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White Gold: Studies in Early Electrum Coinage

Edited by Peter van Alfen and Ute Wartenberg
with Wolfgang Fischer-Bossert, Haim Gitler, Koray Konuk, and Catharine C. Lorber

HARDCOVER list price: $150 plus shipping & handling
Member price: $105 plus shipping & handling

PAPERBACK list price: $100 plus shipping & handling
Member price: $70 plus shipping & handling
Hardcover ISBN 978-0-89722-379-9
Paperback ISBN 978-0-89722-733-9
x + 707 text pages, b/w and color figures, charts, maps, and tables

NB: This book is available as print-on-demand (POD). Please allow 2–3 weeks for printing/shipping in the US, and 1–2 weeks for non-US orders.

This book collects the most complete, current scholarship on the history of known examples of ancient electrum coinage of the Greek world, with text, catalogues, and images. The volume’s contents and an excerpt from the Preface are below:

Contents

Preface
White Gold and the Beginnings of Coinage: An Introduction to the Current State of Research. Peter van Alfen and Ute Wartenberg.

Part I: The Great Transformation

1. Kristin Kleber. As Skillful as Croesus: Evidence for the Parting of Gold and Silver by Cementation from Second and First Millennium Mesopotamia
2. Haim Gitler and Oren Tal. A View from the Near East: The Transition from Metal to Coin Economy in the Southern Levant
3. John H. Kroll. The Inscribed Account on Lead from the Ephesian Artemisium

Part II: The Earliest Electrum: The Evidence

4. Selene E. Psoma. White Gold and Electrum in Literary Sources and Inscriptions
5. Michael Kerschner and Koray Konuk. Electrum Coins and Their Archaeological Context: The Case of the Artemision of Ephesus
6. Michael Kerschner. The Archaic Temples in the Artemision of the “Central Basis”
7. Bernhard Weisser. An Archaic Striated Electrum Coin from the Sanctuary of Aphrodite at Miletus
8. Kenneth Sheedy. The Question of Archaic Athenian Electrum
9. Nicholas Cahill, Jill Hari, Bülent Önay, Esra Dokumaci. Depletion Gilding of Lydian Electrum Coins and the Sources of Lydian Gold
10. Maryse Blet-Lemarquand and Frédérique Duyrat. Elemental Analysis of the Lydo-Milesian Electrum Coins of the Bibliotèque Nationale de France Using LA-ICP-MS
11. Haim Gitler, Yuval Goren, Koray Konuk, Oren Tal, Peter van Alfen, David
Weisburd. XRF Analysis of Several Groups of Electrum Coins
12. Wolfgang Fischer-Bossert. Phanes: A Die Study

Part III: The Earliest Electrum: Interpretations—Why Coinage?

13. Alain Bresson. The Choice of Electrum Monometallism: When and Why
14. François R. Velde. A Quantitative Approach to the Beginnings of Coinage
15. Donald W. Jones. Mechanism Design Approach to Lydian Coinage
16. John H. Kroll. Issue Identification, Dynastai, and the Plethora of Types in Early Electrum Coinage
17. Peter van Alfen. The Role of “The State” in Early Electrum Coinage

Part IV: Electrum Continuation

18. Ute Wartenberg. Was there an Ionian Revolt Coinage? Monetary Patterns in the Late Archaic Period
19. François de Callataÿ. Prolegomena to a Die Study of the Electrum Coinage of Cyzicus
20. Mariusz Mielczarek. Cyzicene Electrum Coinage and the Black Sea Grain Trade 665
21. Selene E. Psoma. “ Ἥδε Κύζικος πλέα στατήρων”: How to Explain the Electrum Coinage of Cyzicus

Index of Coin Hoards
Index

FROM THE PREFACE

The genesis of this volume took place in 2011 when then Numismatic Curator, Haim Gitler, conceived of a unique exhibition to be held at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem that would showcase the earliest coins in the Western tradition, those struck in electrum. Five hundred coins, all from the collections of Dr. Thomas S. Kaplan, Baron Lorne Thyssen-Bornemisza, and several from the Israel Museum, were displayed in a spectacular exhibition, the first of its kind anywhere that looked at electrum coinage from the seventh to the fourth centuries BCE. Catharine Lorber soon joined Gitler in curating the exhibition, White Gold: Revealing the World’s Earliest Coins, a name suggested by Lorber, which opened in June 2012, with an exhibition catalogue of the same name written by Koray Konuk, Lorber, and edited by Gitler.

