The word "Mamlūk" (literally translated "owned") does not by any means signify slavery in the true sense of the word. Although the Mamlūk, or male slave, was really acquired by his Moslem master either by purchase or by capture in war or in a raid, he did not serve as a common slave or domestic servant but became a highly valued bodyguard, soldier, or even gentleman-at-arms.
He was brought up and well cared for by his owner, given thorough training in the military arts, in warfare and in sports, which at that time were the privilege of the caste of knights. When the Mamlūk page grew up to become a full-fledged soldier, there was practically no limit to his advancement. According to his ability, the faithful services rendered to his master and his exploits on the battlefield, he was not only eligible for manumission, but, if his character and ability were outstanding, he was raised to the rank of amir. However, even after he became a nobleman and commander of other Mamlūks, a firm bond attached him to his former master in domestic matters as well as in politics and in war.
The fact of having been a Mamlūk carried no blemish; on the contrary, these knights were proud of their relationship with the great princes and lords they formerly served, and thought of themselves as the ruling class of the country. They also felt a close kinship towards their fellow Mamlūks serving a common master.
Although no racial distinctions were made in the choice of young male captives to be sold as Mamlūks, they were, in great majority, Turks. The 'Abbāsid Caliphs of Baghdad began the custom of keeping a large retinue of personal bodyguards, recruited from Turkish Mamlūks, in order to protect them against their unruly Arab countrymen who, in their turbulant and undisciplined ambitions for personal power and independence, continuously stirred up trouble and sedition and were a constant menace to the Caliphs.
To ensure the devotion of the Mamlūk soldiery, their owner had to reward them ceaselessly with lavish presents, robes of honour, valuable donations of land and tenure of office, and often with the governorship of rich provinces and cities. It is not surprising, therefore, that the Mamlūks soon became, from simple slaves, a ruling military caste of noble knights who could do or undo sovereigns, and whose benevolence or dissatisfaction decided the fate of Caliph or sultan. They had to be cajoled and bribed incessantly. They formed clans according to their origin or through allegiance to a common master. Therefore, the Sultan's power often depended on his ability to acquire the support of the majority of the Mamlūk amirs and their retinue.
The custom of relying on a large Mamlūk bodyguard was extensively adopted by many a Moslem ruler even among those of Egypt. The Ayyūbids had their regiments of Mamlūk soldiery, but the system was brought to perfection by al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb, Saladin's great-grand-nephew. Not only did the main forces of the Egyptian army under him consist of the splendid Mamlūk cavalry, but the whole administration of the government slipped into the hands of the most powerful amirs.
In fact, when the dynasty's Egyptian branch became extinct after the assassination of al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb's son Turunshāh, by the Baḥri Mamlūks, it was the college of the great Mamlūk nobles who elected his successor. Thus, without any incident or even without the people realizing it, a complete change of dynasty was accomplished. The Baḥri Mamlūks, who took over the government of Egypt and part of Syria, were Turks; they were named Baḥri or "fluvial" Mamlūks from their barracks situated on the island of Rhoda in the Nile.
For the first and only time in the history of Moslem Egypt, a woman, Shajar al-Durr, was elected queen (May, 1250 A.D.). She qualified for the throne through the excellent leadership of which she gave proof during the last illness of her husband, al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb, as well as after his death, when she kept the reins of government firmly in hand. Further titles to the legitimacy of her rule were her status as widow of the late sultan and, last but not least, the fact that she was the mother of al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb's son. The fact that this son was already dead at the time of her election does not seem to have diminished the validity of her claim. She managed the affairs of state very ably during the short two months of her reign (1250). She was, however, compelled to abdicate and turn over the government to Aybak, one of the leading Mamlūk amirs, after violent protests of the Caliph, who could not tolerate a woman on Egypt's throne.
Thus Aybak (1250–1257 A.D.) became the newly elected king of Egypt. In order to consolidate his position, he married Shajar al-Durr, although he already had a wife (whom he was compelled to divorce), and a son. But he also had to defeat the ambitions to the throne of Egypt of the Ayyūbid pretenders in Syria who had numerous supporters; he therefore, appointed the six year old son of the last Ayyūbid king of the Yemen, al-Ashraf Mūsâ (II) b. al-Nāṣir Yūsuf, as nominal co-regent in Cairo.
Nevertheless, he soon came to open conflict with the Syrian Ayyūbids, whose head was Mughīth 'Umar, a son of al-'Ādil II. The Mamlūks were victorious and the backbone of the legitimist claim was broken. This success, however, did not mean the end of Aybak's troubles, as his great fellow amirs now began to conspire against him, and even a remnant of the Ayyūbid forces in Syria lay threatening near the Egyptian border.
At last, Aybak overcame his opponents and successfully consolidated his government, although Shajar al-Durr never surrendered the treasury to him and endeavoured to retain the real power for herself. Their relationship was of the worst kind, and they both intrigued continously against each other. Finally, when Aybak wanted to contract a political marriage with a princess of the Golden Horde, the queen decided to eliminate him by assassination. In revenge, Shajar al-Durr was herself clubbed to death by the slave women of the ḥarīm by order of Aybak's divorced wife.
Aybak's son, al-Manṣūr 'Ali (1257–1259 A.D.), an incompetent youth, was soon discarded by the viceroy, al-Muẓaffar Qutuz (1259–1260 A.D.), an able general and excellent statesman. He completely annihilated the remaining forces of the Ayyūbid al-Mughīth 'Umar. But soon another and far greater danger threatened the Mamlūk empire, that of the Mongol invasion. Hūlāgū, who in 1253 destroyed the 'Abbāsid califate of Baghdād, continued his westward thrust into Syria, devastating the country wherever he passed, with the evident goal of conquering Egypt. In a pitched battle near 'Ayn Jālūt in Syria, after the fortunes of war had changed more than once during the day's fighting, the Mamlūks finally utterly routed the Mongol army and expelled them from Syria with enormous losses. The Ayyūbid princes of Ḥims and Ḥamāh, who pledged allegiance to Qutuz, were reinstalled to their seats and allowed to govern as vassals of the Mamlūk king.
On his way to Cairo after the victorious campaign, Qutuz was slain by jealous and discontented Mamlūk amirs. Baybars I was elected sultan in his stead. With Baybars began one of the most brilliant periods of Moslem Egypt. The new sultan's first task was to eliminate the threat of the Crusaders who still held important parts of the Syrian coast. One after the other the Crusader strongholds fell to his armies, and in 1268 even Antioch was stormed and utterly destroyed, after which only a few coastal towns remained in Christian hands. Baybars also had to deal with the Mongols who, now in possession not only of 'Irāq but also of Asia Minor, continued to threaten his safety. With his habitual efficiency, he swiftly defeated their formidable army.
Armenian Cilicia too was subjected to repeated raids and had to pay heavy tribute. Though engaged in continuous warlike activity until the end of his reign, Baybars managed the internal affairs of his empire with equal skill, energy and wisdom, improved his dominions and promoted the building of public works. His government was just, enlightened, and he was popular personally with his subjects.
It was during his reign that the Mongols of Hūlāgū destroyed the caliphate of Baghdad. Baybars invited the surviving 'Abbāsid prince to Cairo, appointed him caliph and, in turn, received from him the investiture as sultan of Egypt. Thereafter, down to the fall of the Mamlūk empire, this investiture by the caliph became an essential part of each sultan's nomination.
Baybars's two sons were not worthy of their great father and, after two years of undistinguished government, another mighty amir and former Mamlūk of al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb, al-Manṣūr Qalā'ūn (1279–1290 A.D.) ascended the throne. Qalā'ūn was more fortunate in his dynastic aspirations than his predecessor Baybars, and his house continued to rule Egypt for over a hundred years.
Towards the end of 1281, this sultan too clashed with the Mongol army which once more invaded Syria, and definitely crushed it near Ḥimṣ, so that he had no more trouble from the Ilkhānids. The Crusaders of the Syrian coast were his next objective, and his wars against them were so effective that, when he died, barely anything was left of the Christian dominions. Magnificent buildings still existing in Cairo bear witness to Qalā'ūn's piety, and the remnants of his hospital prove that he was generous towards the sick and poor.
Qalā'ūn's son, al-Ashraf Khalīl (1290–1293 A.D.) had but one virtue, courage. He conquered the last stronghold of the Crusaders, 'Akkā, pillaged and burned it and enslaved those of the inhabitants he did not slaughter. He was cruel, vicious and capricious, and his reign was one of continuous terror and injustice. It was not surprising, therefore, that the nobles conspired against him and had him assassinated.
Qalā'ūn's surviving son, al-Nāṣir Muḥammad, was elected to the throne in 1293 A.D.; a mere child, he was soon set aside by the nobles, one of whom became sultan. After four years of turbulence and bad management, al-Nāṣir Muḥammad was reinstalled, this time for a period of ten years (1298–1308 A.D.). Immediately after his accession to the throne, a renewed Mongol invasion threatened the very existence of the empire. The Mamlūks suffered a series of disastrous reverses which led to the Mongol occupation of Aleppo, Damascus and nearly all the Syrian territory. Finally, however, the Egyptians not only recuperated the lost territories, but in 1303 completely destroyed the Ilkhānid army. After this final defeat, Ghāzān's successor, Uljāitu, reversed his father's policy and, thereafter the Mongols of Persia entertained friendly relations with the Mamlūk court.
The ruling Mamlūks devoted the following period to the restoration of internal order in Egypt and, at the same time, to the increase of their personal wealth. They turned the numerous sources of revenue from the various forms of taxation and the customs duties imposed on transiting merchandise to their own advantage, but to the detriment of the treasury. The standard of living of the ruling classes became fabulously luxurious, and the rich spent huge sums on their personal comfort and pleasures. However, they also spent fortunes on building beautiful mosques, public baths and fountains, schools and hospitals, which they endowed with ample revenues.
Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad received nothing of the bounty appropriated by his amirs. His ministers kept him in straitened circumstances, so that he lacked even the bare necessities of a modest household. Finally, when he could no more bear the conduct of his amirs, al-Nāṣir Muḥammad fled to Karak and announced his abdication (1309).
His successor, Baybars II, lasted only one year, and the result of his incompetence was complete mismanagement of the affairs of state. Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad was back again as sultan (1310–1341 A.D.). This time, he was fully mature and resolved to reign as an absolute monarch. Reign he did, and now knew how to impose his will on the Mamlūk nobles who soon learned to respect his person and obey his orders.
Although several military operations were conducted with success against Armenian Cilicia, al-Nāṣir's reign was, on the whole, one of peaceful prosperity, and his relations with other countries of the East as well as of the West were mostly friendly. So great was his prestige that, after his death, over a period of forty-one years, his sons and their descendants were elected to the throne as a tribute to his person. Though none of them had the qualities to match those of al-Nāṣir, their claim was never challenged by the amirs who declared themselves faithful servants of his house.
Nevertheless, in 1382, the Circassian Mamlūks or "Burjis" (from the Citadel or burj where their barracks were located) got the upper hand and set al-Ẓāhir Barqūq, an energetic and able man, on the throne. Thereafter, for the following 135 years, Egypt was ruled by the Burji Mamlūks who, unlike the Baḥris, were not Turks, but mostly Circassians. In fact, the sultan was not an absolute monarch, but only a chief Mamlūk elected by his equals and had to listen to their opinion and advice and, more often than not, had a precarious hold on his undisciplined fellow amirs. No hereditary succession was established, as was the case for the House of Qalā'ūn. Sometimes, the sultan's son succeeded after his father's death, not so much in recognition of a hereditary principle, but rather as a buffer between the intriguing rival factions. After a few months' time, when one or the other of the amirs held sufficient power to impose himself, the "warming pan" was discarded and the victor of the day ascended the throne. At this time, a strong esprit de corps developed among the followers of each sultan, after whose death his Mamlūks formed a distinct new party. For his tenure of power the new sultan depended on his ability to win over the majority of the rival factions by bribery and largess, or to exploit their jealousies and competition by inciting one clan against the other.
Of the twenty-three sultans who sat on the throne during the next 135 years, the reigns of nine occupy 125 years, and only nine years are left for the remaining fourteen rulers. Nine sultans were really great statesmen, the others merely filled a vacuum. The nine able sultans, however, also had to struggle continuously with the unruly soldiery whose divers factions ceaselessly fought between themselves for power and wealth, robbing and tormenting the common people of Egypt who lived in constant terror for their lives, property and women.
Barqūq, the first Circassian sultan (1387–1389 and 1390–1399 A.D.), was fully occupied with the defense of his throne against the rebellious amirs. He succeeded in quelling several attempts to suppress him; his army was, however, routed by the rebels headed by the two mightiest Mamlūks. Barqūq lost all presence of mind, was deposed without resistance and interned in the fortress of Karak. The rebel amirs restored Ḥājji, the last Baḥri king, on the throne and soon started to quarrel over the spoils. The disagreement became so violent that Barqūq, who in the meantime had acquired a large body of supporters, raised a powerful army and easily crushed his opponents. His next two years on the throne were, nevertheless, occupied by the final suppression of the rebellion in Syria. In the meantime, a far greater danger threatened Barqūq's dominions in the invasion of Tīmūr. Hastily, Barqūq gathered his armies against the much dreaded foe and joined the princes of Asia Minor in a league of defense. To his great relief, the invasion of Syria did not take place, because by then Tīmūr was fully engaged in a campaign against Tuktamish of the Golden Horde in Georgia. Barqūq, over sixty years of age, died in 1399 after a long and, on the whole, just and benevolent rule.
His eldest son, Faraj (1399–1405 and 1405–1412 A.D.), succeeded him at the age of thirteen. In less than a year he had to lead an army against a new invasion of Tīmūr. The campaign ended in defeat and hasty withdrawal to Cairo, and Syria fell prey to the Mongol soldiery which ruthlessly devastated the country and ransacked and burned the cities.
The sultan's credit rapidly diminished, more because of the disastrous conditions of peace accepted by him than of the lost war, and the ruling amirs not only treated him with spite, but also defeated him in open battle. Faraj fled, leaving the throne to a younger brother, but was brought back to power again after a couple of months by the amir Yashbak, his supporter. The last years of Faraj's rule were spent in continuous campaigning in Syria where, in spite of a few military successes, the government steadily lost control of the situation; the increasing power of the amirs Shaykh al-Maḥmūdi and Nawrūz began to threaten the sultan's position. He was finally deposed by the 'Abbāsid caliph of Cairo and condemned to death. From an economic point of view, Faraj's sultanate was a continuous unsuccessful struggle against the growing impoverishment of Egypt. He made several attempts to restore the country's finances, but all failed miserably.
After Faraj's death, the Caliph al-Musta'īn filled the vacancy for a few months, until Shaykh was elected sultan, with the title al-Mu'ayyad (1412–1421 A.D.). Though he reigned for about nine years and conducted several successful campaigns against the rebellious Turkoman princes of Asia Minor whose territories bordered the Syrian marshes, Egypt and Syria gained nothing by his successes. Not unlike Faraj, al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh also tried, in vain, to stem the collapse of Egypt's financial position; just as Faraj, he was unable to improve the country's currency. The vacillations of his monetary policy are reflected by the unmethodical sequences of the gold issues and by the introduction of his widely praised mu'ayyadi dirhem which was indeed of excellent quality, but the bulk of which was inadequately small.
Al-Mu'ayyad was followed by two reigns of no consequence whatsoever, when al-Ashraf Barsbāy took the reins firmly in hand (1422–1438 A.D.). He used the sultanate to increase his revenues by extortion, oppressive taxation and various trade monopolies, and kept Egypt under his thumb. But he was strong enough to restrain his Mamlūks from rebellion and even enlarged his dominions through the conquest of Cyprus. At this time, pirates operating from Cyprian bases made the shores of Syria and Egypt insecure. Taking their activities as an excuse, Barsbāy, in a single campaign—which was, however, preceded by an exploratory raid—crushed the resistance of the navy and army of the King of Cyprus. Not only did he enslave a large portion of the population, but he also captured many knights and even the king himself, who were paraded in great triumph in Cairo. Thereafter, Cyprus remained a tribute paying vassal of Egypt until the end of the Mamlūk empire in 1517.
Barsbāy knew how to extract the greatest possible profits from the Indian trade which passed through Egypt. He was, however, obliged to relinquish much of his heavy customs duties imposed on the transitory goods, when foreign traders—especially the Venetians, but also the Castilians and Aragonese—threatened to withdraw their activities from Egypt. The heavy impositions rendered the transit route through Egypt unprofitable. Barsbāy's monetary policy did not meet with more success than his meddling with the trade; like his predecessors, he endeavoured to introduce currency reforms, but he did not dispose of the necessary bullion to make his reforms successful.
During the following thirty years seven different sultans sat on the throne of Egypt, but not one had any influence on the country's history. The next ruler, al-Ashraf Qā'itbāy (1468–1496 A.D.), however, held the power for almost 29 years. He was strong of character, courageous and a conspicuous general, also intelligent in his judgment and energetic in decision. He often extorted huge sums for his war chest from Jews, Christians and Moslems alike and sometimes tortured the highest ranking officials until they surrendered their wealth to him.
However, he also spent fortunes on public buildings in Egypt and Syria, and many exquisite mosques, madrasas, public fountains and bridges still testify to his generosity and excellent taste in the field of architecture.
Yet Qā'itbāy's reign was not confined to internal affairs and architecture. His various Turkoman vassals of Asia Minor showed signs of insubordination or even tried to break away and achieve complete sovereignty; the situation was even more complicated by continuous interference from the Ottoman sultans whose growing power began seriously to threaten the Mamlūk empire. Qā'itbāy succeeded in maintaining a more or less favourable equilibrium between the Ottomans and himself, but he was unable to slow down their expansion to the detriment of the lesser Turkish principalities.
The Turkoman princes succumbed one after the other to the well organized armies of the Turkish sultan Bāyazīd II, and thus the final clash with the Mamlūk forces came steadily nearer.
Disorganization of the government marked the reign of the following four, insignificant sultans, until the election of al-Ashraf Qānsūh al-Ghūri (1501–1516 A.D.). In spite of his advanced age, he proved himself an energetic and capable prince, restored order in the country and took drastic measures to replenish the treasury. During the first half of his reign, al-Ghūri had to deal only with minor disturbances from his Mamlūks and some Badawi tribes. The Indian transit trade, which for centuries proved so profitable to Egypt, was threatened with destruction by the Portuguese who at that time discovered the trade route to India around the Cape of Good Hope. Within a short time, the entire commerce with India was taken away from al-Ghūri by Albuquerque's fleet.
The final disaster, however, which ended with the collapse of the Mamlūk empire and its annexation by the Ottoman Turks, started when, after Bāyazīd's death, his son, Selīm I, succeeded to the throne. Selīm was determined to conquer the whole Middle East, and began with the Persians whom he defeated at Chaldiran in 1514. He then occupied the sultanate of Dhu al-Qadr and Diyar Bakr, and came in close contact with Syria. He waited for the slightest excuse to open hostilities with the Mamlūks, marched into Syria and met al-Ghūri's army at Marj Dābiq, a little North of Aleppo. On the 14th of August 1516, the Mamlūk army was totally destroyed, al-Ghūri was killed during the battle and the road to Cairo lay open to Selīm. The Mamlūks elected a new sultan, al-Ashraf Tūmānbāy, and tried to organize a sort of resistance. They were, however, no match for Selīm's superior forces and, on the 22nd of January 1517, Cairo surrendered to the Turks. Egypt lost its independence and became a province of the Ottoman empire.
The coins of the first Mamlūk rulers were similar to those of the last Ayyūbids, so that we may call them pseudo-Ayyūbid issues. The legends on the dinar present the protocol of the Mamlūk sultan (Shajar al-Durr, al-Ashraf Mūsâ, Aybak, al-Manṣūr 'Ali and Quṭuz), but the arrangement of the engraving is similar to al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb's gold coins. Aybak went even so far as to revive al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb's protocol on the dinar and inscribed only his name, without any title, underneath, as if he still were his long deceased master's lieutenant only.
The silver is even more servilely imitated from the Ayyūbid originals. Shajar al-Durr's and al-Ashraf Mūsâ's globular dirhems do not differ in design, style and general appearance from those struck by al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb at the Cairo mint. The square-in-the-circle type dirhems are faithfully copied from the Ayyūbid dirhems of Damascus, the like of which also were issued at Cairo by the same ruler. Such square-in-the-circle type dirhems have been struck by Aybak, al-Manṣūr 'Ali and by Quṭuz.
As regards copper coins, only a single fals has been so far identified, in the collections of the ANS. It belongs to Quṭuz and its design resembles the silver coins of al-Afḍal 'Ali (BMC 285) and al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb (Balog, BIE XXXIV, pp. 24–25, Figs. 9–12).
Under Baybars I begins the Mamlūk coinage in its proper form. Its most conspicuous feature is the blazon, at the beginning present in gold, silver and copper alike (Baybars I), on gold and silver (Baraka Qān) and later on the copper only, with one or two exceptions.
The separate marginal legends have disappeared and been replaced by circular inscriptions which are now part of the field itself. To this type belong silver coins starting with Baybars I and ending with Lājīn and Baybars II. Under al-Nāṣir Muḥammad these smaller circular legends also disappear and the writing is now arranged in several horizontal lines which cover the entire field, on the gold as well as on the silver.
Simultaneously with the ordinary round-flan dirhems, so-called cut dirhems also circulated freely. The cut dirhem, invented by the Fāṭimids and adopted by the Ayyūbids, have also been taken over by the Mamlūks. But whereas the Ayyūbid cut dirhem was a servile imitation of the Fāṭimid "black" dirhem of base metal, the Mamlūks made theirs a little larger, heavier and of a better alloy. The dies with which they were struck, were those of the regular round-flan dirhem, so that only a small portion of the coin legends was impressed on the flan. Entire hoards of these cut (square-flan) dirhems have been found; most of them belong to Baybars I and al-Nāṣir Muḥammad, but those of Baraka Qān, al-Nāṣir Ḥasan, al-Ashraf Sha'bān and even of al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji have also been observed.
The copper fulūs occur in great numbers and in a broad spectrum of different varieties. The Egyptian issues are nearly always purely epigraphical, at first struck on a small flan with only short legends, but later on a wide flan with elaborate inscriptions. In Syria the flan is always of smaller size, the field ornamented and contains very frequently some heraldic charge. These heraldic coins contribute greatly to the knowledge of the Mamlūk blazon. Amongst the Egyptian emissions only one series, belonging to al-Nāṣir Muḥammad, presents a blazon (napkin, buqjah).
Besides the traditional issues which do not differ from the accustomed Baḥri types, Barqūq introduced new silver and copper types, some of which were recorded by contemporary chroniclers. The initiative of a completely new coinage, however, is due to Faraj. Compelled by a severe economic crisis, he introduced a monetary reform based on the gold mithqāl (804 H.), and issued coins of an entirely new design. As the crisis continued, a second reform became necessary and in 810 H. the sequin-type gold was introduced, which was smaller, weighed only 3.40 grm., and was destined to compete with the Venetian sequin.
The weight of the gold coinage was maintained at this level for a certain time, but later, after the death of Barsbāy, it was again moderately reduced. It was Barsbāy who created the last type of dinar legends, arranged in several horizontal lines and separated from each other by cable-patterns. As an exception, Khūshqadam and Qānṣūh al-Ghūri issued a few dinars with marginal legends.
Silver, which was struck in Syria as well as in Egypt, was also reduced in weight and size, with legends arranged in various patterns. Anyway, it became so scarce that at certain periods it was practically non-existent.
Not only silver, but also copper was scarce during a great part of the Burji period. The fals is struck on a narrow flan, is very varied in design, ornamented or heraldic.1 Only under Qā'itbāy does the copper become a little more abundant, struck on a larger and thicker flan. Finally, shortly before the collapse of the Mamlūk empire, the only bronze coins were issued by Qānṣūh al-Ghūri.
Probably the most important part of the legend is the royal protocol. The attribution of the coin depends on it, therefore the side on which it appears, is the obverse. Coins of Shajar al-Durr, al-Ashraf Mūsâ, Aybak and al-Manṣūr 'Ali, as well as those of Baybars I, show, besides the sultan's protocol, also the caliph's name. Here again, the side which contains the ruler's name, is the obverse and the caliph is mentioned on the reverse.
If the protocol is exceptionally long, or the flan is of insufficient size, it continues on the other side. In this case the obverse is where the legend starts. On gold and silver the protocol is as complete as possible on such a small surface; on copper, however, it is often very much abbreviated.
Mint and date. The mint and date formula is placed either in the marginal or circular legend on the early issues, or in the field on the later ones. Sometimes, on the early coins, the mint is once more mentioned at the top of the field. On some coins again, the mint is omitted (a dinar of al-Ṣāliḥ Ismā'īl) and many copper coins are undated, or even without the mint-name.
There are fulūs with legends only on one side, the other is ornamented or has a blazon, but is anepigraphic. Regardless of whether the legend contains the ruler's name or simply the mint and date, this side is the obverse. And should the coin bear the mint on one side and the date on the other, then the mint indicates the obverse.
The date is fully written during the entire Baḥri period and part of the Burji rule. It first appears in Arabic numerals on Aynāl's issues, and afterwards on all the subsequent coinage.
The word "year" (سنة), is substituted by "period" or "epoch" (عام) on the dinars of Barsbāy and dinars and dirhems of Khushqadam and Qāi'tbāy. During the last period the numerals stand alone, without سنة or عام.
The royal protocol. The king's full title is: al-sulṭān al-malik (السلطان الملك). Baybars, just as his predecessors, assumed the title al-malik (الملك) only at the time of his investiture by the Mamlūk nobles. In 659 H. he gave asylum to the 'Abbāsid prince Abū'l-Qāsim Aḥmad and appointed him caliph with the title al-Mustanṣir, in exchange for which he was invested with the sultanate by the newly created "prince of the believers," with the title al-sulṭān al-malik (السلطان الملك). This title was then used by all his successors. On his 917 and 918 bronze issues, al-Ghūri's only title is al-sulṭān (السلطان).
On many a fals, Baḥri and Burji alike, the protocol is abreviated in the extreme. Not only has the word sulṭān been omitted, even the ruler's name proper is often missing. The legend on the gold is al-sulṭān al-malik al-Ashraf Nāṣir al-dunyā wa'l-dīn Sha'bān b. Ḥasan b. al-malik al-Nāṣir Muḥammad b. Qalā'ūn. On his Syrian fulūs the legend is simply al-malik al-Ashraf.
On a few coins the title is mawlānā al-sulṭān al-malik (مولانا السلطان الملك): e.g., the Damascus dirhem of al-Ashraf Khalīl (L. 796, Balog, Jungfleisch): an undated Tripoli fals of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad; a Damascus fals of al-Kāmil Sha'bān; a late Burji dinar with the sultan's name missing, probably between Khūshqadam and Qā'itbāy.
Another unusual title is al-sulṭān Khushqadam abū 'l-Naṣr al-malik al-Ẓāhir (السلطان خوشقدم ابو النصر الملك الظاهر), on two dinars of this ruler (BMC 673 and ANS).
Sometimes the protocol ends with an honorary epithet: Nāṣir al-millat al-muḥammadiya wa-muḥī al-dawlat al-'abbāsīyah (ناصر الملة المحمدية ومحى الدولة العباسية): e.g., al-Ashraf Khalīl (BMC 495), etc. Kitbughā (Wien 6332, L. 836, BMC 497, etc.); al-Nāṣir Muḥammad (L. 797, 798, etc.); Lājīn (L. 853, 855), etc.
Another frequent epithet is: Qasīm amīr al-mu'minīn (قسم امير المومنين), which appears on the coins of Baybars I, Baraka Qān, Salāmish, Qalā'ūn, on some of al-Ashraf Khalīl (BMC 596, Khediv. 1509), Kitbughā (L. 835, Siouffi p. 18, L. 837–852, Balog) and Baybars II (Balog).
The protocol is often completed with the sultan's genealogy, as already mentioned: al-sulṭān al-malik al-Ashraf Nāṣir al-dunyā w'al-dīn Sha'bān b. Ḥasan b. al-malik al-Nāṣir Muḥammad b. Qalā'ūn (السلطان الملك الاشرف ناصر الدينا والدبن شعبان بن حسن بن الملك الناصر محمد بن قلاون).
Some of the early Baḥris, who obtained the throne by their own skill or ruthlessness and had no hereditary claim, disdained any genealogical formula, as for example, Quṭuz. Others, on the contrary, included their former master's name in their own protocol: Baybars I al-Ṣāliḥi , Qalā'ūn al-Ṣāliḥi and Lājīn al-Ṣāliḥi were Mamlūks of the Ayyūbid sultan al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb; Baybars II al-Manṣūri was Qalā'ūn's mamlūk.
As an additional honorary title on al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh's Alexandria gold and on a unique dinar of al-Muẓaffar Aḥmad: sulṭān al-islām wa'l muslimīn = سلطان الاسلام والمسلمين.
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The only Burji dinars with a blazon (fesse) belong to Faraj, al-Musta'īn bi'llāh and al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh. But there are heraldic dirhems of al-Musta'īn bi'llāh (buqjah), Barsbāy (chalice) and Jaqmaq (buqjah and chalice).
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1. 'Azza naṣrahu, عز نصره = may his victory be glorious.
This is probably the most frequent invocation on Mamlūk coins and occurs from al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's time down to Qānṣūh al-Ghūri, under the Baḥris on the copper and exceptionally on gold, under the Burjis on gold, silver and copper.
2. 'Izz li-mawlānā, عز لولانا = glory to our lord (the sultan).
On a fals of al-Ashraf Sha'bān, struck at Tripoli in 776 H. Ashmolean Mus.
3. 'Azza Allāh anṣārahu, عز الله انصاره = may God glorify his victories.
Gold coins of Barqūq, Damascus 785 H. (BMC 621 and 627, Balog).
4. Khallada Allāh mulkahu, خلد الله ملكه = may God perpetuate his kingdom.
On Barqūq's Aleppo gold, Faraj's Cairo and Aleppo gold and Aleppo silver, al-Muayyad Shaykh's gold, al-Ṣāliḥ Muḥammad's silver, Barsbāy's Aleppo silver and Jaqmaq's Aleppo silver.
5. Khallada Allāh mulkahu wa naṣrahu, خلد الله ملكه ونصره = may God perpetuate his kingdom and his victory.
On the Cairo dinar of al-Muẓaffar Aḥmad.
6. Khallada Allāh sulṭānahu, خلد الله سلطانه = may God perpetuate his sultanate.
On Lājin's gold and silver and Barqūq's Cairo, Alexandria and Damascus gold.
7. Qā'itbāy raḥimahu Allāh, قايتباىرحمه الله = Qā'itbāy, God's mercy upon him.
On the gold coins of the Burji al-Nāṣir Muḥammad, son of Qā'itbāy, as an expression of filial piety.
The mint and date formula in the marginal and circular legend is often preceded by bi'smillāh, بسم الله; the marginal legend sometimes starts with bi'smillāh al-raḥmān al-raḥīm بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم. The circular inscription on Baybars' undated half-dirhems consists entirely of بسم الله | الرحمن | الرحيم.
The kalima, written in full or only in part, occupies the reverse of the gold and silver coins, often also that of the fals.
Al-mulk li'llāhi, الملك لله the sovereignty belongs to God on a Cairo dinar of Khūshqadam (L. 1073 and 1074). This formula is often observed on the silver coins of the Seljuks of Rūm, but is exceptional on the Mamlūk coinage.
Wa-mā al-naṣr illā min 'ind allāh, وما النصر الا من عند الله = for victory comes but from God (Koran III, 122). On coins of:
Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad, Cairo and Damascus gold, overstruck Armenian trams, Cairo fulūs.
Al-Manṣūr Abi-Bakr, Cairo gold.
Al-Nāṣir Aḥmad, Cairo gold.
Al-Ṣāliḥ Ismā'īl, Cairo and Damascus gold.
Al-Kāmil Sha'bān, Cairo gold and silver.
Al-Muẓaffar Ḥājji, Cairo and Damascus gold, Damascus silver.
Al-Nāṣir Ḥasan, Cairo and Damascus gold.
Al-Ṣāliḥ Ṣāliḥ, Cairo gold and silver.
Al-Manṣūr Muḥammad, Cairo, Alexandria and Damascus gold.
Al-Ashraf Sha'bān, Cairo, Alexandria, Damascus and Aleppo gold.
Al-Manṣūr 'Ali, Cairo and Damascus gold.
Al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji, Cairo and Damascus gold.
Barqūq, Cairo and Aleppo gold, lead-coins.
Faraj, Cairo, Alexandria, Aleppo and Tripoli gold.
Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh, Cairo and Alexandria gold.
Al-Muẓaffar Aḥmad, Cairo gold.
Wa-mā tawfīqī illā bi'llāhi, وما توفيقى الا بالله = nor comes my grace through anyone but God (Koran XI, 90).
Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad, Damascus silver.
Barqūq, Damascus gold.
Kaffa bi'l-mawt wa'ẓẓān, كفى بالموت وعظا = Death should be sufficient admonition. On the Ḥamāh, 799 H, fulūs of Barqūq. Said to have been uttered in connection with Harūn al Rashīd and Jaa'far le Barmak.
One of the conspicuous features of early Islamic coinage is the presence of the indication of value in the mint and date formula. The gold coins always indicate that they represent a dinar, the silver pieces the dirhem, and even some of the copper coins have the word fals engraved in their legends.
The Ayyūbids dispensed with this custom and continued to write the value on the gold coins only; although not any more strictly weighing one mithqāl, the gold was still called a dinar. No value was written on the silver and copper.
The first Mamlūk sultans simply continued the Ayyūbid practice: from Shajar al-Durr onwards up to Baybars I the gold presents the word dinar in the mint and date formula. The silver and copper have no indication of value.
Subsequently the importance of gold currency was made even more conspicuous by the sultans Qalā'ūn, al-Ashraf Khalīl, Kitbughā and al-Nāṣir Muḥammad, who all termed their gold coins the "blessed dinar", الدينار المبارك. Nevertheless, already during the third reign of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad, a new type of gold, struck on a wide flan, appeared. Thenceforward no indication of value appears on the Baḥri gold issues. Nor is there any on the Burji gold, with only one exception. This exception is the reform issue of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh (821 and 823 H.), of the weight of one mithqāl and half-mithqāl. The coins of this emission have their value, one mithqāl, مثقال, and one-half mithqāl, نصف, engraved in the center of the obverse (Khediv. 1560 and Balog for the mithqāl and L. 1142 for the half-mithqāl).
Just as with the gold issues, so also those of silver are without indication of denomination. And just as in the case of the gold there are exceptions in the silver. A half-dirhem of Mu'ayyad Shaykh has inscribed in the center of the obverse and a series of Damascus coins issued by Barsbāy bear, also in the center of the obverse, the indication of different values. They are:
The 1/4 + 1/8 dirhem weighs between 1 grm. and 1.06 grm., the 1/2 + 1/4 dirhem between 1.94 grm. and 2.24 grm. (Two specimens of this denomination weigh only 1.0 grm. and 1.06 grm., but they may belong to the first category. Similarly many Umayyad, 'Abbāsid and Fāṭimid gold fractions display dinar as their value, although there can be no doubt that they represent the quarter-, third- or half-dinar only).
As can be seen, all these pieces correspond quite well with the weight of the canonic dirhem (around 2.88–2.90 grm.).
The inscriptions of the pseudo-Ayyūbid Mamlūk coins are well executed, in handsome naskhi, similar to the original Ayyūbid epigraphy of al-Kāmil Muḥammad's or al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb's issues. The globular dirhems of Shajar al-Durr and al-Ashraf Mūsâ and the square-in-circle dirhems of Aybak, al-Manṣūr 'Ali and Quṭuz, are all inscribed with the attractive, well-proportioned characters of the Ayyūbid prototypes. Only Aybak's name is written in elongated, archaistic Kufic on his dirhems.
The epigraphy of the new Baḥri-type coinage, starting with Baybars I, is still the same Ayyūbid naskhi, although the letters soon become taller and their tops, at first flat, are often bicuspid or even tricuspid from Qalā'ūn onwards.
As time passes, the letters grow taller, until during al-Nāṣir Ḥasan's and especially Ashraf Sha'bān's reign the monumental style of writing is fully developed. A difference in calligraphy between the Syrian and Egyptian coin-engravings is clearly discernible. Whereas the die-engravers of Cairo and Alexandria were but simple artisans, the Syrian calligraphers achieved, with their skillfully executed legends a harmonious effect. The Egyptian coins show a scraggly, spidery writing, those of Damascus have the field uniformly covered by well designed and distributed inscriptions and on the Aleppo dinars the parallel rows of writing alternate rythmically with smooth horizontal bands.
The Burjis bring an abrupt change into the style and arrangement of their coin-legends. Owing to the reduced size of the flan, the writing also is smaller; at the same time, however, less care is shown in the execution of the calligraphy. The esthetic effect, especially on the gold and silver, is, nevertheless, quite pleasing.
Diacritical points occur very frequently on the Mamlūk coins, but without any apparent system. They are, in fact, so numerous, that their recording would make the composition of this work unduly complex and expensive. As the diacritical signs are mostly clear in the illustrations, it was thought sufficient to refer the reader to the photographs.
Small ornaments, arabesques, scrolls and flowerets appear profusely scattered among the legends on almost all the coins. It would be impossible to record them in special notes without greatly increasing the bulk of this work. They have been, therefore, as faithfully as possible, inscribed in the Arabic coin legends. They are easily recognized in the illustrations. These small calligraphic ornaments are not to be confused with the decorative pattern of the coin itself, intended as a constructive design.
Beside the true ornaments, the shadda (ω) is often used ornamentally in the religious legends and is recorded throughout. Its most frequent application is over الله.
The Mamlūk sultans introduced a new feature on the coinage: they engraved their coats of arms on their coins, mostly on the copper fulūs, but sometimes also on the gold and silver. Representations of animals, plants or inanimate objects already occur on many copper coins of the Umayyad caliphs; these latter are, however, purely ornamental and have no heraldic meaning.
At a much later period, especially in the Jazīrah, between 'Irāq and Asia Minor, there appear portraits, groups of human beings, horsemen, animals, etc. on Turkoman and even Ayyūbid coins. These representations too are not heraldic, but were inspired by Byzantine or classical types, and were probably intended to facilitate commercial transactions between West and East.
Emblems which might be interpreted as heraldic charges appear to have been adopted by Moslems already during the Crusades by Ayyūbid princes and probably even a little earlier.1 Mayer (Saracenic Heraldry, p. 22) reports as the oldest blazon which has come down to us, the fleur-de-lis of Maḥmūd b. Zengi in his madrasa in Damascus, and the fleur-de-lis plus rosette on two columns of the mimbar in the main mosque at Ḥimṣ. Mayer also mentions the earliest occurrence of the fleur-de-lis on a copper coin of the Ayyūbid al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Ghiyāth al-Dīn Ghāzi b. al-Malik al-Nāṣir Yūsuf, and on a dirhem of al-Malik al-'Ādil Sayf al-Dīn abū-Bakr b. Ayyūb.
We have examined the copper coin of al-Ẓāhir mentioned by Mayer (BMC IV, No. 321) and have attributed it, without the slightest doubt, to the first Burji sultan, al-Ẓāhir Barqūq. The "fleur-de-lis" on al-'Ādil Sayf al-Dīn's silver dirhems (L. 590 and BMC IV, 358 and 364), on the other hand, are nothing but tiny flowerets of ornamental character and have no heraldic meaning whatsoever.
Consequently we believe that the first time heraldic devices on Islamic coins of Syria and Egypt occur only on Mamlūk emissions.2
Although relatively very few mediaeval authors left notes on Islamic heraldry, a great number of objects as well as architectural and epigraphical monuments with blazons have come down to us. Mayer in his great work made good use of this heraldic material and, after full discussion of the general problems as well as those of the colors, charges, composite blazons, etc., compiled an impressive and abundantly documented armorial roll. He emphasised the importance of numismatic evidence for the knowledge of sultans' blazons, and even used them not infrequently for comparative purposes. The resulting armorial roll of Mamlūk rulers is, however, not quite satisfactory. Included in the great number of blazons belonging to the Mamlūk nobility, Mayer only lists the arms of thirteen sultans from coins and six more from objects and architectural monuments.
It will be observed, however, that in the large series of coins which we have examined, as many as 26 sultans are represented by their blazon. At first, one is inclined to believe that always, or nearly always, only simple charges were represented on the coins: fleur-de-lis, the rosette, a lion, etc., generally occupying the entire field, or a central portion especially reserved for the blazon. This could either mean that the Mamlūk sultans chose one single charge for their coat of arms, or that the small space available on the coins compelled them to choose only one, i.e., the charge which they considered the most representative of their blazon.
Better acquaintance with the heraldic coin-series, however, leads us to conclude that not only the nobility, but also sultans often had a composite blazon. It becomes evident that besides the simple charges, true composite blazons occur on the fulūs: the cup and lion coin, attributed to Barqūq; the three-fielded shield cum "polo-sticks" and crescent, common to Barqūq and Faraj; the eagle with crescent; the lion with the rising sun; the lion in the fesse, etc., etc.
If it is true that the greater number of coins show only one charge, it is also true that often the two sides of the same coin present two different blazons. Furthermore we soon discover that different emissions of the same sultan bear a more or less great variety of heraldic charges. We do not suppose that the Mamlūk sultans changed their blazons at pleasure. Neither is it probable that the engraver and the mintmaster dared to put any blazon of their own choice on the different emissions. This leads us to believe that all simple charges occurring on the diverse emissions of one and the same sultan are parts of his composite blazon. It may be useful to examine this tentative hypothesis more closely.
As many blazons of Mamlūk sultans are known only from coins there is unfortunately very little material for comparison. When, either on a monument or a small object, or, as a unique example, on a manuscript, a blazon has been preserved, we find that in some cases the coins confirm this evidence, while in others they contradict it. In such cases, the evidence of the coins should, we believe, prevail.
Sometimes a sultan's coinage has just a few charges. One has the impression that this is due to the small number of coins preserved; for example, the coins of al-Ṣālih Ismā'īl, al-Muẓaffar Ḥājji, al-Nāṣir Ḥasan, all three sons of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad. The same applies to most of the Burji sultans, whose copper coins are often scarce and little known.
On page 8 of Mayer's work there is a graphic list of the simple charges which he had identified on Mamlūk blazons; this list included 47 different heraldic devices. We have compared his list with the blazons observed by us on the coins; of the 47 charges, only 16 occur on the coins. This is a very restricted number. Moreover, no colors are represented on the metal, and it so happens that the same blazon appears on coins struck by sultans of very different descent (e.g., the fleur-de-lis or the six-petaled rosette, indiscriminately used by Qalā'ūn's family as well as by Barqūq).
Generally, the emblems are well drawn and are characteristic. There are, however, often enough, inaccuracies in the details, or even deviations from the original charge, which could not occur in European heraldry as they would mean a different blazon. The oriental heraldist did not seem to have the same scruples. The lion passant of Baybars is known exclusively turned to the left. On the silver coin L. 743, it is turned to the right. The bar on al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's fulūs (BMC 528.k, 528.l and Balog) is indiscriminately bendy to right or to left. The fleur-de-lis of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's fulūs in the Balog collection is either on a smooth shield or on a punctuated shield. The rosette of the same sultan is six-petaled, except on the Damascus emission where it is five-petaled. Again, on some rare coins, the eagle is either turned to the left or to the right, or is even double-headed. Al-Ashraf Sha'bān's fleur-de-lis is flanked by two annulets on the Ḥamāh issue, but has no annulets on the Tripoli coins. There are many more examples.
The charges observed on the coins are the following:
Best known from Baybars I coins, it appears on all coins except the pseudo-Ayyūbid dirhem published by Mayer. There is no doubt that the animal represented is a male lion, because on many well preserved specimens the mane is quite clearly discernible. This is contrary to Mayer's idea, who thought that this charge represented a leopard.
Baraka Qān inherited the blazon of his father and used it on his coinage, but on the Damascus dirhems there is a small triangle with looped angles in front of the lion's head. It may represent his mother's tribal tamgha.
The lion with the rising sun on the Ḥamāh coins of al-Manṣūr Muḥammad is listed under the composite blazons; the next sultan who displayed the lion passant on his Ḥamāh and Tripoli coins is al-Ashraf Sha'bān. His lion, however, different from that of Baybars, has a knot in the middle of the tail. Al-Ashraf Sha'bān's son, al-Manṣūr 'Ali, displayed the same lion, which is one of his heraldic charges.
The coins of Barqūq, the first Burji sovereign, show the powerful figure of a lion with a long tail which has a loop in the middle, and, on other coins, a lion in the central field of a composite blazon. The same emblems occur on the coins of his son Faraj. Al-Muẓaffar Aḥmad, Barsbāy (probably), Qā'itbāy as well as al-Ẓāhir Qānṣūh, all used the lion as their heraldic charge.
It occurs only on very rare Ḥamāh coins of al-Manṣūr Muḥammad. Contrary to Mayer's opinion, we believe that the horse is as important a part of the charge as the palanquin itself, which would not be easily recognizable if drawn alone. We do not agree with Mayer that the animal is only the supporter of the parade-saddle.
The eagle is an infrequent heraldic charge, generally represented in the classical rigid gothic style: body and tail in a vertical line, wings inverted, claws extended towards the wing-tips, sometimes grasping them. Head turned right or left, double-headed (Staatl. Münzsamml., München). This eagle is to be found on coins of both al-Nāṣir Muḥammad and Barqūq.
A walking eagle, being part of composite blazons, is observed on coins of al-Manṣūr Muḥammad; on these, the wings are adherent to the body, or at least not yet open. A similar eagle in a naturalistic attitude is displayed on some of Qā'itbāy's coins.
A bird, difficult to identify, appears on the Aleppo copper coins of al-Ṣāliḥ Ṣāliḥ. It looks like a crow, has sometimes been thought to represent a duck, but in our opinion may also be a walking eagle.
The six-petaled rosette is one of the frequent emblems of Qalā'ūn's House. It occurs with or without a central pellet, in an undecorated field or surrounded by garlands or even in a linear hexagram. It is used by other rulers not related to Qalā'ūn's lineage and even by Burji sultans. The five-petaled rosette, less popular, also occurs on some coins. The Baḥri al-Ṣāliḥ Ṣāliḥ and the Burji Faraj have distinct, decorative rosettes, while on the late Burji coins of Qā'itbāy, of his son al-Nāṣir Muḥammad and of al-Ẓāhir Qānṣūh, the rosette degenerated into a sort of six-spoked wheel.
It is encountered in many varieties, especially on the coins of Qālā'ūn's descendants. Still in use by Barqūq and his son Faraj, it is discarded by their successors.
The graphic display of composite blazons on page 30 of Mayer shows that one of the most frequent charges is the cup (chalice). This is hardly in accordance with the evidence of the coins. Of the Baḥri sultans, only the coins of Kitboghā display the chalice which, however, does not occur on those of Qālā'ūn's descendants. It is a little more popular with the Burjis. Barqūq and Faraj show it in composite blazons; and a special variety, the tricuspidated chalice (fleur-de-lis-chalice), appears on their Damascus issues. Barsbāy had the cup engraved on some Damascus dirhems and so had Jaqmaq, who also issued copper coins with it. The wide flat cup is characteristic of Temirboghā's coins, and so is the inscribed chalice of al-Ghūri.
The only coins on which parts of this cryptic emblem appear, are two copper coins; one belongs to Barqūq, the other to Faraj. On both sides of a cup, there are two objects which look like the upper ends of Mayer's emblem No. 8. We have no explanation to offer. Parts of polo sticks?
This is found on the Cairo and Damascus fulūs of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad (Balog and L. 1146) on some coins of Jaqmaq (Beirut and Balog), and also on the small silver dirhems of Mustā'īn bi'llāh and Shaykh.
We have perhaps taken too much liberty in considering as a fesse the division of the coin by two horizontal lines into three equal segments. But one cannot help finding a striking similarity with the inscribed shield shown by Mayer (pp. 34–40 and Plates XXIV, 2—LV, 3 and 4—LXIX, 2 and LXX.). We identify the three-segmented coin with the fesse when the separations consists of horizontal lines and the field is surrounded by a circle. We believe that, whenever there was no intention to represent a fesse, the three segments were divided by dots, cables or any other decorative separation. In most cases, the fesse is inscribed, but sometimes, especially on some Burji fulūs, different charges are placed in the segments.
This occurs only on a few coins, of al-Manṣūr Muḥammad, together with an eagle (Balog). Al-Aschraf Sha'bān and al-Manṣūr 'Ali's coins show a small crescent in the center of the reverse.
This charge is known to us from a unique coin of al-Manṣūr Muḥammad (Balog) where it is placed above an eagle. Its meaning is not clear: 
The chessboard-like division on Qā'itbāy's Cairo fals in the ANS is tentatively identified with this emblem.
The central bar on some coins of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad, al-Manṣūr Muḥammad and al-Ashraf Sha'bān is bendy of 12, or 13 pieces. Otherwise, only two unidentified Baḥri fulūs present the same charge.
Only one specimen known, a small fals of al-Nāṣir Ḥasan (Balog), inscribed.
On an unidentified fals; Baḥri (PAM).
Mayer does not regard it as a blazon. We, however, feel that it should be considered as a heraldic charge, as it fills all requirements: it is well defined, displayed at a prominent place (in the center), and it is the most conspicuous feature on the coin. It is used by four sultans only: the Baḥri al-Ashraf Sha'bān and the Burjis Barqūq, al-Nāṣir Muḥammad and al-Ẓāhir Qānṣūh.
This emblem, which occurs on a Ḥamāh fals of al-Ashraf Sha'bān, is in Mayer's opinion also not a heraldic charge (pp. 10 and 26), but an ornament only. It is, however, displayed in exactly the same prominent place, as for example the lion, and we see no reason why it should be relegated to a secondary role. At least, provisionally, we should like to propose it as a blazon.
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On buildings, not on the coins.
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The Rasūlid dynasty of the Yemen should not be forgotten here. Contemporary with the Baḥri Mamlūks, they started to display certain features on their coins,
which in some cases are only ornamental or illustrative (sitting prince, peacock, hunting bird of prey); there is, however,
little or no doubt that heraldic devices do also occur on their coins. To be convinced it suffices to examine the illustrations
of H. Nützel's "Münzen der Rasuliden" (ZfN, 1892). For example, his no. 32 has a lion passant quite similar to that of Baybars I, no. 38 has three swords in the concavity of a large crescent, no. 40 and 45, a six-petaled rosette and finally no. 52 a
chalice in the concavity of a large crescent. All these devices occur on coins struck between 770 and 803 H., well within
the period when Mamlūk heraldry was at its height. The Rasūlids evidently imitated the already existing Mamlūk heraldic tradition.
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As already stated, many sultans used, at the same time, different simple charges on different issues. In our opinion they all together represent the entire composite blazon of that ruler.
Besides these, composite blazons in the true sense are sometimes observed on Mamlūk coins. Al-Manṣūr Muḥammad, for instance, has three different composite blazons on one and the same series: the eagle and crescent, the eagle and Mayer's emblem No. 26 and, finally, the lion with the rising sun. Barqūq as well as Faraj have a lion passant in the central segment of a three-fielded shield, or the cup and "polo sticks" and the crescent in the central segment of a three-fielded shield. Or, again, Barqūq displays a lion passant and chalice. One of Jaqmaq's fulūs has the napkin with a rosette, al-Ghūri's coins present an inscribed cup in the central segment of a three-fielded shield and, finally, an anonymous fals bears the blazon No. 6 of Mayer's Pl. XX.
On going through the statements of earlier authors, Mayer (pp. 40–41) emphasized the difficulties of ascertaining whether Mamlūk blazons were hereditary or not, and the material available to him was insufficient to form a definite opinion. He adds, however: "Nevertheless, I venture to submit the hypothesis that the blazon was hereditary in the case of sons of amirial rank, not only because of the identity of the blazon in all instances in which the blazons of both father and sons are known (Baybars and Baraka Qān, Kitbughā and Muḥammad b. Kitbughā, .........., Sha'bān and Ḥājji, Sha'bān and 'Ali), but also because in a case in which the blazon of the son only is known, it shows the very emblem we should expect on the shield of his father."
We entirely agree with Mayer that the Mamlūk blazon was hereditary. We are here dealing with coins, which can definitely be attributed; the ownership of the blazons they carry is, therefore, unquestionable.
Great numbers of heraldic coins belonging to several generations of the same family are, fortunately, preserved. The striking regularity with which the same charges repeatedly appear on the coins of successive descendents, clearly shows that the emblems are regarded as family blazons and are hereditary. We have for example, a good series of heraldic coins belonging to Baybars I and his son, to the House of Qalā'ūn and even better, one of Barqūq and his son Faraj.
Hereunder an illustrated table of hereditary emblems:
| Baybars I |
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| Baraka Qān |
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| Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad |
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| Lājīn |
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| Al-Ṣāliḥ Ismā'īl |
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| Al-Muẓaffar Ḥājji |
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| Al-Nāṣir Ḥasan |
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| Al-Ashraf Sha'bān |
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| Al-Ṣāliḥ Ṣāliḥ |
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| Al-Manṣūr Muḥammad |
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| Al-Manṣūr 'Ali |
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| Al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji |
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| Al-Ẓāhir Barqūq |
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| Faraj |
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His tamgha: 
on his dirhems.
His tamgha: 
on the copper.
| 1 |
For those sultans whose names are not listed, there are no armorial insignia known. The numbers given in the right-hand margin
are references to the catalogue.
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The lion passant to left is present on all coins in our catalogue. On two silver pieces (L. 743 and ANS, no number) the lion is turned to the right, and Mayer described an early issue of Ayyūbid type dirhems without the lion. | 27–30 |
|
Mayer. Same blazon, sometimes also tamgha. |
Mayer, SH, p. 10, believes that the duck, encountered on objects of Qalā'ūn is only ornamental and not a heraldic device. Up to now no heraldic coins of Qalā'ūn have been identified.
