THE thirteen coins which are here described were collected in Central Asia many years ago, by the late Dr. Eugene Schuyler (1840-1890), diplomat and author. 1 Eventually put on sale, they came into the possession of the late Rev. William H. Owen of New York City, who presented them to Yale University shortly before his death, which occurred in May, 1944. Mr. Owen was a graduate of Yale in the class of 1897, and for several years prior to his death he had served as Curator of the University's Coin Collection.
The history of the acquisition of the little collection by its owner can be conjectured with some probability. In the year 1873 Dr. Schuyler, who at that time was Secretary of Legation at St. Petersburg, made a journey through Central Asia to study the political and social condition of the regions which he visited. He had been U. S. Consul at Moscow in 1867-1869, and it was the Russian régime that he wished to examine. His itinerary took him through Tāshkent, Bukhārā, Samarḳand, and Khoḳand, as well as into regions farther east. The fruit of his researches he published in an important work of two volumes entitled Turkistan (New York, 1876).
Schuyler was much interested in the later history of Khoḳand, which at the time of his stay there was in the last throes of its independent existence. Russia was descending on the province, and finally took possession of it in 1875. This was decidedly a change for the better, for ever since the year 1850 the whole region had been in turmoil, which grew steadily worse and seemed to give no prospect of improved conditions.
The legitimate khāns of this closing period were members of the family of Shēr 'Alī, who held the office from 1842 to 1845, the year of his death. Our collection contains seven coins, nos. 1-7, dated from the year 1273 a.h. (1856/1857 a.d.) to the year 1285 (1868/1869), thus covering six different reigns and representing the gold coinage of each of these, with one exception: the collection contains no specimen from the reign of the youth Sayyid Sulṭān, who held the throne in the turbulent years 1863-1865, and is known to have struck coins.
These gold pieces from the last years of the province constitute perhaps the most important part of the collection, both from the interest of the coins themselves—they are generally fine specimens—and also from the aid which they give in establishing the chronology of this confused period, in which the khānate changed hands rapidly and repeatedly. One of the khāns, who was twice driven out by rivals, each of whom struck his own gold coins, nevertheless fought his way to a third term, which is here twice represented.
Since the specimens of this part of the coinage of Khoḳand are somewhat rare in the west (they are doubtless very familiar in Russia), it may not be superfluous to present here a concise sketch of the history of the reigns which are covered, in the hope of adding to the interest of the coins.
The following outline of events is chiefly made up from two main sources: 1. Nalivkine (Vladimir Petrovitch), Histoire du Khanat de Khokand , translated from the Russian by Auguste Dozon and published as Vol. IV of the Third Series of the publications of the École des Langues Orientales Vivantes, Paris, 1889; pp. viii, 272, with a map of the province and a table of the Khoḳandian genealogy. 2. Eugene Schuyler, "A Sketch of the History of Khokand in Recent Times," published as Appendix I in the first volume of his Turkistan , pp. 337-359, with a Genealogical Table of the Sovereigns of Khoḳand.
Other portions of Schuyler's narrative are occasionally drawn upon. He himself was in Khoḳand while the khānate was still in existence, and much of his information was obtained from eye-witnesses of the events which he describes (see I, 338, footnote 11). In Vol. II, pp. 1-60, he gives an interesting account of the province and the city of Khoḳand, incidentally including some characterization of Khudāyār Khān, three of whose coins are in our collection.
| 1 |
See the account of his life and work in the Dictionary of American Biography, Vol. XVI, pp. 471 f. Six other gold coins in the collection, dinars of the Ghaznavids, Khwārizmshahs and Mamlūks, being
unrelated to the nineteenth-century coins described below, are omitted from consideration in the present article.
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This Khānate was established about the year 1700. The eleventh khān in the succession was Shēr 'Alī, who, as was said above, came to the throne in the year 1842. The chronology of the earlier reigns is very uncertain, and even in the later period with which we are now dealing, the dynasty of Shēr 'Alī, differing dates are given by the authorities, as will be seen.