Meanwhile, Gitler organized a conference on electrum coinage that was held at the Israel Museum the week the exhibit opened. Tom Kaplan and Lorne Thyssen-Bornemisza, who have been keenly interested in this area of numismatic research, both actively participated in the conference. We are also most grateful for their most generous support, which funded the exhibition and conference, as well as this volume, and also for their help and enthusiasm for this project. Initially, Gitler, Lorber, and Konuk planned to publish the conference proceedings with the Israel Museum’s imprimatur, but as many of the conference participants felt a follow-up meeting would be beneficial to address some of the outstanding problematic aspects of early electrum raised in Jerusalem, a second White Gold conference was held in November 2013 at the American Numismatic Society (ANS) in New York City. In 2016, it was decided that publication of the proceedings of the two conferences would be undertaken by the ANS with Ute Wartenberg and Peter van Alfen serving as the volume’s editors, who received considerable editorial and other assistance on several of the chapters from Wolfgang Fischer-Bossert. Since 2013, the scope of the volume grew. Scholars, notably Kristin Kleber and Donald Jones, who had not participated in the two original conferences were invited to contribute chapters, and others who had participated offered additional contributions. While the expanded scope of the volume delayed publication, nonetheless we can now offer a fuller and more detailed picture of the evidence at hand for understanding the various contexts in which early electrum coins were produced and used.

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White Gold is now available in deluxe hardcover and paperback editions as print-on-demand (POD). Order via PayPal above, or email orders@numismatics.org. Orders for the print editions of this book are handled by the ANS directly, and your book(s) will ship via Ingram Spark’s printing facility that is nearest to you. Help the ANS by joining as a member and receive a 30% discount.

Ancient Engraved Gems in the National Museum in Krakow

krakowgems By Paweł Gołyźniak (in English)
ISBN: 978-3-95490-243-9
Publisher: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag
Hardcover, 318 pages, 30 b/w figures, 112 b/w plates
8.5″ x 12″, lay-flat binding

Ancient Engraved Gems in the National Museum in Krakow is considerable in size and top in quality. It consists mostly of the specimens assembled by the extraordinary collector and art dealer Constantine Schmidt- Ciążyński (1818–1889). Almost 780 cameos, intaglios, scarabs, and finger rings are presented in this beautifully designed volume. This book will be useful not only to scholars interested in gems, but also to those who study the history of the art market and collecting, as well as to enthusiasts of Classical art and archaeology.

Part I: History and Character of the Collections (includes a brief biography of Constantine Schmidt-Ciążyński and the history and original structure of the collection).

Part II: Catalogue (includes hundreds of entries featuring a Babylonian cylinder seal, Egyptian plaque, Mycenaean seal, Archaic Greek gems, Classical Greek finger rings, Hellenistic Gems and finger rings, Etruscan scarabs and ring stones, Italic and Roman Republican gems, Augustan gems, Roman Imperial gems, Cameos, Early Christian gems, and appendixes on magical and Sassanian gems). Indexed by collectors and collections, subjects, and materials, with a concordance and bibliography.

Kushan, Kushano-Sasanian, and Kidarite Coins

by David Jongeward and Joe Cribb with Peter Donovan (2015)

List price: US$150
ISBN-13: 978-0-89722-334-8 Hardback, 1 vol, 322 pp., color and b/w figs., 79 color pls.