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Napkin (buqjah). On his Cairo and Damascus fulūs. | 243, 244 |
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Fesse. Fulūs of Damascus, Aleppo and Tripoli. | 246 ff. |
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Central segment (bar) bendy with eleven pieces. Fulūs without mint or Ḥamāh. BMC 528 f. has the inscribed fesse on one side and the bar, bendy, on the other. | 245, 251 |
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Fleur-de-lis. On undivided, smooth shield. | 255 |
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On punctuated shield. | 254 |
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Six-petaled rosette, with central pellet. | 260 |
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Tripoli. | 257, 259 |
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Aleppo. | 260 |
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Six-petaled, with central annulet. | 256 |
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Five-petaled, petals concave. Damascus. | 261 |
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Eagle. Head to right. | 264 |
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Head to left. | 263 |
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Double head. Damascus. | 265 |
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Cup. On all fulūs. Mayer, SH, p. 144, Pl. XX,Nos. 2,4. | 161 |
Also on p. 144 Mayer quotes from al-Dhahabi,
al-Muntaqā min tā'rikh al-Islām, VII, manuscript in the library of Ahmed Zeki Pasha, Cairo: "... he carried this coat of arms:"
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||
There is a slight difference between the "cup on lower part of the two-fielded U shaped shield" of al-Dhahabi and the cup
on the undivided round shield, which is represented on the copper coins. A similar blazon, but on a differently divided shield,
is represented on a copper basin, silver-inlaid, at the Walters Art Gallery in Baltimore. The owner is "Kitbughā," but it is not possible to identify this person with any known historical figure. His blazon:
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Fesse. On his Damascus copper coins. Mayer, SH, p. 148. |
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Fesse. | 294–95 |
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Six-petaled rosette. | 291–93 |
| Lion passant to r. Tripoli. | 297 |
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Fesse. | 315 |
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Fesse/Fleur-de-lis. Mayer, SH, mentions the fleurde-lis only. | 314 |
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Fesse. On obverse only. | 327, 328 |
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Shield, pear-shaped. On both sides. | 373 |
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Fesse/Bird walking. The bird on the reverse walking to right, its head turned back towards a small ornament, either a leaf or a small swan(?). We presume that the walking bird represents an eagle. | 338 |
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Ten-petaled rosette. | 339 |
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Chalice/Lion with sun. | 392 |
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Six-spoked wheel (rosette ?)/eagle walking, crescent. | 395, a |
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As above/as above, but Mayer's emblem No. 26 instead of the crescent. | 395, b |
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Fesse/Horse walking, with palanquin (qubba). Mayer, SH, Pl. XX, No. 3. | 393 |
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Six-petaled rosette/Fesse with central bar bendy. | 394 |
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Fesse, on both sides. | 454–56 |
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Fesse on one side, central bar bendy with 13 pieces. | 462 |
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Fesse inscribed, on both sides. | 467 |
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Six-petaled rosette. | 470 |
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Same, with central pellet. | 476 |
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Fleur-de-lis (wide ligature). | 479, BM |
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479, Ashm. | |
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Same, flanked by two annulets. | 466 |
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Crescent. | 471 |
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Waterwheel, eight spokes counter-clockwise, four pellets. | 475 |
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Lion passant to left. | 464, 480 |
| Lion passant to right. | 463 | |
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Fish (shark). | 465 |
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Fleur-de-lis, flanked by 4 pellets. | 501–02 |
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Fesse/Fleur-de-lis. | 504 |
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Crescent. | 506, 507 |
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Fesse/Crescent. | 506 |
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Lion passant to left. | 505 |
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Fleur-de-lis, flanked by 4 pellets. | 524 |
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Fleur-de-lis in lower large field of divided shield. | 525 |
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Fesse on obv. | 532 |
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Fesse/six petaled rosette. | 258, 527 |
|
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Fesse, inscribed. | 559, 560, 561, 564 |
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Fleur-de-lis, flanked by four pellets. | 593 |
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558 | |
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Fleur-de-lis-chalice. | 590-91 |
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Lion passant to left, on undivided field. Tail curled back and looped. | 602 |
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Lion passant to left in central segment of fesse. a) Long tail, bush behind the lion. | 597b |
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b) Long tail, no bush. | 597 |
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c) Short tail, no bush. | 597a |
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Fesse/Fleur-de-lis. | 603 |
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Fesse, with chalice and polo sticks (?) and crescent in the central segment. | 598 |
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Waterwheel, eight spokes curved clockwise. | 600, 606 |
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Eagle, turned right. | 608 |
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599 | |
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Lion passant to left, tail curled back, chalice above the lion. | 595 |
| The last three varieties, with waterwheel, eagle and the lion with chalice, do not have Barqūq's name, only his title, "al-Ẓāhir." There is, however, not much doubt that the attribution is correct. |
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Fesse, inscribed. Cf. 628, 671. | 657 |
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Six-petaled rosette. | 655 |
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Fleur-de-lis. | 667 |
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654 | |
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662, 670 | |
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Fleur-de-lis-chalice. | 647 |
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Lion passant to left, in undivided field. | 668–69 |
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Lion passant to left, in central segment of fesse. | 656 |
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Cup, flanked by polo sticks(?) and crescent, in central segment of fesse. | 659 |
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Six-petaled rosette/Lion passant to left in undivided field. | 664 |
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Fesse, inscribed. | 671–72 |
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Buqjah. | 675–76 |
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Fesse, inscribed. Mayer, SH, p. 200, describes a blazon, from the east door of the Damascus main mosque, now destroyed: three fielded shield (fesse), in the central segment chalice, with two tiny chalices within it, and another chalice in the lower segment. |
677–78 |
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Lion passant. Karabacek: Z. Orient. Münzkunde, No. 10, cit. from Mayer, SH, p. 52. This is the only reference. | 699 |
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Chalice, with pearled stem. Damascus, silver coins. | 721–25 |
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Fesse/Lion passant to left, long tail curled back. | 731 |
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Chalice. | 746 |
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754 | |
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Buqjah. | 747, 753 |
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Five-petaled rosette in buqjah. | 751 |
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Fesse, inscribed. | 774–76 |
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Lion passant to left. | 777 |
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Mayer records a composite blazon, SH, pp. 87–88, which contains a pen-box, chalice and fleur-de-lis, in the three segments of a three-fielded shield, from the minaret of the Kātib al-Wilāya mosque at Ghaza. Except for the plain fesse, we found nothing like it on the coins. |
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Five-petaled rosette. Mayer, SH, p. 22, correctly states that on 784 and 786 there is no fleur-de-lis. Neither is there one on 789; the tiny flowerets on these are purely ornamental.There is no proof that the fleur-de-lis ever was Khūshqadam's blazon. | 797, 800 |
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Chalice in the central segment of three-fielded shield. | 806, Ashmol. |
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806 Balog | |
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Chalice in undivided field/six-petaled rosette. | 805 |
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Six-petaled rosette. | 842, 844 |
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Lion passant to left. | 843 |
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Eagle walking to right. | 845 |
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Chessboard. Cairo. We cannot decide whether it is a heraldic emblem or a simple decorative pattern. Mayer, SH, p. 22, mentions the fleur-de-lis, but we do not know of any coin of Qā'itbāy with this blazon. | 834 |
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Waterwheel, spokes clockwise. | 860 |
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Waterwheel, 13 spokes counter-clockwise. Cairo. Mayer, SH, pp. 188–89, calls this emblem a "whirling rosette" and does not believe that it has a heraldic character. We feel, however, that it may be a charge and present it, tentatively, as a heraldic emblem. | 859 |
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Six-petaled rosette. | 861 |
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Lion (or leopard ?) passant to left. | 864 |
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Mayer, SH, p. 128, gives his blazon from a copper basin as shown here. |
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Waterwheel, spokes counter-clockwise. | 903 |
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Chalice in three-fielded shield, inscribed. | 902 |
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Fesse, central bar bendy (to left) with 15 pieces/Fesse; upper segment contains Mayer's emblem No. 35, the central segment has a device which we are not able to identify (cf. the illustration) and the lower field is plain. There is no name to help with the attribution. To judge by the general appearance of the coin and the fesse and bar bendy, this coin may belong to a member of the House of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad. |
The metrology of Mamlūk coinage is complicated; it has been thought to be confused, and several authors went so far as to question its very existence. It does, however, exist. To make it easier to understand it is necessary to retrace briefly the development of Islamic numismatic metrology from its beginning up to that complex and artificial system into which it had been transformed by the Mamlūks.
Islamic monetary metrology was based on a gold-silver bimetallic system. After 'Abd al-Malik's reform the relationship was fixed as ten weight units of silver to seven weight units of gold, with a theoretical weight of 4.25 grams for the dinar and 2.97 grams for the dirhem.
According to calculations of G. C. Miles ("Byzantine Miliaresion and Arab Dirhem," ANSMN IX, 1960, p. 214) based on a large number of Umayyad and 'Abbasid dinars, the intended weight of the gold coin was 4.251 grams. As for the dirhem, Dr. Miles (op. cit. pp. 213–4), on the basis of research on a major scale, found that the average weight of the Umayyad silver was around 2.924 grams, and that of the 'Abbāsid dirhem, between al-Ṣaffāḥ and al-Musta'in (132 to 251 H.), from 2.881 to 2.970 grams, the average of which is 2.93. Allowing 11/2% for loss of weight, we arrive at the intended weight of 2.97 grams, being also the supposed theoretical weight for the classical dirhem.
Copper was considered a token currency only and had purely local value and circulation. Its purchasing power was very limited and served exclusively the needs of daily life. It was issued by the local authorities, with or without the governor's name, and sometimes in the name of the Caliph.
Occasional underweight dinars begin to appear under the 'Abbāsids al-Muqtadir bi'llāh and al-Rāḍi bi'llāh; during the Ikhshldid rule, most dinars were underweight, often less than four grams. This period is especially well known, as in 1954 a hoard of probably 3000 gold coins was unearthed in the Upper-Egyptian town of Assiut; more than two thousand coins have been examined by us, as they passed through the Cairo gold bazaar over a period of four years.1
For a long time during the Fāṭimid Caliphate, the weight of the dinar was maintained with great accuracy. Towards the end, however, we occasionally meet slightly underweight dinars.
Saladin re-established orthodoxy in place of the vanished Fāṭimid Caliphate and issued new currency. Instead of turning back to the traditional dinar, he struck gold which showed an even greater fluctuation than the Fāṭimid dinar. Not only were there underweight coins, but under his successors the weight of the coins became individual and varied between the single and double dinar without any apparent order. These coins can no longer be considered dinars in the strict sense of the word, but only ingots (in the shape of coins), which could not have circulated by count, but had to be weighed.
At this point, we believe, gold had lost its place as a standard of coinage and became a commodity. It is to be noted that this innovation was due to the Ayyūbids, and that the Mamlūks simply inherited the new system. The place of gold had been taken over by silver, which thus became the standard of coinage, and the production of the silver dirhem came under the direct surveillance of the ruler.
In Syria, where the original wide-flan dirhem remained in circulation, the control was easier; in Egypt, on the contrary, where Saladin and his immediate successors were obliged to tolerate the continued emission of "black" dirhems, a monetary reform had soon to be introduced. The famous reform of 622 H. recorded by Maqrīzi was, in reality, only a camouflage: a new dirhem-type was invented, but the coinage remained essentially unchanged, unimproved.
A certain number of dirhems, issued during that period, have been analyzed by us in order to ascertain the content of pure silver.1 The results are as follows:
Saladin's CAIRO black dirhems: between 27 and 30% silver
al-Kāmil Muḥammad DAMASCUS large flan (before 622 H): between 87 and 89%
CAIRO black dirhems (before 622 H): between 28 and 30%
CAIRO globular, reformed dirhems (after 622 H): between 23 and 30%
al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb DAMASCUS large flan: between 76 and 87%
CAIRO globular: 28.5%
al-Nāṣir Yūsuf DAMASCUS (after 648 H): between 72 and 80%
A real innovation was introduced by Saladin through his new copper coinage, which was to play the same rôle of support vis-à-vis the silver, just as silver used to support gold in the old gold-silver system.
It has been pointed out that in former times copper was only a local currency without legal value. Under the Ayyūbids copper is promoted to the status of state-currency for the first time; the sovereign's name is placed on the coins and, sometimes, even that of the caliph. The coins are well designed and neatly struck, and weigh between two and seven grams.
To sum up, the earlier gold-silver bimetallic system yielded its place to a newer system in which silver became the standard coinage and was, in its turn, supported by copper. But the relationship between silver and copper was difficult to maintain at a fixed rate. Silver, during the last half century of Fāṭimid rule, had been continuously debased and drastically reduced in size, but even so it was not easy to obtain in sufficient quantities. On the other hand, copper, a common and cheap metal, flooded the market and soon became beyond control.
This arbitrarily controlled monetary system worked well enough under the firm rule of the Ayyūbids, although it carried its own, inborn weakness. Arbitrary measures of the Mamlūk governments, inspired by political events and economic emergencies, soon led to utter chaos and disorder, which quickly reached a hitherto unprecedented peak. No wonder that, in the circumstances, several prominent modern authors went so far as to deny that any metrological system existed at all under the Mamlūks,
In order to appreciate the causes of the decline of Mamlūk economy, it may be useful to revue briefly its main factors:
1. The entire Mamlūk period is filled with continuous internecine struggle, often degenerating into civil war, fought, by Mamlūk against Mamlūk for personal power, and between clans for tribal ascendancy. At the frontiers, there was perpetual warfare, sometimes at several points. The strain on the country's economy became unbearable.
2. Although less spectacular, foreign economic competition took an even heavier toll. First the Byzantines, then the Venetians, on the one hand, and later the Portuguese on the other, surrounded the Mamlūk empire and, in the long run, cut it off from the international trade route which, passing through Egypt, assured its prosperity during many centuries.
3. Finally, the replacement of the old gold-silver bimetallic system by the new silver-copper system could not fail to have a disastrous effect. Gresham's law, according to which good money always gives way to bad, is true for that period also.
During the entire Baḥri period, gold was traded by weight in the form of stamped coiningots; these coins had different, irregular weights, and had no connection to any known ponderal system.
The value of gold was determined by that of silver—a currency which day by day lost some of its purchasing power; therefore, the rate of exchange of gold rose higher every day. Moreover, neither of the two metals had a fixed value. In fact, the silver dirhem which should have been the monetary standard, so to say the basis of the whole system, was only relatively stable. The weight of the Mamlūk dirhem, in spite of the vast number of preserved specimens, can only be approximately established. Not counting the globular dirhems of Shajar al-Durr and Al-Ashraf Mūsâ, the Mamlūk dirhem from Aybak until al-Ashraf Khalīl remained around 2.80 to 2.90 grams. From al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's third reign onwards, the fluctuation is greater: 2.50 to 3.0 grams or more (3.50, even 4.0).
There are also numerous coins with weights ranging irregularly between the quarter-dirhem and the double-dirhem.
Scarcity of silver was increasingly being felt as time passed and several contemporary chroniclers left accounts of the existing economic uneasiness. We have a curious bit of corroborating numismatic evidence that such difficulty existed and that any emergency measures which helped to ease, even momentarily, the acute pressure, were taken without hesitation.
Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad b. Qalā'ūn led several military expeditions into Cilician Armenia. In 723 H. (1323 A.D.), he succeeded in capturing the capital, Sīs; to secure peace, Leon IV, the Armenian King, agreed to pay an annual tribute of 1,200,000 trams. Part of the silver was probably melted down to issue Mamlūk dirhems. As this, however, was a lengthy operation, in order to shorten the time needed for restriking, the majority of the Armenian coins were simply overstruck with al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's dies. The market seems to have been so short of silver currency, that even this extraordinary procedure was not deemed sufficient, and the remainder of the Armenian trams were therefore dumped into circulation without any overstriking. Hoards of this period contain Mamlūk dirhems of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad, overstruck Armenian trams and original Armenian coins without overstriking in varying numbers; which proves that all three types of coins circulated simultaneously.
During the first part of the Baḥri period, copper coins remained similar to the Ayyūbid copper issues. The engraving is pleasant and the striking well executed. After a certain time, however, the quality deteriorated, especially towards the end of the Baḥri dynasty. These copper coins, struck hastily and in enormous quantities, were very poorly and carelessly manufactured. Their weight became completely erratic.
The volume of the emissions remained within normal limits until al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's third reign. By that time the issue of fulūs began to take considerable proportions. Then, under al-Ṣāliḥ Ismā'īl, a real inflation set in, increasing in importance as al-Nāṣir Ḥasan, al-Manṣūr Muḥammad and al-Ashraf Sha'bān succeeded to the throne.
Each succeeding government put more and more copper into an already saturated circulation, from which silver was rapidly disappearing. This procedure continued until, at the end of the Baḥri period, practically the only existing currency was the copper fals. Gold was but a commodity and silver became extremely scarce. This state of utter economic chaos was probably one of the causes of the collapse of the Baḥri dynasty and the advent of the Burji sultans. Nobody could tell how good or bad the circulating silver pieces really were.
In spite of all the disorder and economic distress numismatic metrology did not actually disappear, but was only concealed by the artificial experiments of an enforced abusive economy. An irrefutable proof that during the whole Mamlūk period the metrological system remained alive and unaltered exists in the fact of Faraj's coin reforms and that of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh.
Inflation continued to increase under Barqūq and became intolerable on Faraj's accession to the throne; contemporary sources give poignant descriptions of the sufferings endured by the population. A reaction was inevitable and came in 804 H. when Faraj first attempted to carry out a currency reform.
The plan was evidently to return to the traditional bimetallic system based on the relationship between gold and silver. The weight of the dinar was fixed at 4.25 grams, that of the canonic dinar. Eight surviving specimens of this emission confirm that the weight of the dinar in 800 H. was still the same as at the time of its adoption more than seven hundred years earlier.1 In the same way, Barsbāy's silver demonstrates that the dirhem retained its original weight of 2.90 grm. through the centuries.2 At the same time copper was once more relegated by the reform to the secondary role of token currency.
Faraj's first reform, which seemed so simple in theory, turned out to be disastrous when actually applied. Such a large-scale salvaging operation could meet with success only if the enormous quantities of worthless circulating money could be absorbed and replaced by the government with a new, healthy currency. A heavy task, difficult to carry out. As Faraj evidently did not possess the necessary funds to meet the expenses of this venture, the reform was abandoned within two years.
Yielding to the ever increasing economic pressure, Faraj, in 810 H., introduced a second monetary reform. This too was based on the gold-silver system; however, not on the dinar, but on the weight of the Venetian zecchino. The new gold coin had an average weight of only 3.40, which is slightly less than the weight of the sequin (3.50–3.55 grm.). This was the so called dinar Nāṣiri (Maqrīzi, Sulūk, Paris Ms. 1728, fol. 71 V°). Contrary to Maqrīzi's statement that the sequin-weight gold coin was introduced only in 811, we possess many such dinars of the year 810 H. It is not entirely excluded that the small difference of weight was intended to enable the new Mamlūk coin to compete with its formidable prototype, the much coveted Venetian sequin.
In later times the weight of the coin was reduced by a few centigrams, and even the fineness of the gold was tampered with; it is therefore natural that, in those circumstances, the sequin soon superseded the Burji gold coin.
A third and last attempt was made by al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh to rescue the badly shaken finances; he once more struck gold coins based on the traditional monetary mithqāl (= dinar) standard in 821 and 823 H. Two of the surviving coins present the denomination "mithqāl, in the centre of the field; the third is a half-mithqāl = "niṣf." Naturally, this optimistic experiment, which, like the earlier reforms, had no solid basis, disappeared without any trace just as quickly as Faraj's first reform, and left the field once again to the sequin-type gold.
The strain imposed on Egypt's economy was too great, and a drastic reduction of the weight of the silver dirhem followed. The first "light-weight" silver dirhems appeared under the Caliph-sultan al-Musta'īn-bi'llāh (about 1.50 grams). Under al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh (we have at least 260 specimens of his silver dirhems) their weight had dropped to around 1.30 grams.3 Then, unexpectedly, there is a certain improvement during Barsbāy's reign: his dirhems are a little heavier and reach an average of 2 grams. Under Jaqmaq, however, silver is once more reduced to 1.50 grams at which weight it remained for a long time. Finally, Qānṣūh al-Ghūri's dirhems, under the pressure of the last struggle against the Osmanli Turks, were drastically reduced to a mere 1 gram.
After Faraj's death, the minting of copper was discontinued. The earlier fulūs which circulated, and continued to circulate in enormous quantities, were more than sufficient for Egypt's tottering, crumbling economy. And as if things were not bad enough, during the final agony of the Mamlūk era, Qāitbāi, al-Nāṣir Muḥammad and Qānṣūh al-Ghūri once again dumped copper into circulation for the few remaining years of the Mamlūk rule.
The ill-fated battle of Marj Dābiq, fought and lost on the 25th of Rajab 922 H., put an end to the Mamlūk empire and to its incredibly varied coinage.
To end this chapter of confusing monetary history, we must return to the problem of the fantastic increase of the exchange rate between the dirhem and the dinar, from the beginning of the Baḥri dynasty up to the end of the Burjis. It has been described by chroniclers and contemporary travellers, and studied by modern numismatists and students of economic history of the Mamlūk era.1 Neither the chroniclers nor the modern authors have succeeded in giving a satisfactory explanation of the chaotic situation.
Mediaeval literary sources agree that the rate of exchange between the Mamlūk dinar and the dirhem at the beginning of the Baḥri era was 1 to 20. Towards the end of that rule, however, the ratio began to rise and soon reached high proportions. At the beginning of the Burji dynasty, the dirhem lost more of its value at an accelerated pace and, after Faraj's ruinous reform, the situation got completely out of hand. During the following 40 to 60 years, the dinar was exchanged in quick succession at the rate of 60, 120, 240 and finally 480 dirhems.
If we compare these figures with the data of the preserved silver dirhems in our collections, we are confronted with a startling contradiction. The early Baḥri dirhem, weighing about three grams, had a dinar exchange rate of 1 to 20. The weight of the small Burji dirhems was reduced to 1.50 and finally to 1 gram. Therefore one would expect that the rate of exchange should not exceed 1 to 40 or 1 to 60. Instead, the highest recorded exchange rate is 1 to 480. This seems paradoxical, if one does not assume an extreme debasement of the alloy of the dirhem. In order to elucidate the question we had a series of Baḥri and Burji dirhems analyzed by cupellation with lead (see above, p. 40) to ascertain the fineness of the silver content. The results were surprising:
BAḤRI MAMLŪKS:
Baybars I: 66, 66, 73, 77% silver content.
Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad "black": 46, 49.5, 65, 66, 73%
normal flan: 68, 72.5%
Al-Sāliḥ Ismā'il: 66, 68, 69, 70%
Al-Kāmil Sha'bān: 63%
BURJI MAMLŪKS:
Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh: 90, 90, 91.5, 92.5, 94.5%
Barsbāy: 92, 94.5, 95, 95.5, 96%
Aynāl: 96, 96%
Qā'itbāy: 82.7, 90, 92.5, 95%
The assays performed show that the dirhem, throughout the Baḥri period, remained fairly good; with not too much fluctuation the fineness was between 65 and 77%. A few low-grade "black" dirhems were an exception. Contrary to all expectations, the Burji dirhem is made of a finer alloy than its Baḥri predecessor. Never less than 90%, it often rose to 95 or even 96%, and remained at the same level to the very end. Instead of being debased, it stayed on a higher standard than the Baḥri silver-coin.
The logical conclusion to be drawn from the aforesaid is that the real silver dirhem could not have reached the exchange rate recorded by the historians.
When speaking of the dirhem, we naturally think of a silver coin. But it has already been stated that silver, a commodity not indigenous to Egypt, had to be imported against payment in gold which was even scarcer than silver. The only current coin was the copper fals. Copper was extremely abundant, cheap and becoming cheaper daily; it was practically the only currency available. Formerly a real currency, the dirhem now became money of account only: so many fulūs per dirhem. Gradually, the expression "dirhem-fals" was introduced and, finally, the only existing coin, the fals, was identified with the money of account. Therefore, if we translate the word "dirhem" instead of by its specific meaning into the general term "money," the problem is solved, and the fantastic exchange rate automatically explained.1
The manuscript of this work had been in the hands of the editor for some time when William Popper's Egypt and Syria under the Circassion Sultans, Systematic Notes to Ibn Taghrî Birdî's Chronicles of Egypt , (University of California Publications in Semitic Philology, vol. 16), Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1957, came to my attention. Popper's admirable work presents so many important notes on currency referred to in the chronicles, interpreted and explained by the author, that it is imperative to include a few remarks on these notes (pp. 41–73):
On p. 41, second and third paragraph, the gold dinar of 4.25 grams is described as the standard of coinage, which served to reckon the value of the subsidiary coinage, i.e., silver and copper. This is true; one has to remember, however, that at that time, gold was issued in the form of coin-shaped ingots of irregular weight and the standard gold dinar was only a nominal unit. We could even borrow for it the term which Popper so appropriately applies to the dirhem of account, and, just as he designated the latter as "trade-dirhem" so I would call the fictitious unit of gold a "trade-dinar."
The Sālimi dinar, as mentioned by the historians and discussed in the first three paragraphs on p. 48 of Popper's Notes, is now quite well known, eight specimens being included in our catalogue. They reveal that Qalqashandi's description is the correct one, and Faraj's name is indeed inscribed in a circle on the obverse. Maqrīzi's and Qalqashandi's reference to the legend "Islamic coinage" is true, as the reverse, as on most Islamic coins, bears the kalīma.
The second paragraph of the same page mentions the denominations of this issue, according to Ṣubḥ (III, 441.3). Our series contains specimens of 1/2, 1, 2 and 3 mithqāls, but none of 1/2 or 1/4 mithqāl. The Sālimi dinar was the result of a genuine reform, as it weighed exactly one mithqāl, or a fraction or multiples of a mithqāl, and was not a coin of account, but a real currency standard. The reform broke down on the simple fact that there was not enough bullion to satisfy the needs of circulation.
Before we proceed with the discussion of the second reform introduced by Faraj, i.e., the sequin-type Nāṣiri "dinar," it should be mentioned that another attempt to restore the mithqāl-weight gold coin to a position of monetary standard was made by al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh in 823 H. Of this issue I have found no record in the chronicles, and in the numismatic literature only the coins No. 1142 of Lavoix and No. 1560 in Lane-Poole's Catalogue of the Khedivial Library. Although the weight of this latter specimen is not recorded, the weight of the former coin and of another is known. One, in my collection, is 4.37 grams, the other—L. 1142— weighs 2.06. Accordingly the latter coin is inscribed with niṣf, one-half, and the two larger ones with mithqāl. Needless to say, al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh's experiment failed as quickly as that of Faraj and for the same reason.
We now come to the "Nāṣiri dinar," or sequin-type issue, commented on by Popper in pp. 48–49. Although according to Qalqashandi this coin had already been issued in 808 H., Popper knows of two specimens of the year 810 H. only. To these, we may now add six more, all of the same year; there are others of later date, but none earlier. Until proof to the contrary is provided, therefore, we also believe that the sequin-type gold was struck only from 810 H. onwards.
The weight of these Nāṣiri sequins is said by Qalqashandi to have been around that of the ducat, and the two coins mentioned by Popper are near that figure. The other coins in our catalogue, however, are slightly less. The weight of the other ten specimens known to us varies uniformly from 3.50 to 3.32 grams. On the whole, the Nāṣiri is lighter than the ducat, and an exchange rate a little less favourable than that of the ducat (or sequin) is fully justified. The question raised in the last two lines on the same page 48, namely, that according to Maqrīzi the alloy also was adulterated, has yet to be investigated.
Popper's remarks on the sequin issues of al-Musta'īn bi'llāh and al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh are fully confirmed by the coins of our catalogue, except that one specimen of al-Musta'īn weighs as much as 3.60, and another 3.48; all the coins of al-Mu'ayyad are around 3.40, with one exception of 3.50 grams.
We also agree with Popper on the weight of the Ashrafi dinar of Barsbāy, that the extant coins weigh less than those recorded by Ibn Taghri Birdi. In our series, the extreme weights are from 3.34 to 3.43, although the bulk—15 specimens—weigh between 3.40 and 3.41 grams. It is equally true that the gold of the later Burji sultans remained under 3.43 grams. The average weight of 3.40 grams, according to the coins, was maintained until Qā'itbāy; under this sultan, a small decrease is noticed: min. 3.33, max. 3.44, the bulk (38 coins out of a total of 47) weigh between 3.37 and 3.41.
Under al-Nāṣir Muḥammad b. Qā'itbāy, the decrease in weight continues; of 14 coins (min. 3.34 and max. 3.42), eight weigh between 3.35 and 3.38 grams. Subsequently, a maximal weight of 3.40 is rarely attained, and at the last stages (al-Ghūri and al-Ashraf Ṭūmānbāy) figures as low as 3.20 also occur.
On page 54, 2nd paragraph, Popper records from 'Ali Pasha, and Maqrīzi-Sacy, that as early as 781 H., the introduction of Ḥamawi dirhems caused disadvantage to the public. Popper is right in supposing that they might have been defective, but the defect could only have been caused by clipping or loss of weight by wear, because in a recent study we have proved that there was no adulteration in the alloy at this period, which, in Egypt as well as in Syria, contained two-thirds of fine silver against one-third of copper.
We are in a good position to confirm Popper's references of the chroniclers (last paragraph on p. 56 and first paragraph on p. 57) on the Mu'ayyadi dirhem. He says that, according to Maqrīzi, this coin contained 2.6 grams of "good silver." A lot of 153 Mu'ayyadi silver coins in our collection contains 23 dirhems, 121 halves and 9 quarters. If this proportion corresponds to the relative numbers of the different denominations which circulated at the time of the emission, then it must be accepted that not only were there half dirhems as well as entire dirhems, but that they were the majority. I should even say that the half dirhems made up the greatest part of the emission. The public probably saw little else in circulation than the small but nearly pure silver half-dirhem and promptly accepted it as the unit of currency.
Indeed, Popper says that "Many, probably a large proportion, of half Mu'ayyadis .... were struck." He also states that "in later years values were often quoted by the half Mu'ayyadi even when it was not specified."
To go back to the question of the weight of the Mu'ayyadi dirhem, the average in our series is around 2.63 grams, the half dirhem 1.30 gram and the quarter 0.64. In our assayings, the pure silver content varied between 90 and 94.5%, which has to be deducted from the total weight, i.e., silver and copper. Thus the records left by the chroniclers are pleasingly confirmed by practical numismatic methods.
According to the historians, says Popper of the Ashrafi dirhem (of Barsbāy) on page 58, this coin was also of "good silver," with a weight of 2.478 grams calculated on a theoretical basis. He adds, however, that the extant coins weigh less than this figure (around 2 grams).
Not only can we confirm that the unit of the Ashrafi silver weighed only 2.08 grams on the average, but we can give an explanation for this curious monetary value. Many, though not all silver coins of Barsbāy have the denomination inscribed on them: quarter, quarter and eighth, half, and half and quarter. The corresponding weights are, more or less accurately: 0.77, 1.03, 1.62 and 2.08 grams. There is not one entire dirhem in the catalogue. It was probably the increasing price of silver which caused the introduction of a lighter weight standard.
This is why we believe that, when Popper speaks, on p. 50, of the new, Ẓāhiri dirhem issued by Jaqmaq in 843 H., which was to pass by tale at 24 dirhems (of account), only a theoretical dirhem is meant. The existing forty specimens are all half-dirhems and there also are two quarters. At this stage, the unit was evidently the half-dirhem.
On the same page 50, Popper describes the Īnāli dirhem as having been issued in two distinct emissions. The first, struck in Aleppo and Damascus, should, according to Ibn Taghri Birdi, have a low silver content. The second, issued in the same year 861 and early in 862, on the contrary, is said to contain 96% silver. Are we right in supposing that the second emission is meant to come from the Cairo mint?
In this case, we are completely at variance with Ibn Taghri Birdi. We have analyzed several half dirhems of Aynāl and found that all specimens, struck in Cairo as well as in Damascus, have a very high fine silver content: 95.5 to 97.2%; no difference was found between the Cairo and Damascus coins.
Though Popper records that the new dirhem weighed 2.975 grams, the only existing specimens of which he knows are half dirhems. Indeed, not one of the 76 coins known by us exceeds the half-dirhem; on the contrary, 75 are halves and only one is a quarter. Of the 76 coins, 47 are in the catalogue, and 29 more have been acquired since the completion of the corpus.
In fact, the half-dirhem continued to function as the unit of the silver coinage until the end of Mamlūk rule and under Qānṣūh al-Ghūri there is a final, important reduction in the weight of the coins. Whereas an average of 1.50–1.42 grams was maintained until al-Nāṣir Muḥammad, al-Ghūri reduced it to 1.19 gram. This is another detail which confirms Popper's comments (his p. 60, 4th paragraph).
A long chapter (pp. 67–73) is devoted by Popper to the copper coinage. Of special interest to our work are the following references:
In 724 H. the copper fals weighed one dirhem ('Ali Pasha XX. 50.), p. 67, 2nd paragraph of chapter IV.
In 759 H. new copper coins were struck, each coin weighing one mithqāl (Ṣubḥ, III, 444.1), p. 68, 2nd paragraph.
The numerous other references, though of great importance to the continuously fluctuating economy of the period, are not of direct issue on the problems of metrology. They refer only to the rates of exchange.
At the time the present work was completed, only 478 Mamlūk copper coins with recorded weight were known. However, since this book went to the printers, a very large hoard of Mamlūk fulūs has been discovered. 230 specimens were too worn to be of any use, but the remaining 581 coins belonged to Qāitbāy, to his son al-Nāṣir Muḥammad and to Qānṣūh al-Ghūri. We examined these 581 coins as well as the already known 478 Baḥri and Burji coppers of our catalogue and arrived at conclusions which will be published in the NC of 1963. The results of our studies, which roughly correspond with Taghri Birdi's account, are as follows:
The weight-unit of the copper coinage since the beginning of the Baḥri rule until 759 H, during the second reign of al-Nāṣir Ḥasan, was the dirhem. At this time the mithqāl was officially proclaimed as the unit of weight. Whereas before 759 H. the copper could pass by tale, even though for modest transactions only, after that time it had to be weighed for any business deal. Whereas the Burji fals continued to weigh roughly one mithqāl, an important change took place under Qāitbāy; after that time all control ceased on the weight of the copper coinage.
| 1 |
This and other findings seem to indicate that during the early stages of Islamic coinage, the weight of the coins was more
important for the determination as to whether they were of full value or not than the fineness of their alloy. Ehrenkreutz,
in several articles of excellent quality, points out that there are differences of a few per cent in fineness between various
emissions (JAOS 1954 and 1956). He stresses the importance of these differences. We do not believe that the Moslem minters in the Middle
Ages were able to control whether their dinars contained 98, 96 or even 94% gold. It seems to us that the fineness (and color)
of the coins depended on the source from which the gold came. We know, for instance, that the early 'Abbāsid dinars of Egypt came from ancient Egyptian and Greco-Roman gold-treasures dug up systematically by order of the authorities (Maqrīzi in MMAF 1895 and 1900, and MIFAO 1906, p. 214). Cases in which especially low grade gold is manifest, as in the dinars of al-Rāḍi bi'llāh, are exceptional.
Ehrenkreutz believes that the Ikhshīdīd period is one of great economic stability; we think, on the other hand, that it shows
evident signs of inflation. Cf. A. S. Ehrenkreutz in JESHO 1959, pp. 152–4; Balog in RBN 1955, p. 110.
|
| 1 |
A determined amount of silver (0.5 gr.) was cut from the coin and accurately weighed, then melted in the presence of lead
in a porous terra cotta container. The container absorbs the lead which carries with it the non-precious elements from the
molten drop of metal and the pure silver remains. The fineness is then calculated from the difference of weight between the
original alloy and the remaining pure silver.
|
| 1 |
See Raugé van Gennep, "Le ducat Vénitien en Egypte," p. 11 (full reference in footnote –, below).
|
| 1 |
Cf. M. de Boūard, L'Egypte comtemporaine, XXXe année, No. 185, Mai 1939, pp. 427–459; A. Raugé van Gennep, "Le ducat vénitien en Egypte," RN 1897, pp. 373–381, 494–508 (= pp. 1–25 of the offprint); A. S. Ehrenkreutz, BSOAS 1953, pp. 502–514 and 1954, pp. 423–447, JAOS 1954, pp. 162–166 and 1956, pp. 178–184; D. Ayalon, JESHO I, pp. 37ff. and 257ff.
|
| 1 |
Maqrīzi, in his "Traité des famines" (transl. G. Wiet, Leiden, 1962, p. 68) says: one dirhem of account is worth 24 fulūs. If we translate this into the original value of the silver dirhem, then one dirhem = 24 fulūs, and one mithqāl gold = 20 dirhems = 480 fulūs (dirhem-fals). In the same way, the Italian soldo, once a coin of specific value, today only means "money;" similiarly, in modem Egypt, the "dirhem" is sometimes employed to signify "small change." It would not be the first time that copper coins were called
dirhems; the copper "dirhems" of the Urtuqis and other Turcoman dynasties struck during the 12th and 13th centuries in 'Irāqi Jazīrah are well known. Cf. J. Karabacek, "Über muhammedanische Vicariatsmünzen und Kupferdrachmen des
XII–XIII Jahrhunderts," NZ I, 1869, pp. 265–300; also Maqrīzi: Nuqūd, ed. Constantinople, 1928, pp. 15, n.21ff.; Khiṭaṭ, II, 396, 1.6 (biography of Maḥmūd), 397, 1.4.
|
| 2 |
Barsbāy struck silver coins with the following denominations: 1/2 + 1/4 = 3/4 dirhem, of 1.45 + 0.725 grm. = 2.175 grm. and
1/4 + 1/8 = 3/8 dirhem, of 0.725 + 0.312 grm. = 1,370 grm. Both weights correspond narrowly to that of the Umayyad dirhem
of 2.90 or 2.88 grm.
|
| 3 |
Cf. Supplement of the Catalogue, pp. 387–393.
|
The Mamlūks never used more than six mints to issue coins; two in Egypt (Cairo and Alexandria) and four in Syria (Damascus, Aleppo, Ḥamāh and Tripoli). The two tables of reference at the end of this section give a graphic picture of the relative importance of the different mints, as well as of the metals employed.
Cairo, in Arabic al-Qāhirah (القاهرة), or Cairo the well-guarded (القاهرة المحروسة) as it was sometimes called, was the most important mint of the realm. From the very beginning coins were issued almost without interruption up to the end of the Burji dynasty. As was only natural Cairo provided gold throughout the whole period, as well as silver. The copper emissions are unknown before al-Nāṣir Muḥammad (possibly a few fulūs of Baybars I and Qalā'ūn without the mint name came from the Cairo mint); later they crop up from time to time. With al-Manṣūr Muḥammad, an avalanche of copper coinage begins, which then ends abruptly after Barqūq's first reign. Later on, fulūs seem to have been struck in Cairo only sporadically; at least very few of them have come down to us. Towards the end of Burji rule, Qāitbāy, al-Nāṣir Muḥammad b. Qā'itbāy and Qānṣūh al-Ghūri are once again represented in modern collections by a fair number of fulūs.
Alexandria is spelt: al-Iskandarīyah (الاسكندرية), Iskandarīyah (اسكندرية), or exceptionally only Skandarīyah (سكندرية). On three gold coins, however, the mint-name is preceded by an epithet (a unique dinar of al-Ashraf Khalīl and two gold coins of al-Nāṣir Faraj): Thaghr Skandarīyah (ثفر سكندرية). In modern arabic ثغر means a port, or the mouth of a river (Hans Wehr, Arabisches Wörterbuch, Leipzig, 1954, I, p. 91). In classical Arabic dictionaries thaghr is a "gap, breach, frontier-way of access to a country, part of a country from which the invasion of an enemy is feared, frontier of a hostile country, a place that is a boundary between the countries of the Muslims and the unbelievers" (E. W. Lane, Arabic-English Lexicon, London, 1863, Book I, Part 1, p. 338, last paragraph, and p. 339, first paragraph). Cf. also Dozy: Suppl., I, p. 159, "Place frontière," "Place, ville de guerre, forteresse," and Marius Canard, Histoire de la Dynastie des Hamdanides de Jazira et de Syrie (Alger, 1951), p. 243: "Les places frontières musulmanes sont appelées thughūr, proprement brèches, bouches, c'est-à-dire endroits exposés aux attaques de l'ennemi, du singulier 'thaghr'."
The three above-mentioned dinars are the only coins specifying Alexandria as a frontier-post. The word ثغر (in the plural ثغور), however, has been observed on copper coins issued at Ṭarsūs around 290–292 H. by George C. Miles in "Islamic Coins from the Tarsus Excavations of 1935–1937," in The Aegean and the Near East: Studies presented to Hetty Goldman, Locust Valley, N. Y., p. 305, no. 24. On these fulūs, the mint is: الثغور الشامية طرسوس = "Ṭarsūs of the Syrian Marches." The two Ṭarsūs fulūs are four hundred years earlier than Khalīl's dinar.
Further examples of the occurrence of thaghr, ثغر, or its plural thughūr, ثغور, have been published by Mrs. Ulla S. Linder Welin in "Commentationes de nummis Saeculorum IX–XI in Suecia repertis," (Kungl. Vitterhets Histori och Antikvitets Akademien Handlingar, Antikvariska Serien 9, Lund 1961): Coin no. 29 is a Ḥamdānid dirhem struck in al-thughūr Mayafāriqīn in 349 H., and no. 31, also a Ḥamdānid dirhem struck in thaghr al-Shāmīyah (Maṣṣīṣah ?) in 350 H.
The minting of gold in Alexandria started only under Aybak; Baybars issued both dinars and dirhems there, but the mint did not prosper and after about three decades, under Khalīl, work was abandoned altogether. About sixty years later the emission of gold was again resumed under al-Ṣāliḥ Ṣāliḥ. The striking of copper fulūs was begun under al-Ashraf Sha'bān and lasted until Faraj's reign, a period which corresponds with the experiment to replace silver by copper. After al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh, the Alexandria mint ceased to function.
Damascus was the second important mint for the emission of gold, silver and copper. It started to strike coins under Baybars I and was still functioning at the time of the Ottoman conquest. Its activity, during the later Burji period, however, was somewhat restricted.
On the coins the word Damascus is written either Dimishq (دمشق) or Damascus the guarded = Dimishq al-maḥrūsa (دمشق المحروسة).
Under Qālā'ūn and al-Nāṣir Muḥammad only sporadically active, Aleppo steadily increased in importance from al-Ṣālih Isma'īl's reign onwards. It reached its peak under Barqūq and Faraj, whose gold emissions are among the handsomest of the kind. Under the Burji sultans many small dirhems were struck which can safely be attributed to Aleppo, although the mint is not mentioned. The stereotyped religious legend of the reverse is engraved in the pseudo-archaic Mongol or Ilkhānid Kufic characteristic of that city.
Aleppo is written on the coins as Ḥalab (حلب), Madinat Ḥalab (مدينة حلب) or Ḥalab al-maḥrūsa (حلب المحروسة).
A mint of lesser importance, it issued silver and copper coins, sometimes with long interruptions nearly to the end of the Mamlūk regime. Gold was issued only once, under al-Nāṣir Muḥammad. Its name is written حماة; on a fals of Faraj: حماة المحروسة Ḥamāh the guarded.
The least active of all mints was Ṭarāblus (طرابلس), sometimes called Ṭarāblus al-Maḥrūsa (طرابلس المحروسة). It functioned sporadically, striking gold only under Faraj.
The following two tables summarize the activity of the Egyptian and Syrian mints under the Baḥri and Burji sultans.
| Sultan | Cairo | Alexandria | Damascus | Ḥamāh | Tripoli | Aleppo |
| Shajar al-Durr | Ꜹ 
|
|||||
| Al-Ashraf Mūsâ | Ꜹ
|
|||||
| Aybak | Ꜹ
|
Ꜹ | ||||
| Al-Manṣūr 'Ali | Ꜹ
|
Ꜹ | ||||
| Quṭuz | Ꜹ
|
Ꜹ | Cu | |||
| Baybars I | Ꜹ
|
Ꜹ
|
Cu
|
|
||
| Baraka Qā;n |
|
Ꜹ |
|
— | ||
| Salāmish |
|
|
||||
| Qalā'ūn | Ꜹ
|
Ꜹ | Ꜹ Cu
|
|
|
|
| Khalīl | Ꜹ
|
Ꜹ | Ꜹ Cu
|
— | ||
| Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad | Ꜹ Cu
|
Ꜹ Cu | Ꜹ
|
Cu
|
Cu
|
|
| Kitbughā | Ꜹ
|
Ꜹ
|
— | Cu = no mint | ||
| Lājīn | Ꜹ
|
Cu
|
||||
| Baybars II |
Cu
|
|||||
| Al-Manṣūr abū-Bakr | Ꜹ | Cu | ||||
| Al-Nāṣir Aḥmad | Ꜹ
|
|
||||
| Al-Ṣāliḥ Ismā'īl | Ꜹ Cu
|
Ꜹ Cu
|
Ꜹ Cu
|
Ꜹ Cu
|
||
| Al-Kāmil Sha'bān | Ꜹ |
Cu
|
|
|||
| Al-Muẓaffar Ḥājji | Ꜹ | Ꜹ
|
Cu | Cu | ||
| Al-Nāṣir Ḥasan | Ꜹ
|
Ꜹ
|
|
Cu
|
Cu
|
|
| Al-Ṣāliḥ Ṣāliḥ | Ꜹ Cu | Ꜹ | Ꜹ Cu |
|
Cu | |
| Al-Manṣūr Muḥammad | Ꜹ Cu | Ꜹ | Ꜹ Cu | Cu | ||
| Al-Ashraf Sha'bān | Ꜹ Cu
|
Ꜹ Cu | Ꜹ Cu
|
Cu
|
Cu | Ꜹ Cu
|
| Al-Manṣūr 'Ali | Ꜹ Cu | Ꜹ Cu | Ꜹ Cu | Cu | ||
| Al-Ṣāliḥ Hājji | Ꜹ Cu | Cu | Ꜹ Cu | Ꜹ
|
||
| Barqūq | Ꜹ  Cu
|
Ꜹ Cu | Ꜹ Cu |
Cu
|
Cu | Ꜹ Cu
|
| Faraj | Ꜹ
|
Ꜹ Cu | Ꜹ Cu
|
Cu | Ꜹ Cu | Ꜹ Cu
|
| Al-Musta'īn-bi'llāh | Ꜹ (?)
|
Ꜹ
|
||||
| Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh | Ꜹ
|
Ꜹ |
|
|
||
| Al-Muẓaffar Aḥmad | Ꜹ | Cu (?) |
|
|||
| Al-Ṣāliḥ Muḥammad |
|
|||||
| Barsbāy | Ꜹ. Cu (?) | Ꜹ
|
|
|
||
| Al-'Azīz Yūsuf | Ꜹ | |||||
| Jaqmaq | Ꜹ
|
|
|
Cu |
Cu
|
|
| Al-Manṣūr 'Uthmān | Ꜹ | Cu | ||||
| Aynāl | Ꜹ Cu
|
|
Cu |
Cu
|
||
| Al-Mu'ayyad Aḥmad | Ꜹ |
|
||||
| Khūshqadam | Ꜹ Cu
|
Ꜹ |
Cu
|
|||
| Temirbughā | Ꜹ |
.Cu(?)
|
||||
| Qā'itbāy | Ꜹ Cu
|
|
Ꜹ
|
|||
| Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad |
Cu
|
Ꜹ | Cu | |||
| Al-Ẓāhir Qānṣūh | Ꜹ | Cu | ||||
| Jānbalāṭ | Ꜹ | |||||
| Al-'Adil Ṭūmānbāy | Ꜹ | |||||
| Qānṣūh al-Ghūri | Ꜹ Cu | Ꜹ
|
|
|||
| Al-Ashraf Ṭūmānbāy | Ꜹ |
Our rather scarce knowledge of the minting procedures employed by the Moslems is based on literary sources which have survived and on modern analyses of the existing numismatic material. Both mediaeval texts and modern research studies are scanty.
To my knowledge only two treatises have been published on minting in Moslem countries. One is Al-dawḥat al-mushtabika fī dawābit dār al-sikka of Ḥusain Munis, by Abū'l-Ḥasan 'Ali b. Yūsuf al-Ḥakīm, in Rivista del Instituto de Estudios Islamicos en Madrid, VI (1958), pp. 63–204. It contains no information concerning the minting technique itself.
The other treatise, composed by a retired official of the Ayyūbid mint of Cairo, has been partially translated and published by A. S. Ehrenkreutz: Extracts from the technical manual of the Ayyūbid mint of Cairo, written by Manṣūr b. Ba'ra al-Dhababi al-Kāmili , in BSOAS XV (1953). Its extensive description of the methods used in the preparation and refining of the metals for the striking of coins is supplemented by important paragraphs on the manufacture of flans. Maqrīzi's work on Moslem coinage is not concerned with problems of technique.
Although Ibn Ba'ra wrote his manual during the last period of the Ayyūbid dynasty, we can safely presume that the technique employed under the Mamlūks did not differ much from that in use a little earlier; therefore, this treatise is of great importance to us.
Only a few modern studies on minting are known to me. Stanley Lane-Poole published a pair of bronze (gun metal) dies in Fasti Arabici (p. 45 of the offprint which contains all seven articles). L. A. Mayer described dies, one half of which belonged to al-'Azīz, the other to al-Ḥakīm, in QDAP I (1931), p. 34. Finally, G. Marçais published a pair of pegged iron dies of an Almoravid dinar in Annales de l'Inst. d'Etudes Orientales, Alger, II (1936), pp. 180–188.
The present writer also has contributed the description of coin dies, all earlier than Mamlūk (NC 1955, pp. 195–202), and divers observations on aspects of the technique of minting (BIE XXXI, 1949, pp. 95–105, XXXIII, 1951, pp. 1–42, and XXXV, 1952, pp. 427–429; NC 1955, pp. 195–202).
There follows a short description of the minting procedure which in our opinion was in use in the Middle East during the period with which we are concerned:
Flan. The flan of the gold coins was manufactured by casting. A few paper-thin dinars and half-dinars of Barqūq and Faraj were struck on a laminated flan, but these are exceptions. At the beginning of the Baḥri rule the diameter did not increase much beyond that of the Ayyūbid gold. It soon became larger, however; from al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's third reign through the entire Baḥri dynasty, and even under the first Burji sultans, only large flan dinars were minted. Faraj introduced a new, smaller and lighter dinar. This sequin type flan became the standard coin, but later, after Barsbāy's reign, it shrank to an even smaller size.
During the first stage, which we call the "pseudo-Ayyūbid" period, the globular flan was employed for the dirhem. Actually one of the best and clearest descriptions in Ibn Ba'ra's manual is the paragraph on the production of the nuqrah flans for the dirhem: "the molten silver is poured over a wooden cone which is covered with a layer of charcoal; the liquid silver, split into droplets of different sizes, squirts over this conical surface and drops into an underlying basin of cold water, where it congeals into separate, amorphous, globular masses. These masses are then heated and struck in the dies," without previous weighing and adjustment, which explains the irregularity in the weight and size of these curious silver pieces.
Aybak introduced the thin, normal-width dirhem flan which survived the Baḥri rule and was still in use under Barqūq and Faraj. Then, suddenly, it was reduced in size and remained so until the end. Contemporarily with the normal flan dirhems, another type of flan was manufactured by the Baḥri Mamlūks from the time of Nāṣir Muḥammad, the so called "black dirhems," which were a speciality of the Cairo mint from the day they were introduced by the later Fāṭimids. These black dirhems had roughly (and irregularly) square flans; the latter were cut from a long and narrow ribbon of silver and then struck without heating (Balog). But whereas the Fāṭimid and Ayyūbid black dirhem consisted of a very low grade silver-alloy (25–30% silver content), its Mamlūk counterpart was more or less of the same fineness as the ordinary round-flan coins (65–75%) (Balog).
Whereas the black dirhems had a flan cut from a cast tongue of silver, the thin, round, larger dirhems seem to have been struck on rounds punched out from a laminated sheet previous to the striking.
The copper fals being the least valuable of all three coin metals, its manufacture must perforce be the least expensive and the quickest. Therefore much less care was devoted to the preparation of the flan than for silver or gold. The early fulūs were struck on laminated flans trimmed to size, but later more or less accurately measured pieces were cut with hammer and chisel from a copper plate, and struck without, or with insufficient, heating. On most of the late Baḥri copper coins, the border actually shows traces of hurried cutting. Naturally these copper coins struck in mass production are neither uniform in size or contour, nor accurately struck.
Although smaller in size, the Burji fulūs show similar characteristics, until Qā'itbāy's time, when a new-style fals was introduced. Struck on a thick flan which was also larger, and inscribed with longer legends, the new fals became the forerunner of the thick Osmanli copper coin.
Composition of the Mamlūk fulūs. Chemical (nitric acid) tests have been made on a large number of different Baḥri and Burji fulūs. The results leave no doubt that most Baḥri and Burji fulūs are made of pure copper, and only a small number of Qānṣūh al-Ghūri's coins are of bronze.
Preparation of the die. It has been pointed out in our articles in the Bulletin de l'Institut d'Egypte and the Numismatic Chronicle that the die engraving could not have been executed directly on the hard surface of the die itself; the text of the legend was incised into the soft and malleable face of lead plaques, of which a cast was taken in clay. This cast, stuck onto the end of a short clay pipe, was then baked and, when ready, filled with molten bronze. After cooling, the clay mould was broken away and the bronze die was ready for striking. The casting of the die accounts for the frequent imperfections and blurs which occur on Islamic coins.
The dies consist of the trussel (upper half) and the pile (lower half). Both are cylindrical and of different length. The trussel is either short, in cases where it had to be held in place by forceps, or a little longer, when held by hand. The pile is longer, the bottom tapering into a blunt point, or a pair of tooth-shaped points, obviously made to be driven into a wooden base. There are no genuine mediaeval Moslem pegged-dies. This corresponds with the fact that there is no mediaeval Moslem coin on which regular orientation of the axes of obverse and reverse can be detected.
Striking. The striking was always done by hand; the very numerous traces of double striking and insufficient impression of the engraving are a convincing argument. Generally, the flan was well heated, not only to receive the engravings of the die deeply enough, but also to yield to the pressure and obtain an evenly round shape. In many cases the heating must have been insufficient, because one to four pointed projections on the border reveal where the four corners of the originally square flan were situated before striking (silver and copper).
The less the flan was heated, the more pronounced were the angular, spire-like protrusions. Finally, many coins struck without any heating at all on flans simply cut from thick silver or copper ribbons, have retained their original square form.
Gold and silver are indicated by the conventional signs Ꜹ and 
.
All copper issues are designated Cu, and those of bronze Æ.
The side on which the ruler's name appears is considered the obverse. When the protocol continues on the other side, or the sultan's name is absent, the side with the beginning of the legend in considered the obverse. If only the mint and date appear, the mint is on the obverse. When one side is anepigraphic, the inscribed side is the obverse.
The notation left and right is to be understood as seen by the reader. For instance, "lion passant to left" means a lion walking towards the reader's left; in conventional heraldic language it would be the contrary. Also, when a coin is divided by lines or segments, left and right mean the reader's left and right.
Segments
Marginal legend is a peripheral legend separated from the field by a simple or double linear circle, or a scalloped line. Usually it runs counter-clockwise.
An asterisk (*) has been used in front of the catalogue number to mark unpublished coins.
Circular legend is mostly smaller than the central inscription and is not separated from the field. The circular legend runs either clockwise or counter-clockwise.
Exergue (a term borrowed from classical numismatics), is a space below the legend in the field.
No mint means that the mint name is not mentioned. Otherwise: mint missing.
Undated: date not mentioned. Otherwise: date missing. The diameter (in millimeters) and the weight (in grams) are recorded whenever possible. Unfortunately, both data are not always available, even on coins in my own collection.
The number at the left preceding the title is the serial number of L. A. Mayer's Bibliography of Moslem Numismatics, 2nd edition, 1954.
| A.H. | A.D. | Page | |
| Shajar al-Durr | 648 | 1250 | 71– 72 |
| Al-Ashraf Abu al-Fatḥ Mūsâ | 649–650 | 1251–1253 | 73– 74 |
| Al-Mu'izz 'Izz al-Dīn Aybak | 648–655 | 1250–1257 | 75– 77 |
| Al-Manṣūr Nūr al-Dīn 'Ali | 655–657 | 1257–1259 | 78– 81 |
| Al-Muẓaffar Sayf al-Dīn Quṭuz | 657–658 | 1259–1260 | 82– 84 |
| Al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars I | 658–676 | 1260–1277 | 85–106 |
| Al-Sa'īd Nāṣir al-Dīn Baraka Qān | 676–678 | 1277–1279 | 107–109 |
| Al-'Ādil Badr al-Dīn Salāmish | 678 | 1279 | 110-111 |
| Al-Manṣūr Sayf al-Dīn Qalā'ūn | 678–689 | 1279–1290 | 112–119 |
| Al-Ashraf Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Khalīl | 689–693 | 1290–1293 | 120–124 |
| Al-Nāṣir Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad, 1st reign | 693–694 | 1293–1294 | (No coins) |
| Al-'Ādil Zayn al-Dīn Kitbughā | 694–696 | 1294–1296 | 126–128 |
| Al-Manṣūr Ḥusām al-Dīn Lājīn | 696–698 | 1296–1299 | 129–131 |
| Al-Nāṣir Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad, 2nd reign | 698–708 | 1299–1309 | 132–134 |
| Al-Muẓaffar Rukn al-Dīn Baybars II | 708–709 | 1309–1310 | 135–136 |
| Al-Nāṣir Nāṣir al-Din Muḥammad, 3rd reign | 709–741 | 1310–1341 | 137–163 |
| Al-Manṣūr Sayf al-Dīn Abu Bakr | 741–742 | 1341 | 164–165 |
| Al-Ashraf 'Alā al-Dīn Kujuk | 742 | 1341-1342 | 166 |
| Al-Nāṣir Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad | 742–743 | 1342 | 167–168 |
| Al-Ṣāliḥ 'Imād al-Dīn Ismā'īl | 743–746 | 1342–1345 | 169–176 |
| Al-Kāmil Sayf al-Dīn Sha'bān I | 746–747 | 1345–1346 | 177–179 |
| Al-Muẓaffar Sayf al-Dīn Ḥājji I | 747–748 | 1346–1347 | 180–183 |
| Al-Nāṣir Nāṣir al-Dīn Ḥasan, 1st reign | 748–752 | 1347–1351 | 184–187 |
| Al-Ṣāliḥ Ṣāliḥ al-Dīn Ṣāliḥ | 752–755 | 1351–1354 | 188–191 |
| Al-Nāṣir Nāṣir al-Dīn Ḥasan, 2nd reign | 755–762 | 1354–1361 | 192–200 |
| Al-Manṣūr Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Muḥammad | 762–764 | 1361-1363 | 201–207 |
| Al-Ashraf Nāṣir al-Dīn Sha'bān II | 764–778 | 1363–1377 | 208–229 |
| Al-Manṣūr 'Alā al-Dīn 'Ali | 778–783 | 1377–1381 | 230–237 |
| Al-Ṣāliḥ Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Ḥājji II, 1st reign | 783–784 | 1381–1382 | 238–245 |
| Al-Ṣāliḥ Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Ḥājji II, 2nd reign | 791–792 | 1389–1390 | 245–246 |
Shajar al-Durr's coins are all exceedingly rare, designed in the best Ayyūbid tradition and style. Her title to the throne is based on her having been a wife of al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb's and the mother of the long dead heir al-Manṣūr Khalīl. Only two dinars and a handful of dirhems are known.