Shēr 'Alī left five sons: by his first wife, Ṣārymsaḳ, then twenty-two years of age, Khudāyār, sixteen years, and Sulṭān Murād; by his second wife, Malla, seventeen years, and Sūfī. The chief adviser and minister of Shēr 'Alī had been an official called Musulman Ḳūl, a man of great energy and ability, and he now took charge of affairs. As he was not on good terms with the eldest son, he decided to put the younger brother on the throne. Ṣārymsaḳ, who was in charge of Tāshkent, was formally summoned to Khoḳand, ostensibly to receive the throne, and on his way thither was murdered. On the following day his death was publicly announced and his brother Khudāyār was proclaimed Khān.
Up to the year 1850, when Khudāyār came of age, Musulman Ḳūl as regent had his own way in the administration of the province, but after that date the young ruler took affairs into his own hands. He was a man of some energy and great shrewdness, but he possessed few of the qualities desirable in a ruler. 2 Though never popular, he always had powerful adherents. Before many years had elapsed, the province was in turmoil, and the Khān's ruthlessness had gained him bitter enemies. Musulman Ḳūl had been disposed of, but Khudāyār's half brother, Malla, who had been put in charge of Tāshkent, was a rival openly hostile and aiming at the throne.
In the summer of a.h. 1269 (1853), Khudāyār attacked his brother in Tāshkent, and Malla, defeated, fled to Bukhārā, where plots against Khoḳand always flourished. Here he was able to make great preparations. Near the middle of the year 1275 (1858/1859), Malla at the head of a strong force laid siege to Khoḳand. Khudāyār's sortie was ineffectual, and with his two younger brothers, Sulṭān Murād and Sūfī, he fled to Bukhārā, where Sūfī soon after died. Malla entered Khoḳand and was proclaimed Khān. He was liked by the people, and his reign seemed to begin under favorable auspices. Trouble soon arose, however, in the neighboring cities, and the Khān found himself in a difficult position. The province was in a ferment of unrest and dissatisfaction. Cities and tribes pressed their just claims, which could hardly be satisfied; 'Ālim Ḳūl, the Khān's chief adviser, paid them little attention. There was open revolt in more than one place. The disturbed situation at length gave to a few of the disaffected leaders the opportunity which they sought.
In the latter part of the year 1278 (March, 1862), the conspirators struck their blow. With a mob behind them, they managed to enter in the night the Khān's private apartments in the palace, and attacked him in his bed. He defended himself bravely, but was soon overpowered and cut to pieces. 3 On the next day they proclaimed the new Khān whom they had chosen, the boy Shāh Murād, a son of Ṣārymsaḳ and thus a nephew of Khudāyār, then about fifteen years old. The regent was 'Ālim Ḳūl, who had been Malla's right-hand man. 4
When Khudāyār fled to Bukhārā, as narrated above, he was well received there at first, but was not permitted to remain long in the city, nor even in Samarḳand. The Amir finally assigned him to Jizākh, a strong fortress between Samarḳand and Tāshkent. Here he lived in obscurity and poverty until, with his inveterate money-making ability, he managed to do a small trading business which could support him.
Khudāyār's adherents now lost no time. A deputation was sent to him at Jizākh, inviting him to come to Tāshkent, on the western border of the province of Khoḳand, to receive allegiance. He proceeded thither at once, with a company of some two hundred men, and was formally proclaimed Khān. The Amir of Bukhārā, who was always hoping to get a foothold in Khoḳand, promised to give him support.
When the news of these events reached the capital city, prompt measures were taken, and a sufficiently large army, with the young Khān at its head, marched on Tāshkent and besieged it. The city was well fortified, however, and after it had held out successfully for thirty-one days, news came to Shāh Murād that the Amir of Bukhārā with a large force was entering the province, and he was therefore obliged to raise the siege and hasten home.
Khudāyār's following had increased in the meantime to such an extent that he was now able to advance on Khoḳand. The city was thrown into the utmost confusion, but in the end threw its gates open to its former Khān. 'Ālim Ḳūl made a successful sortie at the head of about two thousand men and escaped. At the very beginning of the uproar Shāh Murād somehow managed to get out of the city without being noticed by anyone. The palace was found vacant, and there was nothing to show whither the young Khān had fled. His disappearance continued to be regarded as a mystery, but according to Schuyler's authorities, it was ascertained afterwards that Khudāyār had succeeded in capturing and murdering him.
