Mornico Losana (Italy; LOS)
Largo di Torre Argentina, Rome (Italy; LTA)
Ludus (Romania; LUD)
Luni (Italy; LUN)
Laives Reif (Italy; LVS)
Maccarese (Italy; MAC)
Maddaloni (Italy; MAD)
Mahaliman (Spain; MAH)
Maille (France; MAI)
Maluenda (Spain; MAL)
San Mango sul Calore (Italy; MAN)
Rio Marina (Elba; MAR)
Maserà (Italy; MAS)
Mihai Bravu (Romania; MBR)
Macedonia (Greece; MC1)
Maluk Chardak (Bulgaria; MCH)
Monteverde di Fermo (Italy; MDI)
Meolo (Italy; ME1)
Meolo (Albaredo d'Adige) (Italy; ME2)
Medovo (Bulgaria; MED)
Menoita (Portugal; MEN)
Mertola (Portugal; MER)
Mesagne (Italy; MES)
Mihaesti (Romania; MHA)
Mierea (Romania; MIE)
Mignano (Italy; MIG)
Torre Milanera (Spain; MIL)
Mingechaur (Former USSR; MIN)
Mirabella Imbaccari (Sicily; MIR)
Makotchevo I (Bulgaria; MK1)
Makotchevo II (Bulgaria; MK2)
Maleo (Italy; MLO)
Moratalla la Vieja (Spain; MLV)
Manfria (Sicily; MNF)
Naples, National Museum (Italy; MNP)
Monroy (Spain; MNR)
Monselice (Italy; MNS)
Montiano (Italy; MNT)
Mainz (Germany; MNZ)
Moggio (Italy; MOG)
Moita (Portugal; MOI)
Montoro (Spain; MON)
Morrovalle (Italy; MOR)
Monte Mozinho (Portugal; MOZ)
Moroda I (Romania; MR1)
Marsala (Sicily; MRS)
Moisei (Romania; MSI)
Mesnil-sur-Oger (France; MSO)
Martinis (Romania; MTN)
Cergnago (Mortara) (Italy; MTR)
Murighiol (Romania; MUR)
Nagykagya (Romania; NAG)
Naples (Italy; NAP)
Nasaud (Romania; NAS)
Nicolae Balcescu I (Romania; NB1)
Nicolae Balcescu II (Romania; NB2)
Nedeia (Romania; NED)
Neresine, Lussino Island (Yugoslavia; NER)
Nice (France; NIC)
Niederlangen (Germany; NIE)
Nociglia (Italy; NOC)
Torres Novas (Portugal; NOV)
Noyer (France; NOY)
Numantia (Spain; NUM)
Nusfalau (Romania; NUS)
Obislav (Dambovita) (Romania; OBI)
Orbeasca de Sus (Romania; ODS)
Oleggio (Italy; OLE)
Olmeneta (Italy; OLM)
Olteni (Romania; OLT)
Oradea (Romania; ORA)
Orce (Spain; ORC)
Oristà (Spain; ORI)
Orsara (Italy; ORS)
Ossolaro (Italy; OSL)
Olival da Soalheira (Portugal; OSO)
Ossero (Italy; OSS)
Mont'Ovolo (Italy; OVO)
Padova (Italy; P02)
Padova (Italy; P03)
Padova (Italy; P04)
Padova (Italy; P05)
Padova (Italy; P06)
Padova (Italy; P07)
Pachino (Sicily; PAC)
Paestum (Italy; PAE)
Panicale (Italy; PAN)
Pasquariello (Italy; PAS)
Paterno (Sicily; PAT)
Palazzo Canavese (Italy; PCA)
Pieve di Olmi (Italy; PDO)
Peiraeus (Greece; PEI)
Penamacor (Portugal; PEN)
Petacciato (Italy; PET)
Peyriac-sur-Mer (France; PEY)
Piatra Rosie (Romania; PIA)
Potenza Picena (Italy; PIC)
Piedimonte d'Alife (Italy; PIE)
Pirgaresti (Romania; PIR)
Vico Pisano (Italy; PIS)
Palestrina (Italy; PL1)
Palestrina (Italy; PL2)
Policoro (Italy; PLC)
Policoro (Italy; PLI)
Ploiesti (Romania; PLO)
Plopsor (Romania; PLP)
Palenzuela (Spain; PLZ)
Penhagarcia (Portugal; PNH)
Pantelleria (Nr. Sicily; PNT)
Pontecorvo (Italy; PON)
Poio (Portugal; POO)
Potenza (Italy; POT)
Pieve-Quinta (Italy; PQU)
Monte Porcaro (Italy; PRC)
Prejmer (Romania; PRE)
Poroschia (Romania; PRS)
Puerto Serrano (Spain; PSE)
Patrica (Italy; PTA)
Pietrosale (Romania; PTS)
Pettau (Yugoslavia; PTT)
Puebla de los Infantes (Spain; PUE)
Pozoblanco (Spain; PZ1)
Pozoblanco (Spain; PZ3)
Racatau de Jos II (Romania; RAC)
Ramallas (Spain; RAM)
Randazzo (Sicily; RAN)
Ricina (Italy; RCN)
Racatau de Jos I (Romania; RDJ)
Riccia (Italy; RIC)
Rignano (Italy; RIG)
Rio Tinto (Spain; RIO)
Rizzi (---; RIZ)
Ramnicu Valcea (Romania; RMV)
Roncarolo (Italy; RNC)
Roata de Jos (Romania; ROA)
Roesti (Sprincenata) (Romania; ROE)
Roginenza (Sicily; ROG)
Rome (Italy; ROM)
Roncolon (Italy; RON)
Rosiori de Vede (Romania; ROS)