All the marginal legends run counter-clockwise.
1. Border on both sides: circular line.
لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق ليظهره على الدين كله
Double circular line.
المومنين
المسنعصمية الصالحية
ملكة المسلمين والدة
الملك المنصور خليل
امير
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم صرب هذا الدينار
بالقاهرة سنة ثمان واربعين وستماية
Double circular line.
الامام
المستعصم
بالله ابو احمد عبد
الله امير المومنين
• •
BMC 469 (23, 4.40). Balog, BIE 1950, p. 231 (20, edges filed, 4.32). Plate I.
The few existing dirhems are all globular (dirhem nuqra), similar to the type introduced by the Cairo mint after the 622 H. reform of the Ayyūbid al-Kāmil Muḥammad.
2. Border on both sides: circular line.
لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
(ثمان واربعين و (ستماية
Circular line.
والدة الملك
المنصور
• •
Circular line.
الامام
المستعصم
• •
Balog, BIE 1952, no. 1 (14×18, 3.73) Plate I, a; no. 2 (13×19, 2.97) Plate I, b; no. 3 (13, 2.52); no. 4 (8×12, 0.72) Plate I, c. Balog (12×14, 3.04). ANS. BM.
Siouffi, in his Liste p. 78, describes a copper coin as follows:.
موسيى
الملك العادل
شجرة الدر
ايوب
الامام الناصر
Siouffi's attribution of this coin to Shajar al-Durr does not seem to be correct. Shajar al-Durr is not known to have used her proper name on any official document, and the less so on her coins. Her coin-protocol on the dinar is "al-Muṣta'ṣimīyah, al-Ṣāliḥīyah, Malikat al-Muslimīn, Wālidat al-Malik al-Manṣūr" and on the dirhem simply "Wālidat al-Malik al-Manṣūr." Besides, the Caliph al-Nāṣir died in 622 H. and the Caliph during the queen's reign was al-Musta 'ṣim. This coin should rather be attributed to the Ayyūbid al-'Ādil I. The obverse probably reads:
يوسف
الملك العادل
سيف الدين>
بن) ايوب)
Al-Ashraf Mūsâ's 1 coins are as rare as Shajar al-Durr's. Their style and the royal protocol also are Ayyūbid. This is not astonishing, as he was the son of the last Ayyūbid king of the Yemen. His coinage is, however, rightly incorporated into the Mamlūk series, because he was appointed as a co-regent by Aybak, as a mere puppet to serve as figurehead for Mamlūk political propaganda.
It is to be noted that all three of his coins bear his name alone, without mention of Aybak. This clearly contradicts Maqrīzi who stated that after the nomination of the six year old child to the throne, coins were issued in the two regents' joint names.
The marginal legends run counter-clockwise on all coins.
3. Border on both sides: circular line.
لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق ليظهره على الدين كله
Double circular line.
• ايوب
الملك الصالح
الملك الاشرف
ابو الفتح موسى
ابن • •
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هذا الدينار بالقاهرة
سنة تسع واربعين وستماية
Double circular line.
الامام
المستعصم
بالله ابو احمد عبد
الله امير المومنين
• •
Balog, BIE 1949, pp. 187–190 (21, 4.99). Plate I.
4. As above.
Circular legend ends with:
بالقاهرة سنة خمسين وستماية ...
Center:
الامام
المستعصم
بالله ابو احمد عبد
الله امير المومنين
• • •
Balog, BIE 1949, pp. 187–190 (22, 4.26). Plate I.
| 1 |
The designation "Mūsâ II" (rather than "Mūsâ I") follows Zambaur's
Manuel de Généalogie in order to avoid confusion with the three other Ayyūbid princes of the same name.
|
5. Border on both sides: circular line.
..... بالهدى ودين .....
Inner circle
الملك
الاشرف
..... بالقاهر[ة .....
Inner circle.
الامام
المستعصم
Balog, BIE 1952, p. 426 (11×17, 2.30). Plate I.
(Coinage from 652 H. only)
Aybak's gold coins are very scarce; only seven dinars are known. His dirhems were previously rare also, but since the Fayyūm hoard was discovered, many others have come to light from this and other sources. Although de facto in power from 648 H. on, he seems to have struck dirhems in his name for the first time in 652 H. They were regularly issued each year afterwards. The only recorded date occurring on his dinars is 654 H.
As already pointed out in the introduction, Aybak wanted to maintain a semblance of legitimacy on his coinage by inscribing al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb's protocol, to which he simply added his proper name. This was to make believe that he still functioned as a lieutenant of the Ayyūbid king, now dead for several years.
The dinar is so similar to the coins of al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb that until recently scholars were under the impression that old dies of the Ayyūbid king had been recut for the new Mamlūk issue. We have pointed out, however (Num. Circular, Spink, 1949, p. 610), that it is impossible to recut a die and replace parts of the inscriptions and that especially prepared new dies had to be cut for the purpose. Since the publication of my article, a paper by J. Friedländer (ZfN 1883, p. 6) has come to my attention. Describing a dirhem struck in Cairo, 653 H., this author had already recognized that the die in question had been cut especially for Aybak.
All marginal legends counter-clockwise.
6. Border on both sides: circular line.
لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق ليظهر على الدين كله
Double circular line.
الملك الصالح
نجم الدين ايوب بن
الملك الكامل
ايبك
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم صرب هذا الدينار بالقاهرة
سنة اربع وخمسين وستماية
Double circular line.
الامام
المستعصم
بالله ابو احمد عبد
الله امير المومنين
• • •
Thorburn. BMC IX, 470a (20, 4.21).
7. As above.
As above, but marginal legend ends:
باسكندرية سنة اربع وخمسين وستماية ...
L 700 (21, 4.75) Plate I. BMC IX, 470 f (20, 3.82). BMC IV, 470 (23, 4.67) date missing. Siouffi p. 18.
Balog, BIE 1950, p. 233.
CAIRO
Similar to the wide-flan, Damascus-type dirhem of the Ayyūbids, with double, dotted and linear square inscribed in double, dotted and linear circle. The marginal
legend runs counter-clockwise in the segments. All the legends are in Naskhi except Aybak's name, written in elongated neo-Kufic.
Aybak's "tamgha" separates his name from the royal protocol: ∴ 
∴
All the known dirhems are from the Cairo mint. Whereas the obverse is the same on all coins, the marginal legend of the reverse is arranged differently for the various dates.
Obv. on all dirhems:
Segments:
B بالهدى | L ل الله ارسله | T لله محمد رسو | R لا اله الا ا
Center:
الملك الصالح
نجم الدين ايوب
∴ ∴
ابيك
Rev. (segments):
8. B وستماية | L اثنتين وخمسين | T ب بالقاهرة سنة | R بسم الله ضر
Balog, BIE 1952, pp. 43–44 (two specimens) Plate I, 8. BMC IX, 470m (20, 2.78). Jungfleisch (21, 2.91).
9. B خمسين وستماية | L سنة ثلث و | T ب بالقاهرة | R بسم الله ضر
Balog, BIE 1952, pp. 43–44 (ten specimens) cf. Plate I. Khediv. 1465.
10. B خمسين ستماية | L سنة اربع و | T ب بالقاهرة | R بسم الله ضر
Balog, BIE 1952, pp. 43–44 (two specimens) Plate I. Khediv. 1466.
11. B ستماية | L سنة خمس وخمسين | T ب بالقاهرة | R بسم الله ضر
Balog, BIE 1952, pp. 43–44 (two specimens). ANS, three specimens: (19, 2.80); (21, 2.74); (20, 2.84).
12. B ستماية | L خمس وخمسين | T بالقاهرة سنة | R بسم الله ضرب
Balog, BIE 1952, pp. 43–44. Plate I.
Rev. center for every year:
الامام
المستعصم
بالله ابو احمد عبد
الله امير المومنين
In the Fayyūm hoard (BIE 1952, pp. 43–44), the average diameters are 19 to 22, the weights are 2.54 to 2.96.
Fractions of the dirhem
13. Several half-dirhems exist; struck with the dirhem-die, but on a small, irregular flan, the mint and date written in the segments are always off flan.
Balog, three specimens. cf. Plate I (15, 1.42).
DIRHEMS WITH MINT AND/OR DATE MISSING
Ashm., Soret, 2 e lettre à M. Sawélieff, 1854, p. 56, No. 70. Harold Glidden coll. Jungfleisch (two specimens).
Nūr al-Din 'Ali's coinage is designed in the traditional Ayyūbid style, but the by this time fictitious Ayyūbid overlord is not mentioned any more. The reverse on the 655 and 656 H. emissions still presents the protocol of the last 'Abbāsid Caliph, al-Musta 'ṣim bi'llāh; the latter had been murdered by Hulagu, after his victory over the Caliph's army near Baghdad, early in 656 H. The 657 H. issue has, for the first time, a purely religious legend in the center of the reverse.
On all dinars: border on both sides a circular line; marginal legends counter-clockwise, separated from the center by a double circular line.
14. لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين الحق ليظهره على الدين كله
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هذا الدينار بالسكندرية سنة
خمس وخمسين وستماية
Central legends:
ابيك
الملك المنصور
نور الدين على بن
الملك المعز
• • •
الامام
المستعصم
بالله ابو احمد عبد
الله امير المومنين
• • •
BMC IX, 470t (21, 3.17). Balog, BIE 1950, p. 237, no. 1 (21, 7.10). Plate I.
15. As above.
Last word: المعز ٧
In exergue no pellets.
Marginal legend ends:
باسكندرية سنة ست وخمسين وستماية ....
Central legend as above, but:
المستعصم
and in exergue two pellets: • •
Balog, BIE 1950, p. 237, no. 2 (22, 6.36). Plate I.
16. As above, in exergue two pellets: • •
Marginal legend ends:
باسكندرية سنة ست وخمسين وستماية .....
Center:
الحق
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
ودين
In exergue no pellets.
Balog, BIE 1950, pp. 237–8, no. 4 (22, 6.36) Plate I; no. 5 (22, 6.33).
17. As above, but in exergue three pellets: • • •
As above, but الله at the end of third line.
In exergue no pellets.
Balog, BIE 1950, p. 238, no. 6 (22, 6.94) Plate II; no. 7 (22, 5.75); no. 8 (23, 6. 25); no. 9 (23, 722). Siouffi p. 18. ANS (24, 5.07).
No dinars of 655 and 656 H. have been preserved.
18. As above.
In exergue no pellets.
Marginal legend ends:
بالقاهرة سنة سبع وخمسين وستماية ....
Center as above, but pellet following the first line: •الحق
Balog, BIE 1950, p. 237, no. 3 (22, 5.80) Plate II. Gotha no. 1046 (4.58).
The dirhem is similar to the wide-flan Damascus-type Ayyūbid silver: linear circle in circle of dots, in which linear square in square of dots. Only Cairo issues are preserved, of 655 H., with the Caliph's protocol, and of 657 H., with religious legend on the reverse. No dirhems of 656 H. have yet been found.
19. Segments:
B بالهدى | L ل الله ارسله | T لله محمد رسو | R لا اله الاا
Center:
الملك المنصور
نور الدين على
ابن ايبك
Segments:
B خمسين و ستماية | L سنة خمس و | T ضرب بالقاهرة | R بسم الله
Center:
الامام
المستعصم
بالله ابو احمد عبد
الله امير المومنين
last line of obv.: ٧ ٧ ابن ايبك
BMC 471 (19, 2.88). Østrup no. 1997. Balog, five specimens: (20, 2.92) Plate II, 19a; (21, 2.94); (22, 2.85); (16, 1.31) half-dirhem; Plate II, 19b; (10, 1.14) half-dirhem.
last line of obv.: ٧ ٧ ٧ ابن ايبك
Balog, five specimens: (21, 2.94); (19, 2.82); (16, 1.30) half-dirhem; (10 16, 1.06) half-dirhem; (12 15, 1.60) half-dirhem. ANS (13, 1.32) half-dirhem.
*20. Segments as above.
Segments:
B خمسين وستماية | L سنة سبع و | T ضرب بالقاهرة | R بسم الله
Center:
الملك المنصور
نور الدين على
٧ ٧ ٧ ابن ايبك
Center:
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
Balog, five specimens: (19, 2.73) Plate II, 20; (20, 1.94); (16, 1.48) half-dirhem; (14, 0.70) quarter-dirhem; (13, 0.82) quarter-dirhem. ANS (20, 2.51).
*21. Segments as above.
Center:
الملك المنصور
نور الدينا وا
لدين على بن ايبك
Segments as above.
Center as above.
Balog (10×17, 1.14) half-dirhem, Plate II. ANS (19, 2.92).
Incomplete, or insufficient description
Gagarine no. 1330. Mayer. Ashmol. A large hoard in the Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo, unregistered and unstudied.
The gold coins are very scarce; only two had been published previous to the group of 23 dinars which I described in 1950. Since then another small hoard, probably less than a dozen coins, was acquired by a Cairo dealer. Dirhems were completely unknown; the silver coin no. 472 of the BMC, attributed to Quṭuz, belongs to al-Muẓaffar Ḥājji. Even today, less than a score of dirhems have come to light.
Although in appearance Quṭuz's coinage still remains similar to the Ayyūbid issues, there is a definite change. No more reference is made to the late Ayyūbid dynasty; as on al-Manṣūr 'Alī's coins, the protocol is already purely Mamlūk. The style of writing has also become stocky, heavier and less artistic.
The Alexandria dinars were struck on a wider flan, the Cairo gold is thick and has a smaller diameter; there are wide discrepancies in the individual weights.
All dinars present, on both sides, a border consisting of a circular line, then a counter-clockwise marginal legend which is separated by a double circular line from the central legend.
22. Marginal legend: profession of faith formula, ending with: على الدين كله
Center:
• • • • •
الملك المظهر
سيف الدينا
٧ والدين قطز
Marginal legend:
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هذا الدينار باسكندرية
سنة ثمان وخمسين وستماية
Center:
الحق
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
ودين
Balog, BIE 1950, pp. 239–249, no. 1 (23, 5.80) Plate II; no. 2 (23, 5.43); no. 3 (21.5, 5.11); no. 4 (23, 6.48); no. 5 (21, 4.63); no. 6 (23 5, 7.14); no. 7 (23, 4.71); no. 8 (23.5, 7.09). L 703 (8.10). BMC 471 (23, 6.67).
23. As above.
Marginal legend ends with:
بالقاهرة سنة ثمان وخمسين وستماية ...
Center as above.
Balog, BIE 1950, pp. 239–249, no. 9 (21.5, 6.0); no. 10 (21.5, 5.25); no. 11 (21, 7.14); no. 12 (20.5, 6.0); no. 13 (20.5, 5.49); no. 14 (20, 7.49); no. 15 (21.5, 5.49); no. 16 (22, 7.46); no. 17 (21, 6.41); no. 18 (21, 5.85); no. 19 (20, 9.38); no. 20 (20, 5.34); no. 21 (19.5, 5.24) Plate II; no. 22 (22.5, 5.24); no. 23 (22, 5.30). ANS (22).
Dirhems are very scarce and have been mentioned in the literature only by Mayer ("A hoard of Mamlūk coins") and by Schulman (Beyram), but no description was given.
24. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots. Counter-clockwise marginal legend in the segments:
B بالهدى | L ل الله ارسله | T لله محمد رسو | R لا اله الا ا
B خمسين وستماية | L سنة سبع و | T ب بالقاهرة | R بسم الله ضر
On both sides: linear square in square of dots.
Center:
الملك المظفر
سيف الدين
٧ والدين قطز
Center:
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
Mayer, three specimens: mint and date missing, one specimen: mint missing, (65) 7 H. Beyram 242. Balog, nine specimens: (19, 2.61) Plate II, 24a; (20, 2.10) Plate II, 24b; (17, 2.85); (18, 1.82); (12×17, 0.92) Plate II, 24c; (10×15, 1.50); (14, 1.48); (15, 1.91); (13, 1.56) Plate II, 24d. Ashmol.
*25. As above.
As above, but date in left and bottom segment:
B خمسين وستماية | L سنة ثمان و
Balog (20).
Only two specimens have so far been observed. Fortunately the legends, only partially preserved on each of the two coins, complete each other to a great extent.
*26. Border on both sides: circular line.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله
..... ينه ?القاهرة سنة ثمان?....
On both sides: linear hexalobe.
Center:
قطز
٧ الملك المظفر
سيف الديناو
الدين
Center:
بالهدى ودين
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله
ANS (17, 3.87) Plate II, 26. München (19, 3.12) Plate XLI, 26a.
The mint and date are preserved on the München specimen, preceded by سه...? which probably is the ending of the epithet المحروسة? (al-maḥrūsah) = the guarded, not infrequent on coins of the Cairo mint. The existing three letters are, however, not clear and Dr. Peter Jaeckel of the Munich State Collection suggests the word مدينة = madīnah. We do not know, however, of any Cairo issue with the name Madīnat al-Qāhirah, and this would therefore be, if true, its first occurrence. The only known Mamlūk mint with Madīnah is Madīnat Ḥalab.
In 659 H. Baybars granted asylum to the 'Abbāsid prince Abū'l-Qāsim Aḥmad, who, after having escaped the general slaughter of his family by Hulagu in 656 H., settled in the Egyptian capital. Baybars also set him up as the new 'Abbāsid Caliph, receiving, in exchange, official recognition as sultan of Egypt. The investiture is plainly reflected on the new coinage, because in 659 H. the title "al-sulṭān al-malik" appears on Mamlūk coins for the first time. Nevertheless, the simpler and less exalted title "al-malik" continues to be used on some of the issues, even in later years.
The Caliph's protocol also is inscribed on the reverse from 659 H. on; first al-Mustanṣir, then, after his death, al-Ḥākim I. The name of the latter, however, does not appear on the gold, but only on silver and copper. At the same time, simultaneously with these issues, many more coins were struck with a religious legend on the reverse; there seems to be no reason for the substitution of the Caliphal protocol, as both types continue to circulate side by side.
An entirely new feature of the coinage is the inclusion of the blason. The lion passant to left is Baybars's heraldic device to be found on all his coins, except the very first silver issue of Ayyūbid type. Incidentally he and his son, Baraka Qān, were the only Mamlūk sultans who inscribed their blasons not only on the copper, but also on silver and gold.
Considering the long 18-year rule of Baybars, the number of gold coins which has come down to us is pitifully small. Fifteen or twenty years ago they were still very common in the goldsmith's bazars in Cairo, but astonishingly few have been acquired for the many private and public collections to which we have had access. Today they have vanished from the numismatic market altogether.
Two types can be distinguished: religious legend on the reverse or the Caliph al-Mustanṣir's protocol. The types subdivide according to the sultan's protocol.
On all dinars, on both sides, border: circular line, in which counter-clockwise marginal legend. In this double circular line and central legend.
27. Marginal legend:
لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق ليظهره
Marginal legend:
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هذا الدينار
بالاسكندرية سنة تسع وخمسين وستماية
Center:
ببرس الصالحى
الملك الظاهر
٧ ركن الدنيا والدين
Center:
الحق
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
٧ ٧ ارسله بالهدى
ودين
Karabacek no. 909.
28. As above.
BMC 473 (24, 5.08). ANS (23, 7.24).
As above.
Balog (23, 7.45) Plate II.
CAIRO
29. Marginal legend: profession of faith formula ending with:
ليظهره
Center:
الصالحى
الملك الظاهر
ركن الدين ببرس
Marginal legend:
.... بسم الله ضرب هذا الدينار بالقاهرة سنة ثلاث وستين
Center:
لا اله الا
الله محمد رسو
ل الله ارسله
بالهدى
Beyram no. 243 (19, 2.10). Half-dinar. Schulman's illustration is, unfortunately, not good enough for reproduction.
*30. Marginal legend: profession of faith formula.
Marginal legend:
ضرب هذا الدينار بالاسكنديرة سنة
احد وستين وستماية
Center:
الصالحى
السلطان الملك
الظاهر ركن الدنيا والدين
ببرس قسيم امير المومنين
Center:
لا اله الا
الله محمد رسول
٧ ٧
الله ارسله بالهدى
٧ ودين الحق ليظهره
على الدين
ANS (24, 6.44).
31. Marginal legend: profession of faith formula.
Center: as above.
BMC 474 (24, 5.95). L 704 (8.20).
Marginal legend:
سنة سبع وستين وستماية ....
Center: as above.
*32. Marginal legend:
ثمان وستين وستماية ....
Center: as above.
Balog (24, 7.35).
Marginal legend:
(بالاسكندرية (سنة)..وستين و (ستماية .....
Center: as above.
33. H. W. Codrington, Ceylon Coins and Currency, p. 159, nos. 4, 5, 6 and 7.
33. a BMC 475 (23, 7.46). L 705 (5.18). Méry-Tocchi.
33. b DATE MISSING, ALEXANDRIA, ON TOP OF REV. CENTER WITHOUT ضرب
BMC 476 (23, 5.64); 477 (23, 4.45). Ashmol.
*34. Marginal legend: profession of faith formula ending with: ليظهره
Marginal legend:
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هذا الدينار بالقاهرة
سنة تسع وخمسين وستماية
Center:
الصالحى
٧ السلطان الملك
الظاهر ركن الدنيا والدين
٧ ٧
ببرس قسيم امير المومنين
Center:
الحق
لا الله الا الله
ω محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
ودين
Balog (23, 5.61) Plate II, 34.
35. As above.
Marginal legend ends with:
بالقاهرة في سنة ستين وستماية هجرية ...
Center:
الحق
ω لا الله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
٧ ٧ ٧ ارسله بالهدى
ودين
Siouffi p. 18. Balog (23, 5.28).
36. As above.
Marginal legend ends with:
بالقاهرة في سنة احدو ستين وستماية ....
Center:
٧ بسم الله
ω لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول
ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق
L 707 (5.80). Balog (25, 4.45) Plate II.
36. a DATE MISSING
Karabacek no. 910. ANS (24, 5.33).
37. Marginal legend: profession of faith formula.
Center: as above, but small ornament on:
٧ الظاهر
Marginal legend ends with:
.... سنة تسع وخمسين و
Center:
الامام
٧ المستنصر بالله
٧ ابو القسم احمد بن
٧ الامام الظاهر امير
المومنين
L 706 (6.20).
38. As above.
Marginal legend ends with:
ستين وستماية هجرية ....
Center: as above.
L 708 (5.50) Plate II. ANS (23, 5.70).
This is the only non-heraldic issue of Baybars I, probably his first dirhem emission, struck in Damascus. Only two coins have been published by L. A. Mayer and a third is in the collection of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Unfortunately Mayer's description is summary and he does not mention the date; the Ashmolean Museum specimen is in a worn state of preservation, and the date missing. Therefore part of the legend cannot be reconstructed until a better preserved specimen is available. On the coin of the Ashmolean the last line of the obverse center is obliterated, so that we must rely on Mayer's statement that there is a legend and not the lion passant.
The following is a description of the Ashmolean Museum dirhem:
39. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots; in this is inscribed a linear square within a square of dots.
Segments:
R ... | B ... | L .... | T ضرب بدمشق |
Segments obliterated.
Center:
٧ الملك الظاهر
ركن) الدنيا)
......
Center:
......
علم الدنيا
الدين ببرس
Mayer, two dirhems. Ashmol. (20, 2.80).
*40. Border on both sides: circular line within circle of dots.
Central legend only:
الصالحى
الملك الظاهر
ركن الدينا والدين
ببرس
In smaller script, counter-clockwise, on the left: ضرب, but the mint (on the right) is missing.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
... محمد رسول الله ارسله بالهدى ....
Circle of dots, in which lion passant to right, tail curled back.
ANS (19, 2.98) Plate II.
*41. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
.... ثمان وخمسين
Center:
الملك الظاهر
ركن الديناوا
لدين ببرس
Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
.... ارسله بالهدى ....
Circle of dots, in which lion passant to left, tail curled back.
ANS (19, 2.54) Plate II.
Title: al-Malik
NO MINT, UNDATED
Struck with normal dirhem dies
42. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots. There is no marginal legend, only a counter-clockwise circular inscription which is part of the central field.
Circular legend:
R الرحيم L الرحمن Top بسم الله
Center:
•
ببرس الصالحى
٧ الملك الظاهر
ω ركن الدنيا والدين
Circular legend:
لا اله الا الله وحده لا شريك له محمد رسول الله
Center:
الامام المستنصر
بالله ابو القاسم
احمد امير المومنين
L 728. 2.85. Mayer no. 2. Lagumina, 93, no. 1 (24, 2.80). Balog, three specimens: (22, 2.80); (23, 2.76) Plate III; (15, 1.40) Half-dirhem. ANS (23, 2.74).
43. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Counter-clockwise circular legend starting on top, continuing on left and ending on right:
بسم الله |الرحمن |الرحيم
Center:
الملك
الظاهر
Counter-clockwise circular legend starting on right side:
لا اله|الا الله |محمد |رسول الله
Center:
الامام
بالله
المستنصر
Balog, (16, 1.17) Plate III, 43a. ANS (18, 1.38). L 743 (14, 1.20) lion passant to right. Plate III, 43b. Rev. circular legend: L لا الله Top اله ا R لا
*44. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
No circular legend.
•
الصالحى
السلطان الملك
الظاهر ركن الدنيا والدين
٧ ببرس قسيم امير المومنين
امير المومنين
بالله
الامام المستنصر ω ٧
ابو القاسم احمد بن
الامام الظاهر
Balog, four specimens: (22, 2.98) Plate III; (22, 2.90); (23, 2.91); (23, 3.37). ANS, ten specimens: (22, 2.14); (23, 3.01); (22, 2.11); (22, 2.97); (22, 2.78); (22, 2.80); (24, 2.71); (22, 2.27); (24, 2.86); (25, 2.43).
*45. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
No circular legend.
السلطان
الملك الظاهر
الامام
بالله
المستنصر
Balog, two specimens: (14, 1.25); (15, 1.22).
46. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
No circular legend.
الصالحى
السلطان الملك
الظاهر ركن الدينا والدين
ببرس قسيم امير المومنين
Counter-clockwise circular legend starting on left side:
ضرب بالقا|هرة سنة ستين|وستماية
Center:
المومنين
بالله
الامام المستنصر
ابو القاسم احمد بن
الامام الظاهر امير
BMC 481 (20, 2.47). L 724 (2.96); 725 (2.55); 742 (1.38) Half-dirhem. ANS, five specimens: (21, 2.80); (20, 2.90); (22, 2.65); (21, 2.58); (22, 2.50). Balog, three specimens: (20, 2.95); (20, 2.37); (15, 1.37) Half-dirhem.
47. As above.
L 713 (2.50).
As above, but circular legend starts on left side: بدمشق
48. As above.
As above, but no circular legend. Mint and date on top of center:
ستين
بحماة سنة ستماية
Gagarine no. 1338. ANS (23, 3.21).
Title: al-Malik
NO MINT, UNDATED
*49. Border on both sides: linear octolobe in octolobe of dots. In center of obverse, small lion passant to left, in the midst of the writing.
الملك الظاهر
لحى 
الصا
ركن الدنيا والدين
الامام الحاكم
بامر الله ابو العباس
احمد امير المومنين
ANS (24, 3.43) Plate III.
50. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
٧ بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
Center:
٧ الملك
٧ الظاهر
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
الا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله ٧
Center:
الامام
الحاكم
L 735 (1.52); 736 (0.90); 737 (1.48) in the four corners of the circular legend on the rev.: ∴ instead of: O; 738 (1.19); 739 (0.99). Mayer no. 13. Balog, nine specimens: (13, 0.90) Plate III, 50a; (14, 1.40); (15, 1.82) Plate III, 50b; (14, 1.67); (14, 1.52); (14, 1.69); (14, 1.47); (11, 1.44); (10, 1.45). ANS (14, 1.33).
This seems to be a late issue; few coins have the complete date, which is always between 670 and 674 H. On two coins the decade is missing (6 × 6), and we think it should read 676 H.
Border on all coins, on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
51. No circular legend.
الصالحى
السلطان الملك
الظاهر ركن الدينا والدين
٧ ببرس قسيم امير المومنين
• 
•
Counter-clockwise circular legend, starting on top:
ضرب بدمشق|سنة |سبعين و |ستماية
Center:
∴
الامام الحاكم
بامر الله ابو
العباس احمد
Mayer no. 7. Balog (17, 1.07) Half-dirhem. Note ornament on top of al-'Abbās on rev.:
العباس. It is common to all coins of this issue. Plate III.
*52. As above.
As above, but date:
... سنة ثلاث وسبعين ....
ANS (21, 2.95).
*53. As above.
As above, but date.:
سنة اربع وسبعين
Balog (17, 2.91) Plate III.
*54. As above, but "Rukn" written thus:
ركن instead of the customary: ركن
As above, but date:
سنة خمس وسبعين
Balog (21, 2.72) Plate III.
54.a INCOMPLETE OR MISSING DATES
Mayer (35 specimens). BMC 484 (24, 2.78) date: 6..6 H., may be 676 H. because 666 H. would be early for this emission; 485 (23, 2.76) date missing. L 714 (3.10) date missing; 715 (2.50) date missing. Lagumina p. 94, no. 2 (21, 2.78) date missing. Ashmol., three specimens: date missing. ANS, six specimens: (22, 3.01) 6..4 H.; (22, 2.97) 6..6 H.; (23, 2.78) 67.. H.; (23, 2.61) date missing; (22, 2.77) date missing; (22, 2.84) date missing.
*55. There exist numerous fractions of this issue; struck on small square flans generally insufficiently heated; these small coins retain the four spike-like protrusions remaining from the edges and represent all the transitions between the square and the circle. Only the central portion of the die-inscriptions is on the flan. Although the mint is invariably missing, the attribution to Damascus is assured by the style of writing and even more through the tiny ornament on top of the letter sīn of the Caliph's name on the reverse:
Balog, seven specimens: (12, 1.41) Plate III, 55a; (14, 1.62) Plate III, 55b; (15, 17.5); (12, 1.65); (12, 1.48); (11, 0.69) Plate III, 55c; (11, 0.74). ANS (13, 1.03) the obv. of this specimen has been struck with the ordinary dirhem die, the reverse with a special half-dirhem die.
666 H. DHŪ AL-QĀ'DAH
*56. As above.
Counter-clockwise circular legend starting on top:
| B القعدة سنة ست | L الحروسة بذى | T ضرب بدمشق R وستين وستماية
Center:
∴
الامام الحاكم
امر الله ابو
العباس احمد
ANS (24, 3.04) Plate III.
*57. As above.
As above, but date:
المحروسة فى صفر سنة سبع وستين وستماية ....
ANS (24, 2.56).
*58. As above.
As above, but date:
المحروسة بجمادى الاخر سبع وستين وستماية ....
Ornaments:
العباس احمد
ANS (22, 2.94) Plate III.
*59. As above.
As above, but date:
فى صفر سنة ثمان وستين وستماية ....
ANS (22, 2.94).
*60. As above.
As above, but date:
فى صفر سنة تسع وستين وستماية ....
ANS (22, 2.73).
61. As above.
As above, but date:
بجمادى الاول سنة تسع ستين و ستماية ....
Mayer, diameter and weight not given.
62. As above.
As above, but date:
فى رجب سنة تسع وتسين وستماية ....
Mayer, diameter and weight not given.
*63. As above.
As above, but only the first letter of the month visible; it may be Rajab or Ramaḍān. The year is clearly visible.
ANS (22, 2.90).
Two varieties of this issue exist. On the first, the mint and date formula is in the circular legend; on the second, it is on top and bottom, always on the reverse.
*64. No circular legend.
الصالحى
السلطان الملك
الظاهر ركن الدنيا والدين
ببرس قسيم امير المومنين
No circular legend.
وستين وستماية
(sic!)الامام الحاكم بالله
ابو العباس بن
امير المومنين ضرب بحماة
سنة ست
ANS (22, 2.89).
65. As above.
As above, but date at the last line:
سنه ثمان
L 710 (379); 711 (2.86).
66. As above.
As above, but first line missing.
Last line: سنة ثلاث
BMC 482 (24, 2.63) the decade is missing; this issue seems, however, to be a late emission; we think it should be 673 rather than 663 H.
DATE MISSING, BUT THE SAME ISSUE
66.a BMC 483 (22, 2.68). Mayer no. 3 and 5. Balog (23) date: 67.. H. ANS (20, 2.39).
DATE MISSING
*67. As above.
Counter-clockwise circular legend, starting on top:
ضرب بحما(ة)|....|....|وستماية
Center:
الامام الحاكم
بامر الله ابو
العباس
ANS (22, 2.81).
Title: al-Malik
NO MINT, UNDATED
Half-dirhem
*68. Circular legend, counter-clockwise:
R الرحيم L الرحمن T الله
Center:
الملك ا
لظاهر
Circular legend, counter-clockwise:
R الرحيم L الحمن T الله
Center:
لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
ANS (14, 1.32).
*69. Counter-clockwise circular legend:
R الرحيم L الرحمن T بسم الله
Center:
ببرس الصالحى
الملك ا لظاهر
ركن الدنيا والدينا
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
ضرب بالقاهرة|سنة ثمان|وخمسين |وستماية
Center:
ω لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
٧ ٧ ٧ ارسله بالهدى
Balog (19, 2.51).
*70. As above.
As above, but date:
.... سنة تسع ....
Balog (20, 2.58) Plate III, 70a.
L 716 (2.98) date: 65.. H. Mayer, no. 8. ANS, three specimens: (19, 2.19); (20, 2.78); (19, 2.53). Balog (14, 1.53) Half-dirhem. Plate III, 70b.
*71. As above.
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
ضرب بدمشق|....|....|وستماية
Center:
٧ لا اله الا الله
٧ محمد رسول الله
٧ ٧ ارسله بالهدى
ANS (22, 2.80).
All the following dirhems belong to the CAIRO mint. Three slight varieties can be distinguished:
On all three varieties:
No circular legend on the obverse.
Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
*72.
الصالحى
السلطان الملك ا
لظاهر ركن الدنيا الدين
٧ ٧ ببرس قسيم امير المومنين
Circular legend:
R وستماية | B هرة سنة ستين | L ضرب بالقا
Center:
ودين الحق
ω لا اله الا الله
ω محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
ANS, three specimens: (21, 2.72); (21, 2.83); (21, 2.78).
*73. As above.
Circular legend:
R وستماية | B سنة احد وستين | L ضرب بالقاهرة
Center as above.
ANS, two specimens: (21, 2.20); (22, 2.25) holed.
*74. As above.
As above, but date:
... سنة ثلاث وستين ...
ANS (22, 3.02).
*75.
الصالحى
السلطان الملك
الظاهر ركن الدنيا والدين
٧ ٧ ببرس قسيم امير المومنين
Circular legend:
L ستين وستماية | T ةسنة اثنىو | R ضرب بالقاهرة
Center:
ω لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
٧ ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق
ANS, two specimens: (20, 2.79); (21, 2.22).
*76. As above.
As above, but circular legend on top:
بالقاهر)ة سنة ثلاث)
Balog (20, 2.66).
*77. As above.
As above, but circular legend on top:
بالقاهر)ة سنة اربع)
Balog, three specimens: (22, 3.09); (22, 2.70); (20, 3.04). ANS, two specimens: (20, 1.98); (22, 2.64).
77.a DATE MISSING
ANS, seven specimens: (20, 2.79); (20, 3.09); (20, 2.48); (20, 1.98); (21, 2.62); (21, 2.81); (22, 2.29). Balog (16, 1.81).
MINT AND DATE FORMULA STARTS AT TOP
78.
الصالحى
٧ السلطان الملك
الظاهر ركن الدنيا والدين
٧ ببرس قسيم امير المومنين
∴ 
∴
Circular legend:
R وستماية | B وستين | L سنة اثنين | T ضرب بالقاهرة
Center:
ω لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
٧ ٧ ٧ ارسله بالهدى
Mayer no. 9.
79. As above.
As above, but date:
ثلاث وستين
Mayer no. 9.
80. As above.
As above, but date:
اربع وستين
Mayer no. 9.
81. As above.
As above, but date:
خمس وستين
Mayer no. 9. Jungfleisch (22, 2.66). ANS, three specimens: 1. (21, 2.87); 2. (22, 2.65); 3. (22, 2.10). Balog, two specimens: 21, 2.86) Plate III; (20, 2.65).
82. As above.
As above, but date:
ست وستين
L 717 (2.68). Mayer no. 9. ANS (22, 2.37).
83. As above.
As above, but date:
سبع وستين
L 718 (2.48). ANS (21).
84. As above.
As above, but date:
ثمان وستين
Beyram no. 245.
85. As above.
As above, but date:
تسع وستين
Mayer no. 9.
86. As above.
As above, but date:
سنة سبعين وستماية
Balog, two specimens: (20, 2.95) Plate III; (20, 2.88). Mayer no. 9. Jungfleisch (20, 2.81).
87. As above.
As above, but date:
... سنة احد وسبعين
Mayer no. 9. ANS (22, 2.61). Balog (20, 2.71).
*88. As above.
As above, but date:
... سنة اثنين وسبعين
Balog (20, 2.83) Plate IV.
No coins.
89. As above.
As above, but date:
... سنة اربع وسبعين
L 719 (2.75). Fonrobert no. 6554. ANS (21, 2.74). Balog, two specimens: (21, 2.77); (20, 2.92).
90. As above.
As above, but date:
سنة خمس وسبعين
Mayer no. 9. Balog, two specimens: (20, 2.76); (20).
*91. As above.
As above, but date:
سنة ست وسبعين
Balog, two specimens: (22, 2.83) Plate IV; (20, 2.88).
MISSING DATE, ENDING WITH: هجرية
*92. As above.
As above, but on right side the date ends with: هجرية
ANS (21, 3.00).
93. It has been established that all dirhems with a religious legend on the reverse were issued by the Cairo mint; the only exception is a single coin (ANS) with the title "al-Malik," from Damascus.
On the other hand, there exist many fractions of this dirhem, struck on narrow flans after more or less heating, on which
the whole peripheral portion of the legends is missing. Consequently, on all these coins the mint as well as the date is always
off flan. Nevertheless, they are easy to identify with the Cairo emission, because of the regal title "al-Sulṭān al-Malik" and especially from the small scroll-like ornament 
on top of the word رسول on the reverse. Of the numerous specimens we have seen, here are a few:
L 731 (1.25); 732 (0.90); 733 (1.16). ANS, six specimens: (13, 0.74); (13, 0.96); (14, 1.03); (14, 1.08); (16, 1.60); (13, 158). Balog, six specimens: (12, 0.65); (15, 0.88) Plate IV, 93a; (13,1.06); (13,1.21) Plate IV, 93b; (11, 1.68); (14,1.70). BM, six specimens.
Baybars' copper coins are scarce enough; usually much worn, the legends are often incomplete. They still often imitate the Ayyūbid-style arrangement of the legends, with a linear square or a hexagon. In general the fulūs belong to four groups.
All copper coins present Baybars' coat of arms, the lion passant to left.
94. Border on both sides: circular line, in which linear square. In the resulting segments the legends have vanished.
Center:
السلطان
الملك الظاهر
Center:
الامام
المستنصر
بالله ابو القسم
احمد امير المومنين
BMC 490 (18). Balog (18).
*95. Border on both sides: circle of dots, in which circular line.
Segments:
R ببرس | B .... | L والدين | T الصالحى
In the square:
الملك الظا
ركن الدنيا هر
الامام
المستنصر بالله
امير المومنين
The legend, beginning in the square, continues in the segments; the complete reading is: الملك الظاهر ركن الدنيا والدين ....ببرس الصالحى
ANS (21, 2.60) Plate IV.
MINT AND DATE MISSING, OR NOT MENTIONED
*96 Border missing on both sides. Linear square, in which:
السلطان
الملك الظاهر
الامام
الحاكم ا
مير المومنين
Balog (17) Plate IV.
*97. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
No circular legend.
الصالحى
السلطان الملك
الظاهر ركن الدنيا والدين
٧ ببرس قسيم امير المومنين
• 
Counter-clockwise circular legend, starting on top:
R وستماية | B سبعين | L سنة اربع و | T ضرب بدمشق
Balog (25, 2.80) Plate IV.
DAMASCUS, DATE MISSING
98. Border on both sides: circle of dots in which circular line:
Horizontal cartouche of dots, being the central segment of a hexagram.
In upper segment: السلطان
In central segment: 
In lower segment: الملك الظاهر
Linear hexagram. In the external angles, illegible traces of mint and date. In center:
لله
لا اله الا ا
محمد رسول ا
لله
BMC 488 (18). BM, Sir R. Burn 1949, 8–3–431; no number (16). Ashmol. (19) Plate IV. ANS (22, 1.69); (21, 2.11); (18, 3.17). Balog, three specimens: (17); (16) badly worn; (15) badly worn.
DAMASCUS, DATE MISSING
99. As above.
As above, but center:
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
BMC 489 (18). Jungfleisch (12, 2.73). Jungfleisch read the mint: Damascus.
100. Border circular line, in which concave-sided linear square:
Segments:
| ∴ B الظاهر ∴ | ∴ L الملك ∴ | ∴ T السلطان ∴ ∴ R ركن الدين ∴
Border circular line, in which linear square.
Segments:
R سنة احدى | B بدمشق | L .... | T ....
Center:
Center:
لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
L 744 (18, 1.27) Plate IV. Jungfleisch (19, 2.41).
On both coins the segment on the right, and with it the decade, is missing.
101. Border on both sides: circle of dots, in which linear circle.
السلطان
الملك الظاهر
لا اله الا
الله محمد رسو
ل الله
BMC 486 (22) Plate IV, 101a. L 746 (2.88). Khediv. 1492, 1493. Dorn et Gamazoff p. 73. Fonrobert no. 6552. Miles, "Antioch" no. 168. Wien no. 688. ANS, four specimens: (18, 1.63); (22, 2.69); (21, 2.90); (20, 2.55). Balog (20, 2.45) Plate IV, 101 b.
102.
الملك الظاهر
السلطان
As above.
BMC 487 (21). Jungfleisch (18), 2.82). Balog (18, 1.84).
103. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
الظاهر
السلطان
الملك
BM, T.W. Armitage 1936 5–19 (13) Plate IV. Soret 3–e lettre (à Dorn), no. 160. Soret attributed it to Aybak, but it belongs here.
Baraka displayed the blason he inherited from his father, the lion passant to left, on all his coins. The gold is represented by two dinars only, but his silver is a little more common, although not frequent.
104. Border on both sides: circular line; then counter-clockwise marginal legend, separated from the center by a double circular line.
Marginal legend missing.
Marginal legend:
... ضرب بالاسكندرية سنة ست وسبعين
Center:
امير المومنين
الملك السعيد ناصر
الدنيا والدين يركه قان بن
الملك الظاهر قسيم
Center:
ضرب بالاسكندريه
ω لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
٧ ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق
L 747 (20, 3.28) Plate IV, 104a. ANS (21, 4.26). Balog (19, 3.23) clipped. Plate IV, 104b.
On all dirhems, border on both sides; circular line in circle of dots. No circular legend on obverse; counter-clockwise circular legend, containing the mint and date formula on the reverse.
105. As above, but ornament on top of
السعيد ٧
Circular legend:
R وستماية | B وسبعين | L سنة ست | T ضرب بالقاهرة
Center:
ω ضرب بالقاهرة
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
Mayer. ANS (20, 2.94). Balog (21).
*106. As above.
As above, but date:
سنة سبع وسبعين
ANS (21, 2.24).
107. As above.
As above, but date:
سنة ثمان وسبعين
Mayer. Balog, three specimens: (20, 2.79) Plate IV, 107a; (21, 2.82) Plate IV, 107b; (19, 2.52).
107.a DATE MISSING
L 751 (3.28). ANS (21, 2.89). Balog (20, 2.78).
*108. ANS (15,1.44). Balog, nine specimens: (9, 1.65); (9, 1.43); (10, 1.83); (9, 1.69); (10, 1.47); (9, 1.47): (15, 1.64) Plate IV, 108a; (15, 1.45) Plate IV, 108b; (15, 1.85) Plate V, 108c.
The Cairo dirhems have two characteristics which enable us to identify them even when the mint is missing: On the obverse, there is
no ornament in front of the lion's head. On the reverse, a pretty scroll-like floral ornament is engraved on top of the 
word رسول. We shall see that the Damascus dirhems have different characteristic marks.
109. As above, but with Baraka's Tamgha in front of the lion's head:
Circular legend:
R وستماية | B وسبعين | L سنة ست | T ضرب بدمشق
Center:
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
L 748 (2.63). BM, J. Harrison-Ball 1938 5–13–28. ANS (22, 2.77). Balog (21, 2.76) Plate V.
110. As above.
As above, but date:
سنة سبع وسبعين
L 749 (2.99). Mayer. BM, no number. ANS (20, 2.94). Balog, three specimens: (20, 2.41); (21, 2.85) Plate V; (21).
111. As above.
As above, but date:
سنة ثمان وسبعين
Mayer. Khediv. no. 1494. ANS (20, 2.77). Balog (20, 2.80).
111.a DATE MISSING
L 750 (2,76), Khediv. no. 1495. Beyram no. 246. ANS, four specimens: (20, 3.25); (20, 3.64); (20, 2.84); (14, 1.48) Half-dirhem. Balog (14, 1.57) Half-dirhem.
The Damascus dirhems have a small triangular symbol, the edges looped, engraved in front of the lion's head: 
. On the reverse, on top of the word رسول, the elegant scroll-like floral ornament of the Cairo coin has been transformed into a somewhat simpler, more compact ornament: 
. Both signs are sufficient to recognize dirhems on which the mint is missing, as belonging to Damascus.
112. Mayer, no details.
Loewe, in NC XIX, 1856–7, pp. 71–84, attributed a silver coin to Baybars I. The illustration which accompanies his article, leaves no doubt that the coin is a dirhem of Baraka Qān.
Baybars's youngest son, Salāmish, was permitted to remain on the throne for a hundred days only by his regent, Qalā'ūn; accordingly, his coins are rather scarce and consist of dirhems only. His regal title on the Cairo emissions is al-Malik, on those of Damascus: al-Sulṭān al-Malik.
*113. Border on all coins, on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
No circular legend.
الصالحى
الملك العادل
• ٧ ٧ ٧ بدر الدنيا والدين
سلامش
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
R وستماية | B وسبعين | L سنة ثمان | T ضرب بالقهرة
Center:
ω لا اله الا الله
ω محمد رسول الله
٧ ارسله بالهدى
Balog, two specimens: (20, 2.75) (23, 2.72). Here again, note the characteristic floral-scroll ornament on the reverse, on top
of the word رسول:
Plate V.
114. المومنين
٧ الملك العادل
٧ بدر الدينا والدين سلامش
٧ بن الملك الظاهر
(قسيم (امير
Circular legend as above. Center: as above, ornaments slightly different.
BM, Gayer-Anderson 1947 7–6–27 (20) Plate V. Hartmann: ZfN XVIII, 1892, pp. 1–4, no. 2 (22, 2.68). Thorburn. ANS, two specimens: (21, 3.31); (22, 3.17).
115. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
No circular legend.
المومنين
السلطان الملك
العادل بدر الدنبا والدين
سلامش بن الملك الظاهر
○ قسم امير
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
ضرب بدمشق سنة ثمان وسبعين وستماية
Center: as above, but no ornaments.
L 754 (3.14). Hartmann, ZfN XVIII, 1892, pp. 1–4, no. 2 (22, 2.79). Siouffi p. 18. Mayer ANS (20, 2.86) Plate V.
Siouffi p. 18. ANS (23, 2.86). Ashmol.
Notwithstanding his eleven year reign, few coins of Qalā'ūn have come down to us. As the date is either incomplete or entirely missing on many coins, this series does not give a satisfactory picture of the sequence of his emissions.
Mint at top of obverse area
116. Border on both sides: circular line.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend: traces of profession of faith formula.
Linear multilobe, with small pellet in each external angle.
Center:
ضرب بالقاهرة
السطان الملك ا
لمنصور سيف الدنيا والدين
قلاون الصالحى قسيم
امير المومنين
Marginal legend: illegible traces.
Linear multilobe, with small pellet in each external angle.
Center:
الحق
لا اله الا الله
٧ محمد رسول الله
٧ ارسله بالهدى
ودين
BMC 491, s. (18, 2.75) Half-dinar Plate V. L 757 (6.30) Lavoix read in the rev. marginal legend of this coin the date 692 H.: ... ضرب هذا الدينار) المبارك سنة اثنين وتسعين و). This is impossible, because Qalā'ūn died in 689 H. Khediv. 1499, 1500.
Mint at top of reverse area
*117. Border on both sides: circular line.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend: profession of faith formula ending with:
بالهدى ودين الحق ....
Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
ضرب هذا الدينار المبارك بالقاهرة سنة سبع وثمانين وستماية
وستماية
Double linear circle; center:
المومنين
السلطان الملك
المنصور سيف الدنيا والدين
قلاون الصالحى
قسيم امير
Double linear circle; center:
ضرب بالقاهرة
ω لا اله الا الله ◯
٧ ٧ محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق
ANS (21, 6.81).
118. As above.
As above, but date:
سنه ثمان وثمانين
Khediv. 1497.
DATE MISSING
Khediv. 1496, 1498. Broach p. 341 (23, 7.26). ANS (23, 6.02). Balog (22, 5.35) Plate V.
*119. Border on both sides: circular line.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend: profession of faith formula.
Linear dodekalobe; center:
• المومنين •
السلطان الملك
المنصور سيف الدنيا والدين
٧ قلاون الصالحى
٧ قسيم امير
Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
... ضرب بالا]سكندرية سنة احد وثمانين و
Linear dodekalobe, center:
• الحق •
ω لا اله الا الله
٧ محمد رسول الله
٧ ٧ ارسله بالهدى
ودين
Balog (26, 4.76) Plate V.
119.a DATE MISSING
L 755 (5–38). BMC 491, k (23, 5.12); 491, n (23, 5.12); 491, o (21, 4.04).
Although the mint is missing, they can be safely attributed to Alexandria through the type of the legend.
*120. Border on both sides: circular line.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend: profession of faith formula.
Linear dodekalobe, pellet in each external angle.
Center:
ضرب بدمشق
السلطان الملك ا
لمنصور سيف الدينا والدين
امير المومنين
Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
سنة اثنين وثمانبن وستماية ....
Linear dodekalobe, pellet in each external angle.
Center:
• الحق •
ω لا اله الا الله
٧ محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
ودين
Balog (21, 5.54) Plate V.
DATE MISSING
L 756 (4.90). Cunha 1470. ANS (22, 5.44).
MINT AND DATE MISSING, NO DETAILS
Fonrobert 6555 (22, 5.60). Codrington, Ceylon Coins and Currency no. 10.
Silver
All silver coins are of the same type. Border on both sides: dodekalobe of dots between two linear dodekalobes. No marginal legend, but on the reverse, a counter-clockwise circular inscription starting at the top, containing the mint and date formula.
678 OR 679 H.
121. قسيم امير
٧ السلطان الملك
المنصور سيف الدنيا والدين
٧ قلاون الصالحى
المومنين • •
Circular legend:
ضرب بالقارهرة (سنة ...)وسبعين
Center:
ω لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
٧ ٧ ارسله بالهدى
Mayer, two coins. The digit of the date is missing; the coins can, therefore, belong to either Qalā'ūn's first or to his second year.
122. As above.
As above, but date:
سنة احد وثمانين وستماية
L 767 (2.48); 768 (2.90). Mayer, three coins. Balog (22, 2.44) Plate V. ANS (22, 2.82).
123. As above.
As above, but date:
سنة ثلاث وثمانين وستماية
Mayer, one coin.
*124. As above.
As above, but date:
سنة خمس وثمانين وستماية
ANS (22, 2.94).
*125. As above.
As above, but date:
سنة ثمان وثمانين وستماية
ANS (21, 2.81).
DATE INCOMPLETE OR MISSING
ANS (21, 2.82) 68.. H.; (23, 2.48). L 764 (2.95) 68.. H.; 769 (2. 75) 6..7/9 H.; 771 (1.30) Half-dirhem. Mayer 68.. H. nine coins. Jungfleisch (23, 2.49) Plate V. Balog (21, 2.11) 6–9 H.; (21, 2.87).
126. المومنين
السلطان الملك
المنصور سيف الدنيا
والدين قلاون الصالحى
(قسيم (امير
As above.
L 766 (2.84) 68– H.; 770 (2. 69) 6— H. Balog (21, 2.82).
127. All the Cairo dirhems show a characteristic floral-scroll ornament 
on top of the word رسول of the reverse legend. Consequently, the following dirhem-fractions, all with the mint missing, have
been struck in Cairo:
L 780 (1.78) 687 H. the word سبع, seven, is preserved in the circular legend; 781 (1.50) 68– H.; 783 (1.22) Plate V, 127a; 784 (2.05); 785 (1.05); 786 (1.80) Plate V, 127b; 787 (1.93); 788 (1.10); 789 (0.90); 790 (2.35); 791 (2.10); 792 (1.50. ANS (15, 2.44); (14, 1.49). Balog, three specimens: (13, 1.84); (17, 1.41); (14, 1.56). Ashmol. Beyram.
*128. As Cairo, var. A.
As above, but mint and date:
R وستماية | B وثمانين | L سنة اربع | T (ضرب بالاس(كندرية
ANS (22, 3.27).
129. امير المومنين
السلطان الملك ا
لمنصور سيف الدنيا والدين
قلاون الصالحى
قسيم
Circular legend:
ضرب بدمشق سنة احد وثمانين وستماية
Center:
ضرب بدمشق سنة احد وثمانين وستماية
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
L 772 (3.0)
130. As above.
As above, but date:
ثلاث وثمانين وستماية
L 773 (2.92).
131. As above.
As above, but date:
خمس وثمانين وستماية
L 774 (2.91); 775 (2.66); 776 (3.03) Plate V, 131a.
L 777 (3.18); 778 (2.29). Balog, three specimens: (20, 2.39); (20, 3.26) ornament on top of 
رسول Plate V, 131b; (22, 2.60) ornament on top of رسول. Jungfleisch (15, 0.89) Half-dirhem. Obv.: المنصور Plate V, 131c. ANS, two specimens: (20, 3.07); (20, 3.70).
132. ω الصالحى 
السلطان الملك ا
٧ لمنصور سيف الدينا والدين
قلاون 
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
ضرب بدمشق سنة سبع وثمانين وستماية
Center:
ω لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ω ارسله بالهدى
Gagarine 1349. ANS (22, 2.77).
*133. As above.
As above, but date:
سنة ثمان ثمانين وستماية
ANS (21, 2.90).
134. As above.
As above, but date:
سنة تسع ثمانين وستماية
L 761 (2.73); 762 (2.79). ANS, two specimens: (21, 2.81); (21, 2.89). Jungfleisch (22, 2.92) Plate V. Balog (21, 2.82).
Khediv. 1501, 1502, 1503, 1504–7. L 759 (3.04); 778 (3.55); 763 (2.83).
Broach, four coins. Mayer 681 H.; 683 H.; 684 H. Although no description given, these coins should belong to var. A. Fonrobert 6556 (21, 3.20).
135. Mayer p. 171, 679 H. three coins. L 758 (2.92) date missing. Lavoix' description does not seem to correspond entirely with this type of dirhem. For dirhems and half dirhems of 689 H. infra p. 394.
136. Mayer p. 171, date missing.
137. Coarse writing
As above, but profession of faith formula on reverse ends with: ليظهره على الدين كله BMC 494 (23, 2.20). Balog (17, 1.41) Half-dirhem. Plate V.
*138. Border on both sides: circular line. In it, linear square, in a square of dots. Legends in the segments: missing.
السلطان
الملك المنصور
سيف
الدنيا والدين
قلاو
ن 
BM, no number (22) Plate V.
139. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
الملك
سيف
المنصور
الدين
الدين
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول
الله
Blau 291. Balog (18, 2.30) Plate V.
*140. Border on both sides missing.
المومنين
السلطان الملك ا
لمنصور سيف الدنيا والدين
قلاون الصالحى
قسيم امير
Circular legend:
ضرب بالقاهرة سنة ثمان وسبعين وستماية
Center:
ω لا اله اله الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
Ashmol. Balog (21, 2.82) Plate V.
141. As above.
As above, but mint: ضرب بدمشق and date missing.
Erman B/35–1 (22).
Although few dinars have been preserved, we have a fairly representative series of different mints. The dirhems are somewhat more numerous, but astonishingly few complete dates are known and it seems that only Cairo and Damascus issued silver. Finally, copper is represented by only two specimens.
*142. Border on both sides: circular line.
On both sides, counter-clockwise marginal legend:
بسم الله لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين الحق
ضرب هذا الدينار)المبارك بالقاهرة المحروسة)
.... سنة تسعين
On both sides, double circular line.
Center:
قلاوة 
٧ ω السلطان الملك الاشرف
صلاح الدين ناصر الملة المحمديه
محى الدولة العباسية
٧ خليل بن
Center:
الدين كله
ω لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله
٧ بالهدى ودين الحق
ليظهره على
Balog (24, 4.60) Plate VI.
*143. Border missing.
Marginal legend missing.
Double circular line.
Center: as above.
ANS (23, 6.80).
Border: circular line.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
[ه المحروسة سنة احد وتسعين وستما[بة[....
Double circular line. محى الدولة العباسية
Center: as above.
144. Border on both sides: circular line.
On both sides counter-clockwise marginal legend:
لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله ارسله بالهدى ودين الحق
.... الدينار المبارك بالقاهرة سنة اثنين ...
On both sides: circular line.
Center:
قلاون 
السلطان الملك الا شرف
صلاح الدين ناصر الملة المحمدية
محى الدولة العباسية
خليل بن 
Center:
ω لا اله الا الله محمد
٧ ω ٧ رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق ليظهره على
الدين
BMC 495 (23, 6.42). Khediv. 1510. ANS (22, 3.84). Balog (23, 5.89) Plate VI.
145. Border on both sides: circular line.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
Traces of profession of faith formula
... الدينار المبارك ....
On both sides: double circular line.
Center:
السلطان الملك
الاشرف صلاح الدنيا والدين
خليل قسيم امير المومنين
بن الملك المنصور
Center:
ضرب بالقاهرة
لااله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق
Khediv. 1509. Cunha 1471, 1472. White-King 2229 (7.10).
On all Cairo dinars the mint is: بالقاهرة المحروسة = "Cairo the Guarded."
146. As Cairo 690 H.
Border: circular line.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
بالاسكندرية سنة تسعين وستماية ...
Circular line. Center: as Cairo 690 H.
Siouffi p. 18.
*147. Border on both sides: circular line.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend on both sides:
Profession of faith formula ending:
على الدين كله
Circular line on both sides.
Center: as Cairo 692 H.
ضرب هذا الدينار المبارك بثغر
الاسكندرية سنة اثنتين وتسعين و ستماية
Center: as Cairo 692 H., but first and last line flanked by triple pellets:
كله / 
الدين
ANS (24, 8.41).
This is one of the exceptionally rare occurrences of the mint-name: ثغر الاسكندرية. cf. mint-notes.
148. As Cairo 690 H.
As Cairo 690 H., but marginal legend:
بدمشق المحروسة سنة تسعين وستماية
L 793 (7.51). Siouffi p. 78.
Border on both sides: dodekalobe of dots between two linear dodekalobes, on all dirhems.
149. No circular legend.
قلاون
السلطان الملك الاشرف
صلاح الدين ناصر الملة المحمدية
محى الدولة الدولة العباسية
خليل بن
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
...... ضرب بالقاهرة سنة
Center:
ω لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين الحق
L 797 (2.93); 798 (2.81); 799 (0.96); 800 (1.29); 801 (3.75); 802 (1.09); 803 (1.28); 804 (1.11); 805 (1.29); 806 (1.46); 807 (1.54) Plate VI; 808 (1.73); 809 (2.13). Balog (22, 2.79). Thorburn (0.97).
150.
السلطان الملك
.... الاشرف صلاح
.... خليل قسيم امير
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين الحق
BMC 496 (22, 2.80) similar to the dinar Khediv. 1509, therefore, likely to have been struck in Cairo.
151. Counter-clockwise circular legend on both sides:
T المنصور
○
R الملك
○
B السلطان
○
L مولانا
○
R وستماية
B تسعين
L سنة
T ضرب بدمشق
Center:
ضرب بدمشق
الاشرف صلاح الدنيا
والدين خليل بن
....
Center:
لا اله الا الله
٧ محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
Balog (21, 2.88) Plate VI, 151a. Jungfleisch (22, 2.88) Plate VI, 151b. L 796 (3.24) Plate VI, 151c.
152. No circular legend.
بن قلاون
بالسلطان الملك الاشرف
صلاح الدين ناصر الملة المحمدية
محى الدولة العباسبة
خليل
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
...... ضرب بدمشق
Center: as above.
L 794 (3.03) Circular legend: ....; 795 (2.82) Obv. Center: خليل بن/قلاون Rev. Center: /ودين الحق
L 801 (3.75); 802 (1.09); 803 (1.28); 804 (1.11); 805 (1.29); 806 (1.46); 807 (1.54); 808 (1.73); 809 (2.13).
*153. On both sides: border of dots.
الملك الاشرف/
صلاح الدنيا
ضرب
والدين خليل
ابن قلاون
....
Thorburn (18, 1.71).
*154. Border missing on both sides.
ا]لسطان الملك ا[لاشرف
صلاح الدين ناصر الملة المحمد[ية
ومحى]الدولة العبا[سية
خليل
لا]اله الا الله
محمد]رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين
[الحق]
ANS (16, 1.36). Epigraphy and arrangement of legends suggest Egyptian origin.
In a footnote on page 150 of his Catalogue of the Oriental Coins in the British Museum, vol. IV, Stanley Lane-Poole wrote: "After many fruitless attempts to distinguish the coinage of the first reign from that of the second reign, and this latter from the third, I am obliged to arrange the whole series together; seeing that not one coin in it can definitely be ascribed to the first or second reign."
Eighty years have passed since these lines were written. Although we have now many more coins than Lane-Poole had, the material is still not sufficiently abundant. Only two dinars, with date complete, belong with certainty to the second reign and these two were already known to Lane-Poole. There are still none of the first reign.
It would seem, therefore, that we have not advanced very much since the conclusion of the British Museum Catalogue. Yet it is possible now to arrange al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's coinage in fairly good chronological order to a certain extent.
A distinct evolution is apparent, if we compare the gold and silver issues with each other and with the successive coinages of both al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's predecessors and successors. Specimens with complete date are comparatively scarce; there is, however, no doubt that coins similar to Baybars I and Qalā'ūn's issues must be early. The heavy dinars, struck on a wide flan and without a marginal legend, must on the other hand, represent the coinage of the later years; they served as prototype for his successors.
With al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's accession, the emission of copper suddenly became abundant. Many fulūs are undated; it is not possible to attribute them specifically to any of the three reigns.
As, however, all the dated copper coins belong to the third reign, for practical purposes this is where the entire copper coinage shall be listed.
1ST REIGN: 693–694 H. = 1293–1294 A.D.
No coins
Kitbughā's coins are all of great rarity; the 17 dirhems in the Paris collection probably come from a single hoard.
155. Border on both sides: linear circle.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend on both sides:
Profession of faith formula to: ليظهره
بسم الله هدا الدينار المبارك بالقاهرة
سنة خمس وتسعين وستماية
Double circular line on both sides.
Center:
المنصورى
السلطان الملك
العادل زين الدنيا والدين
٧ كتبغا قسيم امير
المومنين
Center:
ضرب بالقاهرة
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق
L 835 (5.94). Siouffi p. 18. Balog (22, 6.60) Plate VI.
*156. Border on both sides: circular line.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend on both sides:
Profession of faith formula to: بالهدى
بسم الله ضرب هذا الدرينار بدمشق المحروسة
.... سنة خمس و
Circular line on both sides.
Center:
كتبنا
السلطان الملك
٧ ٧ العادل ناصر الملة
المحمدية زين الدينار
الدين 
Center:
الحق
ω لااله الا الله
ωمحمد رسول الله 
ارسله بالهدى
ودين 
Wien Inv. no. 6332 (24, 8.50) Plate VI.
157. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
No circular legend.
المنصورى
السلطان الملك
العادل زين الدنيا والدين
كتبغا قسيم امير
المومنين
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
R وستماية|
B وتسعين|
L سنة اربع|
T ضرب بالقاهرة
Center:
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
٧ ٧ ارسله بالهدى
L 837 (2.74); 843 (3.25).
158. As above.
As above, but digit of date:
سنة خمس
L 838 (2.80). Balog (13, 1.37) Plate VI, 158a. ANS (21, 3.01).
L 839 (3.39) 69– H.; 840 (2.45) 69– H.; 844 (3.40) 69– H.; 846 (1.63) 69– H.; 841 (2.12); 842 (1.60) Plate VI, 158b; 845 (1.72); 847 (1.37); 848 (1.38); 849 (1.19); 850 (1.00); 851 (0.92); 852 (0.90). Gagarine (1334) Half-dirhem. ANS, three specimens: (22, 2.97); (14, 1.15); (12, 1.31). Balog (12, 1.31). Thorburn 0.97.
159. Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe in dodekalobe of dots.
No circular legend.
كتبغا
السلطان الملك
٧ ٧ العادل ناصر الملة
٧ المحمدية زين الدنيا
والدين
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
R وستماية|
B وتسعين|
L سنة خمس|
T ضرب بالقاهرة
Center:
ω لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
٧ ارسله بالهدى
Balog, two specimens: (22, 3.10) Plate VI, 159a (date missing); (20, 2.82) Plate VI, 159b. L 836 (2.57) Lavoix misread Kitbughā's name for the date. BMC 497 (20, 2.42) date missing. ANS, two specimens: (21, 2.97) incomplete; (13, 1.13) Half-dirhem, incomplete.
Epigraphic
*160. Border missing on both sides.
الملك
العادل
زين)الدين)
كتبنا
قسم ا)مير المومنين)
ANS (17) unique fals. Plate VI, 160.
Heraldic
161. Border on both sides: linear circle in circle of dots.
السلطا
ن الملك ا
لعادل
No legend. In field: chalice.
Mayer, SH, Pl. XX, nos. 2 and 4. BM, Marsden CCCI (16) Plate VI, 161a. Balog, two specimens: (8) Plate VI, 161b; (19). Jungfleisch, three coins: (14, 1.67); (16, 2.58); (20, 3.69).
162. Border on both sides missing (probably circular line).
On both sides, counter-clockwise marginal legend: سبع وتسعين وستماية .. Profession of faith formula, ending with: الحق
Center:
خلد الله
السلطان الملك 
المنصور حسام الدنيا والدين
ابو الفتح لاجين المنصورى
سلطانه
Center:
ضرب بالقاهرة
ω لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
٧ ٧ ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق
BM, Salurgie 1901 10–681 (20, 5.50) Plate VI, 162a. ANS (21, 6.35) Plate VI, 162b date missing. L 845 (22, 5.37) Plate VI, 162c date missing. Siouffi p. 18.
Note the invocation سلطانه | خلد الله on obv.
163. Border on both sides: circular line.
On both sides: counter-clockwise marginal legend:
Missing (profession of faith formula). .... المحروسة سنة ثمان وتسعين
On both sides: circular line.
Center:
لاجين 
السلطان الملك
المنصور ناصر الملة
المحمدية حسام الدنيا
والدين
Center:
الحق 
ω لا اله الا الله
ω محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى ω
....
L 853 (20, 4.85) Plate VII.
Lavoix (p. 561 of the Catalogue des Monnaies Musulmanes, Additions & Corrections) notes the difficulties in reading the date, which on the coin is clearly جمل. We believe, that it is simply a misspelling for eight ثمان, the logical date for Lājīn being 698. Of the mint, only the epithet "the Guarded", المحروسة, is preserved; it applies to Cairo as well as to Damascus, but as the Damascus dirhem is of the same type, the dinar may as well belong there.
164. Border on both sides: dodekalobe of dots between two linear dodekalobes.
No circular legend.
Center:
خلد الله
السلطان الملك
المنصور حسام الدنيا والدين
ابو الفتح لاجين المنصورى
سلطانه
Circular legend missing.
Center:
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
BMC 498 (20, 3.88). ANS (21, 3.25).
165. Border on both sides: dodekalobe of dots between two linear dodekalobes.
No circular legend.
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
ضرب بدمشق سنة ست تسعين وستماية
Center:
لاجين
السلطان الملك
المنصور ناصر الملة
المحمدية حسام الدنيا
والدين
Center:
ω لا اله الا الله
ω محمد رسول الله
٧ ٧ ارسله بالهدى
L 855 (3.12). ANS, three specimens: (22, 2.82); (20, 2.92); (20, 3.08) date missing. Balog (21, 3.16) Plate VII. Gagarine 1355.
166. Border: circle of dots.
السطا
ن الملك
المنصور
Border: circle of dots in circular line. Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
لاجين ضرب بدمشق
Center: Lājīn's blason: a fesse.
Mayer, SH p. 148 (17.5, 1.60) Plate VII; p. 149 (18, 1.57). ANS Balog (16).
Two dinars can be attributed to the second reign with certainty. One has the complete date, the digit is missing on the other, but it is of the same type as the first; therefore, it is safe to place it in the same reign. A few more dinars are known of the same type, that is, with a marginal legend on both sides; although the date is missing, there is little doubt that they also were struck during al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's second reign. A unique fals, anonymous but dated 701 H., is known, but no silver.
167. Border on both sides: circular line.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend on both sides:
....لا اله الا الله محمد
ضرب هذا .....تسعين وسنماية
On both sides: double circular line.
Center:
قلاون
السلطان الملك
ناصر ناصر الدنيا والدين ω ω
محمد ابن الملك
المنصور 
Center:
ضرب بالقاهرة
ω لا اله الا الله
ω ٧ محمد رسول الله
٧ ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق
BMC 498,k (22, 3.69).
168. As above.
Marginal legend:
ضرب هذا الدينار المبارك بالقاهرة المحروسة سنة سبع وسبعماية
Center as above.
BMC 498.m (23, 6.09). Thorburn.
Border on both sides: circular line.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend on both sides.
On both sides: double circular line.
Central legend: as above.
BMC 502,d (27, 4.34) Rev. margin: .... بالقاهرة المحروسة سنه ست و ... L. 815 (22, 5.92) Rev. margin: ... المارك بالقاهرة سنة خمس ... 695?. Broach no. 3 (23, 5.57). Balog BIE XXXII 1950, p. 255 (18, 1.18) Half-dinar. Plate VII.
169. Border missing.
Marginal legend missing.
Circular line.
Center:
قلاون 
السلطان الملك
الناصر ناصر الديناوا
لدين محمد بن الملك
٧ المنصور 
Border missing.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
... بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هذا
Circular line.
Center:
ضرب بحماة ○
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله 
ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق ○
L 810 (22, 5.15) Plate VII, Retouched.
170. Border on both sides missing.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend on both sides:
... بد)مشق المحروسة سنة) ...
.... المبارك سنة ....
Center:
As above.
Center:
ضرب بدمشق
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
المحروسة
L 813 (4.11). BMC 502, f (20, 6.61).
*171. Border on both sides: missing.
On both sides: linear hexagram, in which:
ضرب
بحلب
احدو
سبعماية
This is an anonymous coin, struck in Aleppo in 701 H. There can be no doubt therefore that fulūs were struck during al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's second reign.
ANS (18, 2.86) Plate VII.
Only a few coppers coins were hitherto known, and now a half-dozen dirhems have come to light; dinars are as yet unknown.
On all dirhems, border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
*172. No circular legend.
Counter-clockwise circular legend.
R وسبعماية|
L سنة تسع| ٧
T ضرب بطرابلس
Center:
السلطان الملك
المظفر ركن الدنيا والدين
ببرس المنصورى ٧
Center:
لا اله الا الله
ω ٧ ٧ محمد رسول الله
٧ ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق
Balog, three coins: (23) Plate VII, 172a; (20) Plate VII, 172b; (14) Plate VII, 172c.
*173.
المنصورى
السلطان الملك
المظفر ركن الدينا وا
٧ لبين ببرس قسيم
(امير المومنين)
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
R وسبعماية|
B تسع|
L سنة|
T .... ضرب
Center:
لا اله الا الله
ω ٧ ٧ محمد رسول الله
٧ ارسله بالهدى
Balog (19, 2.20) Plate VII.
*174.
المنصورى
السلطان الملك
المظفر ركن الدنيا والدين
ابو الفتح ببرس قسيم
(امير المومنين)
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
R وسبعماية|
L سنة تسع|
T .... ضرب
Center:
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق
Balog (20, 3.16) Plate VII.
175. Border on both sides: double circle of dots.
On both sides: counter-clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك المظفر ركن الدنيا والدين
٧ ٧ ٧ ضرب بطرابلس المحروسة سنة تسع
On both sides: inner circle of dots.
Center:
٧ ببرس
Center:
وسبعماية
Fraehn, Recensio pp. 173–4; Münzkabinett . BMC 491 BM, no number (both coins first attributed to Baybars I, later transfered to Baybars II). Gagarine 1361, 1362 (al-Nāṣir Muḥammad or Baybars II?). P.A.M. 498. ANS München. Thorburn. Balog, five specimens: (20), Plate VII, 175a; (20); (20); (20); (17) Half-fals. Plate VII, 175b.
Only dinars minted in Cairo and Damascus are extant from the third reign. Two types can be distinguished:
I. Early issues which still show a marginal legend. The mint and date formula is in the marginal legend of the reverse. One exception is known: BMC 499 t, Cairo 738 H., still has marginal legends.
II. New type on a wide flan, without marginal or circular legends. Border on both sides, on all dinars, a thick circular line. Only one dinar is dated 724 H., all the others are later than 730 H.
176. Border on both sides: circular line.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend on both sides:
لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله ارسله بالهدى ودين الحق
٧ ضرب هذا الدينار المبارك)بالقاهرة سنة احد وعشر)
وسبعماية
Double circular line on both sides.
Center:
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين محمد
ابن الملك المنصور
قلاون
Center:
الله
وما النصر الامن عند
ω لا اله الا الله محمد
ω رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين
الحق
BMC 498,s (23, 5.44) Plate VII.
177. As above.
As above, but marginal legend:
.... عشر (sic) سنة ثالث ....
BMC 499 (24, 5.95). Mint missing, but same arrangement of legends, therefore: Cairo.
Khediv. (1512, 1513). L 816 (7.82). Balog (23, 5.10) Plate VII.
178. Border on both sides: circular line.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend on both sides:
(sic) بسم الله...بدمشق المحروسة سنة احد عشر وسبعما
(sic) على الدين (كله)...ضرب بدمشق سنة احد عشر
Circular line on both sides.
Center:
قلاون
السطان الملك
ω ω الناصر ناصر الدنياو
الدبن محمد بن الملك
المنصور 
Center:
ليظهره
ω لا الا الا الله 
ω محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق
L 811 (21, 4.15) Plate VII.
Obv.: marginal legend contains the mint and date formula. Rev.: Religious legend starting in the field continues in the margin and ends with the mint and date formula once more.
179. As above, but marginal legend:
بدمشق سنة ثلث عشر وسبعماية
As above, but marginal legend:
المحروسة سنة ثلث عشر وسبعماية...
L 812 (7.11). Siouffi, two specimens: pp. 18 and 78.
All coins of this type: border on both sides a thick circular line. No marginal or circular legends.
*180.
بالقاهرة
السلطان الملك النا
صر الدنيا والدين محمد ω
بن المالك المنصور قلاون
اربع وعشرين وسبعماية
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
ω لااله الا الله محمد
ω رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين
الحق
Bajocchi (21, 9.0) note that the word Nāṣir of the protocol only occurs once.
*181.
سنة
بالقاهرة
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين محمد ابن
ω الملك المنصور
ثلاث وثلاثين سبعماية
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
ω لا اله الا الله محمد
ω رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين
BM, Lincoln Johnston 1906 4–350 (24, 6.0) Plate VIII. Jungfleisch (25, 5.38).
182. This is the only late dinar with marginal legends.
Border on both sides: circular line.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend on both sides:
.... الحق ليظهره على الد ....
... ضرب هذا الدينار ...
Double circular line on both sides.
Center:
بالقاهرة
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين محمد بن
الملك المنصور
سنة ثمان وثلاثين وسبعماية
Center:
As above.
BMC 499,t (24, 6.02).
183.
بالقاهرة
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا و الدين محمد بن
الملك المنصور
سنة تسع
(sic) وثلاثين وسبعما
As above, but last line: لي ظهره
BMC 500 (24, 7.92) according to Lane-Poole, the marginal legend is illegible; actually, there is no marginal legend. Broach no. 5, two coins.
184. The omission of Catalogue No. 184 is an editorial error discovered too late to allow alteration without completely upsetting the reference values of the entire catalogue. No coin has been left out.
185.
سنة
ضرب بالقاهرة
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدين محمد بن
الملك المنصور
اربعين وسبعماية
As above, but ornaments:
ارسله
رسول
L 814 (7.85).
186.
ضرب بالقاهرة
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين محمد بن
الملك المنصور سنة احد
و سبعماية (sic) وربعين
الله
ω وما النصر الا من عند
ω لا اله الا الله محمد
ω رسول الله ارسله با
لهدى ودين الحق
• ليظهره •
BMC 500,k (25, 6.80) Plate VIII.
BMC 501. (24, 11.0). Cunha 147. Wien 7420.
187.
٧ بالله
وماتوفيقى الا
ω اللسلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين محمد ω
بن الملك المنصور 
قلاون 
ω لا اله الا الله
ω محمد رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين الحق ضرب 
بدمشق سنة ثمان و
٧ ثلثين وسبعماية
Khediv. 1514.
*188. As above.
As above, but last two lines:
بدمشق سنة تسع و
ثلثين وسبعماية
Jungfleisch (28, 6.90) Plate VIII.
189.
ضرب بدمشق
بالسلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين محمد ω
بن الملك المنصور سنة
اربعين وسبعماية
الله 
وما النصر الا من عند
لا اله الا الله محمد ω
رسول الله ارسله ω
بالهدى ودين الحق
BMC 500,f (26, 9.59). Broach no. 5 (27, 7.39). Fig. Codrington.
190. As above, but last line:
(sic) احدى واربعين
As above.
BM, Lincoln Johnston 1906 (4–349) Plate VIII. Broach no. 5. ANS (22, 6.82).
Broach no. 5, several specimens.
Border on both sides, on all dirhems: circular line in circle of dots.
*191. No circular legend.
محمد 
السلطان الملك
ال]ناصر الدنيا
والدين بن ام[ير
المومنين
ودين الحق
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
ANS (21, 2.99) note at the end of protocol: بن امير المومنين = son of the commander of the faithful. (Probably engraver's error).
192.
السلطان الملك
الناصر ناصر الدنياو الدين
محمد بن قلاون قسيم
امير المومنين
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
R وسبعماية | B ..... | L سنة اربع | T ضرب بالقاهرة
Center:
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسو ل الله
ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق
BMC 514 (22, 2.99) date 7–4 H. which may be 714, 724 or 734 H.
193.
(المومنين)
السلطان الملك
(الناصر ناصر(الدنيا والدين
(محمد بن(قلاون
قسيم امير
As above, but date only: 7—H.
L 818 (1.72).
*194.
وما توفيقى الا
٧ بالله السلطان الملك
ω ω الناصر ناصر الدنيا والدين
محمد بن الملك المنصور
قلاون
لا اله الا الله
ω ٧ ٧ محمد رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين الحق ضرب
بدمشق سنة ثلثين
وسبعماية
Balog (20, 2.93) Plate VIII.
195. As above.
As above, but last two lines:
بدمشق سنة احدى
وثلثين وسبعماية
Khediv. 1515.
*196. As above.
As above, but last two lines:
بدمشق سنة اربع
وثلثين وسبعماية
Balog (20, 3.25) Plate VIII.
BMC 513 (22, 3.41). Ashmol. date 7–2 H. Damascus. ANS (22, 2.51).
197. (There is some doubt about the attribution to Damascus, because the legends on both sides, on the 711 and 713 H. dinars of Cairo, also start with: الله).
وما النصر الا من عبد
الله
وما النصر الا من عبد
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين محمد
بن المالك المنصور
قلاون
الله
وما النصر الا من عبد
لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين
الحق
BMC 515 (20, 2.68). Jungfleisch, two specimens: (20, 2.61); on rev. of his second coin: ارسله at the beginning of the fifth line; (20, 3.62).
198.
وسبعماية
السلطان الملك
الناصر ناصر الدنيا و[الدين
... ...بن ا]لمنصور]
......
ضرب بطرابلس
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق
BMC 512 (22, 2.05).
*199. No circular legend.
قلاون
السلطان الملك
• •
الناصر ناصر الدنيا و
•
الدين محمد بن الملك
المنصور
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
R وسبعماية | B سنة ثلاثين و | L .... | T ضرب بحلب
Center:
لااله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
• •
ارسله بالهدى
Jungfleisch (23, 2.76). Balog (21, 2.67).
*200. As above.
As above, but date starts at the bottom, counter-clockwise:
...... سنة احد وثلاثية|و
Jungfleisch (20, 3.47).
201. As above.
As above, but date starts at the bottom, counter-clockwise:
سنة ثلاث ثلاثين |سبعيماية
BMC 504 (22, 2.61).
*202. As above.
As above, but date starts at the bottom, counter-clockwise:
سبع وثلاثين و|سبعماية
Balog (22, 2.63) Plate VIII.
*203. As above.
As above, but date starts at the bottom, counter-clockwise:
R وسبعماية | B ثلاثين | L سنة تسع
Jungfleisch (18, 2.28).
Of a large number of coins, only a few can be mentioned:
BMC 507 (20, 3.11) date 7–1 H.; 509 (21, 2.60). L 820 (3.08). Beyram. Wien 7869. ANS (22, 3.11); (21, 3.50). Jungfleisch (20, 2.48); 20, 2.87); (21, 3.09). Balog (20, 3.38); (20, 3.40).
*204.
قلاون
السلطان الملك ا
لناصر ناصر الدنيا وا
لدين محمد بن الملك
المنصور
ضرب بحماة
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
خمس عشر وسبعماية
Jungfleisch (21, 3.25).
*205. As above.
As above, but date at the last line:
تسع عشر وسبعماية
Jungfleisch, two coins: (21, 1.59); (22, 3.22).
*206. As above.
As above, but date at the last line:
ثلاثين وسبعماية
Balog (20, 3.35).
*207. As above.
As above, but date at the last line:
ثلاث ثلاثين
Jungfleisch (20, 1.48)
*208. As above.
As above, but date at the last line:
اربع ثلاثين سبعماية
Jungfleisch (21, 2.61).
209.
قلاون
السلطان الملك
الناصر ناصر الدنيا
والدين محمد بن الملك المنصور
الصالحى
ضرب بحماة
لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين الحق
خمس ثلاثين
BMC 505 (20, 3.56) mint missing, but the arrangement of the legends indicate Ḥamāh; 511 (20, 2.72) although the date is missing, the arrangement of the legends is typical for the same year.
210. As 734 H.
As 734 H., but last line:
سنة سته وثلاثين
BMC 506 (21, 3.18) Plate VIII, 210a. Jungfleisch (20, 1.87).
BMC 510 (19, 2.72). L 817 (3.02). Broach no. 32, eight specimens. Wien 5755. ANS (21, 2.85). Jungfleisch, two specimens: (20, 2.79); (20, 3.02). Balog (21, 2.25) Plate VIII 210b.
*211.
ضرب بحماة
السلطان الملك
الناصر ناصر الدنيا
والدين محمد بن قلاون
Only سنة visible on the left, otherwise the counter-clockwise circular legend missing.
Center:
ودين الحق
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
ANS (21, 2.85).
212. Black (cut) dirhems and fractions of the dirhem
We have a great number of silver coins minted with the technique of the Fāṭimid black dirhems. These are struck on an unheated or insufficiently heated piece, cut from a narrow silver-ribbon. According to the heating (none at all, insufficient or, sometimes enough), the resulting coin remained square, or has been partially or entirely rounded by the striking.
They vary in size and weight. The diameter is from 11 to 15 mm., the weight from 0.50 grm. to 3.11 grm. They have one thing in common: only a central portion of the legends is on the flan and mint and date are almost without exception missing.
A few examples:
L 821 (1.93); 822 (2.25); 823 (3.22); 824 (2.09). Balog, three specimens: (9, 0.51) Plate VIII, 212a; (10, 0.55); (12, 1.04) Plate VIII, 212b.
Around the middle of the nineteenth Century, numismatists noticed the existence of Armenian silver-coins, overstruck with an Arabic legend. L. L. Sawaszkiewicz ( Le Génie de l'Orient, 1846) was the first author to mention them; he did not, however, recognize their proper place in the history of Mamlūk coinage. Nearly fifty years later O. Codrington published several specimens in his very important article on the Broach hoard of Islamic dinars and dirhems (1883). In his Manual of Musalman Numismatics (1904) they were already correctly attributed to al-Nāṣir Muḥammad and connected with the results of his military operations in Cilicia.
In 714–715 H. (1314–15 A.D.), al-Nāṣir Muḥammad attacked and invaded Cilicia; a second invasion followed in 716 H. (1316 A.D.). Next year the campaign was renewed but ended unsuccessfully for the Mamlūks. In 721 H. (1321 A.D.) Armenia endured a Mongol invasion from Asia Minor, which incidentally was also instigated by al-Nāṣir Muḥammad. The worst for the Armenians was to come in 722–723 H. (1322–23 A.D.) when the Mamlūk sultan again invaded Cilicia, laid waste large parts of its territory and finally even captured Sīs, the capital. Not only did he capture the treasury of Leon IV, but an annual tribute of 1,200,000 trams was imposed for years to come.
This considerable mass of ready cash which continued to come in regularly for several years served to succour the chronically deficient Mamlūk silver currency. Part of the tribute was probably melted down to strike Mamlūk dirhems; part again may have been put into circulation without any alteration whatsoever. Masses of trams, however, were overstruck with al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's dies. All three kinds of coins have been found together in hoards from this period, which is an indication that they circulated freely without discrimination.
The overstriking must have been executed with insufficient heating of the trams, because the original Armenian legends are often well enough preserved and the Arabic legends of the overstriking not always distinct.
The mint as well as the date is missing on all specimens. The coin-type, with this pious invocation on both sides, occurs only on very early dinars (711 and 713 H.) of the Cairo mint. It has been found on a few dirhems which probably belong to Damascus, but on which the mint-name is also missing. As for the date, the coins were probably continuously overstruck as long as the tribute continued to flow in.
The legends of the overstriking, reconstructed from several coins, read as follows:
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين
محمد بن الملك المنصور
قلاون
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق
Dr. Paul Bedoukian of New York City kindly informed me that in his corpus of Armenian Coins a total of 117 trams with Arabic overstriking are listed. Of these, 13 belong to Oshin (1308–1320 A.D.) and 45 to Levon IV (1320–1342 A.D.); on the remaining 59 the king's name is illegible.
It is easily understandable that the coins which were part of the loot and, to a much greater extent, made up the yearly tribute, belong to the contemporary ruler and his immediate predecessor.
Dr. Bedoukian was also kind enough to confirm the identification of several of my own specimens, as follows:
213.
Balog, three specimens: (21, 2.38); (21, 2.29) Plate VIII, 213a; (23, 2.25) Plate VIII, 213b.
Balog, three specimens: (22, 1.95) Plate VIII, 213c; (20, 2.20); (18, 1.90) Plate VIII, 213d.
Balog, four specimens: (25, 2.25); (22, 2.32) Plate VIII, 213e; (21, 1.89) Plate VIII, 213f; (19, 2.17) and several other specimens not controlled. ANS (20, 2.23); (22, 2.05).
It would seem that under al-Nāṣir Muḥammad copper was issued in much greater quantities than before. His fulūs are preserved not only in large numbers, but also in a variety of different types. His coppers have been found in hoards, which sometimes contain as many as over 500 specimens, like for example the 1959 hoard which the present writer acquired, and which was chiefly composed of Cairo and Damascus fulūs.
Normally, the coins should be listed in chronological order. As, however, many copper coins of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad are undated, it was thought that an arrangement according to coin types was more practical. The types are as follows:
Within each group, first come the coins without mint and date, then those with mint but undated, and finally, coins with mint and date.
214. Border: circle of dots in circular line.
السلطان
الملك
الناصر
Border: circular line, in which square of dots.
محمد
بن
قلاون
Blau 292.
*215. Border missing on both sides.
الملك
الناصر
بن
الملك
المنصور
ANS (14, 1.19).
*216. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
الملك
الناصر
ضرب
مشق
بد
Balog (16) Plate IX.
*217
مو
لانا السلطان
الملك
اطرابلس
ناصر الدنياوالدين
ضرب
Balog (20) Plate IX.
*218. Border on both sides: circular line.
الملك
محمد
الناصر
ضرب
طرابلس سنة ست
عشرين وسبعماية
L 833 (18, 2.60).
*219.
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين محمد
بن الملك المنصور
قلاون
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق
Balog, five specimens: (20); (21); (22); (22); (22).
220. Border: double circular line, between the lines, groups of pellets.
ضرب بالقاهرة
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين محمد
بن الملك المنصور
قلاون
Circular line, Counter-clockwise marginal legend: profession of faith formula.
Circular line. Center:
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله ω
بالهدى ودين
الحق
Fraehn, Nova Suppl. p.94, four specimens. Balog, two specimens: (18) Plate IX; (21); twenty-two specimens from the 1959 hoard. Jungfleisch (22, 3.25). ANS (23, 3.05).
*221. As above.
Center:
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق
Balog (24) Plate IX.
222. Border on both sides: circular line.
بدمشق
سنة خمس وثلثين
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدينا والدين محمد
بن الملك المنصور
قلاون
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين
الحق
L 828 (3.02); 829 (3.11); 830 (3.06); 831 (2.75). Fraehn, Additions to Nova Suppl. p. 282 no. 4/aa. Lagumina p. 94 no. 3. Siouffi p. 18. B/35/2 (20). BM 521-A-11–737 (19). Ashmol., two specimens. München. Balog, two specimens: (20); (21, 2.44); eight more specimens from the 1959 hoard.
*223. As above.
As above, but date:
...سنة ست
Balog, six coins from the 1959 hoard.
*224. As above.
As above, but date:
...سنة سبع
Balog (20) from the 1959 hoard.
225. As above.
As above, but date:
...سنة تسع
Windisch-Graetz no. 180. Zambaur read the date as 709 H.; it must be: 739 H. Ashmol. Balog, three specimens: (20) Plate IX; (20); (20). ANS (17, 3.11); (17, 3.32).
226. Welzl v. Wellenheim no. 12376.
BMC 523 and 524. BM, no number. Balog, numerous specimens from the 1959 hoard.
227. Border not mentioned
ضرب بطرابلس
السلطان الملك الناصر
(ناصر الدين محمد(بن
الملك المنصور
(قلاون)
As above.
Erman B/48/3.
*228. Border on both sides: missing.
حلب
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين محمد
بن الملك المنصور
قلاون
As above.
Balog, two coins: (21); (23).
*229. Border on both sides: circular line.
اللسلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين محمد
بن الملك المنصور
قلاون
ضرب بحماة
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى ودين
(الحق)
ANS (20, 2.68)
230. Border on both sides: circular line.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الناصر ناصر الدنيا والدين
Circular line. Center:
محمد
Field:
ودين
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
Balog, two specimens: (19) Plate IX, 230a; (20) Plate IX, 230b.
*231. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الناصر ناصر الدين
Circular line. Center:
محمد
Field:
ضرب بالقاهرة
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ANS (21) Plate IX, 231a; (17). Jungfleisch, four specimens: (18, 2.83); (19, 3.10); (20, 2.49); (22), 2.77). Balog (20) Plate IX, 231.
232. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الناصر ناصر الدنيا والدين
Circular line. Center: محمد
Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
ضرب بالقاهرة سنة عشر وسبعماية بن
Circular line. Center: قلاون
BMC 517 (15). L 834 (2.82) Lavoix read 716 H. Blau no. 290. Balog (20) Plate IX. Jungfleisch, five specimens: (15, 1.48); (17, 2.84); (18, 2.37); (20, 2.78); (21, 2.60).
233. Border on both sides: circle of dots.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend on both sides:
السلطان الملك الناصر ناصر الدنيا والدين
Circle of dots on both sides.
Center: • محمد
ضرب بحلب المحروسة سنة عشر
Center: وسبعماية
BMC 517,d (20) Plate IX, 233a. Miles, Antioch 170. Beyruth (13) Half-fals Plate IX, 233b. München.
*234. Border on both sides: missing.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
.... لا اله الا الله
Illegible traces of marginal legend.
On both sides: broad circular band with oblique spokes to left (water-wheel design).
Center: محمد
Center: وسبعماية
Madrid, National Museum (15) Plate IX.
*235. On both sides: broad decorative marginal band. External circle, with eight small fleur de lis pointing inwards end inner circle with eight tiny spikes pointing outwards.
Center:
الملك
الناصر
Center:
ضرب
بطرابلس
Balog (19) Plate IX.
*236. Border: circular line.
صر
الملك النا
الملك المنصور بن
Border: circular band with rigid cable pattern to left.
Center: بحلب
ANS (14).
*237. On both sides: border of circular line, in which linear hexagram. Pellet in the external angles and the small triangles.
الملك
الناصر
Balog, two specimens: (15) Plate IX; (15).
*238. On both sides: border of linear circle, in which linear hexagram.
ضرب
بحلب
عشر
(sic) سبع
München (19).
*239. Border missing. Hexagram.
Border: circular line. In it, linear hexagram.
الملك
الناصر
طرابلس
ANS (18, 2.88).
*240. Border on both sides: circular line. In it, linear hexagram with slightly rounded edges. Pellet in the external angles and the small tringles.
الملك
الناصر
طرابلس
احدوار
بعين
Gagarine 1368. ANS (19, 2.69). Balog (21) Plate IX.
Miḥrāb design
*241. Border: circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الناصر ناصر الدنيا و الدين
Circular line. Center: بحماة
Border missing.
Miḥrāb (rounded arch placed on two columns), a mosque-lamp hanging from the arch.
Balog, two specimens: (16) Plate IX, 241a; (14) Plate IX, 241b.
242. Border: circular line.
صر
الملك النا
بالقاهرة
Border: linear dodekalobe.
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
BR عشرين | BL ة سنة | TL لقاهر | TR ضرب با
Linear square standing on edge. In center:
وسبعماية
L1 146 Lavoix did not read the whole date and could not decide whether to attribute this coin to al-Nāṣir Muḥammad or al-Nāṣir Ḥasan. ANS, two specimens: (18, 2.77); (16, 2.53) date incomplete. Balog, eight specimens: (16); (17); (17); (18) Plate IX, 242a; (18) Plate IX, 242b Rev. circular starts at top left side; (19); (20) Plate IX, 242c; (15) and many other specimens.
Note: On all coins the reverse circular starts at top, right side, except on Balog (18), where it starts at top left side.
*243. As above.
As above, but circular legend, starting at top, right hand side:
BR عشرين | BL سنة احد | TL لقاهرة | TR ضرب با
Balog (17) Plate X.
*244. As above.
Border: linear dodekalobe. Counter-clockwise circular legend, starting at bottom left side:
TL عشرين | TR سنة | BR بدمشق | BL ضرب
The napkin is represented by a linear rhombus, instead of the linear square.
Center:
وسبعماية
Balog, four specimens: (14) Plate X; (14); (15); (15).
245. Border on both sides: dotted circle between two linear circles.
Field:
الماك
الناصر 
Shield divided by horizontal band into three horizontal segments (fesse). The central band is bendy of eleven pieces, variety a.) to left, var. b.) to right. Upper and lower segment contains a floral arabesque.
BMC 528,k (18); 528,l (17). ANS, four specimens: (20, 2.52); (19, 2.52); (20, 3.82); (15, 1.11) Half-fals. Balog, three specimens: (20 Var. a) Plate X, 245a; (17 Var. b) Plate X, 245b; (18 Var. b).
246. Border on both sides: circular line. Field on both sides divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse). In the upper and lower segment: undulated cable to left. In the central segment:
الملك الناصر
ضرب بدمشق
Khediv. 1531. Balog, two specimens: (19) Plate X; (19). ANS (17, 2.78).
*247. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Field:
الملك
الناصر ضرب
دمشق
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse). In central segment, oval cartouche with small fleur-delis at both ends, pointing outwards.
In upper segment: سنة اثنين
In central cartouche: محمد
In lower segment: وثلثين
ANS (21, 2.46); (21, 2.59). Jungfleisch (20, 3.01). Balog (18).
*248. As above.
As above, but in upper segment:
سنة ثلث
Jungfleisch (19, 2.62). Balog, two specimens: (19) Plate X; (19).
249. As above.
As above, but in upper segment:
سنة اربع
BMC 518 (17); 519 (18); 520 (20). L 825 (2.98); 826 (2.41); 827 (2.44).
250. Border on both sides: linear circle in circle of dots.
Field on both sides divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse).
Upper segment: ضرب
Central segment: الملك الناصر
Lower segment: بحماة
Upper and lower segment: ornament
Central segment: bendy of eleven pieces to the left.
BMC 529,f (20).
*251. Square flan. Border on both sides: square of dots in linear square. In it, circular line. In the four corners small ornament.
Field:
الملك
الناصر
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse).
Upper segment: بحماة
Central segment bendy of nine pieces to to the left.
Lower segment: ضرب
ANS (12, 2.24) Plate X, 251.
*252. Border on both sides: circular line.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments.
Upper and lower segment contains an ornament.
Larger central segment:
الملك الناصر
Circular floral scroll, in which circular line. Center: ضرب
بحلب
Balog (22) Plate X.
253. Border of small diamonds, in which circular line.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse).
Upper segment: ضرب
Central segment: الملك الناصر
Lower segment: اطرابلس
Border: circular line. In it, linear hexagram.
Center: محمد
Fonrobert 6559. Balog (20) Plate X.
*254. Border: circular line in circle of dots.
Field divided by horizontal flexed cable to left.
Border: circular line in circle of dots.
In the field: stylized fleur-de-lis on piqué ground.
Upper segment: الملك
Lower segment: الناصر
Balog, two specimens: (14) Plate X; (13).
*255. As above.
Border: double circular line in circle of dots.
In the field: stylized fleur-de-lis on plain ground.
Balog (14) Plate X.
Rosette
Six-petaled, except the Damascus, 730 H. issue, on which the rosette has five petals only
256. Border: circular line.
السلطا
ن الملك
الناصر
Border: hexalobe of dots, in which double linear hexalobe.
Center: six-petaled rosette.
BMC 528,a (14) Plate X, 256a. Flagel. (15) Plate X, 256b. P.A.M.
*257. Border: circular line.
بن
الناصرو
المنصور
Border circular line. In it, linear hexagram composed of two interwoven triangles. Pellet in the external angles.
Center: six-petaled rosette with central pellet.
Balog, four specimens: (14) Plate X, 257a; (14) Plate X, 257b; (15); (13). ANS, two specimens: (14, 2.43); (14, 2.08).
*258. Border: circular line in circle of dots.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse).
Border: thick circular line.
In center: six-petaled rosette, in linear hexalobe. Between hexalobe and marginal circle, six pellets.
Upper segment: ضرب
Central segment: الملك الناصر
Lower segment: بحماة
ANS (16, 1.74). Balog (16) Plate X.
N. B. The Sulṭān's name was difficult to identify on this coin and has been erroneously read as al-Nāṣir Muḥammad . It belongs, correctly, to al-Ṣāliḥ Hājji. Cf. 527, Plate XXI.
259. Border: circular line.
Field divided by horizontal line of dots between two horizontal lines.
Border: circular line, in which linear hexagram. Six flowerettes pointing inwards from the external circle, between the points of the hexagram.
Center: small six-petaled rosette with central pellet.
Upper segment: الملك الناصر
Lower segment: ضرب طرابلس
BMC 528 (18). Miles, Antioch 172.
260. Border on both sides: Circle of small diamonds between two circular lines.
السلطان ٧
الملك الناصر
عز نصره
Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
ضرب بحلب المحروسة سنة سبع عشر وشبعماية
Center: six-petaled rosette with central pellet, in linear hexalobe.
BMC 528,b (20). BM, J. Harrison-Ball 1938 5–13–29 (21) Plate X, 260a; Sir R. Burns 1949 8–3–417 (22) Plate X, 260b. L 1145 Lavoix did not attribute the coin to Nāṣir Muḥammad because of the invocation عز نصره. Miles, Antioch 171, 173. ANS, two specimens: (23, 2.67); (22, 2.39).
This seems to be the earliest occurrence of عز نصره on a Mamlūk coin. Marcel Jungfleisch believed that a dinar of al-Manṣūr 'Alā al-Dīn 'Ali, struck in Cairo in 779 H., was the first Mamlūk coin to present this invocation (BIE IX, 1927, pp. 51–55). As can be seen, the formula 'azza naṣruhu was in use from 717 H., thus a full sixty years before al-Manṣūr 'Ali's dinar was issued. Incidentally, coins with this invocation in al-Nāṣir Ḥasan's and al-Ashraf Sha'bān's name also are known.
261. Border: circular line.
In the field: legend between two horizontal floral-scroll ornaments.
الملك الناصر
Border: circular line in circle of dots.
Clockwise marginal legend:
ضرب بدمشق سنة ثلثين
Center: round shield, in which concave, five-petaled rosette.
BMC 525 (17). White-King 2331. München (18) three specimens. Jungfleisch (20, 3.48) Plate X, 261a. Balog, two coins: (18) Plate X, 261b; (18). ANS, six specimens: (22, 3.14); (20, 2.05); (20, 2.83); (18, 3.29); (18, 2.93); (17, 3.70).
262.
Fonrobert 6560. Welzl von Wellenheim.
*263. Border on both sides: circular line.
.......
الملك الناصر
ضرب
Eagle with spread wings, tips downward, claws stretched toward the wing-tips. Head to left.
Balog (18) Plate X, 263.
*264. Border on both sides: linear circle in circle of dots.
ضرب
الملك الناصر
طرابلس
Eagle as above, but head turned to right. Head flanked by pellet in front and three pellets behind. Underneath, a branch with leaf.
Balog (19) Plate X, 264a. ANS (18, 2.10) Plate XI, 264b.
*265. Border on both sides: circular line.
بد مش)ق)
الملك الناصر
ضر)ب)
Double-headed eagle, wings spread, tips downward, claws spread to grasp the wing-tips. Feathers and tail elaborately designed.
München (20) Plate XI.
Although many undated fulūs do not carry al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's full name, there is no doubt about the attribution. Al-Nāṣir Ḥasan's copper issues already have a different style of design.
Only one dinar is known of this sultan, no dirhems, and quite a number of copper fulūs.
266. Border on both sides: circular line.
ضرب بالقاهرة 
السلطان الملك
المنصور سيف الدنيا والدين ابو بكر بن
الملك الناصر محمد سنة اثنين
واربعين وسبعماية
الله
وما النصر الا من عند ω
لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله بالهدى ω
ودين الحق
Broach p. 342 no. 6 (Pl. I, no. 5) (27, 7.39) Fig. Codrington.
267. Border on both sides: thick circular line. In it, linear hexagram; pellet in the external angles. In the center:
احد
سنةى
واربين
ضرب بدمشق
BMC 528,t (20). ANS, four specimens: (19, 2.88); (20, 3.21); (19, 2.71); (17, 2.69). Ashmol. Thorburn. Balog, two specimens: (19, 3.34) Plate X; (19, 3.22).
268. As above, but date:
اثنين
سنة
واربعين
As above.
BMC 528,v (19). Appel, Tafel II no. 10. Ashmol. ANS (18, 3.12). Balog, two specimens: (18, 2.27) Plate XI; (19, 3.27).
Reverse of both the 741 and 742 H. issues have been put before the obverse on the plate by mistake. In order to avoid confusion, the same order has been observed in the above text.
742 H. = 1341–1342 A.D.
Dr. Abdelraḥmān Fahmy Muḥammad of the Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo has kindly permitted me to mention that two dirhems of this ruler exist in the collection of that museum. No other coins are known.
269. A unique dinar has been published by Codrington and another specimen has been acquired recently by the Munich State Coin Collection.
Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
No marginal or circular legends.
ضرب بالقاهرة سنة اثنين
السلطان الملك الناصر
شهاد الدنيا والدين احمد
بن الملك الناصر محمد
واربعين وسبعماية
الله 
وما النصر الا من عند
لا اله الا الله محمد ω
رسول الله ارسله بالهدى ω
ودين الحق ليظهره على
الدين 
Broach p. 342 (26, 6.96) Fig. Codrington. München (26, 6.39) Plate XLI.
270.
ضرب بالقاهرة
السلطان الملك الناصر
شهاب الدنيا والدين
.... احمد
الله
وما النصر الامن عند
... لا اله الا الله
.....
....
Erman (22).
271.
السلطان الملك الناصر
شهاب الدنيا والدين
.....
....
ضرب بحماة
لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله
باهدى ودين الحق
سنة اثنين واربعين
Moritz, Additions à la Bibl. Khediv. p. 203, three specimens. Windisch-Graetz 199 (19, 3.43). Beyram 257.
*272. Border on both sides: circular line. In it, linear hexagram with pellet in the external angles. Center:
ثلاث
سنة
واربعين
ضرب
مشق
بد
ANS (19, 2.70) Plate XI.
Although anonymous, the date leaves no doubt about the attribution to al-Nāṣir Aḥmad. Here too, the reverse has been placed at the left side and the obverse at the right side. For additional specimen infra p. 395. Plate XLIV, A.
The few existing gold coins are all from Cairo, except one coin with mint not mentioned. Silver, which is a little less scarce, seems, on the contrary, to have been struck in Syria only, and fulūs in Cairo as well as in several Syrian mints.
273. Border on both sides: double circular line.
سنة
ضرب بالقاهرة
السلطان الملك الصالح
(sic!) عماد الدنيا والدين اسماعيل
ابن الملك الناصر محمد ثلاث
واربعين وسبعماية
الله 
وما النصر الا من عند
ω لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله بالهدى ω
ودين الحق ليظهره على
الدين كله
Broach p. 343 no. 8,b. White-King 2232 (8.50). ANS (28, 10.87).
274. As above, but date:
اربع
واربعين وسبعماية
As above.
L 856 (25, 8.85) Plate XI.
275. As above, but date:
خمس
واربعين سبعماية
As above.
Broach p. 345 no. 8,a (26, 6.95). Khediv. 1519.
BMC 529 (25, 7.19). Cunha 1475.
*276. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
اسمعيل
السلطان الملك
الصالح عماد الدنيا و
الدين بن الملك الناصر
ضرب سنة خمس واربعين •
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى ود
ين الحق
Balog (25, 4.33). Nāṣir at the end of the fourth line on the obverse is written without the final rā. Plate XI.
On all dirhems the border on both sides is a circular line in a circle of dots.
277.
ضرب
السلطان الملك
الصالح عماد الدنيا و ω
الدين اسمعيل بن الملك
الناصر محمد بن قلاون ω
دمشق
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى ودبن
الحق اربع واربعين
وسبعماية
BMC 530 (23, 3.12) date missing, but this type; 536 (23, 4.34) date missing, but this type. Khediv. 1521. Broach 33/1 (23, 2.85). ANS (20 1.61). Jungfleisch (21, 2.50). Balog, three specimens: (23, 2.44) Plate XI, 277a; (21, 2.58) Plate XI, 277b; (21, 2.48. ANS (22, 2.24) (15, 3.00) year missing, but the type is of this year only.
278.
اسمعيل
السلطان الملك
الصالح عماد الدنيا و
الدبن بن محمد ضرب
دمشق سنة خمس
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدىودين
الحق
L 857 (2.27); L 858 (2.50); L 859 (2.04); Lavoix read at the top of the obverse: واربعين but it is clearly: اسمعيل. Erman B/311,5. Jungfleisch (24, 2.45). ANS (21, 1.86).
279.
As above, but date:
دمشق سنة ست
As above.
BMC 534 (22, 2.08); 535 (22, 2.07). Erman B/311,7.
280.
ضرب بدمشق
السلطان الملك الصالح
عماد الدنيا والدين اسمعيل
ابن الملك الناصر بن
قلاون
بالله
لاتوفيقى الا
لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله
.....
.....
Erman (20) B/311,8.
281.
السلطان الملك الصالح
عماد الدين اسماعيل بن الملك
.... الناصر محمد بن
قلاون
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
.....
.....
BMC 537 (22, 3.24).
282.
محمد بن قلاون
السلطان الملك
الصالح عماد الدنيا
والدين اسماعيل بن
الملك الناصر
ضرب بحماة
الا اله الا الله
٧ محمد رسول الله ا
رسله بالهدى ودين
سنة اربع واربعين
L 860 (20, 3.30) although mint missing, there is no doubt about the attribution to Ḥamāh. The calligraphy of اسماعيل on the obverse is characteristic for Ḥamāh in this series. Plate XI, 182a.
Erman B/311,9 and B/311,10 (both 15). BM 1949/671; no number (23, 2.27). Ashmol., two specimens. ANS (20, 2.87). Jungfleisch, two specimens: (19, 1.52); (20, 2.85). Balog, two specimens: (19, 1.52); (20, 2.85) Plate XII, 282b. ANS, two specimens: (20, 2.99); (20, 2.81).
283.
محمد
السلطان الملك
الصالح عماد الدنيا و
الدين اسماعيل ابن
الملك الناصر
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
R وسبعماية
B اربعين
L ....سنة
T ضرب بحلب
Center:
لا اله الا الله ω
محمد رسول الله ω
ارسله بالهدى ودين
BMC 531 (23, 5.25). ANS, two specimens: (20, 2.99); (20, 2.81). Jungfleisch, two specimens: (20, 2.19); (20, 3.09). Balog, two specimens: (20, 2.50) Plate XII; (21).
Fractions of the dirhem
*284. The emission of dirhem-fractions on unheated (or insufficiently heated) irregular flan continued under al-Ṣāliḥ Ismā'īl as before. See the section on minting technique. The small flan contains so few legends that it is mostly impossible to establish the coin-type. Mint and date are, of course, always missing.
BM 1955 1–51 (1.72). Balog, three specimens: (11, 1.70); (10 13, 1.02) Plate XII, 284a; (9 15, 0,73) Plate XII, 284b.
*285. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Cross-shaped cartouche, flanked by four pellets.
Linear square standing on edge.
Arabesque knot in the corners.
A floral scroll on each side.
In the cartouche:
اسمعيل
السلطان الملك ا
لصالح
In center:
ضرب
خمس (sic!) بالقاهرة
واربعين
Qāhirah written without final hā.
Jungfleisch BIE XXXIV, 1952, pp. 98–100. Photographs but no description. Balog, 190 specimens: mostly from the 1959 hoard. Diameter from 18 to 23, weight 2.50 to 3.40; no. 3. (20, 3.14) Plate XI, 285a; no. 5 (23, 2.95); Plate XI, 285b. ANS, two specimens: (21, 3.59); (22, 2.88).
*286. As above.
As above, but date:
ست (sic!) بالقاهر
واربعين
Balog, three specimens: (20); (20); (21), these three specimens come from the 1959 hoard.
287. Border on both sides: circle of large dots.
Field on both sides divided by two horizontal rows of dots.
اسمعيل
• • • • • • •
الملك الصالح
• • • • • • •
بن محمد
ضرب بدمشق
• • • • • • •
فى سنة ثلاث واربعين
• • • • • • •
وسبعماية
BMC 539 (23). Khediv. 1524, 1525, 1526. Siouffi p. 18. Jungfleisch (22, 3.31); (21, 3.53). Balog, two specimens: (22, 3.47); (22).