Khudāyār now entered upon his second Khānate. This was in a.h. 1279 (1862). He had never been popular, and his brutality, especially his massacre of the Kiptchaks, 5 had made him a multitude of enemies. 'Ālim Ḳūl took advantage of the situation so vigorously that he was soon in a position to challenge Khudāyār. The Amir had tired of the game and gone home with his army, after sending presents to 'Ālim Ḳūl. (Both within the city and outside there were now two parties, and this state of things continued for about three years.) Battles were fought; at length the Khān's army was twice defeated, and Khudāyār was finally compelled to flee again to Bukhārā, whence he established himself in Jizākh, as before. 'Ālim Ḳūl entered Khoḳand at the head of a considerable army composed mainly of Kiptchaks and Kirghiz tribesmen.
Malla Khān had a son, Sayyid Sulṭān, who at the time of his father's murder was about thirteen years old. 'Ālim Ḳūl had succeeded in getting him out of the palace before the conspirators could lay hands on him, and had brought him to Andijān, and soon after to Namengān. He now summoned the youth to Khoḳand, and gave him the title of Khān. This was in a.h. 1280 (July, 1863).
'Ālim Ḳūl, now the actual ruler, took the severest measures in the attempt to restore order in the disturbed province, and is said to have executed more than four thousand men who were accused of political offenses. A measure of quiet seemed to be achieved, but it was short-lived; discontent increased until the chief cities were sending invitations to Khudāyār to return and take the throne.
In the meantime the Russian armies were attacking the province, and as they advanced on Tāshkent, 'Ālim Ḳūl led his army against them, but was defeated. He himself was severely wounded, and soon after died. Khudāyār had sent his brother Sulṭān Murād to the Amir of Bukhārā, asking for help at this favorable juncture, and the Amir responded by coming in person with an army. Khudāyār was making his preparations for a joint expedition when the news of 'Ālim Ḳūl's death reached him. The Amir, with the permission of the Russians, now entered Khoḳand with an imposing force including two elephants, and established Khudāyār in the Khānate for a third term. This was in a.h. 1282 (1865).
The youth Sayyid Sulṭān, the nominal ruler, who was not in Khoḳand at the time, was soon apprehended and executed. Coins had been struck in his name, and the British Museum has a gold dinar dated 1280. Our collection possesses no specimen.
Though Khudāyār was cordially disliked by the people, they for some time submitted to his rule for fear of Russian intervention. He robbed the province systematically and thoroughly for the benefit of his private fortune, and by several acts of brutality he enraged especially the tribesmen. When at length the inevitable plots and insurrections came, they were formidable. In a.h. 1292 (1875) Khudāyār was once more obliged to flee from the capital city, this time taking his vast treasure with him. He made his way to Tāshkent, where he was favorably received by the Russians, who ultimately permitted him to reside in Orenburg. His eldest son, Nāṣiraddīn, was made Khān, but he held the title for only a short time, and appears to have issued no coinage. Permitting himself to be involved in a war against the Russians, he was deposed by them in the year 1293 (1876), and the province of Khoḳand was annexed by Russia under the name Ferghana. 6
For a concise chronology of the Khānate, including some mention of the coinage, see E. de Zambaur, Manuel de Généalogie et de Chronologie pour l'histoire de l'Islam; Hanovre, 1927, p. 276. For the coins and their history, specifically, see Lane-Poole's Catalogue of the Oriental Coins in the British Museum, Vol. VII (1882), pp. xxiii f., 86-95; Vol. X (1890), pp. 173 f.
The chronology of the last seven reigns in the Khānate of Khoḳand is thus the following, the years given first according to the Mohammedan reckoning:
| a.h. | a.d. | |
| Muḥammad Khudāyār | 1261 7 | 1845 |
| Malla | 1275 | 1858-59 |
| Shāh Murād | 1278 | 1861-62 |
| Khudāyār, 2nd reign | 1279 | 1862-63 |
| Sayyid Sulṭān | 1280 | 1863-64 |
| Khudāyār, 3rd reign | 1282 | 1865-66 |
| Nāṣiraddīn | 1292 8 | 1875 |
This table will be found to differ considerably from those given in Zambaur and in the British Museum Catalogue. The discrepancy in the dates amounts to two years in several cases, and in one case to three years.