The Kushan Empire was a vast inland empire that stretched across Central and South Asia during the first to fourth centuries AD. The origins of Kushan dynasty continue to be debated, and precise dates, especially for the late Kushan kings, remain elusive, but the coinage reveals the Kushan dynasty as a major force in the cultural and political history of the ancient Silk Road.

Kushan coinage began c. AD 50 with issues of the first Kushan king, Kujula Kadphises (c. AD 50–90). The first Kushan coins were based on Greek, Scythian, and Parthian coin designs already current in the territory of present day Afghanistan and Pakistan. Under Kujula Kadphises’ son Wima Takto (c. AD 91–113) and grandson Wima Kadphises (c. AD 113–127) the coinage system was gradually centralized to serve the entire Kushan empire, stretching from Uzbekistan and Tajikistan to northern India. Gold and copper denominations were established during the reign of Wima Kadphises which were maintained through the reigns of ten more kings until the demise of the Kushan empire in the mid-fourth century AD.

This catalogue presents all the Kushan coins in the American Numismatic Society, with selected illustrations, detailed descriptions and commentary. The production system of Kushan coinage is presented with major revisions of chronology and organization compared with previous publications. This presentation has been based on the latest coin-based research, including die studies and site find analysis. The coins are classified by ruler, metal, mint, production phase, denomination, type and variety. Introductory essays present the historical and cultural contexts of the kings and their coins. All the ANS gold coins and a selection of copper coins are illustrated. This catalogue also features two series of coins issued by the Kushano-Sasanian and the Kidarite Hun rulers of former Kushan territory because they followed and adapted the Kushan coinage system.

The authors intend this catalogue to be a tool for scholars and collectors alike for understanding, identifying, and attributing these fascinating coins that represent four centuries of Central and South Asian ancient history.

Contents:

The Kushan Empire and its Coinage
Kushan Coinage Tradition
Kushan Monetary System and Mints
Previous Studies of Kushan Coins
Kushan, Kushano-Sasanian, and Kidarite Coins in the Collection of the American Numismatic Society
Kushan, Kushano-Sasanian, and Kidarite Coin Types by Ruler
1. Da Yuezhi Coins and the Coinage of Kujula Kadphises (Coins 1–146)
2. The Coinage of Wima Takto (Coins 147–257)
3. The Coinage of Wima Kadphises (Coins 258–369)
4. The Coinage of Kanishka I (Coins 370–708)
5. The Coinage of Huvishka (Coins 709–1081)
6. The Coinage of Vasudeva I (Coins 1082–1200)
7. The Coinage of the Late Kushans (Coins 1201–1688)
Kanishka II
Vasishka
Kanishka III
Vasudeva II
Mahi
Shaka
Kipunadha
8. The Coinage of the Kushano-Sasanians, Part One: Vasudeva Imitations (Coins 1690–2139)
9. The Coinage of the Kushano-Sasanians, Part Two: Royal Issues (Coins 2140–2408)
Unidentified King
Ardashir
Peroz I
Hormizd I
Hormizd II
Peroz II
Varahran
Shapur II
10. The Coinage of the Kidarite Huns (Coins 2409-2444)
11. Unidentifiable Coins (probably Kushan) from the Lincoln Series (Coins 2445–2470)
Appendices
A. North and East India Imitations (Coins A1–A168)
B. Huvishka Portrait Types
C. Deities on Kushan Coins
D. Kushan Tamgas
Addendum: The Story of a Fake Kushan Coin, ANS 1944.100.48106
Concordance to Göbl
Bibliography

FIDES: Contributions to Numismatics in Honor of Richard B. Witschonke

FIDES: Contributions to Numismatics in Honor of Richard B. Witschonke

edited by Peter G. van Alfen, Gilles Bransbourg, and Michel Amandry (2015)

Hardcover, 520 pp.
Black and White illustrations throughout
ISBN: 978-0-89722-339-3

This Festschrift honors Richard “Rick” B. Witschonke, and will be available for shipping in September 2015. This volume is limited to 150 hand-numbered copies, and will not be reprinted. It contains 20 articles of new scholarship on the ancient coinage of the Roman world and greater italic peninsula and islands. RBW’s volume is 520 pages with illustrations throughout, bound in Roman imperial purple linen, and stamped in gold with the image of an as depicting an eagle above the word “ROMA”.