288. As above.
As above, but date:
فى سنة اربع واربعين
Fraehn, Recensio pp. 173–4 no 5. Das Muhammedanische Münzkabinett d. Asiat. Mus. 1821. Stickel, Die Sammlung Gemming nos. 46, 49. BMC 540 (22). Khediv. 1527. L. 863. Siouffi p. 18. Karabacek, Die Kufischen Münzen des … Joanneums in Graz no 23. Windisch-Graetz 182 (19). München. Balog, two specimens: (20, 3.61) Plate XI; (21, 3.67).
*289. Smaller flan.
As above.
As above, but date:
فى سنة ست واربعين
Balog (18, 3.19).
290.
السلطان الملك
الصالح عماد الدنياو
الدين اسمعيل بن الملك
......
لا اله الا الله
٧ محمد رسول الله
.....
BMC 541 (20).
291. Border on both sides: circular line.
On both sides: counter-clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الصالح عماد الدنيا والدين
ضرب بحلب سنة ثلاث واربعين وسبعماية
On both sides: circular line. Center: six-petaled rosette.
BMC 538 (21); 538a. L 865 (18, 3.25) Plate XII, 291a. Hamilton p. 52 no. 10. München. Balog, two specimens: (20, 2.88) Plate XII, 291b; (20) Obv. Marginal legend clockwise.
292. As above.
As above, but date:
اربع واربعين
Hamilton p. 51 no. 5. München. Balog, four specimens: (20); (20); (19); (20).
*293. As above.
As above, but date:
ست واربعين
Jungfleisch (21, 2.44).
Windisch-Graetz 183. Wien 791. Jungfleisch, five specimens: (19, 2.96); (18, 1.85); (18, 2.81); (17, 2.93); (18, 2.16).
294. Border missing on both sides.
Field, on both sides, divided by two horizontal lines (Fesse):
In upper (and probably in lower) segment, ornament: 
In central segment:
الملك الصالح
Upper and lower segment obliterated.
In central segment:
بحلب سنة ستة واربعين
Lagumina p. 97 no. 18 (17, 1.90).
295. Border on both sides missing.
Field divided by two horizontal lines (fesse).
Upper (and probably lower) segment: ornament
Central segment:
الملك الصالح
Inverted linear dodekalobe, each point of arch crowned with tiny fleur-de-lis.
Center:
ضرب
بحماة
BMC 540 m. Lagumina p. 96 no. 7 (17, 2.18).
296. Border missing.
سمعيل
الملك ا
الصالح
Border: circular line. In it, double linear square.
In the segments, counter-clockwise marginal legend:
T سبعماية|
R اربعين|
B سته|
L سنة
In the square:
ضرب
بحماد
BMC 540g (20) Plate XII; 540h (21). ANS (19, 2.79).
Anonymous
*297. Border on both sides: circle of dots.
سنة اربع
اربعين سبعماية
طرابلس
Lion passant to right.
Balog (17, 1.12).
Al-Kāmil Sha'bān's coins, especially the copper, are all scarce.
298. Border on both sides: circular line.
ضرب بالقاهرة
السلطان الملك الكامل
∴
سيف الدنيا والدين شعبان بن
الملك الناصر ستة سبع
اربعين وسبعماية
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
لا اله الا الله محمد ω
رسول الله ارسله ω 
بالهدى ودين الحق
Johnston, Muh. Coins. Broach p. 343 no. 9/2; no. 11/3. Cunha 1476. White-King 2234. BM, Dr. F. Burgess 86–4–7–6, (26, 6.66) Plate XII. Thorburn (4.83). Broach p. 343 no. 11/2 belongs to al-Ashraf Sha'bān; the date is clearly 768 H.
299. Border on both sides: circular line.
ضرب بدمشق
السلطان الملك الكامل
٧ سيف الدنيا والدين شعبان
ω بن الملك الناصر محمد
سنة ست واربعين
وسبعماية
الله 
وما النصر الا من عند
لا اله الا الله محمد ω
٧ ω رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين ٧ 
• الحق •
Broach p. 343 no. 9/1 (25, 5.50) p. 343 no. 11/2. Fig. Codrington. Ex-King Faruk collection, Kubbah palace, Cairo.
Only dirhems of the Syrian mints are known.
300. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
شعبان
السلطان الملك
٧ الكامل سيف الدنيا و
الدين ابن محمد ضرب
بدمشق سنة ست
واربعين
الله
وما النصر الامن عند
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
•
ارسله بالهدى ودين
الحق •
BMC 544 (23, 3.26) Plate XII, 300a; 545 (20, 2.37). L 866 (2.74); 867 (2.06). ANS (20, 3.02). Balog (17) Half-dirhem. Plate XII, 300b.
301.
شعبان
السلطان الملك
الكامل سيف الدنيا و
الدين شعبان بن محمد ضرب بدمشق
سنة سبع واربعين
As above.
Broach p. 366 no. 34 (20, 1.75).
*302. Border on both sides: circular line (in circle of dots).
.....
السلطان الملك
الكامل سيف الدنيا و
... الدين شعبان
.....
ضرب بحلب
ω لا اله الا الله
ω محمد رسول الله
.....
Balog (21) Plate XII.
303. Border on both sides: circle of large dots. Field on both sides divided by two horizontal lines of dots.
مولا نا
.......
الملك الكامل
......
ضرب بدمشق
.........
فى سنة ست واربعين
........
وسبعماية
L 868 (19, 2.83) Plate XII.
304. As above.
As above, but date: فى سنة سبع واربعين
Blau. Balog, date missing. Windisch-Graetz 184, date missing (15).
305. Border on both sides: circular line.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend on both sides:
Profession of faith formula to: ليظهره
... بالقاهرة المحروسة سبع واربعين ....
Circular line on both sides.
Center:
السلطان
الملك المظفر سيف
الدنيا و الدين حاجى
بن الملك النا محمد
صر
Center:
الله
و ما النصر الا من عند
ω لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى 
Note that the word year = سنة is omitted in the date formula.
L 869 (25, 5.21). BMC 546d (23, 5.77). Johnston, Muh. Coins. Thorborn (5.82). Balog (24, 7.33) Plate XII.
306. Border on both sides: circular line.
ضرب بدمشق
السلطان الملك المظفر
سيف الدنيا والدين حادجى
بن الملك الناصر فى شعبان
ω سنة سبع واربعين
وسبعماية
الله
و ما النصر الا من عند
ω لا اله الا الله محمد
٧ ω رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق ليظره على
الدين كله
BMC 546 (27, 7.18) year preceded by the month: Sha'bān = شعبان. White-King 2235 (6.30) year preceded by the month: Dhū al-Hijjah = ذو الحجة. Cunha 1477 no particulars. Balog (24, 5.51) year preceded by the month: Sha'bān = شعبان Plate XII.
307. (Border missing, but probably circular line in circle of dots).
......
السلطان الملك
المظفر سيف الدنياو
الدين ابن الملك الناصر
دمشق سبع
واربعين
الله
وما النصر الامن عند
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى ودين
الحق
BMC 547 (23, 2.65).
*308. As above, but date:
دمشق ثمان
واربعين
As above.
Thorburn.
*309.
حاجى
السلطان الملك
المظفر سيف الدنياو
الدين اين محمد ضرب
دمشق سنة
......
As above.
ANS, two specimens: (21, 2.59); (21, 2.13).
310.
السلطان الملك
المظفر سيف الدنيا و
الدين حاجى ابن
شعبان
As above.
BMC 548 (22, 4.15). Balog (19, 2.72).
Probably Damascus, because of the reverse legend, which is similar to the Damascus dirhems.
*311. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
السلطان
الملك المظفر سيف
الدنيا والدين حاجى
بن الملك الناصر
....ضرب
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
Balog (19, 1.56) Plate XII.
312.
الناصر
السلطان الملك
المظفر سيف الدنيا
والدين حاجى
بن الملك
......
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
سنة سبع
(واربعين)
BMC 549 (20, 3.36); 550 (20, 2.47) date missing. Balog (15) Half-dirhem, date missing Plate XII.
Undeterminate fraction
*313.
Balog (11) Plate XII.
314. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of large dots.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into a broad central segment and two smaller ones (Fesse).
Upper segment: ضرب
Central segment: الملك المظفر
Lower segment: بحلب
Stylized fleur-de-lis flanked by four pellets.
L 870 (19, 2.33) Plate XII; 871 (2.50) same, but on both sides cable-border.
315. Border missing on both sides.
Field divided by two horizontal lines (Fesse). In upper and lower segment, ornament. In central segment:
الملك المظفر
Inverted linear endekalobe, with small fleur-de-lis on each point.
In center:
ضرب
بحماة
L 872 (19, 2.16) Plate XII. BMC 550c (20). Thorburn. L 873, 874, 875 belong to al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji.
*316. Scalloped border.
الملك
السلطان
المظفر
Border: circular line.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
.....سبع اربعين و....
Linear hexalobe. Center:
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ANS (20, 2.28) Plate XII.
1ST REIGN: 748–752 H. = 1347–1351 A.D.
2ND REIGN: 755–762 H. = 1354–1361 A.D.
Although al-Nāṣir Ḥasan's gold coins are not frequent, we have a good representative series, including both reigns. During the first period, he seems to have issued dinars only from Cairo and Damascus; from the second reign we know gold from Alexandria also, but none from Aleppo, Tripoli or Ḥamāh. Coins with مولانا in the protocol seem to belong to the first period, gold as well as silver.
The few existing dirhems are poorly preserved and the date, as a rule, is missing.
Only Syrian copper is known from the first reign, whereas a new type of epigraphic fulūs has come down to us from the Cairo mint, issued during the second period. This prototype was maintained at Cairo by al-Nāṣir Ḥasan's successors nearly to the end of the Baḥri sultanate.
1ST REIGN: 748–752 = H. 1347–1351 A.D.
317. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
ضرب بالقاهرة
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين حسن بن
الملك الناصر محمد سنة تسع
واربعين وسبعماية
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين الحق
L 878 (7.01). BMC 550f (23, 7.71) Rev. Profession of faith formula ends: الحق. BM 1903 Bomb. Br.-11, R.A.S.–4.
318. As above, but last two lines:
الملك الناصر محمد سنة
خمسين وسبعماية
الله
وما النصر الامن عند
لا اله الا الله محمد
٧ ٧ رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق ليظهره على
الدين كله
BMC 550h (25, 6.74).
319. As above, but last two lines:
احد
الملك الناصر محمد سنة
وخمسين وسبعماية
As above.
BMC 550,k (26, 8.81). Broach 14/2, 4 and 6. Jungfleisch (25, 11.9). Balog (27, 6.81) Plate XIII.
320. As above, but last two lines:
الملك الناصر محمد سنة اثنى
وخمسين وسبعماية
As above.
BMC 550,m (26, 6.35). Cunha 1482. Broach 14/6, 8. Balog (28, 6.59) Plate XIII.
On all the Damascus dinars of the first reign the name of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad al-Nāṣir Ḥasan's father, is preceded by the title مولانا, mawlānā, "our lord."
321.
ضرب بدمشق
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين حسن بن
مولانا السلطان الشهيد
الملك الناصر سنة ثمان
وابرعين وسبعماية
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
ω لا اله الا الله محمد
ω رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
٧ ودين الحق ليظهره على
الدين كله
Broach 17/1 (26, 10.30).
322. As above, but date at the end of the fifth line: سنة تسع
As above.
BMC 550g (24, 5.05) Plate XIII. L 877 (6.41)
323.
Johnston, no particulars.
BMC 562 (24, 3.97) can be ascribed to the first reign through the word مولانا in the protocol.
Only one dirhem with complete date is known:
324.
.....
الناصر ناصر الدنيا
والدين حسن ابن
ثما)ن اربعين....)
سبعماية
ضرب با]لقاهرة]
لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين الحق
BMC 551 (20, 2.95).
325.
......
الملك الناصر ناصر الدنيا
والدين حسن بن مولانا ال[ساطان
الملك الناصر محمد
ضرب بالقاهرة
لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين الحق
BMC 564 (24, 3.87) should belong to the first reign, because of the title مولانا in the protocol.
326.
......
الناصر باصر الدنيا
والدين حسن بن مولانا
.......
ضرب بطرابلس
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله]بالهدى]
........
Broach 35/1 (22, 2.20) note the title مولانا in the protocol.
On the basis of similarity, the undated fulūs of Tripoli have also been listed under the first reign. All the copper coins of this period have the fesse, al-Nāṣir Ḥasan's blazon, on their obverse.
327. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments:
Upper segment: بن محمد
Central segment: الملك الناصر حسن
Lower segment: ضرب دمشق سنة
Two interwoven tetralobes with pointed arches; between and outside the two arches, pellets.
Center: تسع و اربعين
BMC 552 (20). BM, A.N. Clemenger 1936 8–5–29. Khediv. 1530. Karabacek, Zur Oriental. Münzkunde no. 7. Windisch-Graetz 185 (18). Ashmol., four specimens. ANS, ten specimens: (19, 3.12); (16, 2.58); (16, 2.04); (18, 2.70); (20, 2.78); (19, 2.76); (19, 2.73); (20, 2.40); (18, 2.32); (18, 2.89). München. Balog, two specimens: (18, 3.03); (19) Plate XIII.
328. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments:
Upper segment: حسن بن محمد /
Central segment: الملك الناصر/
Lower segment: عز نصره
Field divided by two rigid cables to right into three horizontal segments. In upper and lower segment, ornament. In central segment: (sic!) بحلب ضرب
Welzl von Wellenheim 12378. Ashmol.
329. Border on both sides: circular line.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments:
Upper segment: بن محمد/
Central segment: الملك الناصر حسن/
Lower segment: ضرب طرابلس
As Damascus 749 H., but date:
سنة
خمسين
BMC 553 (19). ANS (20, 2.26); (17, 1.17). Balog (18) Plate XIII, 329a. L 884 (2.31) Plate XIII, 329b; 887 (3.65).
We have dinars of each regnal year from the Cairo mint, but only one coin, date missing, of Damascus.
330. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
ضرب بالقاهرة
السلطان الملك الصالح
صلاح الدنيا والدين صالح
٧ بن الملك الناصر محمد سنة اثنى
وخمسين وسبعماية
الله
٧ وما النصر الامن عند
ω لا اله الا الله محمد
٧ رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
٧ ودين الحق ليظهره على
٧ ٧ الدين كله
BMC 555 (27, 7.18) Plate XIII, 330a. Broach p. 346 no. 20. ANS (28, 6.71). Balog (26, 7.47) Plate XIII, 330b.
The small ornaments of the reverse legend are slightly different on the BM and Balog specimens, as can be noted from the illustrations.
331. As above, but date at the end of the fourth line: سنة ثلاث
As above.
BMC 555,d (26, 6.87). Broach p. 346 no. 20 (27, 7.19) and three more specimens mentioned.
331.a.
As above, but date at the end of the fourth line: سنة اربع
As above.
BMC 555,a (27, 6.20). L 889 (8.74). Broach p. 346 no. 20, three specimens; no particulars. Cunha 1485. White-King 2237 (8.50). Thorburn (5.60).
*332. Border on both sides: double linear hexalobe.
٧ ضرب بالقاهرة سنة خمس
السلطان الملك الصالح
صلاح الدنيا والدين صالح بن
الناصر محمد بن الملك المنصور قلاون
وخمسين وسبعماية
As above.
Balog (28, 5.27) Plate XIII.
The digit of the date, clear on the coin, is not very conspicuous on the photograph.
333.
Broach p. 347 no. 21 (24, 5.08).
334. Border on both sides: circular line.
السلطان الملك الصالح
صلاح الدنيا والدين صالح
بن السلطان الشهيد الملك
ω الناصر محمد بن قلاون
سنة اثنين وخمسين
As above, but formula ends at الحق and
ornament above رسول
L 890 (25, 8.73). Wien 7969 (27, 5.75).
Only three dirhems are known to belong without any doubt to al-Ṣāliḥ Ṣāliḥ; nos. 265 and 266 of Beyram, not being described, may belong to either al-Ṣāliḥ Isma'īl or al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji.
335.
ضرب بحماة
السلطان الملك
(الصالح صلاح(الدنيا
(...والدين (صالح
.....
سنة خمس
لا اله الاالله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
خمسين)وسبعماية)
BMC 556 (22, 3.20).
336.
.....
السلطان الملك
(الصالح صلاح(الدنيا
(...والد(بن صالح
.....
ضرب بحماة
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
(ارسله با(لهدى
Broach p. 367 no. 36 (17, 2.14).
337.
...ضرب
(السلطان الملك(الصالح
صلاح الدنيا والدين صالح
.... بن الملك )الناصر محمدا)
........
الله
وما]النصر الا من عند]
لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول]الله ارسله]
.....
Erman no. 17. For additional specimen infra p. 396, Plate XLIV, B.
338. Border: circular line.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments.
Upper segment: سنة خمس
Central segment: الملك الصالح
Lower segment: وخمسين بحلب
Border: circle of scrolls (or on some specimens a circular cable?) between two circular lines.
In center: bird walking to right, head turned straight back. Above the bird's back, swan-like body, so far unidentified.
On top of the name, الصالح, is an ornament; on some specimens it is: الصالح ω (P M–5823), on others: الصالح (L 890, b and L 940).
L 890,b (18) Plate XIII, 338a; 940 (18, 2.80). P M–5823 (20) Plate XIII, 338. BMC 542 (20); 543 (21); 543,a. BM F–5–70–7–15980. Lagumina p. 96 no. 6. Blau no. 300 a, b. Wien 774. ANS, three specimens: (21, 2.94); (19, 2.56); (19, 2.14). Thorburn. Balog, three specimens: (20, 2.99); (20); (20).
Only a few specimens were known to Lavoix, who attributed them to al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji, but read the mint-name Aleppo correctly: Lane-Poole ascribed the coin to al-Ṣāliḥ Isma'īl and read the upper and lower segments as: قسيم محمد and ضر بحلب.
We have now several fulūs of this issue, on which the mint, Aleppo, and the date, 755 H., are clear. There can be no doubt about the attribution to al-Ṣāliḥ Ṣāliḥ.
The heraldic bird of the reverse has been described as a duck, to which — especially on poorly preserved specimens — it has a certain resemblance. Mayer, in his Saracenic Heraldry (p. 7 and notes p. 3, 10 and 26), points out, however, that there is no evidence that the duck was ever used as heraldic emblem on a Mamlūk blazon.
On closer examination of the coins, the bird does not resemble a duck but rather any walking bird with short legs, and could be an eagle, a raven or even a sparrow. Until we have further clearer evidence, we should like to suggest the eagle.
*339. Border: circular line in circle of dots.
سنة خمس
الملك الصالح
.......
Border: a circle of ten, pointed arches.
In it, a rosette of ten rhomboidal petals around a central pellet.
Balog (15) Plate XIII. Wien 775.
The only other Baḥri sultan who could have struck this fals would be al-Ṣāliḥ Ismā'īl (743–746 H.), because the digit of the date, 5, is included only in his regnal years. Al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji reigned between 783 and 784 H. and a second time between 791 and 792 H. Therefore it must belong to al-Ṣāliḥ Ṣāliḥ: 752–755 H. Al Ṣāliḥ Ismā'īl is, on stylistic grounds, less likely.
340. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
ضرب بالقاهرة سنة ست
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدينا والدين حسن بن الملك
الناصر محمد بن الملك المنصور
وخمسين وسبعماية
الله
وما النصر الامن عند
لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق ليظهره على
الدين كله
L 879 (6.81). BMC 556,k (28, 7.52). Broach 16/1, 17.
341. As above, but date at the end of the first line: سنة سبع
As above.
BMC 556,p (26, 6.87); 556,q (26, 6.09). Broach 16/13, 16/15, 16/24, 16/28.
342. As above, but date at the end of the first line: سنة ثمان
As above.
L 880 (8.28). Broach 16/2.
343.
سنة
ضرب بالقاهرة ثمان
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين حسن
بن الملك الناصر محمد
As above.
BMC 557 (26, 5.10).
344. As var. A.) of 758 H., but date at the end of the first line: تسع
سنة
As above.
L 881 (10.18). Broach (15/26). Beyram 264 (8.30). Siouffi p. 18 (10.25).
345. As above, but date at the end of the first line: ستين
سنة
and the last line: وسبعماية
As above.
BMC 560,f (26, 5.64). Broach (number?). Cunha 1483.
*346.
سنة
ضر ب بالقاهرة ستين
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والين حسن بن الملك
الناصر محمد بن الملك المنصور
وسبعماية من الهجرة
As above.
Balog (28, 7.30) Plate XIV.
*347. As above, but date at the end of the first line: سنة
احد
and the last line: ستين وسبعماية
As above.
Horovitz (6.60).
348.
Broach 16/12 no particulars.
349. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
As above, but mint and date at the first line: ضرب بالاسكندرية سنة ست
and the last line: خمسين وسبعماية
As above.
BMC 556,m (26, 7.39). Broach 16/33.
350. As above, but date at the end of first line: ثمان
سنة
Last line: decade missing.
As above.
L 876 (7.10) although the decade is missing, the type is that of the coins of the second reign.
351. As above, but date at the end of the first line: تسع
سنة
and the last line: خمسين وسبعماية
As above.
BMC 558 (26, 5.37). Horovitz. Cunha 1484.
BMC 559 (24, 5.08); 562,d (26, 8.10) date 76– H. P. de Vogüé coll. 1548 (29) date 75– H. White-King 2236 (10.0).
352. Border on both sides: circular line.
ضرب بدمشق
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين حسن
بن الملك الناصر محمد سنة ست
وخمسين وسبعماية
As above.
BMC 556,n (25, 5.18). Broach 15/8. ANS (25, 8.91).
353. As above, but date at the end of the first line: سبع
سنة
As above.
BMC 556,o (25, 9.59). Broach 15/10, 16.
354.
ضرب بدمشق
السلطان الملك
الناصر ناصرالدنياو
الدين سنة ثمان وخمسين
وسبعماية
As above.
BMC 557,d (25, 6.93).
355.
ضرب بدشمق
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين حسن
بن الملك الناصر سنة ثمان
وخمسين وسبعماية
As above.
BMC 557,e (25, 6.67). Broach 15/1 (24, 6.02).
356.
ضرب بدمشق سنة تسع
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين حسن
بن المالك الناصر محمد
وسبعماية وخمسية
As above.
BMC 559,d (25, 5.96).
357.
ضرب بدمشق
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين حسن
بن الملك الناصر محمد
بن المالك المنصور ○
سنة ستين وسبعماية
As above.
BMC 560,a (24, 5.96) Plate XIV. Broach 15/2, 3, 4, 6. Balog (24, 6.65).
358.
ضرب بدمشق سنة ستيت
السلطان الملك الناصر
٧ ناصر الدنيا والدين حسن
بن الملك الناصر محمد ○
٧ وسبعماية
As above.
BMC 560 (25, 8.38) Plate XIV. ANS (24, 6.32).
*359.
٧ مشق
ضرب بد سنة ستين
السلطان الملك الناصر
٧ ناصر الدنيا والدين حسن
بن الملك الناصر محمد
بن الملك المنصور
٧ وسبعماية
As above.
Jungfleisch (25, 8.40) Plate XIV.
360.
ضرب بدمشق سنة ستين
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنياوالدين حسن بن الملك
الناصر محمد بن الملك المنصور
وسبعماية
As above.
Broach 18/1, 2, 3.
361.
ضرب بدمشق
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين حسن بن
الملك الناصر سنة احد
٧ و ستين وسبعماية
As above.
BMC 561 (23, 8.63). ANS (24, 9.39). Balog, two specimens: (24, 9.27) Plate XIV, 361a; (24, 8.60) Obv. fourth line: الملك الناصر محمد سنة احد Plate XIV, 361b.
362. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
ضرب بدمشق سنة اثنين
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنياوالدين حسن بن الملك
الناصر محمد بن الملك المنصور
وستين وسبعماية
As above.
BMC 561,c (26, 6.35). Balog (25, 4.68) Plate XIV.
*363. Border on both sides: missing.
محمد بن قلاون 
السلطان الملك
الناصر ناصر الدنيا و
الدين حسن ابن الملك
الناصر
لا اله الا الله
ω محمد رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين الحق
ليظهره على الدين
.....
Jungfleisch (22, 2.56) Plate XIV.
364.
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين حسن
بن الملك الناصر محمد
بن الملك المنصور
قلاون
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
R وسبعماية|
B سنة ستين|
L (المحروسة؟)|
T ضرب بدمشق
Center:
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين الحق
BMC 563 (22, 3.05). ANS (22, 2.88)
365.
(السلطان الملك الناصر)
ناصر)الدنيا والدين)
.... ...حسن
......
ضرب بدمشق
لا اله الا الله
....
.....
BMC 566 (24, 2.44).
366.
ستين وسبعماية
السلطان الملك
الناصر ناصر الد[نيا والدين
حسن بن محمد
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
BMC 565 (22, 3.0). ANS (21, 3.31); (21, 2.81). Balog (20, 2.16).
367.
السلطان الملك
الناصر ناصر الدينا
والدين حسن بن محمد
......
ضرب بحماة
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق
Soret 26–e lettre no. 167. L 882 (2.78); 883 (3.02) Probably Ḥamāh. Lavoix's reading: ابو المحاسين is to be corrected: والدين حسن. Broach 35/3. Balog (16) Plate XIV.
368. Border: circular line.
ضرب بحلب
السلطان الملك
ω الناصر ناصر الدنيا
والدين حسن
.....
Border missing.
.....
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى حسن ودين
.... ...الحق
Balog (22, 3.59) Plate XIV. Rev. the small cartouche in a border of dots, with the name Ḥasan حسن, is engraved on the die, not a countermark. The owner of the name is unknown; it is probably that of a mint-official (Plate XIV., ad: 368). Broach 35/2 no car-touche on rev.
Cunha 1507, 1508, 1509. Beyram 262, 263, six specimens.
369. Border: linear dodekalobe in circle of dots.
Center:
السلطان الملك
الناصر حسن بن الملك
الناصر محمد بن الملك
المنصور قلاون
Eight-pointed star in a circular line surrounded by a circle of dots. Flowerets pointing inwards from the circle, in the segments.
Center:
ضرب بالقاهرة
سنة تسع وخمسين
وسبعماية
Fraehn, Nova Suppl. p. 95 no. 5,a; Einige Berichtigungen p. 35. BMC 567 (23); 567,a (20). ANS, six specimens: (21); (25); (25); (26); (22); (25). Jungfleisch, five specimens: (21, 2.61); (24,
4.45); (25, 4.33; (25, 4.31; (26, 3.80). Balog, four specimens: (21); (22) Plate XIV. Rev. ornament: 
, (22), Rev. ornament: 
; (25).
370. As above.
As above, but date: سنة ستين
BMC 568 (28). L 885 (3.96). Siouffi p. 18. Dorn (& Gamazoff) p. 74 no. 2. Jungfleisch, five specimens: (25, 4.20); (25, 3.85); (25, 3.73); (26, 4.20); (26, 4.32). ANS (23); (24); (25). Balog, four specimens: (20); (21); (24); (25).
371. As above.
As above, but date: سنة احدى وستين
Lagumina p. 97 no. 9 (22, 3.95). Bern. München. Jungfleisch (25). ANS (26); (22). Balog (22) Rev. ornament; (25).
*372. As above.
As above, but date: سنة اثنى وستين
Balog (27).
*373. Border on both sides missing.
Counter-clockwise marginal legend on both sides:
السلطان الملك الناصر ناصر
ضرب بدمشق سنة ست وخمسين
Gothic shield, resembling an inverted drop, on both sides.
Center: الدين
Center: سبعما
Balog, two specimens: (17) Plate XIV; (15) badly worn.
374. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
The field is divided by a triangle with interwoven sides, into three peripherial segments and a small central area.
In the segments, clockwise:
السلطان الملك الناصر
In the segments, clockwise:
دمشق سنة|اثنين وستين|وسبعماية
Center: حسن
Center: ضرب
BMC 569,f (20, 2.26) Plate XIV. ANS, three specimens: (18, 2.91); (19, 2.31); (18, 2.51).
Balog (20).
375. ضرب بالقاهرة سنة اثنى
السلطان الملك المنصور
صلاح الدنيا والدين محمد بن الملك
المظفر حاجى بن الملك الناصر
وستين وسبعماية
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق ليظهره على
الدين كله
BMC 569,m (25, 9.33). Broach 22/1 (27, 8.04); 22/4. München. ANS (28, 8.91).
376. As above, but date at the end of the first line: ثلاث
As above.
Broach 22/3. Gotha 1047 (7.62). Schulman; list no. 19 (7.62) Schulman; Cat. March 1929 (7.62) the three are probably one and the same coin. Wien 7961 (7.40). München, two specimens.
377. As above, but date at the end of the first line: اربع
As above.
BMC 570 (27, 6.93). L 891 (7.38); 892 (6.14). Khediv. 1533. Broach 22/6, 9, 10. Münzen und Medaillen A.G., Basel, List 185, Nov/Dec. 1958 no. 483.
Gotha 1048 (7.68). Broach 22/2, 5, 7, 8.
378. As above, but first line:
ضرب بالاسكندرية سنة اثنى
As above.
BMC 569,o (24, 6.87). Broach 22/17.
379. As above, but first line:
ضرب بالاسكندرية سنة اربع
As above.
BMC 570,d (28, 5,83). Khediv. 1534. Broach 22/13, l6. White-King 2238 (6.60).
Thorburn (9.42).
Broach 22/15. ANS (25, 6.87).
380. Border on both sides: circular line.
ضرب بدمشق سنة ثلاث
السلطان الملك المنصور
صلاح الدينا والدين محمد
بن الملك المظفر حاجى
وستين وسبعماية
الله
ω وما النصر الا من عند
ω لا اله الا الله محمد
ω رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق ليظهره على
الدين كله
BMC 569,t (24, 6.87). Broach 22/11, 12. München. Horovitz (25, 6.15) Plate XIV.
381. ضرب بدمشق
السلطان الملك المنصور
صلاح الدنيا والدين محمد بن
الملك المظفر حاجى بن الملك
الناصر محمد بن قلاون
As above.
Broach 23 (24, 5.70). Cunha 1486, 1487.
Siouffi p. 18 (8.50) 764 H. Broach 22/18 date missing.
Only four dirhems have come down to us so far.
*382. Border missing on both sides.
ال]سلطان المل[ك
المنصور صلاح الدنيا
و]الدين محمد بن السلطان الملك
حاجى بن الملك الناصر...
محمد]بن قلاو[ن
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
R .... | B وستين | L سنة اثنين | T ....
Center:
لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى وجين الحق
ANS (21, 4.41) Plate XIV.
Although the mint is missing, the coin is almost certainly from Cairo. The style of writing is exactly the same as that on al-Ashraf Sha'bān's Cairo dirhems.
383. Counter-clockwise circular legend:
R وسبعماية | B وستين | L ثلثة | T سنة
Center:
السلطان الملك المنصور
صلاح الدنيا والدين
محمد بن حاجى بن الملك ا
لناصر محمد بن قلاون
Counter-clockwise circular legend in Turkoman Kufic:
(sic) R بوبكر | B عمر | L عثمان |T على
Center, in Turkoman Kufic:
الله
لا اله الا
محمد
رسول الله
Beyram 268.
384. ......
المنصور صلاح الدنيا
والدين بن السلطان
حاجى بن الملك ...
.......
Traces of profession of faith formula.
BMC 571 (18, 4.37).
Miles, Antioch 181, lump fragment, mint obscure.
385. Border linear dodekalobe in circle of dots.
الملك المنصور
صلاح الدنيا والدين
محمد بن الملك المظفر حاجى
بن الملك الناصر
Border: circular line. In it, eight-pointed linear star. A floweret in each segment between circle and star, pointing inward from the circle.
Center:
ضرب بالقاهرة
سنة اثنيى وستين
وسبعماية
BMC 572 (24); 571,w (21). L 893 (3.75): 894 (4.14). Fonrobert 6562 (23). ANS (20, 3.30). München. Jungfleisch (23, 3.99); (24, 3.33). Balog (21, 3.69).
386. As above.
As above, but date: ثلاث وستين
BMC 573 (22). Khediv. 1535. Stickel, Coll. v. Gemming no 63. Beyram 267. Méry, Tocchi no. 33. Fonrobert 6563 (22); 6564 1. (23) 2. (25). ANS (22, 4.14); (24, 3.90). Ashmol. Wien. Jungfleisch, four specimens: (25, 4.47); (23, 3.83); (25, 4.18); (23, 3.87). Balog, four specimens: (23, 3.81); (25, 4.50); (23, 4.52); (24, 4.56) Plate XIV. München.
387. As above.
As above, but date: اربع وستين
BMC 573,e (28). L 895 (3.60). Fonrobert 6565, four specimens. Stickel, Coll. v. Gemming no. 64. Méry, Tocchi no. 34. Münter 304 not quite clear whether al Manṣūr Muḥammad or al-Ashraf Sha'bān. ANS, five specimens: (21, 4.22); (20, 3.89); (25, 4.09) 24, 4.06); (23, 3.97). Jungfleisch, three specimens: (25, 4.25); (22, 4.18); (24, 4.71). Ashmol. Wien. Balog, four specimens: (23, 3.68); (25,4.50); (23,4.52); (24, 4.96) Plate XV.
*388. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
The field is divided by a triangle with interwoven sides, into three peripheric segments and a small central area.
In the segments, clockwise:
السلطان|الملك|المنصور
Center: محمد
In the segments, clockwise:
بدمشق سنة|اثنين وستين|وسبعماية
Center: ضرب
Balog (20) Plate XV.
389. As above.
As above, but date in the second segment: ثلاث وستين
BMC 574 (19.5) Plate XV. München.
*390. As above.
As above, but date in the second segment: اربع وستين
ANS (18, 1.84). Thorburn. Balog (18, 2.28).
*391. Border: undulated circular line in circle of dots.
ضرب
الملك المنصور
؟بدمشق؟
Border: circle of dots. In it, triangle with broken sides and looped angles. In the segments, counter-clockwise legend:
وسبعماية / ..... |ثنين ضرب (؟) |وستين
Center:
Madrid, National Museum (17) Plate XV.
392. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك المنصور
Center: chalice in circular line
Lion passant to left with tail curled back. A human-faced sun with flame-like rays, rising behind the lion. Underneath:
بحماة
L 928 (16,1.59) Plate XV. Miles, Antioch 180 probably this type. ANS Antioch hoard, two specimens. BM, T. W. Armitage 1936 5–17–15. Balog, three specimens in poor condition.
This is an example of a composite blazon occurring on two sides of the same coin.
393. Border on both sides: circle of dots between two circular lines.
Field divided by two horizontal double lines into three segments (fesse).
Upper segment: بحماة
Central segment: الملك المنصور
Lower segment: ضرب
Horse trotting to left. On its back a "qubbah" or ceremonial baldaquin (?) with two streamers floating from the top.
Mayer SH pl. XX, no. 3. Beirut (16) Plate XV, 393a. ANS (16). Balog (16) Plate XV, 393 b.
*394. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
In the central section of the field:
الملك المنصور
At top and underneath, six-petaled rosette flanked by flowerets.
Field divided into three horizontal segments (fesse), the central segment bendy with eleven pieces (to left).
Upper segment: بحماة
Lower segment: ضرب
ANS, two specimens: Antioch hoard (20) Plate XV, 394a; (20) Plate XV, 394b; three more specimens.
The royal protocol on the three types of Ḥamāh copper is simply "al-Malik al-Manṣūr," without the name proper. The coins are undated; their attribution to al-Manṣūr Muḥammad, therefore, is conjectural. They can, however, be safely ascribed to this ruler because the style and types of fulūs of those other Baḥri sultans whose title also is al-Manṣūr, is quite different from the copper coins just described.
*395. Border: circular line in circle of dots. Clockwise circular legend:
السلطان الملك المنصور محمد
In central circle: wheel with six spokes (simplified rosette?).
Border: circular line. Large, naturalistically designed eagle, standing, facing left. Breast ornamented. Over the eagle's back, crescent.
Balog (17) Plate XV, 395a; (15) Plate XV, 395b on this specimen, the eagle's breast is not ornamented. The crescent has a stem, like a chalice, and resembles design No. 26, on page 8 of Mayer, SH. ANS (15, 2.94).
Al-Ashraf Sha'bān's coinage is well represented in modern collections. We have dinars of the Cairo mint of nearly every year and many coins of Alexandria and Damascus, although much fewer of Aleppo. Less is known about his silver issues, but copper is abundant and very varied, especially the numerous types of Syrian fulūs.
396. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
ضرب بالقاهرة سنة اربع
السلطان الملك الاشرف
٧ ناصر الدنيا والدين شعبان بن حسن بن
الملك الناصر محمد بن قلاون
ستين وسبعماية
الله
وما النصر الامن عند 
لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق ليظهره على
الدين كله
Cunha 1488; his reading of the mint: al-Manṣūrīyat al-Maḥrūsa is certainly incorrect and must be al-Qāhirat al-Maḥrūsa. Balog (31, 9.50).
397. As above, but date at the end of the first line:
سنة خمس
and no ornament above the letter fā of Ashraf.
As above, but ornaments:
الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله
Broach 24/15. Balog, two specimens: (29, 6.32): (28, 10.66) Plate XV.
398. As above, but date: سنة ست
As above.
BMC 576 (28, 9.07). L 902 (11.12). Broach 24/1, 8,17. Gotha (7.80.)
399. As above, but date: سنة سبع
As above.
Broach 24/13, 23.
400. As above, but date: سنة تسع
As above.
BMC 576,h (28, 6.61). Horovitz (7.07). Thorburn (7.26).
401. As above, but date at the end of the first line: سنة احد
and the last line: ٧ سبعين وسبعماية
As above, but ornaments as on the 764 H. issue.
BMC 576,m (28, 11.40). Broach 24/5, 16, 18, 31. White-King 2239 (6.10). Balog (29, 9.75) Plate XV.
402. As above, but date at the end of the first line: سنة اثنى
As above.
BMC 576,p (27, 8.03). Broach 24/10. Cunha 1492. ANS (31, 9.72). Jungfleisch (29, 10.15). Horovitz (6.80).
403. As above, but date: سنة ثلاث
As above.
BMC 576,x (28, 7.32). Soret 3e lettre, no. 168 (10.20).
*404. As above, but date: سنة اربع
As above.
ANS, two specimens: (28, 8.80); 27, 5.15).
*405. As above, but date: سنة خمس
As above, but ornaments:
Balog, three specimens: (27, 8.01) رسول الله ارسله; 
(27, 9.50) Plate XV رسول الله ارسله; 
(25, 6.1) ٧ ٧ رسول الله ارسله. 
406. As above, but date: سنة ست
As above.
BMC 577 (25, 5.31).
407. As above, but date: سنة سبع
As above.
BMC 577, f (26, 7.78).
408. As above, but date: سنة ثمان
As above.
BMC 577,k (26, 10.17). Broach 24/4, (28).
L 903 (11.05). Broach 24/thirty-one specimens. Gotha 1050 (5.28); 1051 (8.98). Beyram 269 (5.30). Schulman List 19, no. 41 (7.62); 42 (8.98) probably identical with Gotha 1051. Schulman 1929 no. 1203 probably identical with Gotha 1050; 1204 probably identical with Gotha 1051. ANS, two specimens: (29, 6.01); (27, 6.59).
409. Border on both sides: double circular line.
٧ سنة خمس
ضرب بالاسكندرية
السلطان الملك الاشرف
ناصر الدنيا و الدين شعبان بن حسن بن
٧ الملك الناصر محمد بن قلاون
وستين وسبعماية
As above.
Balog (29, 11.33) Plate XV.
410. As above, but date at the first line:
سنة ست
As above.
Johnston. Jungfleisch (26, 6.22).
411. As above, but date at the first line:
سنة سبع
As above.
Broach 24/64, 69. Wien (8.50).
*412. سنة
ضرب بالاسكندرية
السلطان الملك الاشرف
ناصر الدنيا و الدين شعبان بن حسن
نسع وستين وسبعماية
As above.
Jungfleisch (28, 9.35).
413. As above, but first line:
ضرب بالاسكندرية سنة ثلاث
and last line: وسبعين وسبعماية
As above.
BMC 576,t (26, 8.16).
414. As above, but date at the first line:
سنة خمس
As above.
BMC 576,cc (27, 5.90).
415. As above, but date at the first line:
سنة سبع
As above.
BMC 577,h (25, 5.96). Broach 24/62, 66, 70, 75, 76. Balog (25, 5.96) Plate XV.
Khediv. 1537. Broach 24/ six specimens. Balog (25, 5.92).
*416. Border on both sides: circular line.
خمس
ضرب بدمشق سنة
السلطان الملك الاشرف
ناصر الدنيا والدين شعبان
بن حسن بن الملك الناصر
وسبعماية....
الله
ω وما النصر الامن عند
لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق ليظهره على
الدين كله
Balog (28, 6.99) Plate XV.
Although the decade is missing, there is no doubt that the date must be 765 H. On the 775 and 776 H. issues the legend starts withما النصر الا من عند الله, on both sides and the mint and date formula is relegated to the last line of the obverse. Note the powerful, thick-set style of writing on the Damascus dinars, as compared with the Egyptian coins.
417. ضرب بدمشق
السلطان الملك الاشرف
ناصر الدنيا والدين شعبان ابن
السلطان الشهيد محمد بن قلاون
ست ستين وسبعماية
As above.
BMC 576,c (26, 9.20).
418. As above, but date at the last line:
ثمان وستين وسبعين
As above.
BMC 576,f (26, 10.56). ANS (26, 9.80) last line:
419. سنة احد
ضرب بدمشق وسبعين
السلطان الملك الاشرف
ناصر الدنيا والدين شعبان بن حسن بن
الملك الناصر محمد بن قلاون
وسبعماية
As above.
BMC 576,n (27, 8.03) Plate XVI. Broach 24/56.
420. As above, but date at the first line:
اثنتى
and the last line: سبعين وسبعماية
As above.
BMC 576,p (27, 8.23).
421. As above, but date at the first line:
سنة ثلاث وسبعين
As above.
BMC 576,v (24, 12.18).
422. ضرب بدمشق ...اربع
السلطان الملك الاشرف
ناصر الدنيا والدين شعبان
بن حسن بن الملك الناصر
وسبعين وسبعماية
As above.
BMC 576,z (24, 8.03); 576,aa (26, 8.29).
423. الله
وما النصر الامن عند
السلطان الملك الاشرف
ناصر الدنيا والدين شعبان بن حسن ين
الملك الناصر محمد بن قلاون
صرب بدمشق سنة خمس وسبعين وسبعماية
As above.
BMC 576,ff (25, 8.55); 576,gg (26, 8.29.) L 901 (12.35).
424. As above, but last line:
ضرب بدمشق سنة ست وسبعين وسبعماية
As above.
BMC 577,b (27, 9.20) Plate XVI. Balog (26, 14.79).
L 900 (10.34). Broach 24/ nineteen specimens. Jungfleisch (24, 7.13). Horovitz, two specimens (9.83).; (8.28) Obv. before 775 H. ANS, two specimens: (25, 9.62); (25, 10.31) both coins are with mint and date missing; the legend starts, however, on both sides with وما النصر الامن عند الله; they must, therefore, belong to the 775 or 776 H. Damascus issues.
*425. Border on both sides: circle of dots, in it linear circle and in this, linear multilobe (dodeka-tetralobe). Pellets between the circle and multilobe.
ضر ب بحلب سنة
السلطان الملك الاشرف
٧ ناصر الدنيا والدين شعبان بن حسن
بن الملك الناصر محمد بن قلاون
ثلث وسبعين وسبعماية
As above.
Balog (25, 6.98) Plate XVI.
426. As above, but date at the last line:
سبع سبعين وسبعماية
As above.
L 898 (25, 8.88) Plate XVI; 899 (6.83). Khediv. 1536.
*427. As above, but last line:
ثمان سبعبين وسبعماية
As above.
Despite al-Ashraf Sha'bān's fourteen-year reign his dirhems are less than numerous in modern collections. They are not even representative of his coinage as, for example, the date is missing on all his known Cairo dirhems, and only very few silver coins of the Syrian mints have come down to us.
*428. Date missing on all the known dirhems.
Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe in border of pellets.
The style of writing is characteristic, similar to that of the Cairo dinars, so that coins with the mint missing are easily recognized as belonging here. This applies to the "cut" dirhems and their fractions.
السلطان الملك
الاشرف ناصر الدنيا و
الدين شعبان بن حسن
... بن الملك الناصر محمد بن قلاون خلد
ضرب بالقاهرة
لا اله الا الله محمد
٧ رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين الحق
Balog, three specimens: (22, 5.0) Double-dirhem. Plate XVI, 428a; (23, 5.0) Double-dirhem. Plate XVI, 248b; (22, 3.09). ANS, four specimens: (22, 3.88).; (21, 3.04); (9×28, 4.97) Double-dirhem; (19, 1.63) Half-dirhem.
*429. "Cut" dirhems and fractions
ANS, four specimens: (10, 1.90); (10, 1.89); (10, 1.90); (10, 1.52). Balog, five specimens: (15 2.45); (12×16 2.15) Plate XVI, 429a; (12×13 2.05); (13 1.79); (9×15 1.44) Plate XVI, 429 b.
*430. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
السلطان الملك
الاشرف ناصر الدنيا
والدين شعبان بن محمد
سنة سبعين زسبعماية
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
دمشق
Jungfleisch (15, 1.46).
431. السلطان
الملك الاشرف بامر
الدنيا والدين شعبان
بن حسن
ضرب بدمشق
لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين الحق
BMC 585 (24, 2.70); 587 (24, 1.80).
*432. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
ضرب بحلب
السلطان الملك
الارشف ناصر الدنيا والدين
.... شعبان (بن)الملك
Counter-clockwise circular legend:
B ..... | L .... | T سبع وستين | R ضرب
Center:
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
Balog (21) Plate XVI.
*433. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
سبعماية
السلطان الملك
الاشرف ناصر الدنيا
والدين شعبان بن حسن
سنة ست وستين
ضرب بحماة
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
BM, Sir R. Burn 1949 8–3–412 (20).
434. As above, but date at the last line:
سنة ثمان وستين
As above.
Erman no. 18.
435. As above, but date at the last line:
سنة احد وسبعين
As above.
L907 (14, 1.24).
*436. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
As above, but date at the end of the first line: سنة ثمان
and the last line: وسبعين
As above.
Balog (18) Plate XVI.
BMC 580 (21, 3.65).
BMC 581 (18, 3.50); 582 (22, 2.60); 583 (22, 3.30) 773 H.; 584 (23, 3.89); 586 (24, 4.42); 588 (22, 3.00); 589 (22, 3.99); 590 (23, 3.68). L906 (3.95) 770 H. (?). Erman nos. 19, 20, 21, 22. ANS, six specimens: (21, 1.87); (20, 1.88); (20, 3.42); (20, 2.93); (19, 1.63); (18, 2.49).
Similar to al-Nāṣir Ḥasan's and al-Manṣūr Muḥammad's fulūs, the copper coins issued by al-Ashraf Sha'bān in Cairo and Alexandria are purely epigraphical. The Syrian issues, varied and numerous, are either heraldic or, at least, ornamented; their diameter is smaller than that of the Egyptian coins. Also, very frequently the fulūs from the Syrian mints are undated.
All the Cairo copper coins are of the same pattern, and present the same legends. Only the date changes every year.
437. Border of dots, in which linear deka-hexalobe.
Center:
السلطان الملك
الاشرف شعبان بن حسن بن
السلطان الملك الناصر
محمد بن قلاون
Border of dots in which circular line. In it, linear eight-pointed star, with floweret in each segment between circle and eight-pointed star.
Center: 
ضرب بالقاهرة
سنةاربع ستين
وسبعماية
L 914 (3.91). Wien. Jungfleisch (25, 3.97). Balog, three specimens: (21); (21); (22).
438. As above.
As above, but date: سنة خمس وستين
سبعماية
L 915 (3.91); 916 (4.05); 917 (4.05); 918 (4.10). BMC 591,b (26). Khediv. 1538. Fonrobert 6567. ANS, two specimens: (22, 3.97); (21, 3.95). München. Wien. Balog, three specimens: (23); (23); (21).
439. As above.
As above, but date: وستين
سنة ست
BMC 592,q (25). Khediv. 1539. L 919 (4.01). Wien. München. Jungfleisch, two specimens: (25, 4.29); (23, 3.88). Balog, two specimens: (23); (22) Plate XVI.
440. As above.
As above, but date: ستين
سنة سبع و
Welzl v. Wellenheim 12381. BM, H. W. Harrison 1928 8–8–9; 8–8–10. Wien. München. Balog, two specimens: (23); (21).
441. As above.
As above, but date: ستين
سنة ثمان
Khediv. 1541. Dorn-Gamazoff p. 74 no. 3. Welzl v. Wellenheim 12382. Fonrobert 6568, three specimens. ANS, three specimens: (21, 4.31); (22, 4.21); (23, 4.18). Jungfleisch (26, 4.42). Balog (23) Plate XVI.
442. As above.
As above, but date: سنة تسع
ستين
وسبعماية
L 920 (3.90); 921 (3.73). ANS (20, 4.09). Jungfleisch (25, 4.20). Balog, two specimens: (22) (22) Plate XVI.
443. As above.
As above, but date: سنة
سبعين
وسبعماية
444. As above.
As above, but date: ثلاث و
سنة سبعين
L 922 (4.15). Windisch-Graetz 187, (24). Schulman 1907 February. Wien. Balog, two specimens: (24). (25).
*446. As above.
As above, but date: سنة
وسبعين
وسبعماية
BM, T. O. Mabbott 1936 5–4–4. G. Fr. Clark 6–14–1–86.
*446. As above.
As above, but date: سنة
ست وسبعين
Balog, three specimens: each (22) Plate XVI.
447. As above.
As above, but date: سبع وسبعين
Blau.
*448. As above.
As above, but date: ثمانوسبعين
Wien.
Similar to the Cairo fulūs, but the style of writing is less regular, not so harmonious.
*449. السلطان
الملك الاشرف
شعبان بن جسن بن الملك
المنصور قلاون
ضرب سكندرية
سنة سبعين
وسبعماية
Balog (24).
*450. As above.
ضرب سكندرية
سنة ثلث
وسبعين
سبعماية
Balog (23) Plate XVII.
*451. السلطان الملك الا
شرف
شعبان بن
حسن
الاسكندرية
سنة ست
سبعين
وسبعماية
Balog, two coins: (25); (22) Plate XVII.
*452. السلطان
الملك الاشرف
شعبان بن الملك
.....
سكندرية
سنة سبع
سبعين
وسبعماية
Balog (26) Plate XVII.
*453. السلطان الملك الا
شرف شعبان بن حسن بن قلاون
As above.
Balog (26) Plate XVIII.
454. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Field, on both sides, divided by two horizontal lines into a wider central segment and two narrower, upper and lower, segments.
In upper and lower segments, arabesque ornament.
In central segment:
الملك الاشرف
Upper segment: ضرب
Central segment: وسبعماية سنة سبعين
Lower segment: بدمشق
L 909 (17, 2.17) Plate XVII; 910 (17, 2.75). Soret 26-e lettre, no. 170, Soret read the date as 776; it is 770. ANS (18, 2.12); (18, 2.33). Balog, five specimens: (16); (18); (18); (18); (19).
A
*455. As above.
As above, but central segment:
سبعين و
سنة احد
Balog (15) Plate XVII.
456. As above.
As above, but central segment:
احد سبعين
.... سنة
L 911 (2.11). Balog (19) Plate XVII.
457. BMC 600 (19); 601 (17) seem to belong to Var. A. of the 771 H. issue.
458. Border on both sides: circular line.
Clockwise circular legend:
السلطان الملك الا شرف شعبان
In the center, spindle-shaped cartouche with fleur-de-lis edges; in it: حسن بن
Concave-sided linear octolobe with floweret on the edges. Pellets between the flowerets. In the center: ضرب
مشق
بد
Pietraszewski p. 45, no. 161. BMC 567,a. BM, L. A. Lawrence; Parkes-Weber 11–3–1906 5396. Pertsch no. 19. Ashmol., three specimens. Thorburn. Jungfleisch, two specimens: (19 2.42) Plate XVII, 458a; (17 2.15). Balog, seven specimens: (18); (18); (19); (19); (19); (20); (20) Plate XVII, 458b. ANS, twelve specimens: (19, 2.65); (19, 2.46); (21, 2.18); (21, 2.71); (20, 2.61): (19, 3.78); (18, 2.39); (18, 2.38); (19, 2.96); (17, 3.01); (17, 2.35); (17. 2.35).
459. Border on both sides: circular line.
Linear square is square of dots. In it: الملك
الاشرف
In linear hexagram: بد
مشق
ضرب
Fonrobert 6566 (16).
*460. Border on both sides: circular line.
الملك
الاشرف
In hexagram: بحماة
ANS (18, 2.79). Ashmol. (16) Plate XVII. Thorburn. Balog (17).
*461. Circular line in border of dots. In it, oblong cartouche, lateral ends pointed inwards, on upper and lower sides, convexity.
Center: الملك
الاشرف
No border.
Double circular line, connected with 12 spokes; on the external circle, 24 short radiating rods, crowned with a pellet.
In center: بحماة
ANS (20, 2.16). Thorburn. Balog, two specimens: (17) Plate XVII; (18).
*462. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
At top and bottom, arabesque ornaments, between them:
الملك الاشرف
Field divided into three horizontal segments, the central segment bendy with seven pieces to right.
Upper segment: بحما
Lower segment: ضرب
Balog (19) Plate XVII; (17).
463. Circular line in border of dots. In it, linear square. Center:
الملك
الاشرف
Upper segment: بحماة
Lower segment: ضرب
In the two lateral segments, ornament.
Border: circular rigid cable to left between two linear circles.
Center: lion passant to right, with tail curled back, knot in the middle of the tail.
Fraehn; Nova Suppl. p. 96 no. n. L 1100 (2.17). ANS, four specimens: (20, 2.37); (17, 2.05); (16, 1.98); (17, 1.16). Balog (18) Plate XVII.
464. As above, but lion on the reverse to left.
BMC 606,c (18) Plate XVII, 464a; 606, f (17). BM, L. A. Lawrence 1935 5–1–4; 5–1–5. L 1099 (2.08). ANS (15) Plate XVII, 464b.
466. Border on both sides: thick circular line.
Clockwise circular legend:
السلطان الملك الاشرف
Center: 
In field: shark, body bent downwards.
Above: بحماة
Underneath: ضرب
Blau 313. Valentine, Modern Copper Coins of the Muḥammadan States, p. 186 no. 2. Valentine read: بخارا, but the mint is without any doubt Ḥamāh بحماة, and not Bukhāra. BM, no number (17) Plate XVII; L. A. Lawrence, knot on obverse center: ANS Antioch hoard, five specimens. Balog (19).
Mayer (SH, pp. 10 and 26) does not consider the fish as a heraldic sign. In this case, however, it occupies a prominent position, is well detached from the surroundings and stylized in design. We believe, therefore, that it has a heraldic value.
466. Border on both sides: rigid cable to left between two circular lines.
Center:
اربع
سنة بحماة
ضرب
ستين
Center: Fleur-de-lis with wide basis, between two small rings. Top flanked by two pellets.
BMC 606, q (20) Plate XVII. ANS Antioch hoard (19, 1.66). Wien. Thorburn. Balog (17); (18).
*467. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments.
Upper segment: بحماة
Central segment: الملك الاشرف
Lower segment: ضرب
Field divided by a triple horizontal line.
Upper segment: و ستين
Lower segment: سنة خمس
Balog (17).
468. Border of large dots, in which double-linear square. On each side of the square, a semi-circular convexity. In the center:
الملك
ف 
الاشر
Border of dots, in which circular line. In center a large pellet, with three spindle-shaped petals. Between the petals, around the center, three oval pellets. In the segments between the petals:
ضرب|مدينة|حلب
BMC 603 (16) Plate XVII, 468a; 603, a (18). Dorn-Gamazoff p. 76 no. 2. ANS, four specimens: (18, 1.64); (17, 1.70); (16, 1.97); (15, 1.78). Ashmol. Plate XVII, 468b. Thorburn. Balog (18).
469. Border of dots, in which circular line. In it, elongated tertalobe.
Center: عز
الملك الاشرف
نصره
Border of dots, in which circular line. In it, linear octolobe.
Center: 
بحلب
ضرب
Fraehn, Nova Suppl, p. 96 nos. 8 and 9. BMC 601, a (17). BM, Sir R. Burn 1949 8–3–11. ANS (16, 2.23). Balog, four specimens: (20) Plate XVII; (17) Half-fals; (17); (17).