After Khudāyār had been deposed by the Russians, a rebel, Muḥammad Fūlād, established himself in Khoḳand and struck his own coins. This was first made known to numismatists by a dinar in the British Museum dated 1288; see B.M.C. VII, p. 95 and footnote, and Pl. V, no. 239. Other examples eventually came to light, and in B.M.C.X, containing the Additions to Vol. VII, dinars of this rebel dated 1276,1278, and 1290 are listed, see page 174. The collection of the American Numismatic Society possesses dinars of the years 1275 (two), 1276, and 1277. 9
Thus far, only the coinage of Khoḳand has been considered. Of the remainder of the collection, seven of the pieces are coins of Bukhārā, mostly of the thirteenth century a.h., and presumably all circulating in that region at the time of Dr. Schuyler's stay there.
The history of the acquisition and preservation of these gold coins, combined with the fact that Schuyler was a graduate of Yale in 1859 and Ph.D. in 1861, makes it suitable that they should be given separate publication as a unit of the Yale Collection.
| 2 |
A convincing portrait of Khudāyār, from about the year 1870, may be seen in Schuyler's
Turkistan
, Vol. II, facing p. 25.
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| 3 |
Schuyler, I,92, gives the account of one who was in the palace at the time.
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| 4 |
On the revision of the chronology of these reigns, see below.
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| 5 |
A warlike tribe, inhabiting chiefly a region east of the city of Khoḳand. Khudāyār would have been glad to exterminate them
(though his mother was a Kiptchak), and he is said to have butchered some "two thousand" of them.
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| 6 |
The situation as regards the Russians, in the closing years of the province's independent existence, is clearly set forth
in Schuyler's
Turkistan
, Vol. II, pp. 278 ff.
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| 7 |
This was the accession year, but he was then a minor; until 1266/1850, when he came of age, affairs were in the hands of the
regent, Musulman Ḳūl.
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| 8 |
He was deposed in 1293/1876.
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| 9 |
On the coin first mentioned, above, B.M.C. VII, no. 239, the name of the would-be ruler appeared to be given as Muḥammad Malla;
but in Vol. X, p. 174, footnote, it was shown that the indistinct characters are to be read as "Beg," rather than "Malla."
The name Fūlād appears on the silver coin, p. 173 and Pl. XXXII.
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1. Khudāyār Khān, 1273 a.h.
obverse.
Area, ornamental border between double circles.
لطيف
خوقند
٧٣ ١٢
السلطنة
ضرب دار
reverse.
Area, with same border between double circles,
خدايار
سيد
٧٣ ١٢
خان
Pl. , Wt. 4.51 grms.
This coin, dated 1273, is from the first of Khudāyār's three reigns; see the historical introduction. B.M.C. VII has dinars of this reign for every year from 1260 to 1266 (nos. 228 to 237), but only one, year 1272, after the last-named date. See Pl. V, no. 228, and Vol. X, p. 173. These were just the years in which the regent Musulman Kūl was in charge of the affairs of state in Khoḳand. How it happened that he struck a dinar in the name of the boy Khudāyār in 1260, though the latter was proclaimed Khān in 1261, is not quite clear; see B.M.C. VII, 91, footnote. The American Numismatic Society has two dinars of this first reign, dated 1272 and 1274.
The coins of the Khānate of Khoḳand are a fine series, choice in style and well executed, closely resembling those of the Mangits of Bukhārā, as would be expected.
2. Khudāyār Khān, 1275 a.h.
obverse.
Area, with same ornamental border as in No. 1,
٦٩
لطيف
خوقند
١٢
السطنة
ضرب دار
reverse.
Area, with same border,
خدايار
سيد
٧٥
خان ١٢
Pl. Wt. 3.99 grms.