ANS Member Price: US$190.00
Regular Price: US$275.00
(no dealer/bookseller discount)

LIMIT ONE COPY PER PERSON, ORGANIZATION, OR BUSINESS. AVAILABLE ONLY THROUGH THE ANS.

To Order: Email orders@numismatics.org or call 212.571.4470.

Contents:

A Bibliography of Richard B. Witschonke

Katerini Liampi. A Hoard from Thessaly Containing Aeginetan Staters and Thessalian Issues of the Taurokathapsia Type

Andrew Burnett and Maria Cristina Molinari. The Capitoline Hoard and the Circulation of Silver Coins in Central and Northern Italy in the Third Century BC

Peter van Alfen. A Late Third Century BC Hoard of Sardo-Punic Bronzes (IGCH 2290)

Gilles Bransbourg. Currency Debasement and Public Debt Management at the Time of the Second Punic War

David Vagi. Alliance and Coinage: South Italy during the Second Punic War

Andrew McCabe. A Hoard of Cut Roman Republican Denarii from the Second Punic War

François de Callataÿ. The Late Hellenistic Didrachms of Leukas: Another Case of Greek Coinage for the Roman Army

Andrew R. Meadows. Four Cistophoric Hoards?

William E. Metcalf. The Cistophori of Nysa

Nathan T. Elkins. “A City of Brick”: Architectural Designs on Roman Republican Coins and Second-Style Wall Painting

Liv Mariah Yarrow. Ulysses’s Return and Portrayals of Fides on Republican Coins

Clive Stannard. The Labors of Hercules on Central Italian Coins and Tesserae of the First Century BC

Michael H. Crawford. Sextus Pompeius between Hispania and Germania

Philip Davis. Erato or Terpsichore: A Reassement

Bernhard E. Woytek. The Aureus of Pompey the Great Revisited

David Hendin. Judaea and Rome: The Early Numismatic Commentary, First Century BCE

Patrick Villemur. De Quelques Émissions Coloniales Romaines en Sicile: Retour à Tyndaris

Sophia Kremydi and Athena Iakovidou. Corinth and Athens: Numismatic Circulation from the Late Republic to the High Empire

Jane DeRose Evans. The Third Neokorate of Sardis in Light of a New Coin Type Found in Sardis

Michel Amandry. Le Monnayage de la Res Publica Coloniae Philippensium: Nouvelles Données

to order a Bundle (1 copy each of FIDES: Contributions to Numismatics in Honor of Richard B. Witschonke and ΚΑΙΡΟΣ: Contributions to Numismatics in Honor of Basil Demetriadi):
ANS Members: $275
Non-member price: $350

Choose:

Bundle shipping to USA Addresses (48 Contiguous):
Please send me the ebooks when they becomes available

Bundle shipping to Addresses in Canada:
Please send me the ebooks when they becomes available

or
please contact Catherine DiTuri at cdituri@numismatics.org, or 212-571-4470, ext. 117.

ΚΑΙΡΟΣ: Contributions to Numismatics in Honor of Basil Demetriadi (Out of Print)

ΚΑΙΡΟΣ: Contributions to Numismatics in Honor of Basil Demetriadi

edited by Ute Wartenberg and Michel Amandry (2015)

Hardcover, 428 pp.
Black and White illustrations throughout
ISBN: 978-0-89722-338-6

[OUT OF PRINT]

This Festschrift honors Basil Demetriadi, and will be available for shipping in September 2015. This volume is limited to 150 hand-numbered copies, and will not be reprinted. It features 21 new, fully illustrated articles on ancient coins of the Greek world written specifically for this volume. The 428-page, hardcover book is printed on heavyweight, archival paper, bound in Greek-blue linen, and handsomely slipcased, featuring a silver stamp of a stater with eagle head and leaf.