Rossano (Italy; RSN)
Rua (Portugal; RUA)
Rutigliano (Italy; RUT)
West Sicily (Sicily; S01)
West Sicily (Sicily; S02)
West Sicily (Sicily; S03)
Salasuri I (Romania; SA1)
Salvacanete (Spain; SAL)
Santarem (Portugal; SAN)
Sarria (Spain; SAR)
Satu Nou (Romania; SAT)
San Bartolomeo in Sassoforte (Italy; SBS)
Santa Catalina del Monte (Spain; SCM)
Scurta (Romania; SCU)
Sadova II (Romania; SD2)
Santana da Carnota (Portugal; SDC)
Salasul de Sus (Romania; SDS)
Segaro (Spain; SEG)
Seica Mica (Romania; SEI)
Santa Elena (Spain; SEL)
Sendinho da Senhora (Portugal; SEN)
Romagnano Sesia (Italy; SES)
Sfintesti (Romania; SFI)
Sfintu Gheorghe (Romania; SG1)
San Giovanni Incarico (Italy; SGI)
Segonzac (France; SGZ)
Sillein (Hungary; SIL)
Sinvasii (Romania; SIN)
Las Somblancas (Spain; SMB)
Somesul Cald (Romania; SMC)
Sminja (Tunisia; SMI)
Sierra Morena (Spain; SMR)
San Miniato al Tedesco (Italy; SMT)
Somosches (Romania; SOM)
Sopotu (Romania; SOP)
Mont Souvance (France; SOU)
Spain (Spain; SP2)
Spring (Romania; SPG)
Spoiano (Italy; SPN)
Spoleto (Italy; SPO)
Sprincenata (Viespesti) (Romania; SPR)
Santo Stefano Roero (Italy; SSR)
Strimba (Romania; STB)
Stejeris (Romania; STE)
Stojanovo (Bulgaria; STJ)
Stancuta (Romania; STN)
Stobi (Yugoslavia; STO)
Stupini (Romania; STP)
Strongoli (Italy; STR)
Stuhlingen (Germany; STU)
Suhaia I (Romania; SU1)
Suhaia II (Romania; SU2)
Sucurac (Yugoslavia; SUC)
Surbo (Italy; SUR)
Sustinenza (Italy; SUS)
Almunecar (Sexsi) (Spain; SXS)
Syracuse (Sicily; SY2)
Syracuse (Sicily; SYR)
Talpe (aka Beius) (Romania; TAL)
Terranova di Sicilia (Sicily; TDS)
Thrace (Greece; THR)
Thessalonica (Greece; THS)
Tirnava (Romania; TI1)
Tirnava (Romania; TI2)
Tiermes (Spain; TIE)
Tincova (Romania; TIN)
Tirgu Mures (Romania; TMR)
Terni (Italy; TNI)
Tolfa (Italy; TOL)
Topolovo (Bulgaria; TOP)
Torello d'en Cintes (Spain; TOR)
Taranto (Italy; TR1)
Taranto (Italy; TR2)
Transylvania (Romania; TRN)
Turkey (Turkey; TU3)
Tufara (Italy; TUF)
Tunsi (Romania; TUN)
Uzita (Tunisia; UZI)
San Pietro Vernotico (Valesio) (Italy; VAL)
Vasad (Romania; VAS)
Vigatto (Italy; VIG)
Viile (Romania; VII)
Visina (Romania; VIS)
Viverols (France; VIV)
Vladeni (Romania; VLA)
Valdesalor (Spain; VLD)
Villette (France; VLL)
Valachia Mica (Romania; VLM)
Villa Potenza (Italy; VPT)
Vukovar (Yugoslavia; VUK)
Weston (Britain; WES)
Wightman (---; WIG)
Zara (Italy; ZAR)
Zasiok (Yugoslavia; ZAS)
Zatreni (Romania; ZAT)
Zimnicea (Romania; ZIM)

Pravoslav (Bulgaria; PRA)

Hoard Description

Findspot

References

Reference

Notes

Contents

Typological Description

Authority

Geographic

Obverse

Reverse

Typological Description

Authority

Geographic

Obverse

Reverse

Typological Description

Authority

Geographic

Obverse

Reverse

Typological Description

Authority

Geographic

Obverse

Reverse

Typological Description

Authority

Geographic

Obverse

Reverse

Typological Description

Authority

Geographic

Obverse

Reverse

Typological Description

Authority

Geographic

Obverse

Reverse

Typological Description

Authority

Geographic

Obverse

Reverse

Typological Description

Authority

Geographic

Obverse

Reverse

As issue RRC 442/1a

Typological Description

Authority

Geographic

Obverse

Reverse

Typological Description

Authority

Geographic

Obverse

Reverse

Typological Description

Authority

Geographic

Obverse

Reverse

Typological Description

Authority

Geographic

Obverse

Reverse

Typological Description

Authority

Geographic

Obverse

Reverse

Typological Description

Authority