A second coin of Khudāyār's first reign, which ended in this year 1275 a.h. (1857/1858 a.d.). The obverse is plainly dated 1269, with the use of a die formerly employed, the date being just halfway between the latest date (1266) in the British Museum and the earliest (1272) in the American Numismatic Society's collection.
3. Malla Khān, 1275 a.h.
obverse.
Area, with border enclosing a double circle,
لطيف
قند
٧
خو ٥ ١٢
السطنة
دار
ضرب
reverse.
Area, with twisted-rope border between circles and enclosing an ornamental band,
ن
ملة ٢ خا ١
محمد
سيد
٧٥
بهادر
Pl. , Wt. 4.43 grms.
Very few coins of Malla are known. Zambaur, Manuel, p. 276, knew of one specimen, presumably in Russia. B.M.C. and A.N.S. have none. Our collection possesses two, each a fine example almost in mint state.
The innovation in the style of these dinars is worthy of especial notice. The gay addition to the standard design, and the exuberance of ornamentation, can hardly fail to be understood as reflecting the circumstances of the time, the auspicious beginning of Malla's reign, which nevertheless had such a speedy and terrible ending. Khoḳand had been in high spirits.
In No. 3, the obverse border is like that in No. 9, four-pronged stars separated by pairs of dots in upright line. Reverse has the twisted-rope border, and around the inscription, within the inner circle, is an ornamental band with a tassel.
4. Malla Khān, 1276 a.h.
obverse.
Area, with a leafy border, an elaboration of the border in Nos. 1 and 2; outside the border, a circle, a row of large dots, a row of small dots; inside the border, a double circle with connecting cross-bars,
٧٦
١٢
لطيف
قند خو
لسلطنة
ضربدارا
reverse.
Area, with border as on the obverse; inside the border a double circle ending in a leafy branch, like the ornamental band in No. 3,
ن
د
بهارخا
سيد
١٢٧
٦
محمد ملة
Pl. , Wt. 4.47 grms.
See the preceding number, on the special features of these beautiful coins of Malla. The "gay addition" there described is here also present, though in another even more attractive form.
To be noted is the remarkable position of the two widely separated parts of the name Khoḳand.
5. Shāh Murād, 1278 a.h.
obverse.
Area, with leaf border surrounding a double circle,
٧٨
لطيف
١٢
خو قند
لسلطنة
ضرب دارا
reverse.
Area, with floral border enclosing a double circle and surrounded by a circle and a ring of dots,
شاه مراد
سيد
٧٨ ١٢
لمسلمين
اميرا
Pl. , Wt. 4.45 grms.
The boy Shāh Murād, who reigned but a few months and soon thereafter was murdered, had his coinage, of which at least one specimen has survived. The dinar in our collection is a fine example, rubbed on the borders, but with the inscriptions in perfect condition. The innovation made in the Malla coinage is discarded, and it never again appears.
Zambaur, Manuel, knew of no coin of this reign, and none are mentioned in B.M.C., nor are there any in the A.N.S. The date hitherto given is incorrect.
6. Khudāyār Khān, 1283 a.h.
obverse.
Area, with border of stars and crosses enclosing a double circle,
١٢٣
٨
لطيف
خو قند
لسلطنة
ضرب دارا
reverse.
Area, with border of stars, leaves, and groups of dots, between two double circles, with ring of dots outside,
خدايار
١٢٣
٨
محمد خان
سيد
Pl. , Wt. 4.47 grms.
This is of Khudāyār's third reign, which began in 1282 a.h. (1865 a.d.) and continued until 1292, when he was driven out by his own people. Our collection has two coins of this reign, the one here described dated 1283, and another dated 1285. Zambaur recorded one example.
Khudāyār's second reign, which began in 1279 (summer of 1862 a.d.) lasted hardly a year; Zambaur knew of one coin from it.
The reign of the youth Sayyid Sulṭān, son of Malla, who was put on the throne in 1280 (in July, 1863), is represented by at least two coins which have been preserved, one mentioned by Zambaur, the other in the British Museum, see B.M.C. VII, 94, with Pl. V, no. 238.
Our No. 6 is in fine condition. Obverse has a border of six-pronged stars alternating with St. Andrew crosses. Outside this is a border of dots. Reverse's border alternates stars and leaves (?) with rosettes. Outside is a double circle and then a row of dots.