Contents:

Patricia Felch. Basil C. Demetriadi

Friedrich Burrer. Die Hemidrachmen-Prägung von Gyrton

François de Callataÿ. A Long-Term View (15th–18th Centuries) on Prices Paid to Acquire Ancient Coins

Wolfgang Fischer-Bossert. Die Eule der Athena

Evangelia Georgiou. The Coinage of Orthe

Jonathan Kagan. Maximilian John Borrell (c. 1802–1870). Dealer, Collector, and Forgotten Scholar and the Making of the Historia Numorum

Sophia Kremydi and Michel Amandry. Le monnayage d’époque sévérienne frappé à Aigosthènes en Mégaride

John H. Kroll. Small Bronze Tokens from the Athenian Agora: Symbola or Kollyboi?

Catharine C. Lorber. The Beginning of the Late Facing Head Drachm Coinage of Larissa

Aliki Moustaka. Bendis and the Wolf: An Unpublished Numismatic Type from Thessalian Phaloria

Olivier Picard. Corpus et classement des émissions: les bronzes hellénistiques de Thasos

Selene E. Psoma. Did the So-called Thraco-Macedonian Standard Exist?

Pierre Requier. Une rare série de Cos sans portrait imperial du IIIème siècle

Kenneth A. Sheedy. The Emergency Coinage of Timotheus (364–362 B.C.)

Derek R. Smith. New Varieties of the Eleusinian Triptolemos/Piglet Coinage from the BCD Collection

Vassiliki E. Stefanaki. Corpus des monnaies aux dauphins attribuées à Potidaion/Poseidion de Carpathos

Peter G. van Alfen. The Chalkid(ik)ian Beginnings of Euboian Coinage

Hans-Christoph von Mosch and Laura-Antonia Klostermeyer. Ein Stempelschneider auf Reisen. Die Antinoosmedaillons des Hostilios Markellos und Hadrians Reise im Jahr 131/2 n. Chr.

Mary E. Hoskins Walbank. Prospectus for Palaimon

Ute Wartenberg. Thraco-Macedonian Bullion Coinage in the Fifth Century B.C.: The Case of Ichnai

Arnold-Peter C. Weiss. The Persic Distaters of Nikokles Revisited

Ophthalmologia Optica et Visio in Nummis

Ophthalmologia Optica et Visio in Nummis
(Ophthalmology, Optics and Vision in Numismatics)

(Hirschberg History of Ophthalmology Supplement 13, 2013)

OUT OF PRINT

by Jay M. Galst and Peter G. van Alfen

Hardcover, 574 pp. full color illustrations throughout
ISBN-13: 978 089722 323 2
List Price: US $285.00
Member Price: US $199.50

(Only available for purchase through the ANS.)

Published jointly by J.-P. Wayenborgh Verlag and the ANS, Ophthalmologia, Optica et Viso in Nummis catalogues roughly 1,700 objects in 14 chapters each of which focuses on a discrete topic, e.g., ophthalmologists, ophthalmological congresses, the blind (and their rehabilitation), optical instruments (including spectacles), and the eye as a symbol. Appearing as volume 13 in the supplemental series to Julius Hirschberg’s History of Ophthalmology, the book also serves to situate the objects within the larger historical context of the ophthalmological and optical disciplines.