470. Border on both sides: circular line.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments:
Upper segment: ضرب
Central segment: السلطان الملك
Lower segment: بحلب
Clockwise circular legend:
الملك الاشرف شعبان
Six-petaled rosette in small central hexalobe.
BMC 605, d (18) Plate XVIII. ANS Antioch hoard, three specimens. Jungfleisch (17).
471. Border on both sides: circular line.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments:
Upper segment: بحلب
Central segment: الملك الاشرف
Lower segment: ضرب
Linear dodekalobe with flowerets looking inwards. In it, linear hexagram with central crescent.
BMC 605, m (20). Soret 3–e lettre no. 169. ANS (19, 1.51). Ashmol. (19) Plate XVIII. Balog (18).
*472. As above, but legend in central segment inverted:
الملك الاشرف
As above.
Balog (16) Plate XVIII.
*473. Border: circular line.
عزا لولانا
السلطان الملك ا
لا شرف شعبان
سنة ست وسبعين
Border of dots, in which circular line. In it, linear hexagram. Flowerets in the spaces between border and hexagram.
Center: طرابلس
Ashmol. (22) Plate XVIII.
474. Border on both sides: circle of dots. Linear hexagon with looped edges, and a floweret on each side.
Center: الملك
ف
الاشر
Triquetra composed of three linear spindles, with floweret in each spindle and three pellets in center.
In the segments: ضرب|بطر|ابلس
BMC 602 (18) Plate XVIII; 602, b (20) Lane-Poole attributed both coins to Aleppo; they belong to Tripoli. Mūnchen. Thorburn. Balog (19).
475. Circular line in border of dots. Field divided by two horizontal lines into a wide central segment and two narrow (upper and lower) segments:
Upper segment: طرابلس
الملك الاشرف
Central segment: 
شعبان بن حسن
Lower segment: ضرب
Linear wheel with eight, counter-clockwise curved spokes. Pellet in every second space between the spokes.
Dorn-Gamazoff p. 74 no. 4. ANS Half-fals. Wien. Ashmol. Plate XVIII.
476. Border: circular line.
Field divided by double horizontal line. Central pellet between the two lines.
Upper segment: الملك الاشرف
Lower segment: ضرب بطرابلس
Border: circular wavy cable to left, between two circular lines. In it, six-petaled rosette with central pellet.
BMC 604 (17); 605 (16) Plate XVIII 476b; 605, a (16). BM, A. N. Clemenger 1936 8–5–30. L 912 (2.22); 913 (2.07). ANS (20, 2.0). Balog, four specimens: (16); (17); (18); (19) no pellet between the lines on obv. Plate XVIII, 476a.
*477. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Four-pointed concave-sided star, in which small circle. In center, six-petaled rosette with central pellet.
In the segments between border and star:
الملك|الاشرف|شعبان|بن حسن
Eight-pointed star composed of two interwoven four-pointed stars.
In center: طرابلس
ضرب
Balog, two specimens: (17) Plate XVIII, 477a; (18) Plate XVIII, 477b.
*478. As above.
As above, but in center: counter-clockwise circular legend around central pellet:
ضرب بطرابلس
ANS, two specimens: (19, 1.62); (19, 2.86).
479. Border: circular line.
السلطان الملك
الاشرف شعبان
بطرابلس
Border of dots, in which double linear octolobe. In it, fleur-de-lis with wide transverse band.
BM, F. 5–7–70 14201; Sir R. Burn 1949 8–3–414 (15); 8–3–415 at top of obv. سنة خمس but no decade. ANS (18, 3.04); (17, 2.30). Ashmol. (17) Plate XVIII. Bern.
480. Border on both sides: circular line in border of dots.
Field divided by two horizontal lines of dots into three segments:
ضرب طر
الملك الاشرف
ابلس
Lion passant to left, with tail curled back. The lion's body is adapted to the circular field.
BMC 606 (18) Plate XVIII. BM, F. 5–7–70 15979. ANS, six specimens: (17, 1.77); (19, 2.31); (17, 2.25); (17, 2.25); (17, 1.86); (15, 2.25). Ashmol. (17). Balog, two specimens: (16); (19).
481. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
سنة
ضرب بالقاهرة ثمان
لسلطان الملك المنصور
علا الدنيا والدين على بن الملك الا
شرف شعبان بن حسن بن محمد عز نصره
وسبعين وسبعماية
الله
وما النصر الامن عند
لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق ليظهره على
الدين كله
Jungfleisch BIE IX, 1926 (25, 7.90) Plate XVIII.
According to Jungfleisch, this is the first coin to show the invocation 'azza naṣruhu , عزنصره. Apparently, he was not acquainted with al-Nāṣir Muḥammad's and al-Nāṣir Ḥasan's Aleppo fulūs (cf. above, pp. 162, 187). To our knowledge, the first Mamlūk coin with عزنصره is a fals of al-Nāṣir Muḥammad, dated 717 H., struck 61 years earlier than al-Manṣūr Muḥammad's dinar.
482. ضرب بالقاهرة سنة ثمان
السلطان الملك المنصور
علا الدنيا والدين على بن الملك ا
لا شرف شعبان بن حسن بن محمد قلاون
وسبعين وسبعماية
As above.
(without بن between Muḥammad and Qalā'ūn)
BMC 607, b (26, 10.82). Cunha 1494. Broach 30/4, 13.
483. As above, but date at the end of the first line: سنة تسع
As above.
BMC 607, e (28, 7.58) Plate XVIII. L 923 (28, 10.55). Broach 30/2, 3, 4. Codrington read 777 H., which must be corrected to 779 H. Balog (27, 7.94).
484. As above, but first line:
ضرب بالقاهرة سنة
and last line:
ثمانين وسبعماية
As above.
BMC 608, e (28, 7.84). Balog (26, 5.99) Plate XVIII.
485. As above, but first line:
ضرب بالقاهرة سنة احد
and last line:
ثمانين وسبعماية
As above.
BMC 609 (26, 9.60); 609, a (27, 7.65). Fonrobert 6569 (26, 4.30). ANS (27, 4.68). Jungfleisch (25, 7.90) Plate XVIII; (28, 7.17).
486.
Karabacek: Zur Oriental. Münzkunde no. 8. Horovitz (6.96) date at the end of the first line: سنة ثنتين
No dinars of Alexandria except two coins in the Broach hoard, have survived. Unfortunately Codrington listed them without description.
487.
Broach 30/17.
488.
Broach 30/16.
489. Border on both sides: circular line.
سنة
ضرب بدمشق ثمان
السلطان الملك المنصور
علا الدنيا والدين على
ن السلطان الملك الاشرف
شعبان بن حسن بن الملك الناصر محمد
وسبعين وسبعماية
الله
ω وما النصر الا من عند
لا اله الا الله محمد رسول
ω الله ارسله بالهدى ودين الحق
ليظهره على الدين
كله
BMC 607 (24, 9.07). White-King 2240 (8.90). Broach 28/2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9. Balog (24, 8.79) Plate XIX.
490.
Broach 30/15. Date read by Codrington 777 سبع instead of تسع 779 H.
491. سنة
ضرب بدمشق ثمانين
السلطان الملك المنصور
علا الدنيا والدين على بن السلطان
الملك الاشرف شعبان بن حسن بن
الملك الناصر محمد بن قلاون
As above.
BMC 608, c (26, 8.10); 608, d (25, 6.67) as dinar of 778 H., except the date. Broach 28.
492. As above, but date at the first line:
احد وثمانين
As above.
BMC 608, f (25, 7.97); 608, g (25, 5.51). Broach 29.
Only a handful of dirhems are known; the date is always missing and so is the mint, except on two coins. As already recognized by Lavoix (III, p. 384, no. 924, footnote), the sultan's protocol is al-Manṣūr Nāṣir al-Dīn 'Ali المنصور ناصر الدين على on the dirhems. The legends are reconstructed:
493. السلطان الملك
المنصور ناصر الدنيا
والدين على بن الملك
الاشرف شعبان
ضرب بالسكندرية
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى و
دين الحق
BMC 610 (24, 5.73) Lane-Poole did not read the mint, although it can be deciphered.
494. As above.
As above, but at top: ضرب بحلب
Miles, Antioch no. 185. Miles read the title ... المنصور علا with a query.
495.
BMC 611 (18, 2.07) Plate XIX, 495a; Ornaments on obv.: 
المنصور ناصر 
612 (24, 3.69); 613 (13, 1.75) Plate XIX, 495b; Ornaments obv.: 
المنصور ناصر rev.: 
رسول L 924 (2.35). Balog (16) Plate XIX, 495c.
The Cairo and Alexandria fulūs are purely epigraphic and similar to the copper of al-Nāṣir Ḥasan, al-Manṣūr Muḥammad and al-Ashraf Sha'bān; the Syrian fulūs are nearly all heraldic. The copper coins struck at Tripoli do not have the sultan's full name; they can, however, be safely attributed to al-Manṣūr 'Ali on stylistic grounds. Al-Manṣūr Muḥammad's copper coins are of a different fabric.
Border and ornaments as on al-Nāṣir Ḥasan's Cairo fulūs.
*496. السلطان الملك ا
لمنصور علا الدنيا والدين على
بن الملك الاشرف شعبان بن حسن
بن الملك الناصر محمد قلاون
ضرب بالقاهرة
سنة تسع و
سبعين
وسبعماية
Jungfleisch (20, 3.80). Balog (25) Plate XIX.
497. As above.
ضرب بالقاهرة
سنة احد وسبعين
وسبعماية
L 925 (3.80). Jungfleisch (23, 4.26).
*498. As above.
ضرب بالقاهرة
سنة اثنتى وسبعين
وسبعماية
Jungfleisch (23, 3, 15).
Similar to the Cairo fulūs, but the writing is much coarser and the linear dodekalobe of the obverse border has become a simple undulant circle surrounded by large dots. The coins are all undated.
*499.
السلطان الملك
المنصور على بن الملك
الاشرف شعبان بن حسن
ضرب با
لاسكند
رية
Balog, four specimens: (22) Plate XIX, 499a; (22) Plate XIX, 499b; (24); (19).
*500.
السلطان الملك
المنصور على بن الاشرف
بن حسن
ضرب
اسكندرية
المحروسة
Balog (22) Plate XIX.
The mint is tentatively read اسكندرية المحروسة "Alexandria, the guarded." This reading is by no means certain. It would also be unusual for Alexandria.
501. Border on both sides: circular line; in it, clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك المنصور
Small circle, in which:
على
ضرب بدمشق سنة احد ثمانين وسبعماية
Small circle, in which fleur-de-lis with triangular basis, flanked by two pellets.
Soret 3–e lettre, no. 172.
502. As above.
As above, but marginal legend:
ضرب بدمشق سنة اثنين ثمانين وسبعماية
Soret, 3-e lettre, no. 173. L 927 (17, 2.19) Plate XIX, 502a. ANS (17, 2.34) and eight more specimens from the Antioch hoard. Horovitz (16) no pellets on rev. Plate XIX, 502b. Jungfleisch (20, 1.72). Balog (16, 2.27).
*503. As above.
As above, but marginal legend:
ضرب بدمشق سنة ثلاث ثمانين وسبعماية
ANS (16, 2.31) and three more specimens from the Antioch hoard.
BMC 619, a. BM, Sir R. Burn 1949; Chr. Blunt 1947. Ashmol. Bodl. 199, 200, 201. Balog (20); (16).
Al-Manṣūr 'Ali's fulūs struck in Tripolis are all undated.
504. Border of dots, in which circular line. Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments:
Upper segment: ضرب طر
Central segment: الملك المنصور
Lower segment: ابلس
Border of dots in which circular line. In it, a hexagon with concave sides. In the segments formed by circle and hexagon, annulets. In the field, fleur-de-lis with rhomboidal basis.
L 930 (17, 2.09) Plate XIX; 931 (2.46); 932 (2.48). Windisch-Graetz 188. (16). Jungfleisch (16, 2.84). ANS (19, 2.44); (18, 1.85); (17, 1.95); (17, 2.25). Balog (16).
505. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Field divided by two horizontal lines of dots.
ضرب طر /
لملك المنصور /
ابلس
Lion passant to left; tail, with knot in the middle, curled back.
L 929 (17, 2.27) Plate XIX, 505a. ANS (18, 2.35); (17, 2.16). Flagellation (18) Plate XIX, 505 b. München, two specimens. Jungfleisch (22, 4.36).
*506. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments.
Upper segment: طرابلس
Central segment: الملك المنصور
Lower segment: ضرب
Linear hexagram, with ringlets in the angles between hexagram and circle. In center, a crescent.
Balog (20) Plate XIX, 506a; (18, 2.32) Plate XIX, 506b.
*507. Border on both sides missing.
الملك ا
لمنصور
Two interwoven linear tetralobes. In the center, a crescent. Pellets in the free spaces.
Balog (17) Plate XIX.
*508. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Field divided by horizontal cable to right between two horizontal lines.
Upper segment: الملك ا
Lower segment: لمنصور
Linear octogram, with square center. In it:
طرابلس
Balog (21) Plate XIX, 508a. ANS Antioch hoard, three specimens Plate XIX, 508b.
*509. Border on both sides missing.
Field divided by two horizontal lines of dots:
...../
الملك المنصور/
?ضرب طرابلس?
ANS Antioch hoard, three specimens.
Six-petaled flower, resembling a lotus, petals forming a counter-clockwise whorl.
Balog (18) Plate XX, 509a; (16) Plate XX, 509b.
Al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji had not occupied the throne for more than a year, when he was deposed by Barqūq, the first Burji sultan. He was not reinstated to the sultanate until eight years later, when the Mamlūk nobles rebelled against Barqūq. Ḥājji's second reign did not, however, last any longer than his first, because the year 792 H. saw the last of him and of Qalā'ūn's House and the definite advent of Burji rule.
If we proceed in a strictly chronological order, al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji's coinage should be followed by Barqūq's first reign, then again by Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji's second emissions, and finally by Barqūq's second period.
Nevertheless, we want to emphasise that this is a turning-point in Mamlūk History. Al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji's two reigns are therefore discussed in this section. Barqūq's coins of his first as well as those of his second reign are, on the other hand, listed in the first chapter of the Burji series.
On his second accession, al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji assumed a new title, namely that of al-Manṣūr Ḥājji. On a unique dinar of Cairo he is styled: al-Manṣūr Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Ḥājji, المنصور ناصر الدين حاجى, and on two other unique coins, a dinar of Aleppo and a dirhem with mint missing, al-Manṣūr Nāṣir al-Dīn Ḥājji, المنصور ناصر الدين حاجى.
1ST REIGN: 783–784 H. = 1381–1382 A.D.
510. Border on both sides (on all the Cairo dinars): double linear dodekalobe.
ثلث
ضرب بالقاهرة سنة
السلطان الملك الصالح
صلاح الدنيا والدين حاجى بن
شعبان بن حسن بن محمد بن قلاون
وثمانين وسبعماية
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
لا اله الا الله محمد
٧ رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق ليظهره على
الدين كله
L 935 (28, 12.37). Balog (28, 5.63).
*511. ثلث
ضرب باقاهرة سنة
السلطان الملك الصالح
صلاح الدنيا والدين حاجى بن ا
(لملك الاشرف شعبان بن حسن بن (محمد
وثمانين وسبعماية
As above.
Balog (26, 9.07) Plate XX.
*512. ثلث
ضرب بالقاهرة سنة
ω السلطان الملك الصالح
صلاح الدنيا والدين حاجى بن ا
(sic) لملك الاشرف شعبان بن حسن محمد
•
وثمانين وسبعماية
As above.
Ashmol. (26). Balog (28, 11.14) Plate XX.
*513. اربع
ضرب بالقاهرة سنة
السلطان الملك الصالح صلاح
الدنيا والدين حاجى بن الملك الاشرف
بن قلاون (sic) شعبان حسن محمد
وثمانين وسبعماية
As above.
Jungfleisch (28, 12.81) Plate XX.
514. Border on both sides: circular line.
اربع وثمانين
ضرب بدمشق سنة
ω السلطان الملك الصالح
صلاح الدنيا والدين حاجى
بن)الملك الاشرف شعبان)
٧ وسبعماية
As above.
Ornament: رسول
BMC 615 (26, 9.40) date missing, but this variety. Balog (24, 9.34); 25, 10.49) Plate XX, 514a: (26, 7.27) Plate XX, 514b.
515. ضرب بدمشق
ω السلطان الملك الصالح
صلاح الدنيا والدين حا
جى بن الملك الاشرف شعبان بن حسن
بن الملك الناصر
As above.
BMC 616 (25, 5.95) date missing, but this variety. L936 (7.92) Lavoix read the date as 788H. with a query. This would be impossible. But in reality the date is اربع = سنة اعد من ثمانين وسبعمابة?
516. The dirhems are very scarce; they are difficult to read, with much of the legends missing, the date always and the mint mostly vanished. After reconstruction of the inscriptions, as well as possible from the scanty material, the coins probably belong to one and the same variety. One dirhem positively shows the mint-name Aleppo, another has the initial ḥā of Ḥalab (but Ḥamāh is not excluded); we believe, therefore, that they all may belong to Aleppo.
الاشرف
السلطان الملك
ω الصالح صلاح الدنيا
والدين حاجى بن السلطان
الملك
ضرب بحلب
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق
BMC 617 (22, 3.30) Aleppo. 618 (18, 2.86). BM, C. H. Hexender 1937 8–18–1 Plate XX, 516a. L 937 (2.85) Aleppo (or Ḥamāh); 938 (3.69); 939 (3–81). Balog (24) Plate XX, 516b.
Al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji issued a normal fals, similar to the Cairo emissions of al-Nāṣir Ḥasan, al-Manṣūr Muḥammad, al-Ashraf Sha'bān and al-Manṣūr 'Ali, and an unusual, heavy copper coin, which curiously corresponds with the wuqĩyah-weight. The latter also differs from the normal fals in type and style of the engraving.
517. السلطان الملك
الصالح صلاح الدين حاجى بن
الملك الاشرف شعبان بن حسن ين محمد
بن قلاون
ضرب بالقاهرة
ثلاث وثمانين سنة
وسبعماية
ANS. Thorburn. Balog (20) Plate XX.
*518. As above.
As above, but date:
سنة اربع وثمانين
وسبعماية
ANS. Thorburn. Balog (21).
Unusually heavy coins, struck on a wide, thick flan. Jungfleisch described two denominations, the wuqīyah weight and the half-wuqīyah.
519. Border on both sides: border of dots between two circular lines.
In it, linear square, ornaments in the segments.
Center:
٧ الملك الصا
لح حاجى
عز نصره
Concave-sided linear hexagon, three pellets in each segment.
Center:
ضرب بالقاهرة
ثلاث وثمانين
سنة
سبعماية
Jungfleisch BIE XXXI, Fig. Jungfleisch 39, 1948–9 (34, 34.62). Balog, four specimens: (34, 36.05) Plate XX; (34, 32.96); (34, 35.40); (35, 32.87).
520. Border on both sides: border of pellets, then circular line.
In it, linear square, with three pellets in each segment.
Center: 
الملك
نصر
الصالح
حاجى
Concave-sided linear hexagon, three pellets in each segment.
Center: 
ضرب بالقاهرة
ثلاث ثمانين
سنة
سبعماية
Jungfleisch BIE XXXI, Fig. Jungfleisch 39, 1948–9 (27, 17.17).
Jungfleisch, who discovered these unusual coins of one wuqīyah and half-wuqīyah weight, thought that they could either be a special issue of true copper coinage, or weights in the form of coins, or else, again, coins which, in case of necessity could be employed as weights.
At the time of the publication of Jungfleisch's paper only one specimen of the wuqīyah-coin and one of the half-wuqīyah coin were known. Today we have four more wuqīyah-coins, but still only the one half-wuqīyah observed by Jungfleisch. As can be seen above, all the wuqīyah coins, though more or less deficient, nevertheless approximate the weight of the wuqīyah. Therefore his theory that they might be true weights, or subsidiary weights, is not altogether excluded. It should be mentioned, however, that the usual shape for a weight should be that of a small barrel. The barrel-shape had been in use since the 'Abbāsids (we have a weight of this period) through the Fāṭimids (a rather large series from the second half of this dynasty), also during the Mamlūk reign (a four-wuqīyah weight of al-Ashraf Sha'-bān's, with date and mint) and right through the Turkish rule in Egypt.
Consequently it well may be that the large coins of this heavy series are nothing but multiples of the fals.
*521. The border on both sides as well as the arrangement of the legends on all the Alexandria copper is similar to those of the Cairo fulūs, except that the style of writing on the former is much cruder.
السلطان الملك
الصالح حاجى بن
شعبان
ضرب
سكند
رية
Balog (24) Plate XX.
*522. السلطان
الملك الصالح
حاجى بن
شعبان
الا
ضرب
سكند
رية
سنة ثلاث
وثمانين
Balog, four specimens: (22); (22); (22) Plate XX, 522a; (23) Plate XXI, 522b.
*523. As above.
As above, but date: سنة اربع
وثمانين
Balog, four specimens: (21) Plate XXI, 523a; (22); (23) Plate XXI, 523b; (25).
524. Border on both sides: circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الصالح صلاح الدين
Inner circle; center: حاجى
Clockwise marginal legend:
ضرب بدمشق سنة ثلث وثمانين وسبعماية
Inner circle; center: fleur-de-lis.
L 873 (18, 2.79). Ḥājji written with diacritical points. Plate XXI, 524a; 874 (1.85); 875 (2.65). Lavoix attributed these 3 coins to al-Muẓaffar Ḥājji, but the marginal legends were either missing or illegible. Windisch-Graetz 190. Karabacek, Zur Oriental. Münzkunde 9. Fonrobert 6570 (14). BM, T. B. Clarke-Thornhill 1929 5–7–6; A. N. Clemenger 1936 8–5–27. ANS, four specimens: (16); (15); (14); (14); and 17 more coins from the Antioch hoard. Thorburn. Balog, four specimens: (15) Plate XXI, 514b; (15); (18); (19). Ḥājji written without diacritical points on Balog's four coins.
525. Border on both sides: circular line.
الملك
السلطان ا
الصالح
Field divided by horizontal line into a narrow upper segment and a large lower segment:
Upper segment: بطرابلس
Lower segment: large stylized fleur-de-lis.
L 933 (18, 3.48). Lavoix wrongly attributed this coin to al-Manṣūr 'Ali, but his specimen has incomplete legends. P Vogüé 1549. ANS, three specimens: (16, 3.04); (16, 2.46); (17, 4.09). Balog (20) Plate XXI.
*526. Border missing.
Field divided by two horizontal rigid cables to left; the cables are enclosed between two lines.
Upper segment missing.
Central segment: الملك الصالح
Lower segment effaced.
Border: circular line. In it, linear hexagram. In the spaces between hexagram and circle, flowerets. In the center, fleur-de-lis.
Though the sultan's proper name is missing, the style of the coin is indicative of al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji's coinage. The fleur-de-lis in the hexagram might come from the Tripoli mint.
ANS (17) Antioch hoard. Plate XXI.
*527. Border on both sides: circular line.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse).
In center six-petaled rosette, enclosed in linear hexalobe. Surrounded by six pellets.
Upper segment: ضرب
Central segment: الملك الصالح
Lower segment: حماة
(حماة inverted)
ANS (17) Antioch hoard. Plate XXI. Two specimens.
On this coin also the sultan's name Ḥājji, is missing; the attribution to al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji. however, is doubtless correct. Cf. coin No. 258.
2ND REIGN: 791–792 H. = 1389–1390 A.D.
*528. Border missing.
ضرب بالقاهرة احد سنة
٧ السلطان الملك المنصور
صلاح الدنيا والدين حاجى بن
الملك الاشرف شعبان عز نصره
وتسعين وسبعماية
Border: traces of double linear dodekalobe.
الله
وما النصر الامن عند
لا اله الا الله محمد
٧ رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق ليظهره على
الدين كله
Balog (25, 10.60). Plate XXI. Al-Ḥājji's title: المنصور صلاح الدين, and invocation ضرب بحلب.
*529. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
ضرب بحلب
السلطان الملك المنصور
ناصر الدنيا والدين حاجى بن السلطان
الملك الاشرف شعبان بن حسن
خلد)مكله)
As above.
Balog (28, 7.60). Al-Ḥājji's title is: المنصور ناصر الدين and invocation: خلد مكله.
530. Border on both sides missing.
السلطان الملك
ω المنصور ناصر الدنيا
والدين حاجى بن الملك
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله ار
سله بالهدى ودين الحق
L 941 (3.40) note that al-Ḥājji's title is here also as on the Aleppo dinar.
*531. Border on both sides, as on the Alexandria fulūs of the first reign. The flan is smaller.
السلطان
الملك المنصور
حاجى بن
شعبان
ضرب
سكند
رية
Balog (20) Plate XXI.
532. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Field divided by two horizontal lines (fesse):
Upper segment: المنصور
Central segment: السلطان الملك
Lower segment: حاجى
Linear hexagram, with a dot in each small triangle.
In the external segments, counter-clockwise:
في|سنة|احدو|تسعين|وسبعما|ية
Center: ضرب
مشق
بد
L 942 (2.29); 943 (2.81); 944 (2.66); 945 (3.22). BMC 619, a (17) Plate XXI, 532a; 619, b (17). Ashmol. (19) Plate XXI, 532b. Mūnchen. Balog (17) Plate XXI, 532c.
533. As above.
As above, but date:
في|سنة|احدو|تسعين|وسبعما|ية
Fonrobert 6572 (17). ANS, two specimens: (17, 2.85) date missing; (17, 2.47) date missing.
| A.H. | A.D. | Page: | |
| Al-Ẓāhir Sayf al-Dīn Barqūq, 1st reign | 784–791 | 1382–1389 | 249–275 |
| 2nd reign | 792–801 | 1390–1399 | |
| Al-Nāṣir Abū al-Sa'ādāt Faraj, 1st reign | 801–808 | 1399–1405 | 276 |
| Al-Manṣūr 'Izz al-Dīn 'Abd al-'Azīz | 808–809 | 1405–1406 | (No coins) |
| Faraj, 2nd reign | 809–815 | 1406–1412 | 276–295 |
| Al-Musta'īn bi'llāh Abū al-Faḍl 'Abbās | 815 | 1412 | 296–298 |
| Al-Mu'ayyad Abū al-Naṣr Shaykh | 815–824 | 1412–1421 | 299–306 |
| Al-Muẓaffar Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad | 824 | 1421 | 307–308 |
| Al-Ẓāhir Sayf al-Dīn Ṭaṭar | 824 | 1421 | 309 |
| Al-Ṣāliḥ Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad | 824–825 | 1421–1422 | 310 |
| Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Dīn Barsbāy | 825–841 | 1422–1438 | 311–318 |
| Al-'Āzīz Jamāl al-Dīn Yūsuf | 841–842 | 1438 | 319 |
| Al-Ẓāhir Sayf al-Dīn Jaqmaq | 842–857 | 1438–1453 | 320–327 |
| Al-Manṣūr Fakhr al-Dīn 'Uthmān | 857 | 1453 | 328–329 |
| Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Dīn Aynāl | 857–865 | 1453–1461 | 330–337 |
| Al-Mu'ayyad Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad | 865 | 1461 | 338–339 |
| Al-Ẓāhir Sayf al-Dīn Khushqadam | 865–872 | 1461–1467 | 340–345 |
| Al-Ẓāhir Sayf al-Dīn Bilbāy | 872 | 1467 | (No coins) |
| Al-Ẓāhir Abu Sa'īd Temirbughā | 872–873 | 1467–1468 | 346–347 |
| Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Dīn Qā'itbāy | 873–901 | 1468–1496 | 348–360 |
| Al-Nāṣir Nāṣir al-Dīn Muḥammad | 901–904 | 1496–1498 | 361–366 |
| Al-Ẓāhir Abū Sa'īd Qānṣūh | 904–905 | 1498–1500 | 367–368 |
| Al-Ashraf Abū al-Naṣr Jānbalāt | 905–906 | 1500–1501 | 369 |
| Al-'Ādil Ṣayf al-Dīn Ṭumānbāy | 906 | 1501 | 370 |
| Al-Ashraf Qānṣūh al-Ghūri | 906–922 | 1501–1516 | 371–382 |
| Al-Ashraf Ṭumānbāy | 922 | 1516 | 383 |
534. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
ضرب بالقاهرة اربع سنة
السلطان الملك الظاهر
يف الدينا والدين بوسعيد عز نصره
برقوق خلد الله سلطانه
الله وما النصر الامن عند
لا اله الا الله محمد
ϖ
رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
ϖ 
ودين الحق ليظهره على
• • •
الدين كله 
L 953 (8.90). Balog (28, 6.83). Plate XXII.
Although the decade of the date is missing, there is no doubt that the year is 784 H. The style of writing on the Cairo gold of the second reign is quite different, and the accession formula عز نصره does not occur in any other year but in 784. Note also, that besides عز نصره, there is a second invocation in favor of the sultan: سلطانه.
535. Border as above.
ضرب بالقاهرة خمس سنة
السلطان الملك الظاهر
سيف الدنيا الدين بو سعيد برقوق
ω خلد الله سلطانه
وثمانين سبعمايه
L 952 (9.40).
As above.
536. As above, but the date at the end of the first line: ست
سنة
BMC 622 (25, 7.22).
As above.
*537. As above, but date: سبع
سنة
Ashmol. (3.67). Horovitz.
As above.
*538. As above, but date: سنة
ثمان
Horovitz (9.85).
As above.
539. As above, but date: تسع
سنة
As above.
Beyram 273. Balog (26, 10.92). Plate XXII, 539a.
539.a Fonrobert 6573 (24, 13.10). ANS (26, 12.16). Balog (25, 1.37) Quarter dinar. Plate XXII, 539b.
*540. Border on both sides: double circular line.
ضرب سكندرية سنة ثمان
السلطان الملك الظاهر
سيف
الدنيا والدين بوسعيد برقوق
ω خلد الله سلطانه
وثمانين سبعماية
As above.
Jungfleisch (28, 9.36) Plate XXII. ANS (26, 8.20).
Alexandria written: سكندرية .
541. As above, but date at the first line:
ضرب سكندرية احد
سنة
As above.
BMC 626 (25, 11.14). Plate XXII.
Alexandria written: سكندرية. Although the last line of the obverse is missing, the date is without doubt 791 H.
542. Border on both sides: circular line.
سنةخمس ثمانين
ضرب بدمشق
السلطان الملك الظاهر
٧ ابو سعيد سيف الدنيا والدين
برقوق عز الله انصاره
بالله
وما النصر الامن عند
ϖ
لا اله الا الله محمد رسول
الله ارسله بالهدى ودين الحق
ليظهره على الدين كله ولو
كره المشركون
BMC 621 (25, 9.49). Plate XXII; 627 (24, 7.19). Balog (25, 10.90).
Note the unique invocation عز الله انصاره on the obverse.
543. Border on both sides: circular line in double linear dodekalobe.
بالله
وماتوفيقى الا
٧ السلطان الملك الظا
هر سيف الدنيا والدين
٧ ابو سعيد برفو
ق
٧ لاا له الا الله
محمد رسول الله ارسله
> 
بالهدى ودين الحق
ضرب بدمشق سبع سنة
٧ وثمانين وسبعماية
L 950 (24 11.75). Jungfleisch, two specimens: (26, 9.74). Plate XXII, 543a; (23, 6.56). Balog, three specimens: (25, 10.78). Plate XXII, 543b; (25, 8.06); (23).
544. وما توفيقى
الا بالله السلطان
٧ الملك الظاهر سيف
الدنيا والدين ابو
سعيد برقوق
لا اله الا الله
ω محمد رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين الحق
ضرب بدمشق سنة
تسعين وسبعماية
L 951 (8.76). ANS (23, 7.17). Balog (25, 6.58) Plate XXII.
545. Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe, with pellet in the external angles.
ضرب بحلب
السلطان الملك الظاهر
الدنيا سيف والدين سيف ابو سعيد
برقوق خلد الله ملكه
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
ω لا اله الا الله محمد
ω رسول الله ارسله با
لهدى ودين الحق ليظهره
على الدين كله
L 946 (8.42). BMC 620 (25, 8.75); 620, a (26, 10.43).
Note the invocation: خلد الله ملكه.
546. ضرب بحلب
السلطان الملك ا
لظاهر سيف الدنيا الدين
ابو سعيد برقوق خلد
الله ملكه سنة سته وثمانين
BMC 623 (24, 5.71).
As above.
547. Border on both sides: circular line.
ضرب بحلب
∴ السلطان الملك الظا
هر سيف الدنيا الدين ابو
ω ٧ سعيد برقوق خلد الله
ملكه سبع سنة وثمانين سبعماية
As above.
BMC 624 (25, 8.94). Plate XXII. L 947, (7.83); (948, 6.88). Jungfleisch (27, 11.58).
*548. Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe, with pellet in each external angle.
ضرب بحلب
السلطان الملك الظا>
هر سيف الدنيا الدين
(ابو سعيد برقوق(خلد الله
ملكه)ثمان ثمانين وسبعماية)
As above.
Jungfleisch (24, 6.25) Plate XXII. Balog (27, 11.0).
549. As above; but date:
سنة تسعين وسبعماية . . .
BMC 625 (25, 7.74).
As above.
550. In 1933 L. A. Mayer published a hoard of 36 curious lead coins, acquired in 1931 from a dealer by the Department of Antiquities of Palestine. The same dealer had two more specimens and Mayer saw four other coins in the hands of another antiquarian in 1928. Five specimens are in the collection of the ANS, but there is no record to show whether these coins belong to the same hoard or not.
The obverse of all coins is the same; the legends of the reverse, however, are of two different types.
Obv.:
ضرب بدمشق
السلطان الملك الظا
هر سيف الدنيا والدين ابو
سعيد برقوق خلد الله
انصاره وملكه سنه سبع ثمانين سبعماية
Rev. A:
وما النصر الامن الله
لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
∇ ∴
ودين الحق ليظهره على
الدين كله
Alif at the beginning of last line: ك instead of: ا
Rev. B:
وما النصر الامن
الله لا اله الله
الى عالم العز له
. . . .
(Mayer's reading)
Mayer pointed out several mistakes in the legend. There are minor errors and irregularities in the obverse and type A of the reverse; nevertheless, in our opinion the inscriptions are clear and similar to those of the regular gold issues. The legend on the reverse B, though pleasing to the eye, really shows manifest defects, even signs that the original may been copied, more or less faithfully, by an artisan who could not read the text he copied.
It has been suggested by Mayer that the lead coins might be identical with Maqrīzi's black dirhems (cf. Qalqashandi, Ṣubḥ al-ashā, III, 442). Since the publication of Mayer's article, the Ayyūbid and Fāṭimid black dirhems have been identified by us (BIE XXXIII, 1951, pp. 1–41 and XXXV, 1952, pp. 401–429 — Actes du Congrès Intern. Num., Paris, 1953, pp. 555–56). They have nothing in common with Barqūq's lead coins, but are small silver coins of very base alloy (less than 30% silver content), struck on unheated square or irregular flan. They ceased to circulate with the Ayyūbid rule.
It was furthermore proposed by Mayer, that the lead coins could be contemporary counterfeit money, not yet finished. In our experience, counterfeit Islamic coins are always fourré coins, covered with a thin gold or silver pellicle and containing an inner copper core. No counterfeit dinars or dirhems with a lead core have ever teen found. Besides, there is another argument against this theory. The counterfeiter of Islamic coins in the Middle Ages applied the pellicle of precious metal on the copper flan, then proceded to heat it and struck the red-hot piece with the dies. In the case of Mayer's coins, the naked lead disc had already been struck, thus precluding the subsequent application of the silver or gold pellicle.
With regard to the faulty and partly illegible writing, the possibility of forgery should, however, not be completely discarded. We have no satisfactory explanation to offer.
Mayer, thirty-eight specimens: QDAP 1933, pp. 20–23 (32, 16.83); (33, 17.01); (35, 13.50); (24, 5.44); (30, 12.91); (35, 8.67); (35, 15.39); (28, 14.29); (30, 10.52); (41, 10.32); (40, 21.88); (30, 13.69); (27, 11.86); (29, 13.27); (33, 12.22); (33, 18.18); (30, 4.89); (34, 13.49); (34, 7.48); (26, 10.89); (44, 13.21); (25, 9.21); (28, 11.12); (31, 16.83); (31, 14.87); (31, 12.10); (30, 12.49); (26, 9 81); (34, 22.01); (33, 14.77): (25, 9.96); (33, 10.32); (30, 18.20). ANS, five specimens: (45, 20.05); (37, 27.11); (25, 16.93); (32, 22.37); (30, 11.77).
Mayer, five specimens: loc. cit. (33, 18.40); (27, 7.77); (31, 16.09); (30, 10.66); (32, 10.43).
551. There is no numismatic evidence to show whether or not Barqūq issued silver in Cairo during the early years of his reign. The dirhems preserced in modem collections are all of the same year, 789 H., and of a new coin-type, designed differently from any dirhem struck previously. The new dirhem has a marginal legend and a central legend enclosed in a circle, on the obverse; the reverse shows the usual profession of faith formula written in horizontal lines.
The coins confirm the medieval chronicler, Ibn Furāṭ, who tells us that "in 789 H. Jarkas al-Khalīli received orders to strike coins of a new type, the coins to show two circles with a legend between them, in the innermost circle on the one side a legend, on the other the name of Barqūq." (Cit. from Mayer, Lead coins of Barqūq , p. 22, 2nd paragraph: and footnote 2, of the same page: Ibn Furāṭ, MS. Vienna, Vol. IX, fo. 4v, II. 4–3 from bottom). "The final legends was different, as Ibn Furāṭ tells us; in the circle the text read 'Barqūq 'azza naṣrahu', on the margin round it 'al-Malik al-ẓāhir'."
Border on both sides: circular line.
Clockwise circular legend:
الساطان الملك الظاهر ضرب بالقاهرة تسع سنة وثمانين وسبعماية
Inner circle, center:
برقوق
عزنصره
لا اله الا الله
ω محمد رسول الله
ϖ
ارسله رسوله
بالهدىو
دين 
Khediv. 1549. Erman no. 5 (17). White-King 2242 Half-dirhem. Balog, seven specimens: (23, 3.57) Plate XXII, 551a; (22, 3.96); (20, 3.42) Plate XXII, 551b; (16, 1.33) Plate XXII, 551c; (13, 1.07); (14, 0.64) Quarter-dirhem; (16). ANS, seven specimens: (24, 4.36); (17, 2.26); (16, 1.29); (15, 2.16); (16, 1.98); (15, 2.19); (14, 1.98).
ALEPPO
552. Of the handful of Aleppo dirhems which are extant, only one has the date 784 H.; on the others it is incomplete or missing.
Border on both sides missing.
ضرب بحلب
السلطان الملك ا
سيف
لظاهر الدنيا والدين
ابو سعيد برقوق
خلد
وسبعماية
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى ودين
سنة اربع وثمانين
BMC 628 (18, 2.55), no ornament above رسول on the reverse. Plate XXIII, 552a; 629 (22, 2.46); 630 (22, 3.43); 631 (22, 3.15); 632 (22, 3.21). Khediv. 1545, 1546, 1547, 1548. L 955 (18, 2.39) Plate XXIII, 552b; 956 (21, 1.47); 957 (2.09). Erman, three specimens: (21) date: 7–7; (22); (20). Blau 306. Noury 379 date: 784 H. Miles, Antioch 187, 188. Balog, five specimens: (18, 3.00). Plate XXIII, 552c; (18, 2.78); (19, 2.79); (18, 2.45); (10, 17, 0.7). Quarter dirhem. End-piece of the ribbon-shaped thin ingot, from which the flan was cut off. Plate XXIII, 552 d.
553. As the Aleppo dirhem, but the mint, Ḥamāh, at top of the obverse: ضرب بحماة
Erman no.4. Thorburn. ANS, four specimens: (19, 2.88); (17, 0.85); (12, 1.24); (14, 2.14).
Mint and date missing on some, but this type; therefore, they belong either to Aleppo or to Ḥamāh.
Here are listed the dated fulūs of the first reign. The undated copper will follow under the second rule.
*554. Border: linear dodekalobe in dodekalobe of pellets.
Center:
السلطان الملك
الظاهر سيف الدنيا و
برقوق
الدين ابو سعيد
عز نصره
Border: circular line; in it, linear octogram, with flowerets in the peripheric segments.
Center:
ضرب بالقاهرة
خمس سنة وثمانين
وسبعماية
Thorburn. Abu Sa'īd written: Bū Sa'īd.
*555. As above.
As above, but date: ست
سنة وثمانين
Balog, three specimens: (24) Plate XXIII; (20); (20).
*555.a As above.
ANS (19, 4.24).
As above, but date: سنة احدى تسعين .
We read in Mayer's Lead coins of Barqūq, p. 21: "His (Barqūq's) major-domo Maḥmūd b. 'Ali al-Ustādār, bought copper from Europe and struck many fulūs establishing in A.H. 794 a mint at Alexandria for the purpose." In a footnote Mayer continues: "It is curious that in none of the well-known collections of Mamlūk coins (British Museum; Bodleian Library; Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris; Egyptian Library, Cairo) do there appear to be any of the copper coins struck by Barqūq at Alexandria (cf. the catalogues of Lavoix and Lane-Poole). Still, they do exist and will be published in the forthcoming catalogue of Mamlūk coins of the Palestine Archaeological Museum." Unfortunately, Mayer did not publish his projected catalogue of Mamlūk coins. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that the discovery of Barqūq's Alexandria fulūs belongs to him.
There is, however, a marked diserepancy between the written records and the testimony of the coins. We do have a fals of the Alexandria mint dated 784 H. and another of the year 785 H. There can, therefore, be no doubt whatsoever that were struek there at that time. Moreover, the table of minting sequence at the end of our Mint Notes (p. 52, above) proves that copper was issued in Alexandria without interruption from Ashraf Sha'bān's reign on. Consequently there was no necessity for Barqūq to create a new mint in Alexandria for the special purpose of issuing copper coins.
The flan of the Alexandria fulūs is smaller than that of the Cairo copper; otherwise border and the octogram of the reverse are similar.
*556. السلطان
الملك الظاهر
ابو سعيد
برقوق
ضرب
سكندرية
سنة اربع
وثمانين
Balog (19) Plate XXIII.
*557. As above.
Balog (21).
As above, but date: سنة خمس
558. Border: circular line.
Clockwise circular legend:
السلطان الملك الظاهر ابو السعيد
Circular line; center:
برقوق
Border missing.
Clockwise circular legend:
ضرب بدمشق سنة اربع ثمانين وسبعماية
Circular line; center:
Fleur-de-lis on triangular basis, flanked by four pellets.
L 968 (14, 1.79). Plate XXIII. Balog (18, 2.02). ANS, seven specimens: (19, 2.17); (17, 2.11); (18, 1.88); (16, 2.06); (16, 1.26); (16, 2.07); (15, 2.05).
Cf. the legends with the arrangement of the inscriptions on the 789 H. Cairo dirhems (Ibn Furāṭ, loc. cit. in Mayer, Lead coins of Barqūq ).
*559. Remaining border: circular line. Field divided by two horizontal lines: fesse.
Upper segment: برقوق
Central segment الملك الظاهر
Lower segment: ضرب بدمشق
Border: linear circle in circle of dots. In it, linear hexagram, in the small triangle, pellets.
Center: سنة
ست
وثمانين
ANS (18, 3.19). Balog (17) Plate XXIII.
*560. As above.
ANS (18, 2.58).
As above, but date: فى
سبع و ثمانين
561. Remaining border: circular line. Field divided by two horizontal lines.
Upper segment: الظاهر
Central segment: السلطان الملك
Lower segment: برقوق
Border: circular line in circle of dots. In it, linear hexagram.
Segments:
عام|تسعين و|سبعما|ية|. . .
Center: ضرب
مشق
بد
L 963 (2.37). Khediv. 1551. ANS (15, 2.58). Plate XXIII. Ashmol., two specimens.
562. Border missing on both sides.
السلطان
الملك الظاهر
ابو سعيد سيف
الدنيا و الدين
Clockwise marginal legend:
الدنيا و الدين ضرب بدمشق سنة ثسعين وسبعماية
Circle of big dots.
center: برقوق4.
L 964 (3.05); 965 (2.82) Plate XXIII. Blau 307. BM, A. N. Clemenger 8–5–1936. Thorburn. Balog, two specimens: (17); (19).
*563. Remaining border on both sides: circular line.
(برقوق)
السلطان
لملك الظاهر
(ابو سعيد)
In it, linear octogram, with flowerets in the segments.
Center:
ضرب
بحلب
سنة
ست
Balog (20, 3.52).
Date: only the year, six ستة is engraved on the coin, but the style is that of the early issues; we attribute it to 786 H.
564. Border on both sides: circular line.
Field, on both sides, divided by two horizontal lines (fesse).
Upper segment: برقوق.
Central segment: الملك الظاهر
Lower segment: ابو سعيد
Upper segment: وسبعماية
Central segment: in it, hexagonal cartouche, ending to left and right in a floweret. Center: ب
بحلب
ضر
Lower segment: سنة ثمان و ثمانين
BMC 322 (17) erroneously listed under the Ayyūbid al-Ẓāhir Ghāzi. L 958 (17, 1.91). Miles, Antioch 191. ANS (19, 2.20). Balog (15, 2.45). Plate XXIII.
*565. As above.
ANS (19, 2.18).
As above, but date in the lower segment:
سنة تسع وثمانين
566. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
Writing coarse, unartistic.
ضرب بالقاهرة سنة اثنين
السلطان لملك الظاهر
سيف عز نصره
(بو sic) الدنيا والدين بوسعيد
ω برقوق خلد الله سلطانه
تسعين وسبعماية
L 954 (18.16).
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
ϖ
لا اله الا الله محمد
ϖ 
رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق لبظهره على
الدين كله 
*567. As above, but date at the end of first line: اربع
سنة
Horovitz (11.56).
As above.
*568. As above, but date at the end of first line: سبع
سنة
ANS (26, 10.83) (holed).
As above.
*569. As above, but date at the end of first line: سنة
ثمان
ANS (30, 15.22). Horovitz (11.20).
As above.
*570. As above, but first line: في سنة and last line: ثمان ماية
Balog (29, 10.09) Plate XXIII.
As above.
571. As above, but date at the end of first line: احد
سنة
As above.
*572. Horovitz (11.13) no description.
*573. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe; at each intersection, an arabesque floweret pointed inwards.
سنة خمس
السلطان الملك
الظاهر سيف الدنيا والدين
ابو سعيد برقوق
تسعين وسبعماية
بد
ضرب مقش
لا اله الا الله ω
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
Horovitz (22, 10.60) Plate XXIII.
*574. Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe‚ arabesque knot at each intersection.
As above.
سنة ثمان
السلطان الملك
الظاهر سيف الدنيا والدين
ابو سعيد برقوق
تسعين وسبعماية
Vog. 1550 (25).
*575. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
(sic) a superfluous alef السلطان الملك ا
الظاهر سيف الدنيا والدين
ابو سعيد برقوق
سنة ثمان ماية
بد
ضرب مشق
ω ω لا اله الا الله ٧
ϖ 
محمد رسول الله
ϖ
ارسله بالهدى
في دين الحق
Balog (26, 9.53) Plate XXIII.
*576. Border on both sides: circular line.
بحلب •
السلطان الملك الظ
هرسيف الدنيا والدين ابو
سعيد برقوق خلد الله
ملكه سنة ثلث وتسعين وسبعماية
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
ω لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله با
ω لهدى ودين الحق ليظهر ه
على االدين كله
Balog (24, 11.58) Plate XXIII.
577. Remaining border on both sides: linear dodekalobe (double?)
ينة
ضرب بمد حلب
ايام دولة السلطان الملك
الظاهر سيف الدنيا والدين ابو
سعيد برقوق خلد الله ملكه
سنة
ثمان وتسعين وسبعماية
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
ω لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله
با لهدى ودين الحق ليظهر ه
على الدين كله
L 949 (26, 9.15). Horovitz (26, 8.19). Thorburn (10.69). Balog, two specimens: (28, 10.46) Plate XXIII; (26, 7.19).
The silver coinage has been discussed under the first reign, as no dirhem can be safely attributed to the second rule.
*578. The fulūs are similar to those of the first reign. The style of writing is, however, coarse and plain. The flan, nearly always too narrow for the die, contains only part of the legend and the border is very often missing. The inscriptions can easily be reconstructed from various specimens, as this series of coins has been found in great numbers, sometimes in very large hoards.
Border on the obverse: undulating linear circle (on the fulūs of the first reign it was a linear dodekalobe in a dodekalobe of dots).
Center:
السطان الملك
الظاهر سيف الدنيا و
الدين ابوسعيد برقوق
عز نصره
Border on the reverse: circular line. In it, linear octogram.
Center:
ضرب بالقاهرة
اثنى تسعين
سنة سبعماية
Balog (20).
*579. As above.
Balog (18).
As above, but date: سنة ثلاث وتسعين
*580. As above.
Balog, two specimens: (18); (19).
As above, but date: سنة اربع وتسعين
*581. As above.
As above, but date: سنة خمس وتسعين
Balog, four specimens:(23) Plate XXIII; (22); (21); (20).
*582. As above.
As above, but date: سنة ست فى تسعين
ANS (20, 4.42). Thorburn. Balog (20) Plate XXIV.
*583. As above.
As above, but date: سنة فى ثمان وتسعين
ANS, two specimens: (20, 4.16); (17, 4.56). Thorburn.
584. As above.
As above, but date: تسع وتسعين
BMC 638 (24) the date is: 799. Beyram 272. Thorburn.
BMC 637, 638 and 639. L 966. Windisch-Graetz 191.
*585. السلطان الملك
سيف الدنيا
والدين ابو
سعيد برقوق
Balog (23) Plate XXIV.
ضرب بالقاهرة
... المحروسة
*586. Border on both sides: circular line.
برقوق
السلطان
الملك الظاهر
ضرب
بالاسكند
رية
Balog, two specimens: (19); (21) Plate XXIV.
*587.
برقوق
السلطان الملك
الظاهر
عز نصره
ضرب
سكند
رية
BM 5–70–F–7 14206; I–5–4 1955 Balog pres. Balog, six specimens; (27) Plate XXIV, 587 a; (22) Plate XXIV, 587 b; (21); (20) Plate XXIV, 587c; (20); (18). ANS, eleven specimens.
See p.50, above on the mint.
588. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
ابو سعيد
الملك الظاهر
برقوق
ضرب ست سنة
بدمشق
وتسعين و
سبعماية
BMC 636 (17) date incomplete, but mint: بدمشق L. 959 (4.0); 960 (2.96); 961 (2.64) date incomplete, but mint: 962 (بدمشق (3.54 date incomplete, but mint: بدمشق ANS, two specimens: (15, 2.68); (17, 2.71). Balog, four specimens: (17, 250); (19, 2.82) Plate XXIV, 588a; (18); (25), 3.03 Plate XXIV, 588b.
589. As above.
ضرب
بدمشق
سبع وتسعين
٧ سنة سبعماية
Windisch-Graetz (192, 23) the date (799 H.) read by Zambaur is not possible; this emission ended in 797 H. Balog (19, 3.15) Plate XXIV.
590. Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe.
السلطان الملك
(بو. sic) الظاهر بو سعيد
برقوق خلد ملكه
ب بد
ضر مشق
ثمان و
تسعين 
ست
٧ وسبعماية
Miles, Antioch 192. ANS (21, 4.46) mint: Dimishq al-Maḥrūsa: بدسمشق المحروسة; (21, 4.10). München. Thorburn. Balog, three specimens: (18, 4.20); (23); (25, 4.58) Plate XXIV.
591. As above.
As above, but date:
سنة
تسعين 
تسع
وسبعماية
BMC 633 (25) the date must be: 799; 634 (25). Welzl v. Wellenheim 12386. ANS, two specimens: (21, 4.92); (20, 4.23). Miles, Antioch 193. Ashmol. Thorburn. Balog, eight specimens: (20, 3.37) Plate XXIV; (21, 4.75); (21, 4.13); (21, 4.60); (22, 4.35); (22, 507); (22, 5.17); (22, 4.67).
The fleur-de-lis chalice is not an imaginary charge; on the contrary, it was inspired by the chalice or cup with cuspidated rim, fashionable in Mamlūk times. The small cup, belonging to our collection, is illustrated here as an example:
*592. Border missing on both sides.
الملك الظاهر
... برقوق
Field divided into two segments by a horizontal double line.
شهور
ضرب بحلب سنة //
......
......
Balog (23, 4.68) Plate XXIV.
Note the word "months," شهور, preceding the missing date. The formula شهور سنة, was in traditional use on the coins of the Dehli sultans. It was probably borrowed from there.
593. Border: circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الظاهر بحلب ثلث سنة
Inner circle. Center:
ق
قو
بر
Border: rigid circular cable to left, between two circular lines. In center fleurde-lis flanked by four pellets.
L 967 (14, 1.78) Plate XXIV, 593a. Jungfleisch (17, 1.78). Balog, two specimens: (14, 2.15) Plate XXIV, 593b; (14, 2.20).
The date is سنة ثلث, probably 793 H.
594. Border on both sides: circular line.
السلطان
الملك الظاهر
ابو سعيد برقوق
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments.
Upper segment: بحلب
Central segment: lion passant to right, tail curled back.
Lower segment: ضرب
Miles, Antioch190.
*595. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Field divided by two double horizontal lines into three segments.
Upper segment: ضرب بحلب
Central segment: الملك الظاهر
Lower segment: عزنصره
Lion passant to left, long tail curled back, ending in a tuft. Above the lion, a chalice, flanked on the left by leaf-shaped ornament and on the right, by the tuft of the tail.
Although there is no proper name or date on the coin, it most certainly belongs to Barqūq. The lakab الظاهر does not occur in a sultan's name until much later, when the style of the coins has changed considerably; the composite blazon (lion and chalice) is also that of Barqūq.
BM, T. R. Stewart 1946 (16) Plate XXIV, 595a; Sir R. Burn 1949 8–3–421 ANS, two specimens: (16, 2.42) Plate XXIV, 595b; (16, 2.13); Antioch hoard, 53 coins (diam. from 15 to 19 mm.) München. PAM. Balog, two specimens: (16) Plate XXIV, 595c; (15) Plate XXIV, 595d.
*596. Border on both sides: circular line.
السلطان
الملك الظاهر
سيف الدنيا والدين
برقوق
Field divided into segments by three horizontal lines.
ضرب بحماة
كفى بالموت وعظا
سنة تسع تسعين
This is an unusual coin, with the "memento mori" = كفى بالموت وعظا on the reverse. It would not be surprising if it were an allusion to the danger of Mongol invasion, which was avoided only because of Timur's military campaign against Toqtamish, khan of the Golden Horde, a campaign which fully occupied Timur's armies.
BM, A.N. Clemenger 8–5–1936; no number. Ashmol. Thorburn. Balog, seven specimens: (27, 5.13) Plate XXV, 596a; (23, 4.58) Plate XXV, 596b; (22, 4.30) Plate XXV, 596c; (23, 4.51); (21, 3.13); (24, 5.08); (22, 4.20).
597. Border on both sides: circular line.
برقوق
السلطان الملك
(بو sic) الظاهر بو سعيد
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse).
Upper segment: بحماة
Central segment: lion passant to left, tail curled back.
Lower segment: ضرب
Balog, four specimens: (25, 4.52) long tail; (23, 4.02) long tail; (22, 4.82) short tail, Plate XXV, 597a; (21, 4.36) long tail, small bush behind the lion; Plate XXV, 597b. Miles, Antioch 189. ضرب is in the upper segment, Ḥamāh (not quite fully preserved) in the lower segment.
*598. Border on both sides: circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend:
(السلطان (الملك الظاهر
Inner circle. Center:
برقوق
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse).
Upper segment: ضرب
Central segment: wide chalice between two polosticks (?); in left upper corner small crescent.
Lower segment: بحماة
Balog (19, 3.40) Plate XXV.
*599. Border on both sides: circular line.
Field divided by horizontal bar, into three segments, bendy to left with eleven pieces.
Upper segment: الملك
Lower segment: الظاهر
Eagle with head turned to right, wings inverted. On the breast:
بحماة
Only contours drawn, design rather primitive.
ANS (14, 0.90) Plate XXV; Antioch hoard (17); (17); (19).