7. Khudāyār Khān, 1285 a.h.
obverse.
Area, with same border, etc., as on the Obverse of No. 6,
١٢٥
٨
لطيف
خو قند
لسلطنة
ضرب دارا
reverse.
Area, with same border, etc., as on the Reverse of No. 6,
خدايار
١٢٨٣
٥
محمد خان
سيد
Pl. , Wt. 4.44 grms.
See the description in the preceding number. This dinar closely resembles No. 6 in all respects. For the reverse a die of the year 1283 was employed, and consequently two dates can be read. The arrangement of the numerals, in both obverse and reverse, is almost exactly the same on the two coins.
8. Jānid Dynasty, Abū'l-Ghāzī, no mint or date.
obverse.
Area, with a border of dots between two circles,
لا اله الا الله
محمد
رسول الله
reverse.
Area, with a border of double scollops outside a ring,
سيد
بهادرخان
محمد
ابوالغازى
Pl. , Wt. 4.59 grms.
The obverse has a margin of dots between two circles. The reverse has an elaborate margin.
This Abū'l-Ghāzī (regn. 1171-1200) was the last of the Jānid line of the Astrakhānids (Lane-Poole, Mohammedan Dynasties, pp. 274 f.). From the time of 'Abd al-Mu'min onward (1160 a.h.=1747 a.d.) the Jānid rulers were such only in name, for the prime ministers held all the power and soon founded their own Mangit Dynasty. See Schuyler, Turkistan , I, 383 ff., and the footnote in B.M.C. VII, 74. The last of the Mangit ministers to hold the authority without ever assuming the titles of sovereignty was the Amīr Dāniyāl, who let Abū'l-Ghāzī rule as Khān.
On the death of Dāniyāl (1185 a.h.), he was succeeded by his son, the Amīr Ma'ṣūm, who in the year 1200 took the throne with the title Shāh Murād. According to B.M.C. (ibid.), 1200 was the year of Abū'l-Ghāzī's death, but this appears to be a mistake. Schuyler, I, 385, puts the date of his death "not earlier than 1796" (1210-11 a.h.); and, in addition, we hear of a coin of Abū'l-Ghāzī in Russia (The Hermitage) dated 1201, see below. According to Schuyler, Shāh Murād did not himself have the title of Khān, though ruling in his own name and with a royal title.
For comparison with our dinar of Abū'l-Ghāzī, see B.M.C. VII, 72, no. 171, and the facsimile on Plate V (Abū'l-Faiḍ, commonly written as Abū'l-Feiẓ); also Vol. X, 171m., and the facsimile on Plate XXXII ('Abd al-Mu'min). A.N.S. possesses two dinars of Abū'l-Feiẓ, dated 1138 and 1158. Abū'l-Ghāzī "was the son of a cousin german of Abul-Feiẓ" (Schuyler, I, 383).
The testimony of coins of this last ruler of the Jānid line had apparently been doubted, for Schuyler insists (ibid., p. 384): "We have a coin of this Khān with the date of 1200 a.h. … it has been described more than seventy years." "We" presumably means "we in Russia," and there is good reason for believing that another reference to this same coin has been preserved.
In Fraehn's Recensio numorum Muhammedanorum, St. Petersburg, 1826, p. 443, there is listed a coin of Abū'l-Ghāzī dated 1200. In his Nova supplementa (1855), p. 131, there is one with the date 1199.
In the Markov Inventory, St. Petersburg, 1896, p. 707, three more coins of this Jānid ruler are mentioned: No. 37, no mint, year 1181; No. 38, no mint, year 1194; No. 42, Bukhārā , year 1201 (!).
In the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society for July, 1911, p. 784, an article by Dr. O. Codrington describes a number of coins collected in Seistan by Sir A. Henry McMahon; and among them is a dinar of Abū'l-Ghāzī. See the accompanying Plate, coin no. 11.
9. Mangit Dynasty, Ma'ṣūmī Line. Struck by Ḥaidar, Bukhārā, 1233 a.h.
obverse.
Area, with ornamental border between circles,
شريف
١٢٣٢ ى
ضرب بخارا
reverse.