Contents:

Ophthalmologists
Early Practitioners of Ophthalmology
Ophthalmologists Famous in other Fields
Scientists and other Physicians who Contributed to Ophthalmology
Ophthalmological Congresses and Societies
The Blind
The One-Eyed
Rehabilitation of the Blind and Eye Hospitals
Guide Dogs for the Blind
Coins, Tokens and Medals for the Blind (Braille Inscriptions)
Spectacles Depicted as an Optical Instrument and Depicted as Symbol
Opticians, Optometrists, the Optical Industry and other Optical Scientists (including countermarked coins and encased coins of opticians and spectacle merchants)
The Eye as a Symbol
Mythology and Religion Related to the Eyes and Ophthalmology
References
Artist Index

Illegal Tender: Gold, Greed, and the Mystery of the Lost 1933 Double Eagle

Illegal Tender: Gold, Greed, and the Mystery of the Lost 1933 Double Eagle

by David Tripp (Free Press, 2004)

Hardcover, 363 pp.
ISBN-13: 978-0-7432-4574-6
ISBN-10: 0-7432-4574-1
Price: $32.00 (no member discount)

This volume traces the story of a 1933 twenty-dollar gold piece, from its commission by Theodore Roosevelt through its possession by numerous kings, presidents, government agents, shadowy dealers, and criminals.

Copper Coinage of the State of New Jersey

by Damon G. Douglas, edited by Gary A. Trudgen (2004)

Hardcover, 130 pp., 3 illus.
ISBN-13: 978-0-89722-289-1
ISBN-10: 0-89722-289-X
List Price: $45.00 (available through the ANS only)

Read/Download via HathiTrust (Open Access).

When the American Revolutionary War ended in 1783, there was no central mint to supply the newly independent states with coinage. In fact, nearly a decade passed before Congress formed the US Mint in 1792 and attempted to unify the growing nation’s coin types. In the meantime, some of the states produced their own coins, under what were often primitive and difficult circumstances. Mute witnesses to our nation’s beginnings, these coinages have not always received the proper study they deserve. A case in point are the copper coins minted by the State of New Jersey, some of the more interesting state coinages because of their design and the circumstances under which they were made.

Decades ago, Damon G. Douglas began an extensive research project on the history of the New Jersey state coins. This important project was never completed, but Douglas’ unfinished manuscript was acquired by the American Numismatic Society where it has been one of the more frequently consulted items on early state coinages in the library collection. In the interest of making Douglas’ work more widely available, the American Numismatic Society publishes this valuable study for the first time. In addition, the manuscript has been annotated by prominent specialists on New Jersey coppers – David D. Gladfelter, Roger A. Moore, Md, FAAP, Gary A. Trudgen, Dennis P. Wierzba, Raymond J. Williams – in order to bring the work up to date.

Contents:

Foreword
Preface
Introduction
Matthias Ogden
Coinage Petitions to the Legislature
Walter Mould
Albion Cox Page
Thomas Goadsby
The Granting of the Copper Coinage Privilege
The Rahway Mint
Setting up the Mint
Operations at the Rahway Mint
Legal Disputes Affecting Mint Operations
The Morris-Town Mint
The Elizabeth-Town Coining
The “New York” Mint
Uncertain Mints
Numismatics of the Coinage
The Coinage
Discussion
Miscellaneous Notes
Index

Cobs, Pieces of Eight and Treasure Coins: The Early Spanish-American Mints and their Coinages 1536–1773

by Sewall Menzel (2004)

Hardcover, 484 pp.
ISBN-13: 978-0-89722-284-6
ISBN-10: 0-89722-284-9

OUT OF PRINT

In the 1520s the Spanish crown began to realize through expanded explorations of the likes of Hernando Cortez and Francisco Pizarro that it was in charge of an enormous empire requiring extensive settlement and systems of control. Royal mints were founded to control, evaluate and tax gold and silver coming from the mines, as well as to produce the coins needed for everyday commercial transactions. For some 250 years the mints churned out millions of cob-style coins, many of which found their way into the treasure galleons of the day. Soon mints such as Mexico and Potosi became known as the financial ‘pillars of empire’ and enabled Spain to engage in seemingly endless wars of conquest and plunder. Geography, crown intransigence, bureaucratic incompetence, royal intrigues and outright scandal all had an impact on the mints and their productions. In this comprehensive and fully referenced study, Sewall Menzel brings out the critical detail and information needed to understand the ten early Spanish mints of Mexico, Santo Domingo, Peru, Potosi, Panama, Santa Fe de Nuevo Reino (Bogota), Cartagena, Cuzco, Guatemala and Cuba and their respective coinages. Through the use of some two thousand photos and diagrams the coins are identified by mint, king, denomination, mint assayer and type.