600. Border: circular line in border of dots.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse).
Upper segment: بحماة
Central segment: الملك الظاهر
Lower segment: ضرب
Waterwheel (whirling rosette) with eight sickle-shaped spokes curved clockwise.
Fraehn, Nova Suppl. p. 282, no. 3. Balog, three specimens: (17) Plate XXV, 600a; (16); (14) Plate XXV, 600b.
*601. Border: on both sides circular line in circle of large dots.
Field on both sides, devided into two halves by horizontal line.
الظاهر/ الملك
بحماة / ضرب
ANS (17, 2.60) Plate XXV, 601a; Antioch hoard; (18) Plate XXV, 601b: Five more specimens, diam. between 16 and 18 mm.
*602. Border missing on both sides.
Part clockwise marginal legend (reconstructed):
السلطان الملك الظاهر
Inner circle, in which large lion passant to left, knotted tail curled back.
Field divided by horizontal line:
ثمان و تسعين وسبعماية / ضرب طرابلس
Balog (23, 6.23) Plate XXV.
603. Border of dots, in which circular line. Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments.
Upper segment: ضرب طر
Central segment: الملك الظاهر
Lower segment: ابلس
Border of dots, in which circular cable to left, between two circular lines.
Center: fleur-de-lis, flanked by two pellets.
L 969 (14, 1.79) Plate XXV, 603a. BMC 321 (20) erroneously listed under the Ayyūbid al-Ẓāhir Ghāzi. Plate XXV, 603b.
*604. Border on both sides: circular line.
برقوق
الملك الظاهر
ضرب
طرابلس
Ashmol. (14) Plate XXV.
*605. Border on both sides: circular line, in circle of dots.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments:
Upper segment: ضرب
Central segment: الملك الظاهر
Lower segment: طرابلس
In the field, arabesque knot.
Balog (20) Plate XXV, 605a; (15) Plate XXV, 605b.
*606. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments.
Upper segment: طرابلس
Central segment: الملك الظاهر
Lower segment: ضرب
Waterwheel with eight sickle-shaped spokes, curved clockwise.
ANS (13). This coin is similar to the Ḥamāh fals with waterwheel, except the mint.
*607. Border on both sides: circular line.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments.
Upper segment: ضرب
Central segment: السلطان الظاهر (sic)
Lower segment: writing effaced.
Lion passant to right, with tail curled back, knot at the end.
München (14, 1.85).
*608. Border on both sides: circular line.
Field divided by horizontal bar, bendy of eleven pieces to left, into three segments.
Lower segment: الظاهر
Upper segment: الملك
Eagle of primitive design, head turned to right, wings inverted.
ANS, Antioch hoard, two specimens: (18) Plate XXV, 608a; (18) Plate XXV, 608b and eight more specimens, diam. between 15 and 19 mm. Balog (15) eagle probably doubleheaded; not certain, as this part of the coin is much effaced Plate XXV, 608c.
*609. Border on both sides: circular line in border of pellets.
Field divided by horizontal line:
الظاهر/ الملك
In the field, six-petaled rosette.
ANS (20, 1.84) Plate XXV; Antioch hoard (20, 1.84); seven more specimens, diam. between 15 and 22 mm.
*610. As above.
As above, but six large pellets around the rosette.
ANS, Antioch hoard. (15) Plate XXV; more specimens, diam. between 15 and 18 mm. München (18, 1.61).
*611. Border on both sides: circular line.
Field divided by double horizontal line into two segments:
الظاهر// الملك
Lion passant to left, tail curled back.
München (18,1.61).
Non-heraldic
*612. Border on both sides: circular line in border of dots.
Field divided by horizontal line:
الملك / الظاهر
Two pairs of parallel lines, arranged crosswise. Pellets in the center and the corners. Bicuspid ends to the cross.
ANS, Antioch hoard, two specimens: (16) Plate XXVI, 612a; (16) Plate XXVI, 612b; 14 more specimens, diam. between 16 and 18 mm. Balog (18) Plate XXVI, 612c.
A whole series of small copper coins, either with or without mint do not have the sultan's proper name, only his laqab, al-Ẓāhir. None of them is dated. Nevertheless we attribute them without hesitation to Barqūq, for the following reasons: as we have already pointed out for the Aleppo fals type D), with fesse and lion passant with cup above it, the style of the legends, the composite blazons and the general appearance of the coins suggest Barqūq's period. Since Baybars I, no other Baḥri sultan had the same laqab, and after him al-Ẓāhir Ṭaṭar, reigned a very short time, left no copper coins. The next al-Ẓāhir was Jaqmaq, and at his time the style and fabric of the copper coins had already changed to such an extent that mistaking the coins of the one for those of the other is quite unlikely. Finally, most of the coins in question are represented in the "Antioch hoard" of the American Numismatic Society. This hoard contains coins of a period not earlier than al-Ashraf Sha'bān and not later than Barqūq. Therefore, coins with the laqab al-Ẓāhir, which are similar to those of the Antioch hoard, can be attributed to Barqūq without any doubt.
Faraj had ruled for seven years when he was overthrown by his brother, al-Manṣūr 'Abd al-'Azīz, who in turn became sultan. The latter was, however, deposed after two months and Faraj once again occupied the throne until his assassination in 815 H. Although Faraj's reign was cut in two by 'Abd al-'Aziz's revolt, the interregnum lasted two months only and caused no interruption in Faraj's coinage. We have dinars of 808 as well as of 809 H., and we believe, therefore, that it is not necessary to list the coins in two different series.
Faraj's reign is distinguished by two attempts at radical monetary reforms. The first was to reinstate the ancient gold dinar to its former position as the monetary standard, the second, to create a new gold coin based on the weight of the Venetian sequin. The first reform, introduced in 804, lasted only two years and ended in complete failure. It is noteworthy that even during these two years (804–5 H.), the emission of the accustomed coin-ingots of irregular weight was not discontinued, as if the authorities had, from the beginning, some misgivings as to the effect of the reform.
The second reform was, at least at its face value, more lasting, as the sequin-type gold coin was adopted by Faraj's successors and was maintained to the very end of the dynasty.
613. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
A
ضرب بالقاهرة سنة
السلطان الملك الناصر ناصر
(بو sic) الدنيا والدين بو السعادات فرج
بن الشهيد برقوق خلد الله
ملكه احد وثمان ماية
الله
وما النصر الامن عند
٧ لا اله الاالله محمد
رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق ليظهره على
الدين كله
BMC 641 (25, 6.91). L 97 (5.55) date incomplete, but this variety occurs only in 801 H. Johnston, "Mohammedan Coins."
614. Border as above, on both sides.
ضرب بالقاهرة احد سنة
السلطان الملك الناصر ابو
السعادات فرخ بن الشهيد
الملك الظاهر برقوق
وثمان ماية
As above.
L 976 (11.40) date incomplete, but belongs to this variety. Balog (30, 7.75) Plate XXVI.
*615. ضرب بالقاهرة ثلاث سنة
السلطان الملك الناصر
ابو السعادات فرخ بن الشهيد
الملك الظاهر برقوق
وثمان ماية
As above.
*616.
ضرب بالقاهرة سنة
السلطان الملك الناصر
الدنيا والدين بو فرج بن الشهيد
برقوق خلد الله ملكه
اربع وثمان ماية
As above.
Balog (27, 11.13) Plate XXVI.
617. As 803 H., but date at the end of first line: خمس
سنة
BMC 643 (25, 16.85).
As above.
*618. As 803 H., but date at the end of first line: ست
سنة
As above.
Balog, four specimens: (30, 10.21) Plate XXVI; (25, 5.27); (27,10.29); (25, 9.52). ANS, two specimens: (25, 9.43); (26, 11.71) holed.
619. As 803 H., but date at the first line:
سنة
ضرب بالقاهرة سبع
As above.
Khediv. 1552. Ashmol. Horovitz (1.62) Quarter-dinar. Thorburn (11.30).
*620. As 803 H., but date at the first line:
ثمان
ضرب بالقاهرة سنة
As above.
ANS (25, 6.21). Horovitz (8.20).
809 H
*621. As 801 H. Var. A.), but date at the end of first line: تسع
سنة
As above
Balog. (24, 7.87). Horovitz (30, 13.60).
*622. As 803 H. but date at the end of first line: عشر
سنة
As above.
623. As above, but first line:
ضرب بالقاهرة سنة
and last line:
(عشر(وثمان مايه
Khediv. 1553.
As above.
BMC (24, 10.69). Horovitz, six specimens: (9.40); (10.70); (8.65); (11.60); (25, 2.70) Half-dinar; (10.60).
The coins of this series belong to the traditional dinar or monetary-mithqāl system; the weight is 4.25 grm., with only a few centigrams margin for error; in fact, only the Umayyad dinars surpass them in accuracy. The reform was introduced by the governing amīr (ustadār) Sayf al-Dīn Ilbughā b. 'Abdullāh al-Sālimi al-Ẓāhiri. The new dinars were called dīnār al-Sālimi by contemporary sources. Although Maqrīzi puts the date of the reform in the year 803 H., the earliest coins are dated 804 H.; we also have dinars of 805 H., but not from any subsequent year.
As mentioned above, the unit was the dinar, but we have the double and triple dinar also.
*624. Border circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الناصر بن الملك الظاهر
ضرب بالقاهرة المحروسة سنة اربع وثمان ماية
Double inner circle; center:
فرج
Border missing.
(الله omitted) وما النصر الامن عند
ϖ
لا اله الاالله محمد
ϖ 
٧ رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق ليظهره على
الدين كله
Balog (20, 4.29) Plate XXVI.
*625. Border: circular line, to which is attached an external linear deka-hexalobe.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الناصر بن برقوق
ضرب بالقاهرة سنة خمس وثمان ماية
Inner circle; center: فرج
Linear deka-hexalobe.
As above.
Balog, two specimens: (21, 4.35) Plate XXVI, 625a; (24, 12.90) Triple-dinar. Plate XXVI, 625b. Horovitz, two specimens: (22, 8.46) Double-dinar; (22, 8.55) Double-dinar.
*626. Border: only circular line on the flan.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الناصر بن الشهيد برقوق
ضرب بالقاهرة سنة خمس وثمان ماية
Inner circle; center: فرج
As above.
Horovitz, two specimens: (20, 4.24) Plate XXVI; (20, 4.27).
*627. Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الناصر بن الظاهر برقوق
....ضرب بالقاهرة
Inner circle (a little wider); center: فرج
Balog (18, 2.17) Half-dinar Plate XXVI.
As above.
According to Maqrīzi, the sequin-type gold coin of 3.50 grm. was introduced in 811 H., yet we have several specimens of 810 H., which fixes the date of the second reform a year earlier. Contemporary with the new dīnār Nāṣiri, the striking of the old type coin-ingots was discontinued, the last emission being that of 810 H.
628. Border: dotted circle.
Field divided by two horizontal lines (fesse):
Upper segment: 
فرج /
Central segment: السلطان الملك الناصر/
Lower segment: بن برقوق
Border: circular line.
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
ضرب بالقاهرة سنة عشر
وثمان ماية
BMC 645 (20, 3.54). Khediv. 1556, 1557. L 973 (3.52). München. Balog, three specimens: (18, 3.45) Qāhirah: باقاه Plate XXVI, 628a;(17, 3.47); (19, 3.50) Qāhirah: بالقاهرة Plate XXVI, 628b.
629. As above.
As above, but date at the last line:
اثنين وعشر وثمانماية
L 974 (3.32). Khediv. 1558. Balog (17, 3.36) date at the last line on the rev.: اثنى وعشر وثمانماية
630. As above.
As above, but last two lines:
بالهدى ضرب بالقاهرة ثلث سنة
عشر وثمانماية
BMC 646 (17, 3.43). Balog, two specimens: (18, 3.43); (17, 3.42) Three written: ثلاث
631. As above.
As above, but last two lines:
ضرب بالقاهرة اربع سنة
عشر وثمانماية
BMC 647 (17, 3.37). Khediv. 1555.
*632. As above.
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
•• ••
ارسله بالهدى
ضرب سنة عشر ومثانماية
Balog (19, 3.47). ANS, two coins.
633. Border on both sides: dotted circle.
فرج 
/بن برقوق سنة اربع عشر/ السلطان الملك الناصر
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo.
*634. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
ضرب بثغر سكندرية
السلطان الملك الناصر
ابوالسعادات فرج ابن الشهيد
الملك الظاهر بقوق
عشر وثمان ماية
وما النصر الا من عند الله
لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق ليظهره على
الدين كله
Balog, two specimens: (26, 10.18) Plate XXVII, 634a; (25, 7.62) Plate XXVII, 634b.
The mint-name Port of Alexandria, ثغر سكندرية, occurs only on these two coins and on a dinar of al-Ashraf Khalīl. See the introduction, p.50. Horovitz (10.02) as above, but the mint is سكندرية only, without ثغر.
635. السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين فرج
بن السلطان الملك الظاهر
برقوق
ضرب بد مشق
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
BMC 647, k (22, 7.26). Horovitz.
636. Border on both sides: double linear multilobe.
ضرب بمدينة حلب
السلطان الملك الناصر
ابو السعادات فرج بن الملك
(بو sic) الظاهر بو سعيد برقوق
خلد الله ملكه
وما النصر الا من عند
الله لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين الحق ليظهره
على الدين كله
Khediv. 1554. Balog (25, 9.78) Plate XXVII, 636a. Horovitz (26, 10.0) Plate XXVII, 636b.
*637. Border missing.
ضرب بطرابلس
السلطان الملك الناصر
ناصر الدنيا والدين
فرج بن السلطان الملك الظا
هر برقوق خلد الله
Border: circular line.
As above.
Horovitz (28, 8.10) Plate XXVII.
638. السلطان الملك الناصر
ابو السعادات فرج
....السلطان الملك ا...
برقوق سنة خمس و
ثمانماية
As above, but last line:
الدبن كله ولو
BMC 642 (25, 7.32).
The few existing coins of this category are all cut dirhems, with only a fraction of the legends on the flan, the mint and date always missing. The arrangement of the legends and style of writing are, however, similar to the Cairo silver emissions. The coins are, therefore, provisionally listed here, although one or the other might belong to some other mint. Future finds may give more precise information.
639. Border missing on both sides.
....ا]بو السعادا[ت....
....السلطان الملك.....
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسو ل الله
(ارسله بالهدى)
L 1143 7 (13, 2.83) Plate XXVII.
*640. Border missing on both sides.
السلطان الملك
الناصر فرج خلد
الله ملكه
اربع
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
München, date 804 or 814 H., as the decade is missing. Damascus, date at the last line of reverse: سنة اثنى وعشر وثمانماية 812 = H,; date missing, 2 specimens of 10mm. diam. each. Thorburn.
*641. Border missing on both sides.
...الناصر ناصر الدنيا
(بو sic) ....الظاهر بو سعيد....
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسو ل الله
(ارسله بالهدى)
Balog (9,13) Plate XXVII.
Only a handful of coins belong to this series, some with the date 810 or 811 H. On the majority, however, the date is missing. The arrangement of the legends is similar to the 789 H. emission of Jarkass al-Khalīli struck in Barqūq's name.
*642. Border on both sides: circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الناصر ناصر الدنيا والدين
Inner circle; center:
فرج
ضرب بدمشق
لا اله الاالله
محمد رسو ل الله
عشروثمانماية
سنة
Balog, two specimens: (19, 2.28) Plate XXVII, 642a; (16, 2.47) Plate XXVII, 642b. Damascus (15) cut dirhem.
*643. As above.
As above, but date at the last line:
احد عشر وثمانماية
سنة
Balog (18, 3.12).
Balog, eight specimens: (17, 4.30) Double dirhem; (16, 2.50); (16, 2.60); (16, 2.35); (16, 2.80); (17, 2.41); (19, 2.52); (11, 1.65) Half dirhem (cut dirhem). Damascus, eleven cut dirhems, one round dirhem.
*644. Border missing.
ضر ب بحلب
السلطان الملك
...الناصر بن الشهيد
Linear dodekalobe.
الله
وما النصر الامن عند
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
Balog (17, 2.65) Plate XXVII.
Although the date and the sultan's proper name are missing, there is no doubt about the attribution to Faraj. The last Baḥri sultan with the laqab al-Nāṣir was al-Nāṣir Ḥasan, the next Burji, al-Nāṣir Muḥammad b. Qa'itbāy. The silver of both is known and quite different in style and arrangement of legends.
Soret, 3e lettre, 174 no details.
Beyram 276 no details.
*645. On a small flan, similar to the Alexandria copper of the later Baḥri sultans or those of Barqūq. The date is not certain, as the last word on the reverse is only partly preserved and difficult to read.
Border missing.
الملك الناصر
ابو[السعاد[ات
Border: circular line. In it, linear hexagram, with trefoil in each small segment between border and hexagram.
Center:
ضرب
سكندرية
ثلاث?
Balog (15, 2.75) Plate XXVII.
*646. Border missing.
Clockwise circular legend:
السلطان الملك الناصر بن الظاهر
Inner circle; center: فرج
Border: linear dekalobe.
Center: ضرب سكندرية
سبع ثمان ماية
ANS (22, 2.96) Plate XXVII, 646a; (16, 2.83) square flan. Plate XXVII, 646b.
*647. Reconstructed border: linear tetralobe.
السلطان الملك
الناصر فرج بن الملك
الظاهر برقوق
عز نصره
Border missing, but probably linear multilobe, similar to Barqūq's Damascus coins. In center, fleur-de-lis chalice, around which legend:
Balog (19, 4.28) Plate XXVII.
For specimen dated 802 H. cf. infra p. 397.
*648. As above.
As above, but digit of the date at left:
ثلاث
سنة
Balog (19, 3.59) Plate XXVII.
*649. As above.
As above, but digit of the date at left:
ستة
سنة
Balog (23, 4.60) Plate XXVII.
München. Balog, three specimens: (19, 3.05); (19, 4.05); (22, 4.10).
*650. Border missing on both sides.
Field divided by two thick horizontal cables to left.
Only central segment on the flan:
الماك الناصر
Linear triangle with undulated sides. Around it, partly preserved clockwise marginal legend:
بدمشق|سنة|عشر
In the triangle: وثمان ماية
PAM (16) Plate XXVII. Thorburn.
651. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الناصر ناصر الدنيا والدين
Inner circle; center:
فرج
ضرب بدمشق
ω لا اله الا الله
ω محمد رسول الله
احد عشر وثمان ماية
L 978 (15, 1.08) Plate XXVII, 651a. ANS (19, 2.63) Plate XXVII, 651b.
*652. Border?
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments:
صر/
الملك النا/
عز نصره
Border?
Marginal legend missing. In linear square:
مشق
بد
Thorburn.
653. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Obv.:
الملك الناصر
ابو السعادات فرج
ابن الملك الظاهر
برقوق
Miles var. A.
فى شهور
ضرب بحلب//
(sic) اثنان و ثمان مية
سنة
Rev.:
Miles var. B:
شهور فى
ضرب بحلب//
(sic) اثنان وثمان مية
Miles, Antioch 196 Var. A, 43 specimens; 197 Var. B, 12 specimens; 198 undetermined var., 30 specimens. Beyram, two specimens, undetermined var. Dorn-Gamazoff p. 77, no. 4 ANS (24, 3.43). BM, Sir. R. Burn 1949 8–3–422. München. Balog, four specimens: (23) Miles Var. B. Plate XXVII, 653a; (21, 4.40) Plate XXVII, 653b; (22); (21).
Obv.
Rev. A.
Rev. B.
*654. Border on both sides: circular line.
Field divided by two horizontal lines of dots:
السلطان/
الملك الناصر فرج/
عز نصره
Clockwise marginal legend:
ضرب بحلب فى سنة ثلاث وثمانماية
Inner circle; center: fleur-de-lis
BM, John Walker pres. München. Balog, six specimens: (18, 3.85) Plate XXVIII, 654a; (19, 2.73) Plate XXVIII, 654b; (19, 2.55); (22, 2.75) Plate XXVIII, 654c; (21, 3.55); (21).
*655. Border on both sides: circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الناصر فرج
Inner circle; in center, six-petaled rosette, with bicuspid petals.
فى سنة اربع
ضرب بحلب
ثمان ماية
Balog, two specimens: (21, 3.47) Plate XXVIII, 655a; (19, 3.17) Plate XXVIII, 655b.
*656. Mint missing on all four specimens, the coins are, however, similar to the Aleppo fulūs of Barqūq, and we have attributed them, therefore to this mint.
Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الناصر
Inner circle; center:
فرج
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse).
Upper segment: ضرب
Central segment: lion passant to left.
Lower segment: بحلب
Miles, Antioch 200, 201 and 202. Balog (20, 2.57) Plate XXVIII.
657. Very poorly preserved, this coin had to be reconstructed from seven specimens.
Border on both sides: circular line.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments:
Upper segment: 
فرج /
Central segment: السلطان الملك/
Lower segment: الناصر/
Four intersecting semi-circles produce a sort of cross-shaped design. In the segments, spindles, in the two horizontal branches wedge-like ornaments, in the upper branch: ضرب and in the lower branch: بحماة
BMC 256 (19) probably this coin. Balog, seven specimens: (21) Plate XXVIII, 657a; (22) Plate XXVIII, 657b; (23) Plate XXVIII, 657c; (17); (19); (22); (22).
658. Border: circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend: السلطان (الملك الناصر )فرج
Inner circle; center: على
Border missing.
ضرب بحماة
المحروسة?
L 977 (18, 3.27) Plate XXVIII.
This is a puzzling legend. We do not know who 'Ali, على, in the obverse center, is. The reading Ḥamāh al-maḥrūsa is not absolutely certain.
*659. This unique little fals of irregular shape and roughly cut flan has exactly the same composite blazon, as the corresponding copper coin of Barqūq, struck at Ḥamāh. It is, therefore, although the mint is missing, listed under the Ḥamāwi series. The blazon, on the reverse, is a wide cup, flanked by a polo-stick (?) at right, by the end of a polo-stick (?) at left, above which a crescent, the whole in the central segment of the three-segmented field (fesse).
Border missing on both sides.
Field divided by two horizontal rows of dots.
/الملك الناصر/
Upper segment: legend missing.
Central segment: 
Lower segment: legend missing.
Balog (12 × 19, 1.77) Plate XXVIII.
*660. Border on both sides: circular line.
برقوق
السلطان الملك
الناصر فرج بن الملك
الظاهر
Linear octogram, small trefoils in the segments between border and hexagram. Center:
ضرب
بطرابلس
اربع ثمان ماية
سنة
Balog, five specimens: (23, 3.62) Plate XXVIII, 660a; (24, 3.80) Plate XXVIII, 660b; (23, 3.25); (22, 3.26); (21, 3.85).
(
ṭarāblus al-maḥrūsa
) UNDATED
Non-heraldic
*661. Border on both sides: thick circular line in 24-lobe.
الملك النا
صر
عز نصره
ضرب
طرابلس/
المحروسة
Balog, two specimens: (22, 4.30) Plate XXVIII, 661a; (21, 4.60) Plate XXVIII, 661b.
*662. Border: circular line.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse).
Upper segment: legend missing: (فرج)/
Central segment: الملك الناصر/
Lower segment: بن) برقوق)
Border missing.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse).
Upper segment: ضرب بطرابلس
Central segment: small fleur-de-lis in circle, flanked right and left by floweret.
Lower segment: legend missing.
Balog (17, 2.28). Plate XXVIII
*663. Border: linear circle.
In it, linear square, divided by horizontal cable to left.
Upper oblong: ابو السعادات//
Lower oblong: الملك الناصر
Left segment: نصره
Right segment: (عز)
Scalloped border.
ضرب بطرابلس
بن السلطان الملك
الظاهر برقوق
Balog (22, 4.99) Plate XXVIII.
*664. Border: circular line.
Border missing.
Clockwise marginal legend:
.....السلطان الملك
In the field, lion passant to left, tail curled back, looped. Above:
ضرب بطرابلس
Inner circle; center: six petaled rosette.
ANS (16, 2.34). Balog (14) Plate XXVIII.
This coin may belong to Faraj as well as to Barqūq, as the lion and the six-petaled rosette are charges of father and son. The sultan's name or laqab are missing on both specimens.
665. Border on both sides: circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الناصر ابو السعادات
Inner circle; center:
فرج
Linear pentagon with ornamented edges.
Center: الله
لا اله الا
محمد رسول
الله
Peripheric segments: legends missing.
Windisch-Graetz 194 (20).
*666. Border missing.
Field divided by two horizontal cables to right, but only the lower is on the flan.
Upper segment: missing.
Central segment: الملك الناصر
Lower segment: ضرب
Border: circular line.
In it, linear hexagram with pellets in the external angles and the small triangles. In the center, fleur-de-lis.
ANS (17, 2.85) the fleur-de-lis in the hexagram is often used at the Tripoli mint.
*667. Border missing on both sides.
Field divided by two horizontal twisted cables.
Upper segment missing.
Central segment: الملك الناصر
Lower segment: بن برقوق
Jungfleisch (16, 1.67) Plate XXIX.
Large fleur-de-lis, top petal flanked by ornaments.
668. Border missing on both sides.
Field divided by two horizontal rows of dots.
....فرج..../
الملك الناصر/
......
Illegible traces of clockwise marginal legend.
Inner cirele. In it, lion passant to left, tail curled back.
BMC 649 (22) Plate XXIX, 668a (Damascus?). BM, Sir R. Burn 1949 8–3–421. L 1138 (3.87); 1139(4.14) Lavoix listed them as uncertain Mamlūks; 1140 (4.05). ANS (20, 4.38). Jungfleisch (22, 4.36) Plate XXIX, 668b. Balog (18).
669. Border missing on both sides.
Legends written in three horizontal rows. Faraj's name enclosed in a small central circle:
السلطان الملك
بن الملك 
الناصر
الظاهر برقوق
Clockwise marginal legend:
سنة ثمان وثمانماية....
Undulated inner circle; in it, lion passant to left, tail curled back.
L 979 (20, 4.71) Plate XXIX, 669a; 980 (19) 4.13, Plate XXIX, 669b.
*670. Border: ?
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الناصر ابو السعادات
Inner circle: Center: فرج
Border: circular cable left.
In it, fleur-de-lis.
ANS.
Although he struck coins only because of his election to the sultanate, al-Musta'īn bi'llāh styled himself amīr al-mū'minīn or al-imām al-ā'ẓam on all his coins, except the Cairo dirhems.
671. Border on both sides: circular line.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse):
Upper segment: العباس •/
Central segment: بالله ابو الفضل الامام الاعظم المستعين/
Lower segment: ? خلد الله ملكه ?
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله لرسله
بالهدى ضرب بالقاهرة خمس سنة
وعشر وثمانماية
(Traces of legend)
M. Hartmann, "Drei unedierte Silberstücke. . ." mentions a dinar of this type in the Berlin Museum. Damascus 5906. Balog, two specimens: (18, 3.60) Plate XXIX, 671a; (18, 3.48) Plate XXIX, 671b.
Regal title: the powerful imam, الامام الاعظم
672. Border on both sides: circular line.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse):
Upper segment: 
العباس /
Central segment: بالله
Lower segment: ابو الفضل / امير المومنين المستعين
ضرب بدمشق
لا ا له الا الله
محمد رسول الله سنة
خمس وعشر ومثمانماية
L 981 (17, 3.38) Plate XXIX, 672a. Horovitz, two specimens: (17) Plate XXIX, 672b; (17, 3.40) date missing. Moritz, "Additions au Catalogue de la Bibliothèque Khédiviale," mentions the acquisition of a specimen.
Regal title: amīr al-mū'minīn , امير المومنين.
673. Border on both sides missing.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك المستعين بالله ابو الفضل العباس عز نصره
Inner circle; center:
•
محمد
•
Field halved by horizontal line:
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله
ضرب خمس
L 982 (17, 1.48) Plate XXIX.
*674. Border missing.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك العباس امير المومنين
Dotted circle; center:
محمد
Border: circular line.
Field divided by a central horizontal twisted cable and two horizontal lines; only the central part on the flan:
/لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله/
ANS (16, 1.02).
Regal title on both Cairo dirhems: al-sulṭān al-malik but on var. A.) with date preserved, it is followed by the caliphal title, amīr al-mū'minīn.
675. Border on both sides: circular line.
Linear diamond, with concave sides.
In the peripheric segments:
B المومنين|L امير|T العباس|R ابو الفضل
In the Diamond:
Large linear square. In the peripheric segments:
R وثمانماية|B خمس وعشر|L بدمشق|T ضرب
In the square:
M. Hartmann, "Drei unedierte Silberstücke..." three specimens: (23, 1.49); (19, 1.335); (18, 1.448). Balog (15) Plate XXIX.
*676. As above, but segments:
R المومنين|B امير|L العباس|T ابو الفضل
As above.
AU Beirut. Plate XXIX
Striking of gold was confined to Egypt during this reign; in 815 and 816 H. Cairo continued to issue the new, sequin-weight gold coins, but we do not know for how long, because no dinars have been found from the subsequent years. Then, in 821 H. a fresh attempt was made at the revival of the classical mithqal-weight dinar, a futile attempt which was discontinued at the death of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh. Contemporary, however, with the emission of mithqal-type dinars, the Alexandria mint issued large, Baḥri-type coins (ingots) of undetermined weight, just as if the sultan could not decide on the measures to be taken to meet the economic crisis.
It is to be noted that after al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh's death, the Alexandria mint ceased to function altogether.
677. Border on both sides: dotted circle.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse):
Upper segment: بو النصر شيخ (sic)/
Central segment: السلطان الملك المويد/
Lower segment: خلد ملكه
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ضرب بالقاهرة خمس سنة
عشر وثمانماية
BMC 650 (17, 3.43) Shaykh written: شيخ. Khediv. 1559. Balog (17, 3.20) Plate XXIX, Shaykh written: شيخ
678. Border on both sides: dotted circle.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse):
Upper segment: بو النصر شيخ (sic)/
Central segment: السلطان الملك المويد/
Lower segment: عزنصره/
As above, but date:
ست
سنة
Bergmann, Shaykh written: شيخ Wien 743 (17, 3.50) Shaykh written: شيخ BM, Ebeian 1938 6–5–2 (17) Plate XXIX, Shaykh written: شيخ. Horovitz, two specimens: (17, 3.40) Shaykh written: (شيخ (18,3.50; Shaykh written: شيخ. Fonrobert 6575 (18, 3.40) same type.
679. Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك ابو النصر شيخ ضرب بالقاهرة سنة
احد عشرين وثمانماية
Inner circle; center: ••••
مثقال
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
ϖ
لا اله الا الله محمد
ϖ
رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى
Khediv. 1560.
*680. Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك ابو النصر شيخ ضرب بالقاهرة سنة
ثلاث عشرين ثمانماية
As above.
Inner circle; center:
••••
مثقال
Balog (18, 4.37) Plate XXIX.
681. Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend:
as above
Inner circle; center:
نصف
As above.
L 1142 (15, 2.06) Plate XXIX, listed by Lavoix as uncertain Mamlūk.
682. Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe.
ضرب سكندرية سنة
السلطان الملك المويد
ابو النصر شيخ سلطان الا
سلام والمسلمين خلد الله ملكه
٧ ثمان عشر ثمانماية
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
دين الحق ليظهره على الدين
....كله ولو كره ال
BMC 651 (15, 9.16) Plate XXIX, Shaykh written: شبخ
*683.
ضرب سكندرية ثمان سنة
السلطان الملك المويد
ابو النصر شيخ سلطان
الاسلام والمسلمين خلد
(الله ملكه عشر وثمانماية)
As above, but ending at: كله
*684. Border on both sides: linear dodekalobe.
ضرب الاسكندرية سنه
السلطان الملك المويد
ابو النصر سيخ سلطان الا
سلام والمسلمبن خلد الله
ملكه ثلاث عشرين ثمانماية
As above, but ending at: كله و
Ashmol. (27, 7.65) Plate XXX, Shaykh written: شبخ
685. Border missing on both sides.
الس]لطان الملك المويد سيف الد[نيا
و]الديبن ابو النصر شيخ سلطان ا
لاسلام المسلمين خلد الله ملكه
وعشرين ثمانماية
As above.
BMC 652 (23, 7.20).
Until recently al-Mu'yyad Shaykh's silver was scarce. Only about thirty coins were known, to which number may be added another score in the Horovitz collection, which, however, for the time being is not available for examination.
The coin material consisted of specimens struck in Cairo, Damascus and Aleppo between 817 and 819 H., and one of the year 815. Most of the coins weigh between 0.90 and 1.36 grams, three are somewhat heavier (1.61, 1.62 and 1.67) and one in the Thorburn collection approaches the full dirhem (2.60). One small piece seems to be a quarter dirhem (0.65). The number of coins is too small to determine the denomination on which the bulk of the emissions was based.
A lot of 222 silver coins, struck in the name of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh, turned up recently and was purchased by us. This important lot, evidently a hoard, completes to a large extent our knowledge of this sultan's coinage. The manuscript of the present work was, however, already deposited for publication at the American Numismatic Society in New York at that time, so that it was not possible to include the newly acquired coins in the catalogue at their proper place, without completely upsetting the numbering of the entire work. The description of the hoard has therefore been added at the end of the catalogue as a supplement and the illustrations are reproduced on Plates XLII and XLIII.
*686. Border on both sides: linear multilobe in circle of dots.
Small central square medallion with rounded corners. The sides are connected with the border by a straight line.
لا اله الا الله
محمد)رسول الله)
ضرب)بالقاهرة)
Clockwise legend in the segments (reconstructed):
L.L. ثمانماية عشر خمس|L.R. شيخ عز نصره|U.R. المويد ابو النصر| U.L. السلطان
Center: نصف
Balog (15, 0.98) Plate XXX.
About one third broken off; even so, there is no doubt that the original weight was around 1.30 whert intact, therefore, the coin is a half-dirhem.
This emission, as well as all the subsequent issues of Cairo are of one and the same type.
Border on both sides: two festooned, scalloped intersecting ribbons; each ribbon consists of a line of dots between two parallel simple lines.
*687. شيخ
ابو النصر
السلطان الملك المويد
القاهرة سبع ثمانماية
الله
لا الله الا
محمد رسول الله
Thorburn, two specimens: (2.60); (1.30). Balog, four specimens: (18, 1.67); (15, 1.34) Plate XXX, (15, 1.35); (14, 0.65).
(cf. Balog, hoard infra p. 387, nos. A, B, C, Plate XLII).
*688. As above, but last line:
بالقاهرة ثمان عشر
As above.
Balog, two specimens: (17, 1.29): (16, 1.35).
DATE WITH DECADE AND CENTURY, THE LATTER IN DIVERSE STAGES OE COMPLETION
(cl. Balog, hoard, infra p. 388, nos. E, F, Plate XLII.)
*689. As above, but last line:
بالقاهرة تسع عشر ثمانماية
As above.
ANS (15, 1.31). Balog, six specimens: (16, 1.33) Plate XXX, 689a; (15, 1.35) Plate XXX, 689b; (14, 1.30) Plate XXX, 689c; (13, 1.27); (13, 0.91); (12, 1.10).
All half dirhems. ثمانماية in different stages of completion, (cf. Balog, hoard, infra p. 389, nos. G, H, Plate XLII.)
BMC 653 (15, 1.23). ANS (13).
For dated 820 H., 821 H., and undated cf. Balog, hoard, infra pp. 389–390, nos. I, J, K, L, M, Plates XLII and XLIII.
690. All coins issued in Damascus are half-dirhems.
Border: as on the Cairo coins.
شيخ
ابو النصر
الملك المويد
سبع (؟)عشر(؟)وثمانماية
بدمشق
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ضرب
L 984 (1.21).
*691. As above, but last line:
ثمان عشر ثمانماية
As above.
ANS, two specimens: (13, 1.35); (13, 1.36). Balog, two specimens: (13, 1.06) Plate XXX, 691a; (13, 1.28) Plate XXX, 691b.
(cf. Balog, hoard; infra p. 391, no. N, Plate XLIII).
*692. As above, but last line:
ثمان ثمانماية
As above.
Balog, two specimens: (16, 1.30) Plate XXX, 692a; (15, 1.21) Plate XXX, 692b.
(cf. Balog, hoard, infra p. 391, no. O, Plate XLIII).
692.a (cf. Balog, hoard, infra p. 391, no. P, Plate XLIII).
693. As above; but last line:
تسع عشر ثمانماية
As above.
Khediv. 1561. Balog (13, 1.28) Plate XXX.
(cf. Balog, hoard, infra p. 391, no. Q, Plate XLIII). For specimens dated 820 H. and undated cf. Balog, hoard, infra pp. 391–392, nos. R, S, Plate XLIII).
Digit of date only, on first line of reverse
*694.
شيخ
ابو النصر
الملك المويد
ضرب بحلب
سبع
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
Balog (13, 1.36) Plate XXX, 694a.
(cf. Balog, hoard, for additional specimens, infra, p. 392, nos. T, U, Plate XLIII).
*695. As above.
As above, but last line: ست ثمان
. . . .
Balog (13, 1.62) Plate XXX.
ست on the right of ثمان of the date is not clear; it may stand for سنة, year?
(cf. Balog, hoard, for additional specimens undated infra, pp. 392–393, nos. V, W, Z, Plate XLIII).
Marcel Jungfleisch published a fals which he attributed to al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh (BIE XXIX, 1947, pp. 45–50). His attribution seems to be due to an error of reading and the coin belongs to a Burji sultan whose title is al-Ashraf. There are no copper coins of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh.
Only one large flan dinar, two dirhems and a unique fals exist of this sultan who reigned about six months.
*696. Border on both sides: linear deka-hexalobe, each small arch minted outwards.
ضرب بالقاهرة سنة اربع
السلطان الملك المظفر ابو السعادات
احمد بن السلطان ابو المويد سلطان
الاسلام والمسلمين خلد الله
ملكه ونصره 
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
لا اله اله الله محمد رسول
الله ارسله بالهدى ودين الحق
ليظهره على الدين كله ولو
كره المشركون
Damascus 10857 (27) Plate XXX.
Ringed, holed. Note the invocation: خلد الله ملكه ونصره and additional title: سلطان الاسلام والمسلمين
Silver
ḤAMĀH, 824 H.
*697. Border on both sides: two festooned, entwined ribbons, composed of two parallel lines, between them a line of dots. Similar to the border of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh's dirhems.
احمد V
السلطان الملك
المظفر بن السلطان
ضرب بحماة
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسوله
اربع
Balog (15, 1.79) Plate XXX.
*698. Border as above.
خلد الله
الملك المظفر
ملكه
لا اله الا الله
....محمد رسول
Balog (11, 1.07) Plate XXX.
699. Border not recorded.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك المظفر شهاب الدين ابو السعادات
Inner circle; center: احمد
In the field: lion passant to left.
Above: ضرب
Underneath: بدمسق
Karabacek, "Zur Orientalischen Münzkunde" No. 10.
700. ططر
الملك الظاهر/
ابو الفتح/
Profession of faith formula.
Welzl v. Wellenheim 12389 unique, the author gives no detailed description and no illustration of the coin. Mint and date are not recorded.
*701. الملك الصالح
محمد خلد الله
. . . .
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ضرب بحلب
Balog (14, 1.30) Plate XXX.
*702. الملك الصالح
محمد خلد الله
بحلب
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
Balog (13, 1.0) Plate XXX.
The sequin-weight has been definitely adopted for the gold issues, and a new arrangement of the legends, in four rows between horizontal cables, is also an innovation.
703. Border on both sides: Circle of small diamonds alternating with pellets.
Field on both sides divided by three horizontal rigid cables to left.
بالقاهرة 
السلطان الملك الاشرف/
ابو النصر برسباى عز نصره/
عام تسع وعشرين وثمانماية
ارسله/
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
بالهدى
BMC 655 (19, 3.43); 656 (19, 3.41). Khediv. 1563, 1564. Vog. 1551 (20). Erman no. 6 (18). Balog, four specimens: (21, 3.40) Plate XXXI, 703a; (19, 3.41); (19, 3.38) Plate XXXI, 703b; (19, 3.41).
For additional specimen infra p. 398, Plate XLIV, C.
*704.
Thorburn. Possibly the digit of the date is missing: 83 H.
For additional specimen infra p. 398, Plate XLIV, D.
*705. As above, but date at the last line:
عام احد وثلثين وثمانماية
As above.
Balog (18, 3.34) Plate XXXI, (holed).
706. As above, but date:
عام اربع وثلثين
As above.
Beyram 278. ANS (18, 3.40); (16, 3.41). Balog (20, 3.40) Plate XXXI.
707. As above, but date:
عام خمس وثلثين وثمانماية
As above.
L 986 (17, 3.41). BMC 656, m (17, 3.41). Windisch-Graetz 195 (17, 3.39).
708. As above, but date:
عام ست وثلثين وثمانماية
As above.
L 987 (3.42). Jungfleisch (19, 3.35).
709. As above, but date:
عام سبع وثلثين وثمانماية
As above.
Siouffi p. 19. ANS (17, 3.40). Balog (18, 3.40) Plate XXXI.
710. As above, but date:
عام ثمان وثلثين وثمانماية
As above.
L 988 (3.41); 989 (3.41)
*711. As above, but date:
عام اربعين وثمانماية
As above.
ANS, two specimens: (17, 3.40); (17, 3.41).
*712. As above but date:
عام احد اربعين وثمانماية
As above.
ANS (17, 3.40).
Fraehn, Bericht. . . 1840; Nova Suppl. p. 95, no. 7.aa. Two specimens. Cunha 1510, 1511. White-King 2243 (3.30). Schulman Nov. 1907, no. 911. BMC 657, 658 and 659. ANS, six specimens. Bern, two specimens. Wien 7529 (3.42); 7971 (3.90); 7972 (3.35).
713. Border on both sides: linear multilobe.
As above, but first line:
بدمشق
As above.
Last line with date missing.
BMC 659, d (17, 3.43). Balog (19, 3.40). Thorburn 840 H. personal communication.
Barsbāy's silver coins belong to two types: the early issues of Damascus (and a solitary coin of Ḥamāh) have a marginal legend and a central inscription on the obverse, whereas the later emissions of Damascus, Aleppo and Ḥamāh are inscribed with horizontal legends on both sides. In view of the marked differences, the coins will be listed according to types.
On all coins, border on both sides: circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend;
inner circle, central legend.
714. Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الاشرف ابو النصر عز نصره
Inner circle; center:
بدمشق
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
٧ ضرب
BMC, two specimens: 661 (13, 0.90). Blau 310. ANS (14, 2.26); (12, 1.05). Balog, nine specimens: (15, 2.10) Rev.: ضرب بدمشق Plate XXXI, 714 a;
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
(15, 2.22) as above Plate XXXI, 714b; (15, 1.96) as above Plate XXXI, 714c; (17, 1.85) as above; (16, 2.00) as above; (15, 2.04) as above; (12, 1.02) as above; (16, 2.00) Rev.:
بدمشق
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
ودين الحق
(16, 2.06) as above Plate XXXI, 714d.
1/2 + 1/4, نصف وربع
*715. Clockwise marginal legend;
السلطان الملك الاشرف برسباى عز نصره
Inner circle; center:
بدمشق
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
٧ ضرب
ANS, three specimens: (16, 2.20); (16, 2.24); (13, 1.00). BM, J.-Harrison Ball 1938 5–13–26 (14, 1.06). Jungfleisch (15, 2.05). Balog (15, 1.94) Plate XXXI.
1/4 + 1/8, ربع وثمن
*716. Clockwise marginal legend as above.
Inner circle; center:
ربع
وثمن
As above.
Balog, seven specimens: (13, 1.02) Plate XXXI, 716a; (13, 1.00) Plate XXXI, 716b; (14, 1.02); (14, 1.00); (13, 1.06); (12, 1.06); (12, 1.01).
717. Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الاشرف برسباى عام خمس
وعشرين وثمانماية
Inner circle; center:
ربع
وثمن
As above.
L 1001 (12, 1.08); 1002(12, 1.08) Lavoix's reading of the obverse center as 1/4 dirhem, ربع درهم is to be corrected. ANS (13, 0.95). Ashmol. (Bodl.) (14) Plate XXXI.
*718. Marginal legend as above, but date:
عام سبع عشرين وثمانماية
Center as above.
As above.
BM, J.-Harrison Ball 1938 5–13–25 (13, 1.09); John Walker pres. 1951 (12, 0.64). Balog (13, 1.06) Plate XXXI.
ḤAMĀH
*719. Border on both sides: circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الاشرف برسباى عز نصره
Inner circle; center:
As above, but first line:
ضرب بحماة
ANS (16, 2.07) date missing. Plate XXXI.
720. Border on both sides: double linear multilobe.
برسباى
الملك الاشرف
ابو النصر
خلد الله ملكه
بدمشق
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
اثنين وثلاثين
L 1000 (1.97). ANS, four specimens: (16, 2.05); (16, 2.38); (16, 2.03); (1.43) date missing; four more specimens with date missing. BMC 660 (17, 1.95). BM, Rotlin 7–3–84–276 (17, 1.90). Balog, two specimens: (16, 2.20) Plate XXXI; (16, 2.12).
*721. Border on both sides: double linear multilobe.
برسباى
الملك الاشرف
لنصر 
ابوا
اثنين وثلاثين
٧ لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ضرب بدمشق
Balog (16, 2.10) Plate XXXI.
*722. As above, but last line: خمس وثلاثين
As above.
Balog, two specimens: (16, 2.06) Plate XXXI; (16, 2.08).
*723. As above, but last line: سنة وثلاثين
As above.
ANS (14, 2.07). Balog, two specimens: (15, 2.06) Plate XXXI, 723a; (16, 2.03) Plate XXXI, 723b.
*724. As above, but last line: سنة سبع ثلثين
As above.
ANS (15, 2.03). Balog (15) Plate XXXI.
*725. As above, but last line: سنة تسع ثلثين
As above.
BM, Juliet Reeve pres. 1950 3–4–1. Ashmol., three specimens. ANS (16, 2.02).
ANS (12, 1.02) Half-dirhem.
726. Border on both sides: double linear multilobe.
خلد الله
الملك الاشرف
ابو النصر برسباى
ملكه
ضرب بحلب
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
سنة ثمان ثلاثين
L 1003 (2.08); 1004 (2.13). Balog (16, 2.08) Plate XXXI.
*727. As above.
As above, but last line: ... سنة تسع
Balog, three specimens: (18, 2.20) Plate XXXI; (17, 2.09); (15, 2.03).
Noury 379.
*728. Border: circle of dots.
ابو النصر برسباى
السلطان الملك الاشرف
عام سبع وعشرين وثمانماية
عزنصره حماة
Border missing.
. . . . .
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
. . . . .
Balog (15, 1.60) Plate XXXI.
*729. As above, but last two lines:
عام ثلاثين وثمانماية
عزنصره حماة
As above.
Balog, two specimens: (14, 2.00) Plate XXXII; (15, 2.04).
*730. Border missing.
الملك الاشرف
ابو النصر برسباى
Border of dots. In the center, small square, with illegible inscription. Around, four petal-shaped segments. In the segments:
بالقاهرة|....|ثلاثين|وثمانماية
Balog (15) Plate XXXII.
*731. Border: traces of circular line.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse):
Upper segment: الملك الا
Central segment: ?/
Lower segment: برسباى . . .
Balog (23, 2.65) Plate XXXII.
Circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend:
? الملك....ابو النصر برسباى
Inner circle, in which lion passant to left, tail curled back.
This is a puzzling coin. The second line of the obverse is not legible, though it would seem quite clear. The marginal legend on the reverse also is read conjecturally and the attribution to Barsbāy is made with reserve.
732. Border: small diamonds alternating with pellets. Field on both sides divided by three horizontal cables to left.
بالقاهرة/
السلطان الملك العزيز/
ابو المحاسين يوسف بن برسباى/
اربعين وثمانماية . . . .
ارسله/
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
بالهدى 
BMC 662 (15, 3.60). L 1005 (17, 3.40). Khediv. 1569. Balog (17, 3.40) Plate XXXII, 732a. Damascus 5061. (16) Plate XXXII, 732b. Horovitz (17, 3.40). Bajocchi (17, 3.45).
733. A unique dirhem was published by Karabacek; although his description of the coin is not detailed and there is no mint or date, the piece can be attributed to Aleppo through the profession of faith formula on the reverse, engraved in Turcoman Kufic, characteristic of this mint.
Marginal legend:
السلطان...ابو المحاسين
Inner circle, in which:
يوسف
Profession of faith formula in Turcoman Kufic.
A large number of dinars have come down to us, of which about fifty are recorded in the literature. The mint, always Cairo, is preserved on 19 coins only and the date is missing more often than not. All coins with date were struck in the early years of Jaqmaq's reign (842, 843 and 846 H.); only one dinar of 854 H. was published by Fraehn.
As mentioned above, gold was issued at the Cairo mint only. The dinars nos. 1006, 1007 and 1008 of Lavoix belong to Kūhqadam and not to Jaqmaq.
There is only one type: the border consists on both sides of a circle of small diamonds alternating with pellets, and the field is divided by three horizontal cables to left, into four segments.
734.
بالقاهرة/
السلطان الملك الظاهر/
ابو سعيد جقمق عز نصره/
اثنين واربعين ثمانماية
ارسله
لااله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
بالهدى
L 1015 (3.42). Schulman list 19, no. 44. Schulman attributed (with a query) this coin to Damascus.
735. As above, but last line: . . . سنة ثلاث اربعين
As above.
L 1009 (3.42); 1016 (3.43). Khediv. 1570.
736. As above, but last line:
سنة ست و اربعين ثمانماية
and ornament above at third line. 
ابو سعيد
ارسله /
الا الله 
لا اله/
رسول الله • محمد/
بالهدى
L 1017 (15, 3.43) Plate XXXII, 736a; 1018 (15, 3.43) but no ornament on obv.; ringlet above اله on rev.; 1019 (15, 3.42) as 1019. BMC 663 (15, 3.43) Plate XXXII, 736b. Gotha 1053 (3.43.) Schulman List 1929, no. 1205. ANS (15, 3.40). Balog (15, 3.40) Plate XXXII, 736c.
737.
Fraehn, Nova Suppl. p. 96, no. 7.000, no details.
The date is missing on all coins. When the mint is present, it is recorded, as well as the small variations in the ornamentation.
L 1010 (3.43) Cairo; 1011 (3.42) Cairo; 1012 (3.43) Cairo; 1013 (3.43) Cairo; 1014 (3.41) Cairo; 1020 (3.42) Obv.: عز نصر without hā; 1021 (3.42) As 1021; 1022 (3.42) Rev.
بالهدى ; 1023 (3.42) as 1022. 1024 (3.42) Obv.: بواسعيد
Rev.: 
لا اله الا الله / ارسله ; 1025 (3.42); 1026 (3.37) Obv.: (جقمق ; 1027 (3.40 as 1026. BMC 664 (15, 3.40) Cairo; 665 (15, 3.39) Cairo; 666 (15, 3.42). Khediv. 1571–1577. Rogers, Catalogue Calcutta Mus. 7979. Gotha 1054 (3.37). Schulman List 1929, no. 1206
(probably the same specimen). Schulman List 19, no. 45. White King 2244 (3.20). Beyram 279 (3.30). Cunha 1512–1513. ANS, twelve
incomplete specimens. Wien 7161, 7301, 7302, 7428. Bern, two specimens. Ashmol., two specimens. Balog (16, 3.40) Plate XXXII, 737a.
The Cairo dirhems are non-heraldic, but the Syrian silver coins often carry Jaqmaq's heraldic devices, the chalice and buqjah.
*738. Border on both sides: missing.
Small central lozenge with wavy sides, angles connected with the border.
In the segments:
اربع (sic) الملك|الظاهرا|بوسيد جقمق|بالقاه
In the central lozenge:
نصره
عز
الملك لله
لا اله الا الله
محمدرسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
ANS (15, 0.81) Plate XXXII.
739. Border: linear octolobe.
In the segments:
الملك|الظاهرا|بوسعيد جقمق|سنة خمس
In the centra lozenge:
(sic) هراقا
Border missing.
As above.
L 1030 (12, 1.27) Plate XXXII; 1031 (14, 1.62); 1032 (12, 1.47). Jungfleisch (12, 1.70). Balog (12, 1.30).
740. As above, but marginal legend starts at the left-hand segment and the date is: ست سنة
As above.
BMC 667 (14, 1.58) Plate XXXII. Balog (13, 1.42).
741. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
Clockwise marginal legend:
٧ السلطان الملك الظاهرابو سعيد
Inner circle; center:
جقمق
Field divided by three horizontal lines:
ضرب بدمشق/
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
سنة خمس اربعين
L 1033 (15, 1.77) Plate XXXII. ANS (14, 1.73).
*742. As above.
As above, but last line: سنة سبع اربعين
Balog, two specimens: (16, 1.64) Plate XXXII; (13, 1.60).
*743. As above.
Balog (15, 1.47).
As above, but last line: سنة ثمان واربعين
*744. As above.
Balog (15, 1.56).
As above, but last line: سنة تسع اربعين
L 1028 (1.57); 1029 (15, 1.77); 1029 bis (17); 1034 (15, 1.78); 1035 (1.75); 1036 (1.60); 1037 (1.46). Khediv. 1578, 1579, 1580. Blau 312. Soret, 3e lettre 176. Wien 4723. Jungfleisch (16, 1.62). Balog, four specimens: (15, 1.54); (14, 1.10) Plate XXXII, 744a; (15, 1.57); (12, 0.80).
*745. Border on both sides: double linear dodekalobe.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الظاهر ابو سعيد
Inner circle, in which written clockwise:
جقمق
Field divided by three horizontal lines:
ضرب)بدمشق)/
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
Balog (16) Plate XXXII.
*746. Border on both sides missing.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الظاهر ابو سعيد
Inner circle; in center, small chalice.
Field divided by three horizontal lines:
/لا اله الا الله
/محمد رسول الله
/خمس اربعين
Balog (15, 1.87) Plate XXXII.
Another specimen was seen in the Damascus bazaar in 1956.
747. Border on both sides: linear multilobe.
In the field, concave-sided diamond standing standing on edge (buqjah). In it, on all specimens, Jaqmaq's name:
• •
جقمق
• •
Field divided by three horizontal rigid cables to left:
بحلب/
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
ضرب
In the segments, clockwise marginal legend, slightly different for the following varieties:
a) Legend starts in bottom left segment:
BR خلد الله ملكه |TR ابوسعيد |TL الظاهر |BL الملك
L 1042 (15, 1.80) Plate XXXII, 747a.
b) Legend starts in bottom left segment:
BR الظاهر |TR خلد ملكه |TL ابو سعيد |
BL الملك
BMC 666, k (17, 1.75) Plate XXXII, 747b; 666, m (17, 1.81) Plate XXXII, 747c.
c) Legend starts in bottom right segment:
TR خلد الله ملكه |TL ابوسعيد |BL الظاهر | BR الملك
Balog, two specimens. (17, 1.84) Plate XXXII, 747d; (17, 1.80). ANS (14, 1.59) buqjah with straight sides.
748. Border on both sides: circular line.
Field on both sides divided by three horizontal cables to left.
خلد الله/
الملك الظاهر/
ابو سعيد جقمق/
ملكه
بحلب •/
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
ضرب
L 1038 (16, 1.89) Plate XXXII, 748a; 1939 (17, 1.83); 1040 (16, 1.88) Plate XXXII, 748b. BMC 667 (c 13). ANS, two specimens: (16, 1.75); (16, 1.77). Balog (16, 1.83).
749. Border on both sides: circular line.
Field on both sides, divided by three horizontal cables to left.
بحماة/
الملك الظاهر/
ابو سعيد جقمق ٧/
ضرب
ارسله •
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
بالهدى
L 1041 (1.86) mint missing, but this type: ارسله at top of rev. Balog (18, 1.83) Plate XXXII.
750. Border missing.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الظاهر ابوسعيد
Spindle-shaped central cartouche; in it:
جقمق
Border: double linear dodekalobe.
. . . . ./
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
تسع اربعين
L 1043 (16, 1.75) Plate XXXII date incomplete. Balog (15, 1.66) date 849 H., تسع اربعين.
*751. Border: circular line (and circle of dots?).
Field divided by two horizontal chains:
عز/
الملك الظاهر/
نصره
Border: circular line in circle of dots.
In the field, lozenge with concave sides (buqjah), in which five-petaled rosette. In the segments:
ضرب|بحلب|....|ست اربعين
Beirut (17) Plate XXXIII, 751a. Balog (17) Plate XXXIII, 751b. Date 848 H. ?