Area, with ornamental border between circles,
غازى
معصوم
١٢٣٣
امير دانيال
Observe that the dates differ, as frequently happens; see B.M.C. VII, Introduction, p. xl.
Pl. , Wt. 4.53 grms.
With this coin compare B.M.C. VII, p. 79, no. 184, which re- sembles it very closely. Cf. also in the plates of this volume Pl. V, 179 (date 1230), 188 (date 1235). In this case the reverse has the actual date of the coin, as commonly happens; see however the next following dinar in our series.
Ḥaidar (1215-1242 a.h.), son of Amīr Ma'ṣūm, puts on many of his coins the names of his father and grandfather (Amīr Dāniyāl). On this dynasty and its coinage see B.M.C. VII, Introduction, pp. xvii-xxiii, xxxviii-xli.
The ornamental border of No. 9 is described above, in the note on No. 3.
10. Mangit Dynasty. Struck by Ḥaidar, Bukhārā, 1236 a.h.
obverse.
Area (border as in No. 9),
شريف
١٢٣٢ ى
ضرب بخارا
reverse.
Area (border as in No. 9),
غازى
معصوم
١٢٣٥
رحمت بادبر
Pl. , Wt. 4.51 grms.
Coin somewhat rubbed, not as perfectly preserved as the preceding specimens. Cf. B.M.C. VII, Pl. V, 188, which is the same except for the date on obverse. As was remarked above, this is a case in which obverse has the true date, while reverse has that of a former coinage. See however B.M.C. no. 189, which is our coin with the dates reversed!
The border of No. 10 is an elaborate variation of the border of No. 9.
11. Mangit Dynasty. Struck by Naṣr Allāh, Bukhārā, 1244 a.h.
obverse.
Area, with border of a wreath between two circles,
شريف
١٢٤٤ ى
ضرب بخارا
reverse.
Area, with border as in Obv., and circle of dots outside,
غازى
معصوم
١٢٤٤
رحمت بادبر
Pl. , Wt. 4.53 grms.
Naṣr Allāh (1242-1277 a.h.), the third son of Ḥaidar, struck coins bearing the same simple inscriptions as those issued by his father. The present specimen is a fine example of the coinage, with the pleasing Persian style of the inscriptions and the characteristic ornamentation. In all the Mangit dinars here shown, the ring enclosing the area is a double ring, and the vacant spaces are occupied by clusters of small dots. In both this coin and the preceding (No. 10) a small anchor-shaped ornament appears at the left, both above and below the long horizontal letter yā.
With this coin compare B.M.C. VII, no. 196, which would seem to be its duplicate.
12. Mangit Dynasty. Struck by Naṣr Allāh, Bukhārā, 1257 a.h.
obverse.
Area, with border like that on No. 9,
شريف
١٢٥٧ ى
ضرب بخارا
reverse.
Area, with border of dotted guilloche between circles,
غازى
معصوم
١٢٥٧
رحمت بادبر
, Wt. 4.55 grms.
Compare B.M.C. VII, 84, no. 207, which agrees in all respects.
13. Mangit Dynasty, Muẓaffar ad-Dīn, Bukhārā, 1285 a.h.
obverse.
Area, the border indistinct,
شريف
١٢٨٥ ى
ضرب بخارا
reverse.
Area, the border indistinct,
غازى
معصوم
١٢٨٥
رحمت بادبر
The last two figures of the date on the rev. are hardly legible.
Pl. , Wt. 4.54 grms.
Muẓaffar ad-Dīn, son of Naṣr Allāh, took the throne in 1277 a.h. (1860 a.d.), and held it until he became tributary to the Russians in the campaign of 1284 (1868 a.d.).
This dinar, dated 1285, was struck in the same year in which the Russians took possession of the province.
Both obverse and reverse have the dotted-rope (guilloche) border, but very little of it can be seen. The coin is badly rubbed. The date on reverse can hardly be made out with certainty; it might even be read as 1278.
Coins continued to be struck after the province became tributary to Russia. B.M.C. VII, no. 215, is dated 1294; the American Numismatic Society has dinars of 1289 and 1296.
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