Contents:

Kings, Coin Designs, Anomalies and Special Issues
The Mexico Mint (1536–1734)
The Santo Domingo Mint (1542–1634)
The Lima Mint (1568–1588, 1659–1660, 1684–1752)
The Potosí Mint (1573–1773)
The Panama Mint (1580–1583)
The Santa Fe de Bogotá Mint (1622–1756)
The Cartagena Mint (1622–1635, 1655)
The Cuzco Mint (1698)
The Guatemala Mint (1733–1754)
The Cuba Mint (1741)
Bibliography

The Silver Coins of Massachusetts (Out of Print)

by Christopher J. Salmon (2010)

Hardcover, full color
ISBN-13: 978-0-89722-316-0
ISBN-10: 0-89722-316

OUT OF PRINT

The silver coins of Massachusetts hold a special place in early American numismatics. They were the first coins struck in British North America, a mere generation after the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Because of their historical importance and charming style, they have prompted rich inquiry among scholars and an intense interest and desire among collectors.

The Silver Coins of Massachusetts is a splendidly illustrated review of these coins, employing the latest historical and numismatic evidence as well as novel scientific analysis. Minting technique is explored in detail. All varieties of the coinage are newly classified with a consistent yet flexible taxonomic system that lists the varieties in chronological order and can readily accommodate potential future discoveries. The system allows an appreciation for how varieties evolved and the relative degree of change that occurred at each step. It is designed to be as simple as possible without oversimplifying, with all varieties named according to their obverse and reverse dies. The book includes a fully illustrated atlas that details important characteristic features. The last part of the atlas displays each variety at actual size to aid in attribution.

Contents:

Part One: Classification
A Revised Taxonomy of the Massachusetts Silver Coinage with Concordance to Noe and Crosby
Advantages of the Original Crosby Classification
Intermediate Types with Interpolative Designations: Problems with the Noe Classification
Advantages of the New System: The Crosby Model
Subseries Numbered Separately
Chronology and Method of Attribution
New England and Willow Tree Series
Oak Tree Series
The Spiny Tree Coins and the Evidence of the Overstrikes
The Large Planchet Pine Tree Shillings
The Small Planchet Pine Tree Shillings
The Pine Tree Sixpence Varieties
Counterfeits and Questionable Varieties
Die Links of the Small Planchet Pine Tree Shillings
Concordance Tables
Part Two: Minting Technique
The Problem of the Willow Tree Coins
Comparison of Minting Techniques of the Massachusetts Silver Coinage: Hand Hammering and the Rocker Press
Rocker Press Phenomena
Acquired Damage from Flattening
The Inner Circle Index: A Measure of Distortion and Evidence of Rocker Press Manufacture
Inner Circle Indices for Willow, Oak and Pine Tree Shillings
Characteristics of the Willow Tree Coinage: Weak and Discordant Multiple Strikes
A Graphical Method of Determining Strike Multiplicity and Die Rotation and Translation Between Strikes
New Composite Reconstructions of the Willow Tree Shilling Dies
Apparent Die Axis of the Willow Tree Coinage
Multiple Strikes of Similar Energy: The Effects of Die Angulation
A Physical Explanation for the Weak Strikes of the Willow Tree Coinage
The Acquisition of a Coining Press
Fabric of the Willow Tree Coinage
Quality of Execution of the Willow Tree Coinage Dies: Mannerist Style
Conclusion
Part Three: Atlas
Bibliography