*752. Border on both sides missing.
Linear hexagram, in which:
جقمق
Field divided by horizontal lines (only two on the flan, may have been more):
. . . . ./
ضرب بحلب/
خمس اربعين
Ashmol. (19, 2.59) Plate XXXIII.
753. Border: circular line.
Field divided by two horizontal chains:
عز/
الملك الطاهر/
نصره
Border missing.
In field, lozenge with concave sides (buqjah).
In the segments:
ضرب|طرابلس|...|وخمسين
L 970 (17, 2.62) Plate XXXIII.
Lavoix listed this fals under Barqūq; it belongs to Jaqmaq.
*754. Border: circular line.
Only the upper part of the field is on the flan, but the legends may be reconstructed.
A central spindle-shaped segment is capped above and below by two crescent-shaped segments:
Upper segment: جقمق
Central spindle: ابو سعيد
Lower segment: (٧ الملك الظاهر)
Border: missing (circular line?).
Eight small fleur-de-lis pointing inwards from the periphery.
Inner circle, in which a wide, squat chalice.
München (18) Plate XXXIII.
The coins of this sultan, who reigned less than three months, are of the greatest rarity.
*755. Border on both sides missing.
Field on both sides divided by horizontal double lines of dots; only two lines visible, but one may be off flan.
ابو السعادات عثمان/
السلطان الملك المنصور/
ضرب بالقاهرة
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
. . . . .
Damascus 4256 (15) Plate XXXIII.
mint missing
*756. Border: circle of annulets.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك المنصور ابو السعادات
Inner circle of dots, in which:
عثمان
Border missing.
Field divided by horizontal rows of dots (two visible, one off flan).
الله/
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
. . . .
Damascus 2177 (16) Plate XXXIII, 756a. ANS (16, 3.41) Plate XXXIII, 756b. I. Artuk, V. Türk Tarih Kongresi , p. 223 (19, 3.99).
A similar specimen was shown to us in 1947 by Hussein bey Rāshed, then director of the Museum of Arabic Art, Cairo.
*757. Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك المنصور ابو السعادات
Inner circle; center:
عثمان
Clockwise marginal legend:
بن السلطان الملك الظاهر جقمق
Inner circle; center:
بحلب
BM, J. R. Stewart 1946 (21) Plate XXXIII.
Few gold coins have come down to us and the legends are, on most of them, incomplete. There are several types; the first, although not all specimens have the mint, is safe to attribute entirely to Cairo: the other types are uncertain.
A
*758. Border on both sides: circular line.
Field divided by three horizontal cables to left.
بالقاهرة ?/
السلطان الملك الاشرف/
ابو النصر اينال عز نصره/
عام ٨٥٧
Field divided by three horizontal lines:
الله 
لا اله الا الله /
محمد رسول الله/
. . . . .
ANS (15, 3.42). Balog (16, 3.39) Plate XXXIII.
This is the first time that the date of a Mamlūk coin appears in Arabic numerals.
759. Border on both sides: circle of dots.
Field divided by three horizontal cables to left.
بالقاهرة ?/
السلطان الملك الاشرف/
ابو النصر اينال عز نصره/
عام ٨٥٧
Field divided by three horizontal lines of dots.
الله
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
. . . .
L 1044 (16, 3.41) Cairo, date missing; 1045 (16, 3.41) mint missing, 857 H. Plate XXXIII; 1046 (16, 3.41) mint missing, 853 H.; 1049 (16, 3.41) mint and date missing. Khediv. 1581 mint missing, 857 H.; 1582 mint and date missing. BMC 667, t (15, 3.37). Ashmol. (16, 3.41). ANS (16, 3.41) cables on obverse to right.
760. Border missing on both sides.
Field divided by three horizontal cables to right.
/الملك الاشرف . . .
/ابو النصر اينال
/. . . . .
Fieid divided by three horizontal lines of dots.
/لا اله الا الله
/محمد رسول الله
٨٦٣/(عام)
L 1047 (16, 3.41) mint missing, 863 H. Balog, two specimens: (12) mint and date missing; (16) mint missing, 86x H.
761. Border missing on both sides.
Field, on both sides, divided by three horizontal cables to left.
/السلطان الملك الاشرف
/ابو النصر اينال
/. . . . .
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
ارسله بالهدى/
/. . . . .
BMC 667, s (15, 3.37). L 1048 (3.41); 1050 (3.39); 1051 (3.39); 1052 (3.41); 1053 (3.41); 1054 (3.41). Balog (16, 3.41) Plate XXXIII, 761.
*762. Border missing on both sides.
Linear dekagram; in the external angles, small six-pointed stars.
The field divided by two horizontal lines of dots.
ابو النصر اينال/
السلطان الملك الاشرف/
عز نصره
Field divided by horizontal lines of dots (two lines visible).
الله
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله/
/. . . . .
Balog (16, 3.04 Plate XXXIII, (16,3.40) Obv. last line: عز نصره
بالقاهرة
*763. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Clockwise circular legend:
السلطان الملك الاشرف ابو النصر اينال ٨٦١ 
Linear pentalobe; center:
عز نصره
Clockwise circular legend:
لا اله الا الله |محمد رسول الله
Square linear cartouche with a convexity on each side. The left and right corners are flowering into arabesques. Center:
هرة
بالقا
Ashmol. (15).
*764. As above, but date at the end of the circular legend: ٨٦٢
As above.
Jungfleisch (16, 1.45). Balog, three specimens: (14, 0.75 Plate XXXIII, 764a; (16, 1.20) Plate XXXIII, 764b; (16, 1.45).
*765. As above, but date: ٨٦٣
As above.
AU Beirut. Balog, three specimens: (14, 1.47); (16, 1.54) Plate XXXIII; (15, 1.48).
765.a
As above, but date: ٨٦٤
As above.
Balog (15, 1.48).
*766. Border on both sides: linear circle.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الاشرف
Linear nono-lobe; center:
اينال
Field divided by three horizontal lines. In the center, square cartouche standing on edge, a convexity on each side:
1st segment: ضرب بدمشق
2nd segment: لا اله|الا الله
3rd segment: محمد رسول|الله
4th segment: فى سنة ستين
In the cartouche: ٦٠
مسق
بد
ANS (15, 1.42). Ashmol. Jungfleisch (14, 1.42). Thorburn. Balog, two specimens: (15, 1.48) Plate XXXIII; (15, 1.48).
767. As above.
As above, but in the cartouche:
٦١
مسق
بد
and last line: فى سنة احد وستين
L 1060 (1.48); 1061 (1.48). Noury 379. Jungfleisch (15, 1.45). Balog, three specimens: (16, 1.48); (16, 1.48); (15, 1.47).
768. As above.
As above, but in the cartouche:
٦٢
مسق
بد
and last line: فى سنة اثنين وستين
L 1062 (1.48). Fonrobert 6579 (14, 1.30). BM, J. Harrison Ball 5–13–23 two specimens. Wien 4724. ANS, four specimens: (15, 1.47); (15, 1.50); (15, 1.47); (15, 1.48). Jungfleisch, two specimens: (15, 1.43); (16, 1.40). Balog, three specimens: (16, 1.48) Plate XXXIII, 768a; (17, 1.46) Plate XXXIII, 768b; (15, 1.42).
*769. Border on both sides missing.
Clockwise marginal legend as above.
Inner circle; center: اينال
Clockwise marginal legend:
لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله
Cartouche: as above. In the center: بد مشق
Balog (16, 1.40) Plate XXXIII, 769. ANS, two specimens: (15, 1.42) Dimishq written: بد مشق in linear hexalobe; (15, 1.44) Dimishq in rhomboidal cartouche:
Few of the Aleppo dirhems have the mint name. They are, however, easy to attribute to this town from the religious legend on the reverse, written in characteristic Turcoman Kufic style.
*770. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الاشرف ابو النصر ٨٦٢
Inner circle; center: اينال
لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
Balog (16, 1.48) Plate XXXIV, 770a. Jungfleisch (16, 1.47) as above, but border on both sides: circular line and inner circle on obverse surrounded by linear multilobe. Plate XXXIV, 770b.
771. The date on this group of coins is in the exergue of the reverse. Whenever the lower part of the reverse is illegible or off flan, the date is missing, but the coin belongs to this year.
Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الاشرف ابو النصر
Inner circle; center: اينال
As above, but under the last line: ٦٢
L 1056 (1.34); 1057 (1.54); 1058 (1.47) Lavoix mistook the date for حلب. BMC 668 (15, 1.53). Lagumina p. 99, no. 12 (15, 1.45); 13 (15, 1.52). Balog, four specimens: (16, 1.49) Plate XXXIV, 771a; (16, 1.47); (16, 1.50); (16, 1.54). ANS, two specimens: (16, 1.44); (16, 1.43) "Ḥalab", حلب, at top of rev. Plate XXXIV, 771b. Thorburn.
*772. Visible border: circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك|الاشرف|اينال
Oblong cartouche with four spike-shaped ornaments.
In center: اينال
لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
in Turcoman Kufic.
BM, Ebeian 1938 7-4-30, (15, 1.22) Plate XXXIV.
773. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
الملك ل = الملك
اشرف ا = الاشرف
In the field, arabesque.
Balog (14) Plate XXXIV.
Marcel Jungfleisch (BIE XXIX, 1947, pp. 45–50) published two copper coins; he attributed the first to al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh, the second to al-Mu'ayyad Aḥmad. We have already explained (p. 306) that the attribution of the first fals to Shaykh is not convincing, and we believe that the second coin also is to be re-examined. We cannot read the legend as "al-Mu'ayyad"; on the contrary, there is little doubt that the correct reading is "al-Ashraf", الاشرف. The ornamentation on the reverse is very similar to that on Aynāl's Cairo copper, and it is, therefore, listed under this sultan.
774. Border on both sides: circular line.
Clockwise circular legend:
السلطان الملك الاشرف ابو النصر اينال
Arabesque knot.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse)
Upper segment: بالقاهرة/
Central segment: عام ثلث وستين/
Lower segment: وثمانماية
BMC 669, a (ex- Petraszewski 134) (15) Plate XXXIV. Ashmol. (16) date: 86-H. Balog (13).
For additional specimen infra p. 399.
*775. As above.
ANS (18, 2.23) Plate XXXIV.
As above, but date at the second line:
عام ثلث وستين
*776. Border on both sides: missing.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments:
Upper segment: شرف اينال/
Central segment: الملك الا/
Lower segment: ابو النصر
Clockwise marginal legend: traces of religious legend?
Circular central medallion with three tube-like prolongation towards the margin.
Center: هرة
بالقا
P. 134 (21) Plate XXXIV, 776a. Balog (17) Plate XXXIV, 776b.
*777. Border on both sides: missing.
Linear square, divided by horizontal line:
٧ الملك الاشرف / اينال
Traces of clockwise marginal legend. Inner circle, in it lion passant to left.
Balog (20) Plate XXXIV.
*778. Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend:
(السلطان الملك(الاشرف
Linear hexalobe; center:
اينال
Field divided by a horizontal line, in the center of which a spindle-shaped cartouche.
Upper segment: (الملك الا(شرف
Spindle: بحلب
Lower segment illegible, mostly off flan.
ANS (14, 2.0) Plate XXXIV.
Three varieties of the very scaece gold coin are known.
779. Border: traces of dotted circle.
Field divided by three horizontal cables to right.
ابو الفتح احمد/
السلطان الملك المويد/
بن اينال عز نصره
/. . . . .
Field divided by three horizontal lines of dots:
بالقاهرة/
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
٨٦٥
L 1067 (17, 3.41) Plate XXXIV, 779a; 1067 bis (16) Plate XXXIV, 779b. Balog (18,3.40) Rev. ٨٦
.
780. Border missing on both sides.
Field, on both sides, divided by three horizontal cables to left.
/الس]لطان الملك المو[يد
/ابو الفتح احمد عز نصره/
/لا اله 
لا اله
/محمد رسول الله
L 1068 (15, 3.39) Plate XXXIV.
781. Border missing on both sides.
Field divided by three horizontal cables to left.
/السلطان الملك
/المويد ابو الف[تح
/لا اله الا الله/
/محمد رسول الله
L 983 (14, 3.41) Plate XXXIV. Lavoix wrongly attributed this coin to al-Mu'ayyad Shaikh. Wien 7423 (3.35); 7424 (3.35).
*782. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك المويد ابو الفتح
Inner circle; center:
احمد
Profession of faith formula written in Turcoman Kufic:
لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
BM, Ebeian 1938 7–30–5 (17) Plate XXXIV, 782a. AU Beirut (15) Plate XXXIV, 782b.
Although without mint, this coin is no doubt from Aleppo, because of the Turcoman Kufic of the reverse legend.
There are no copper coins extant of this sultan. See our comment on Marcel Jungfleisch's article (BIE XXIX, 1947, pp. 45–50), on p. 306, above.
783. Border: dotted circular line.
Field divided by horizontal cables to right.
/السلطان الملك الظاهر
/ابو سعيد خشقدم
/
عز نصره
Field divided by horizontal rows of beads.
بالقاهرة/
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
/٨٦٥
Fraehn, Nova Suppl. p. 96, no. 7 c.
784. As above.
As above, but date: ٨٦٦
L 1077 (15, 3.40) Plate XXXV, 784a. Horovitz.
L 1070 (15, 3.42) Plate XXXV, 784b. Wien 744 (3.42). Thorburn.
785. Border: dotted circular line.
Horizontal cables to right.
As above.
Horizontal row of flowerets placed on horizontal row of tiny arches, concave side up.
Legends as above, but date: ٨٦٧
L 1076 (16, 3.41) Plate XXXV, 785a. (16, 3.37). Balog (18, 3.42), date (٨٦)٧.
BMC 670 (15, 3.38) Plate XXXV, 785b; 672
Lane-Poole read the date as 870 with query. It is more likely 867 H.
L 1071, (3.39); 1072, (3.41). BMC 672. k (15, 3.37). Khediv. (1589. 1590).
Khushqadam's name with all teeth of the letters clearly written.
786. Border on both sides missing.
Fieid, on both sides, divided by horizontal rows of flowerets, placed on horizontal rows of tiny arches, concave side up.
لله ?
السلطان الملك الظاهر/
سعيد م/
ابو خشقد عز نصره
الملك ?
ضرب بالقاهرة/
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
. . . .
L 1073 (15, 3.39) Plate XXXV; 1074 (15, 3.40). ANS (16, 3.40).
787. Border missing on both sides.
Field divided, on both sides, by rigid cables to right.
بالقاهرة/
السلطان خوشقدم/
ابو النصر ملك الظاهر/
ارسله/
•
لا]اله الا الله/
محمد]رسول الله/
بالهدى
BMC 673 (16, 3.35). ANS (14, 3.16) Plate XXXV.
The title of all Mamlūk sultans was: al-sulṭān al-malik. This is the only example in which the two regal titles are separated from each other: al-sulṭān Khushqadam Abū al-Naṣr, malik al-Ẓāhir (malik without the article). Khushqadam witten: خوشقدم, with waw.
788. Border missing on both sides.
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to left.
ضرب بدمشق/
السلطان الملك الظاهر/
ابو سعيد خشقدم عز نصره/
ارسله
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
بالهدى/
L 1069 (3.41); 1075 (3.38). Beirut, nine specimens. ANS (15, 3.40). Balog, five specimens: (13,3.35) Rev.: لا اله; (15, 3.37) Rev.: لا اله 
Plate XXXV, 788a; (15, 3.38) Rev.: لا اله
Plate XXXV, 788b; (15, 3.38) Rev.: لا اله ; (14, 3.39).
789. Field divided, both sides, by horizontal rigid cables.
خشقدم 
/
السلطان الملك الظاهر/
ابو سعيد/
. . . .ر
(لا اله الا (الله /
(محمد رسول (الله/
بالهدى
L 1078 (3.04).
Bergmann, NZ 1876, p. 41 (3.42). White-King 2248 (3.30). Beyram 281. Cunha 1515. Wien 6362, 7430, 7462.
790. Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الظاهر ابو سعيد عز نصره
Linear hexalobe, with small heart-shaped arabesque at six o'clock.
Center: و
خشقد
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments, the central segment wider than the others.
بالقاهرة/
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله/
عام ٨٦٦
L 1079 (16, 1.45) Plate XXXV, 790a. Balog (14, 1.43) Plate XXXV, 790b.
791.
Thorburn, no details.
DAMASCUS, date missing
792. Border missing on both sides.
Field divided, on both sides, by three horizontal lines.
/السلطان الملك الظاهر
/ابو سعيد خشقدم عز نصره
ضرب بدمشق
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
Fraehn, Nova Suppl. p. 96, no. 7b. BM, Ebeian 1938 7–30–1 (16, 1.43) Plate XXXV, 792a. Ashmol. (15). Jungfleisch (15, 1.52) Plate XXXV, 792b.
*793. Border missing on both sides.
Traces of the clockwise marginal legend:
الظاهر ابو سعيد ....
Rhomboid medallion formed by four linear arches, each arch looped.
Center: خشقد
م
Field divided by three horizontal lines
/(لا)اله الا (الله)
/محمد رسول الله
/(عام ٦(٨٦
Balog (15, 1.39) Plate XXXV.
There is no mint, but the characteristic Turcoman Kufic of the profession of faith formula on the reverse leaves no doubt about the attribution.
794. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الظاهر ابو سعيد
Inner circle; center:
خشقد
• م
لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
BMC 674 (16, 1.49). BM, L. A. Lawrence 1939 7–L–9 (15). Khediv. 1591, 1592, 1593, 1596. Ashmol. Bodl. 214, 215 and another specimen. PAM H. 21. 24. ANS, two specimens: (15, 1.44); (15, 1.44). Thorburn. Balog (15, 1.44) Plate XXXV, 794a; (15, 1.37) Plate XXXV, 794b; (16) 1.41).
*795. As above, but clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الظاهر ابو سعيد عز نصره
As above.
Ashmol. (16) Plate XXXV. Balog, two specimens: (15, 1.50); (17, 1.51).
796. Border: circular line in circle of dots.
Clockwise marginal legend:
٧ السلطان الملك الظاهر ابو سعيد
Inner circle in linear dodekalobe; center:
م
خشقد
As above.
Khediv. 1594, 1595. Jungfleisch (18, 1.48). Balog (16, 1.44) Plate XXXV.
Khushqadam's fulūs are rare and mostly in a poor state of preservation.
Heraldic
Rosette
*797. Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend:
....الملك الظاهر...
Inner circle; center:
هرة
بالقا
Marginal legend double-struck, illegible. Inner circle, in it a five-petaled rosette.
Jungfleisch (19, 2.71). Thorburn, no details.
Non-heraldic
798. Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الظاهر ابو سعيد
Inner circle; center:
م
خشقد
Clockwise marginal legend:
(السلطان الملك الظاهر (ابو سعيد
Inner circle; center:
بحلب
BM, no number (21). BMC 575 (18) Plate XXXV. This specimen was listed under al-Manṣūr Muḥammad, but the correct attribution is no doubt to Khushqadam. Balog (20, 4.20). Thorburn.
Non-heraldic
*799. Border on both sides: circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend:
الملك الظاهر خشقدم
Inner circle; center: بحلب
In the field, linear hexagram, surrounded by a second, external star attached to the margin.
Center: بحلب
Balog (20, 2.09) Plate XXXV.
Heraldic
Rosette
*800. Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الظاهر ابو سعيد
Inner circle; center:
م
خشقد
Clockwise marginal legend:
ضرب بحلب سنة ٨٦٥...
Inner circle; in it five-petaled rosette.
Balog, three specimens: (20, 1.62) Plate XXXV; (18, 2.06); (18, 1.90).
For specimen with central linear rhomboid on rev. infra p. 400, Plate XLIV, E.
No coins
Temirbughā's coins are all very rare: only four dinars, a unique dirhem and half a dozen copper coins are known.
801. Border missing on both sides.
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal rows of flowerets, placed on horizontal rows of tiny arches, concave side up.
/الس]لطان الملك الظاهر
/ابو]سعيد تمربغا/
/لا اله الا الله
/محمد رسول/
L 1081 (15, 3.40) Plate XXXV. Beyram 282.
802. Border missing on both sides.
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to left.
/السلظان الملك ا[ظاهر
/ابو]سعيد تمربغا/
/٨٧٢|٣ ?
/لا اله الا[الله
محمد رسول الله
Wien 745 (14, 3.40) Plate XXXV.
The digit of the date is not fully on the flan; it may be either a two (٢) or a three (٣).
803. Uncertain variety; mint missing, 872 H.
/السلطان الملك الظاهر
/ابو سعيد تمربغا
/٨٦٢
Profession of faith formula.
Bergmann, NZ 1876, p. 41 (3.40).
*804. Border: circular line in circle of dots.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الاشرف ابو النصر
Inner circle; center: تمر
بغا
Profession of faith formula in Turcoman Kufic:
لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
PAM H. 21.20 (16) Plate XXXV.
Though there is no mint, the reverse legend in Turcoman Kufic is characteristic of Aleppo.
*805. Border: circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الظاهر تمر بغا
Inner circle; in it, wide chalice (or cup) flanked by pellets.
Linear hexagram with pellets in the spaces and v-shaped ornaments in the external segments; in the center, six-petaled rosette.
BM, F 70–5–7–14206 (Freudenthal coll.) (20) Plate XXXVI, 805a. München (20) Plate XXXVI, 805b. Wien 738, 739.
806. Border missing.
Field divided by horizontal lines of dots.
/الملك الظا[هر
/ابو سعيد
Border: circular line.
Traces of clockwise marginal legend, interrupted by arabesque knot at left and right. In center circular shield divided by two horizontal lines into three segments, a wider central and an upper and lower narrow segment. In the central segment, wide chalice.
Ashmol. Plate XXXVI. This specimen was published by Mayer in Saracenic Heraldry (Plate XX, 5) but he read the title of the sultan as "al-Nāṣir". We believe that there is no doubt about the attribution to Temirbughā. Blau 308. Balog (17).
As might be expected in view of Qā'itbāy's exceptionally long reign (28 years), his coins are quite common and display a wide variety of design.
Although occurring in great enough numbers (in a single Beirut hoard there were over two hundred dinars), the gold coins are not easily listed according to mints. The reason is that the diameter of the coins being too small for the die engraving, the mint and date are mostly off flan.
A certain provisional order can be reached, nevertheless, by describing the coins in groups of different types. At the same time, one or two types or varieties appear to be characteristic for Cairo on the one hand and Aleppo on the other. When more coins turn up, of varieties presently with mint missing, further types may be attributed to specific mints.
Field divided into horizontal sections; no arabesque knots.
On all coins of this type, border, whenever present: linear multilobe or wavy circular line.
807. Field divided by horizontal lines of flowerets, placed on horizontal lines of tiny arches, concave side up.
/السلطان الملك الاشرف
/ابوالنصر قايتباى
/ • عز نصره
Field divided by horizontal cables to left.
٧ارسله٧
/لا اله الا الله
/محمد رسول الله
٧بالهدى٧
L 1083 (3.41); 1086 (15, 3.40). Balog (15, 3.39) Plate XXXVI.
Last two latters of Qāitbāy: 
808. Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to left.
/السلطان الملك الاشرف
/قاى
ابو النصر يتبا عز نصره/
ارسله
لا اله الا الله ∴/
محمد رسول الله/
بالهدى/
P. Vog. 1552 (16). Balog, three specimens: (16, 3.34) Plate XXXVI, 808a, Rev.: ∴اله
(15, 3.40) Plate XXXVI, 808b, Rev.: 
; (15, 3.38) Rev.: . ANS, four specimens: (15, 3.41); (13, 3.40); (15, 3.40); (16, 3.41) Obv.: /السلطان الملك الاشرف
/قاى
٧ ابو النصر يتبا عز/
نصره
809. Field, on both sides, divided by cables to right.
The writing is smaller than on the precedent coins and Qā'itbāy's name written with the final yā attached to the last alif: نصره
ضرب/
السلطان الملك الا/
قايتباى نصره
شرف ابو النصر عز/
بحلب
بالهدى/
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
ارسله
BMC 676 (14, 3.37) date missing; 675 (15, 3.36) mint missing, 879 H. rev. exergue: (٨)٧٩ 9; 679 (15, 3.36) date missing. L 1089 (3.40) date missing; 1090 (3.39) date missing. Beirut (15) 892 H. date rev. exergue (٨)٩٢ سنة. ANS (15, 3.41); (15, 3.44) Rev. cables to left; (15, 3.33). Balog, four specimens: (15, 3.40) date missing Plate XXXVI, 809a; (15, 3.41) date missing; (14, 3.37) mint and date missing Plate XXXVI, 809b; (15, 3.39) mint and date missing Plate XXXVI, 809c. Whenever the date is in the last line of the reverse, ارسله is at the end of the third line.
810. Qā'itbāy's name in decorative arrangement, with large characters. Var. I. Field on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to left.
ارسله/
السلطان الملك الاشرف/
قايتباى
ابو النصر عز نصره /
بالهدى
ضرب]بالقاهرة]/
ω لا اله الا الله /
محمد رسول الله/
. . . .
BMC 677 (16, 3.41). L 1084 (3.39). ANS (15, 3.40). Wien 7320. Bajocchi (15, 3.40) 886 H. date: obv. exergue ٨٨٦ عام. Balog, three specimens: (15, 3.38) floweret above yā in Qā'itbāy: 
ى Plate XXXVI, 810a; (14, 3.40) Floweret as above. Plate XXXVI, 810b; (15, 3.37). BM, No number (15) date: 889 H., in rev. exergue: (عام٨٩(٨ Plate XXXVI, 810c. Third line of obv. written: 
811. Var. 2. Field on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to right. Legends as above. Three pellets above yā in Qā'itbāy: ى
L 1085 (3.40) date: 886 H. in rev. exergue (٨)٨٦; 1087 (3.39) date missing. ANS, two specimens: (16, 3.41) mint and date missing; (16, 3.42) date missing. Balog (15, 3.40) Plate XXXVI.
*812. Var. 3. Obv.: cables to right. Rev.: horizontal rows of flowerets, placed on horizontal lines of tiny arches, concave side up.
Legends as above.
ANS, two specimens: (14, 3.40) date: S97 H., in rev. exergue ٨٩٧ (عام (15,3.39 date: 897 H., in rev. exergue: ٨٩٧ عام
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables. In the center, arabesque knot.
*813. Arabesque knot, 
on obv. only. Cables to right.
/السلطان الملك الاشرف
/
قايتباى /
/ابو النصر عز نصره
/لا اله الا الله
٧ /محمد رسول الله
ANS (14, 3.37). Balog (15, 3.38) Plate XXXVI.
814. Arabesque knot, 
, on obv. only. Cables to right.
٨٩٦ فى/
السلطان الملك الاشرف
قايتباى
ابو النصر عز نصره/
As above.
BMC 680 (14, 3.37); 681 (15, 3.34) Plate XXXVI, 814a; 682 (15, 3.34). L 1082 (3.40) date at top obv.: 896 H., ٨٩٦ فى. Lavoix read it erroneously as Ḥalab. ANS (15, 3.40). Balog (15, 3.37) date at top obv.: 896 H., ٨٩٦ فى. Plate XXXVI, 814b.
815. Arabesque knot on both sides. Cables to right.
/السلطان الملك الاشرف
قايتباى
ابو النصر عز نصره/
/لا اله الا الله
/
محمد رسول الله/
L 1093 (3.40). Wien 7433 (3.35). Thorburn, date: 88- H. Balog (15, 3.39) Plate XXXVI.
816. Scalloped border.
Clockwise marginal legend:
(sic) السلطان[الملك الاشرف قا[يتباى عزه
Inner circle; center:
بحلب
Border: circular line.
Field divided by horizontal cables to left.
لا اله الا الله /
محمد رسول الله/
BMC 683 (13, 3.37) Plate XXXVI.
*817. Border on both sides: circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الاشرف ابو النصر عز نصره
Linear octolobe; center:
قايتباى
Field divided by three horizontal lines:
بالقاهرة /
لا اله الا الله /
محمد رسول الله /
٨٨٦ عام
ANS (15, 1.41). Balog (16, 1.50) Plate XXXVI.
*818. As above.
As above, but date at the last line:
٨٨٦ عام
Balog, three specimens: (13, 1.46) Plate XXXVI; (16, 1.47); (14, 1.42).
L 1096 (1.55); 1097 (0.72) Half-dirhem. Khediv. 1611–1614. Ashmol., two specimens. Thorburn. Balog, four specimens: (16, 1.52); (14, 1.47) Plate XXXVI, 818a; (14, 1.38); (17, 1.50) Plate XXXVI, 818b. ANS, four specimens: (17,1.41); (14, 1.29); (15, 1.29); (16, 1.35).
"Niṣf"
819. Border on both sides: circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الاشرف ابو النصر عز نصره
Linear octolobe. Center:
قايتبا
Clockwise marginal legend:
لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله
Diamond standing on edge, at each side a convexity. Arabesque flower at right and left. Center:
BMC 684 (12, 1.55) 684a (13, 2.00). Khediv. 1608–1610 the reading of rev. center is: نصف and not نصره. Balog, three specimens: (13, 1.45) Plate XXXVI; (15, 1.45); (12, 0.75).
The denomination is clearly "half-dirhem", نصف, which is the full weight of the current silver pieces of the period.
820. Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الاشرف ابو النصر سنة ٦٨٦
Linear octolobe; center:
Clockwise marginal legend: as above
Central cartouche as above, but upper and lower side rounded. Center: 
Balog, two specimens: (13, 1.45) Plate XXXVI. The date, 686, ٦٨٦, is an engraver's error: it must read 886, ٦٨٦; (16, 1.52) Obv. marginal legend ends with incomplete date –3. (٨. . .)٣. Khediv. 1607 as above, but marginal legend ends with incomplete date –4. sic. سنة اربع ANS, two specimens: (13, 1.44); (17, 1.44).
"Niṣf"
*821 Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend illegible on both sides.
Undulated linear circle; center:
ى
قايتبا
Circular line; center:
• •
نصف
Balog (16, 1.39) Plate XXXVI.
The attribution of this coin is uncertain, as all the inscriptions, except those in the center, are effaced. It is listed here mainly because of the obverse which is similar to the previous dirhems.
822. Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الاشرف ابو النصر
Linear octolobe; center:
ى
قايتبا
Clockwise marginal legend:
لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله
Linear octolobe; center:
مشق
بد
L 1095 (1.52). ANS (16, 1.28).
823. Border missing on both sides.
الملك الاشرف
ابو النصر فايتباى
ضرب بدمشق
بالهدى
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله
ANS (15, 1.40).
*824. Border on both sides (when preserved), dotted circle.
Field divided by three horizontal lines. In center, diamond standing on edge, on each side a convexity.
لا اله الا الله |محمد رسول الله/
السلطان الملك 
/
ابو النصر
الاشرف /
احد وثمانين . . .
Clockwise marginal legend:
لا اله الا الله |محمد رسول الله
Spindle-shaped cartouche with fleur-delis edges.
Center: بحلب
PAM H–21–62 (16) Plate XXXVI, 824 a. Balog, two specimens: (16, 1.38) Plate XXXVI, 824b; (16, 1.39).
*825. Arrangement as above:
/. . .
. . .
الاشرف عز نصره
. . . . .
لا اله الا الله /
محمد رسول الله
ارسله
Balog (16, 1.34) badly worn.
826. Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend:
(السلطان الملك الاشرف (ابو النصر
Inner circle; center: قايتبا
Clocwise marginal legend:
لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله
Inner circle; center: بحلب
Khediv. 1616 probably this variety. Balog, two specimens: (17, 1.40) chipped Plate XXXVII; (17, 1.36).
*827. Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend:
Inner circle: center: قايتبا
Profession of faith formula in Turcoman Kufic. In center, rhomboidal cartouche, in which: •
نصف
٧
PAM H–21–43 (17) Plate XXXVII.
*828. Border missing on both sides.
As above.
Profession of faith formula in Turcoman Kufic:
لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
Balog (15, 1.46) Plate XXXVII.
*829. As above, but inner circle enclosed in linear multilobe. Balog (15, 1.44) Plate XXXVII.
As above.
*830. As above, but no multilobe around the inner circle.
Rev. legend in Naskhi:
(بالهدى)
(لا)اله الا(الله)
(محمد رسول(الله
ارسله
PAM H–21–45 Plate XXXVII.
On the few coins of this type, the mint and date, as well as the border on both sides, are missing.
*831. Field divided by horizontal cables to left:
السلطان الملك الاشرف/
ابو النصر قايتباى عز نصره /
....اثنين و....
Field divided by horizontal lines:
ارسله/
لا اله الا الله /
محمد رسول الله/
/. . . . .
Ashmol. Balog (16, 1.36) Plate XXXVII.
*832. As above, but no dividing cables.
Balog (16, 1.38).
As above, but no dividing lines.
Two distinct groups of fulūs are encountered: the more frequent large and small, non-heraldic coppers of Cairo, and the scarcer small, non-heraldic and heraldic coins of Syria, We may safely include in the Cairo group the large flan coins which have no mint name, but belong to the same type.
Large flan
833. Border on both sides: circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الاشرف ابو النصر
Oblong cartouche, with arabesque knot at the two extremities.
Center: قايتباى
بالقاهرة
عام ست وثمانين
وثمانماية
L 1101 (7.32). BMC 685 (25); 685a (25); 686 (18). BM, Sir R. Burton 1949 8–3–429. Welzl v. Wellenheim 12392. ANS (22, 8.95). Wien 747, 748. Balog, two specimens: (24) Plate XXXVII, 833a; (25, 8.81) Plate XXXVII, 833b.
Small flan, with checkerboard
*834. Border missing on both sides, except traces of circular line.
قايتباى
الم[لك الاشرف
بالقا[هرة
Field divided by checkerboard, of which only seven squares are on the flan. The date, 886 H., is inscribed in the squares in Arabic numerals. A recumbent 6 in the top central square, 886 normally written in the next row, and again in reverse at the third row:
ANS (17, 2.50) Plate XXXVII.
Small flan, undated or date missing
835. Border missing on both sides.
Traces of illegible clockwise marginal legend (royal protocol).
Linear rhomboid, lateral edges probably ending in arabesque.
Center: قايتباى
Linear hexagram.
Center: هر
(sic) بالقا
L 1102 (18, 2.33) Plate XXXVII. ANS (17, 2.44).
Small flan, undated
*836. Border: traces of circular line.
Linear hexagram, pellets in the spaces. Center: قايتباى
Linear hexagram, pellets in the spaces. Center: بالقا
هرة
ANS (16, 0.97) Plate XXXVII.
Wide flan. All legends missing except the sultan's name
*837. Border missing on both sides.
Linear hexagram; center: قايتباى
Only a small central circle visible.
Balog (22) Plate XXXVII.
838. This type occurs in three varieties of the reverse, whereas the obverse is always the same.
Border: circularly arranged six small circles, in which:
Center: قايتباى
قايتباى
Three rigid horizontal cables, each composed of two, zig-zagging double lines, interwoven with each other.
Anepigraph.
L 1106 (24, 9.92) Plate XXXVII, 838a. BMC 686f (24); 686g (25). Jungfleisch (25) Plate XXXVII, 838b. ANS, six specimens: (24, 6.63); (24, 9.53); (22, 8.09); (23, 7.23); (22, 8.00); (21, 10.00).
839. As above.
Two pairs of triple horizontal, zig-zagging wavelines, meeting in a horizontal row of rhomboids. Pellet in each rhomboid.
Anepigraph.
Fonrobert 6582. ANS, seven specimens: (21, 2.78); (21, 6.96); (23, 8.54); (20, 8.43); (20, 7.12); (23, 6.31); (22, 6.93). Wien 749, 750, 751, 753. Balog (21) Plate XXXVII.
*840. As above, but only the center legible: قايتباى
Balo (24, 8.77) Plate XXXVII.
As above, but the date 891 H., written in central row of rhomboids, in Arabic numerals: ٨٩١
*841. Border missing on both sides.
Field divided by three horizontal lines:
/الملك الاشرف
• /ابو النصر/
Linear square, in which:
قايتباى
BM, Sir R. Burn 1949 8–3 (20) Plate XXXVII.
Heraldic
Rosette
842. Border missing on both sides.
Marginal legend effaced.
Inner circle, in which six-petaled primitive rosette.
Marginal legend (if any), effaced. In linear square:
قايتباى
L 1105 (17, 0.98) Plate XXXVII.
843. Border on both sides: circular line in circle of dots.
Linear square in square of dots. In center:
قايتباى
/الاشرف
Lion passant to left, tail curled back, a large knot at the end.
L 1104 (18, 4.75). BM, no number (18) Plate XXXVII.
*844. As above, but legend inverted:
الاشرف/
قايتباى
As above
München (20) Plate XXXVII.
Heraldic
Eagle walking
*845. Border missing on both sides.
Field divided by three horizontal lines (only two on the flan):
/قايتباى
/٧ ابو النصر/
Clockwise marginal legend, effaced.
Inner circle, in which eagle walking to right. Above, a sprig with three leaves.
PAM 302 (19) Plate XXXVII. Thorburn. Coll. Salomon Barukh, Cairo (poor specimen). München.
(WHENEVER THE DATE IS PRESERVED, IT IS 904 H.)
Border missing on both sides.
(Sometimes a circular line)
A
846. Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to left.
/السلطان الملك الناصر
/ابو السعادات محمد
/بو قايتباى عز نصره
....اربع..../
لا اله الا الله /
محمد رسول الله/
لقاهرة 
با
L 1109 (16, 3.42) Plate XXXVIII. Beirut, four specimens. Khediv. 1617.
847. Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to right.
As above, but Abū al-Sa'ādāt written:
ابو السعادات
As above.
L 1108 (16, 3.37). Beirut, four specimens. Balog, two specimens: (15, 3.34) Plate XXXVIII. (15, 3.37).
848. Border missing on both sides, Sometimes circular line.
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to let.
السلطان الملك/
السعادات محمد (sic !) الناصر بو
/بن قايتباى رحمت الله /
عزنصره
ضرب بدمشق/
لا اله الا الله /
محمد رسول الله /
٩٠٢
Note the unusual formula of filial piety, قايتباى رحمت الله "may God have mercy upon Qā'itbāy!"
BMC 686p (15, 3.37); 686v (15, 3.37). L 1107 (16, 3.35). P H–3214 (18, 3.38) Plate XXXVIII, 848a. Beirut, several; Plate XXXVIII, 848b. ANS (15, 3.40). Wien 7327 3.35). Balog, four specimens: (15, 3.38) Plate XXXVIII, 848c; (16, 3.38); (16, 3.39); (15, 3.37). München.
Only a few dirhems of the Cairo mint are known. Whenever the date is preserved, it is 902 H.
*849. Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الناصر ابو السعادات بن قايتباى
Linear hexalobe, in which:
• •
محمد
• •
Field divided by horizontal cables to left:
بالقاهرة /
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله /
(٩)٠٢
Balog, two specimens: (15, 1.47) Plate XXXVIII, 849a; (13, 1.40). ANS, three specimens: (15, 1.34); (16, 1.47) Plate XXXVIII, 849b; (16, 1.43) as above, but reverse field divided by horizontal lines. For specimen with mint missing and specimen with mint and date missing cf. infra p. 401, Plate XLIV, F, G.
Non-heraldic
With غزنصره on obverse
NO MINT, UNDATED
A
*850. Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الناصر ابو السعادات
Inner circle; center:
نصره
عز
Square of dots between two linear squares.
Center:
• •
محمد
• •
ANS, three specimens: (22, 5.33) Plate XXXVIII; (23, 5.86); (27, 7.07).
*851. As above, but instead of inner circle, linear tetralobe:
As above.
ANS (17, 2.00). Wien 780. Thorburn. Balog (19, 8.80) Plate XXXVIII.
*852. As above.
As above, but between the two linear squares, flowerets in the corners, ringlets in each side, flanked by pellets;
Center: محمد
ANS (21, 9.04). Balog (19, 9.50) Plate XXXVIII.
With circular rows of pellets
853. Border, whenever preserved, circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الناصر ابو السعادات
Between two circles, 8 pellets. In center, pellet.
Double linear square, one pellet between the lines on each side.
Expédition d'Egypte, plates. Fonrobert 6586 (23); 6587 (20). Balog (22, 8.50) Plate XXXVIII.
*854. As above, but between the two circles 9 pellets.
Square of pellets between two parallel linear squares.
Geneva Museum. Jungfleisch, two specimens: (24, 10.32) Plate XXXVIII; (25, 6.67).
*855. As above, but between the two circles 10 pellets.
As above.
ANS (23, 6.88). Jungfleisch (24, 6.41).
*856. As above, but between the two circles 12 pellets.
As above.
Ashmol
(Rev. anepigraph)
*857. Square of dots between two parallel linear squares.
Center: محمد
Three concentric lines. External band: 18 pellets. Second band: 14 pellets.
Center: 1 pellet.
Jungfleisch (24, 7.72) Plate XXXVIII.
*858. As above.
As above, but in external band: 20 pellets, in second band 6 pellets and in center 1 pellet.
ANS (22, 7.25).
Waterwheel / Fesse
Spokes of waterwheel counter-clockwise
859. Border on both sides: circular line. Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse). Central segment divided into a central cartouche and two lateral compartments by two entwined lines.
Legends:
السلطان الملك الناصر/
/
ابو السعادات
Small inner circle, in which waterwheel composed of 13 spokes, curved counterclockwise. The inner circle is connected with the border by treble lines, on opposite sides.
Clockwise marginal legend:
بالقاهرة عا|||م اثنين وتسعماية
L 1110 (20, 5.40). Plate XXXVIII; 1111 (20, 4.96).
L. A. Mayer SH did not accept the waterwheel (or whirling rosette as he called it) as a heraldic device. We feel, however, that it represents a blazon; it may not be so clear on the above two specimens, as the engraver overdid his task and multiplied the spokes to 13. On the following coins, however, the heraldic nature of the central shield seems much more obvious.
Spokes of waterwheel clockwise
*860. Border missing on both sides.
As above, but the design and writing much larger, so that only part of the engraving is on the flan. The spokes of the waterwheel on the reverse, less in number, are curved clockwise.
BM, J. Walker presented 1951 (18) 7 spokes Plate XXXVIII, 860a. ANS, six specimens: (16, 4.77) 10 spokes; (19, 3.64) 8 spokes Plate XXXVIII, 860b; (18, 4.31) 8 spokes; 
(18, 5.07) 6 spokes; (18, 4.58) 6 spokes; (19, 3.01) 6 spokes. PAM (18) 6 spokes Plate XXXVIII, 86oc. Jungfleisch (19, 3.84) 6 spokes.
Conjectural attributions to this sultan
Stx-petaled Rosette
*861. No mint, undated (or both missing).
Border missing.
Field divided by horizontal chain.
الملك الناصر
xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
. . . . .
Circular line in circle of dots.
Linear hexagram, in which small six-petaled rosette.
Balog (15) Plate XXXVIII.
861. bis Border missing on both sides.
Field divided by horizontal cable to right:
الناصر/
. . . .الملك
بحماة
ضرب
BMC 699 (15) listed under uncertain Mamlūks. Probably al-Nāṣr Muḥammad b. Qā'itbāy.
Only a handful of dinars and a unique fals have come down to us, but no silver.
MINT AND DATE NOT MENTIONED (OR MISSING)
862. Border on both sides: linear multilobe.
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to right.
السلطان/
الملك الظاهر/
ابو سعيد قانصوه/
عز نصره
ارسله/
لا اله الاالله/
محمد رسول/
بالهدى
L 1112 (15, 3.36). Khediv. 1618. Balog, four specimens: (15, 3.36) Plate XXXIX, 862a; (15, 3.38) Plate XXXIX, 862b; (15, 3.34); (15, 3.37).
As above, but an additional alif between Abū and Sa'id, ابو اسعيد:
BMC 687 (15, 3.39). L 1113 (15, 3.38). Balog, two specimens: (14, 3.28) Plate XXXIX, 862c; (15, 3.30). Beirut, two specimens.
863. Border missing on both sides.
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to left.
بدمشق/
السلطان الملك الظاهر/
ابو سعيد قانصوه عز نصره/
As above.
L 1114 (15, 3.32) Plate XXXIX. BMC 687b (15, 3.30).
Cunha 1518, 1519.
For a unique dirhem with mint missing 904 H. cf. infra p. 402, Plate XLIV, H.
Heraldic
Lion passant
*864. Border missing.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الظاهر ابو سعيد
Square medallion standing on edge, a convexity on each side. Center:
قاه
نصو
Border: circular line in circle of dots. In the field, lion passant to left.
Balog (17, 3.35) Plate XXXIX.
*865. Until a few years ago there were no coins known of this ruler, who was assassinated less than six months after he ascended the throne. During building-excavations a large hoard of late Burji dinars was unearthed at the Lebanese town of Tripoli and according to the law of this country the treasure was adjudged in equal shares to the National Museum in Beirut and to those who found the coins. The treasure — which really deserves this name from the numismatic point of view as well as in the sense of value in weight, because it contained several hundred gold coins — was composed mostly of Qā'itbāy's dinars, but there were coins of Khushqadam, al-Nāṣir Muḥammad, al-Ẓāhir Qānṣuh, al-'Ādil Ṭumānbāy, Qānṣūh al-Ghūri, and last but not least, six gold coins of Jānbalāṭ.
The border is missing on all dinars of Jānbalāṭ, as well as the mint and date. The field on both sides is divided by horizontal cables to right.
السلطان/
الملك الاشرف/
جان بلاط
ابو النصر/
عز نصره
ارسله/
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله
بالهدى
Balog, three specimens: (15, 3.40) Plate XXXIX; (15, 3.31); (15, 3.40). Beirut, three specimens.
Very scarce; only five dinars were known in the literature, but the Tripoli hoard increased their number to 13. No silver or copper is known to exist.
MINT MISSING (OR NO MINT), 906 H.
866. Border of dots.
Border: circular line.
Field divided by horizontal cables to left on both sides.
السلطان 
• الملك العادل/
ابو النصر طوامان باى/
٦٠٩/
ارسله/
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
بالهدى
(Date written in rev.)
L 1115 (15, 3.40) Rev.: لاهاله ; 1116 (15, 3.36) Rev.: لاه اله; 1117 (15, 3.36) Rev.:• لاا له الاه Balog, three specimens: (17, 3.38) Plate XXXIX, 866a, Rev.: لاه اله; (15, 3.34) Plate, XXXIX, 866b, Rev.: لاه اله (15, 3.35) Rev.: 
لاه اله. Beirut, three specimens.
NO MINT OR MINT MISSING; DATE MISSING
867. Border missing on both sides.
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to right.
السلطان
الملك العادل
ابو النصر طومان باى عز نصره
As above.
BMC 687k (15, 3.37). Khediv. 1619. Balog, two specimens: (15, 3.34) Plate XXXIX; (15, 3.35).
AL-ASHRAF ABŪ AL-NAṢR QĀNṢŪH AL-GHŪRI
906–922 H. = 1501–1516 A.D.
Although numerous dinars of al-Ghūri exist in modern collections and appear not infrequently in the goldsmiths' bazaars, the gold coinage of this sultan is incompletely known. Only mintless gold is known of the first few years, Aleppo is represented by a dinar with date missing, Cairo started to issue in 913 H. only, and Damascus began even later, in 917 H.
Silver, just as in the case of most other Burji sultans, is scarcer than gold and the legends are nearly always partly missing.
Copper becomes more abundant once again and, simultaneously with it, bronze makes its first (and last) appearance in Mamlūk coinage.
The following two dinars, although the date is missing, are listed at the beginning of this section, because the protocol contains al-Ghūri's patronymic, Abū al-Naṣr, written together with his name in the same way as was usual under his predecessors. The style of writing also resembles that on the dinars of Qā'itbāy, al-Nāṣir Muḥammad, al-Ẓāhir Qānṣūh and Jānbalāṭ. We believe, therefore, that both coins are probably early issues of al-Ghūri.
*868. Border missing on both sides.
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to right.
السلطان الملك الاشرف/
قانصوه الغورى
ابو النصر/
/لا اله الا الله
/محمد رسول الله/
Abū al-Naṣr Qānṣūh al-Ghūri written: 
Balog (16, 3.25) Plate XXXIX.
*869 Border missing on both sides.
Field divided by three horizontal cables to left. In center, an arabesque knot.
/(السلطان الملك(الاشرف
/
/
/[ابو)النصر قانصوه ال[غورى
As above, but eables to left:
/
/
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
ANS (16, 3.33) Plate XXXIX.
Abū al-Naṣr Qānṣūh al-Ghūri written: 
870. Border on both sides: circular line.
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to right.
السلطان/
الملك الاشرف/
قانصوه الغورى/
عز نصره
ارسله/
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
٨٠٩ (sic)
BMC 688 (15, 3.40) Plate XXXIX.
Numerals reversed: ٨٠٩ Qānṣūh written 
871. Border on both sides: circular line.
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to left.
Legends as above.
Legends as above, but date: ٩٠٩
L 1122 (14, 3.39) Plate XXXIX.
872. As above.
As above, but date: ٩١٠
L 1123 (3.36). BMC 689 (15, 3.39). Balog (15, 3.29) Plate XXXIX.
873. As above.
As above, but date: ٩١١
BMC 690 (15, 3.38).
*874. As above.
ANS (14, 3.38).
As above, but at top: بحلب
On all coins Qānṣūh al-Ghūri written: 
875. Border on both sides: circular line.
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to left.
السلطان/
الملك الاشرف/
قانصوه الغورى/
عز نصره
بالقاهرة / ?
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
٩١٣
L 1124 (3.38); 1125 (3.39); 1126 (3.41); 1127 (3.39) Rev.; small ح above اله ح. Khediv. 1620. ANS (16, 3.41). Balog, two specimens: (15, 3.32) Plate XXXIX, 875a. Rev.: small ح above اله ح; Balog (16, 3.40) Plate XXXIX, 875b. Obv.: ح between Qānṣūh and al Ghūri: قانصوه ح الغورى Rev.: small ح above اله ح.
876. Border on both sides: circular line.
Field, on both sides, divided by three horizontal rows of flowerets, placed on horizontal rows of tiny arches, concave side up.
السلطان/
الملك الاشرف/
قانصوه ح الغورى/
عز نصره
بالقاهرة/
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
٩١٤
Note the tiny numeral ٩ above the letter fā of Ashraf; probably the sign of officina No. 6?
BMC 692 (16, 3.37); 693 (16, 3.37) Plate XXXIX. L 1128 (3.29). Bergmann, NZ 1876 p. 42 (3.40). P. Vog. 1553. ANS (17) 3.43. Thorburn.
877. As above.
As above, but date: ٩١٥
BMC 694 (16, 3.37) Plate XXXIX. Khediv. 1621. ANS (20, 3.33). Balog, two specimens: (17, 3.40); (18, 3.33).
878. As above, but no officina number.
As above, but date: ٩١٦
BMC 695 (17, 3.36) Plate XXXIX. Balog (18, 3.40).
879. As above.
As above, but date: ٩١٧
Cottevieille-Giraudet, RN 1934, (18 3.35). No description of cables and other details.
880. Border on both sides; circular line.
Field, on both sides, divided by upper horizontal cable to left, central row of flowerets placed on a row of tiny arches, concave side up and a lower horizontal cable to left.
Legends as above: officina number: two, ٢٠.
Legends as above, but date: ٩١٨
Floweret above: 
اله
L 1121 (3.43) Date missing, but officina number 2 seems to be restricted to the 918 H. issue. Balog, two specimens: (17, 3.39); (18, 3.35) Plate XXXIX.
881. As above, but no officina number.
As above, but date: ٩١٩
L 1129 (3.32); 1130 (3.34) date missing; no officina number, therefore either 919 or 920 H. Balog (18, 3.42).
882. As above, no officina number.
As above, but date: ٩٢٠
Balog (18, 3.42).
insufficient description
Khediv. 1622, 1623. Rogers; Calcutta Mus. Cat. 7980. Cunha 1520–23. Schulman list 19, no. 46. Gotha 1057 (3.38); 1058.
883. Border missing on both sides.
Field divided by three horizontal cables to left.
السلطان/
الملك الاشرف ابو/
النصر قانصوه الغورى/
عز نصره
Field divided by three horizontal cables to left, but in the center, linear hexalobe, intersecting the central cable.
/الا الله
/لا اله
/
رسول الله/
/محمد
Mint and date in the hexalobe:
بدمشق
سنة
٩١٧
L 1119 (15, 3.36) Plate XXXIX.
884. As above.
As above but date: ٩١٨
L 1120 (15, 3.36) Plate XXXIX.
885. As above.
As above, but date: ٩١٩
L 1118 (15, 3.40) Plate XL, 885a. BMC 695g (14, 3.24) Plate XL, 885b. Horovitz (15, 3.30) Plate XL, 885c.
NO MINT, UNDATED
886. Border on both sides: wavy circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الاشرف ابو النصر
Linear hexalobe; center:
قانصوه
ى
الغو
ر
Field divided by three horizontal cables to left.
ارسله/
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
بالهدى
L 1133 (15, 3.40) Plate XL, 886a. Beirut, two specimens. Balog, three specimens: (14, 3.34) Plate XL, 886b; (15, 3.32) Plate XL, 886c; (15, 3.25).
*887. Border missing on both sides.
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to left.
السلطان ?/
الملك الاشرف/
قانصوه ح الغورى/
عز نضره
/
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
.....
Balog, two specimens: (15, 1.06) Plate XL, 887a; (14, 1.11) Plate XL, 887b.
*888. Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك (لاشرف قا)نصره
Linear hexalobe; center: الغورى
ANS (15, 1.45).
As above.
889. Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك الاشرف ابو النصر
Linear octolobe; center:
فانصوره
الغورى
Clockwise marginal legend:
لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله
Linear hexalobe; center:
مشق
بد
Khediv. 1626, 1627, 1628. Siouffi p.19. ANS, two specimens: (16, 1.17); (12, 0.51). Balog, two specimens: (17, 1.21) Plate XL, 889a; (16, 1.15) Plate XL, 889b.
890. Border missing on both sides.
Traces of clockwise marginal legend:
. . . . .(السلطان (الملك
Linear tetralobe; center:
Traces of clockwise marginal legend:
. . . . .(السلطان (الملك
Linear rhomboid with convex sides, the edges connected with the border. Center:
مشق
بد
Beyram 284 probably belongs here. BM, R. M. Hodgson 1942 5–6–4 (15, 1.16) Plate XL.
891. Border and marginal legend missing on both sides.
Linear hexalobe; center:
Linear hexalobe; center:
بحلب
BMC 696 (11, 0.40) Plate XL. Siouffi p. 19. Balog (13, 1.01).
892. Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend:
شرف ابو النصر عزنصره 
السلطان الملك الا
Linear octolobe with floweret at top and bottom. Center:
قاه
نصو
Clockwise marginal legend:
ل الله محمد رسو الا الله لا اله
Linear octolobe with floweret at the four cardinal points; center:
ى
الغو
ر
L 1134 (1.23); 1135 (1.38). ANS (14, 1.24). Balog, two specimens: (14, 1.20 Plate XL; (13, 1.20).
There are three types:
I. Epigraphic on both sides.
II. Cbverse epigraphic, reverse anepigraphic.
III. Obverse epigraphic, reverse heraldic.
893. Border missing on both sides.
Clockwise marginal legend:
شرف ابو النصر عزنصره 
السلطان الملك الا
Linear hexalobe with floweret at top and bottom. Center:
قاه
نصو
Clockwise marginal legend:
? . . . بالقاهرة عام ٩٠ B ?
Hexalobe with concave sides.
Floweret at the four cardinal points. Center:
ى
الغو
ر
L 1136 (23, 8.22) Plate XL, 893a. ANS (24, 8.64). BM, Pietraszewski 4–53–6–478. Balog, four specimens: (19, 7.65); (20, 8.42); (21, 8.67) Plate XL, 893b. bronze; (21, 7.65) bronze.
*894. Border on both sides: circular line.
السلطان
قانصوه
عز نصره
بالقاهرة
الغورى
٩١٧
Wien 756 (23) Plate XL.
895. As above.
As above, but date: ٩١٨
BMC 697 (23) Plate XL. Balog (21, 6.15) bronze.
Fraehn, Paralipomena p. 79. Tab. IV. No. 13. Fonrobert 6588, 6589. Wien 757, 758, 759. Jungfleisch (21, 8.24) bronze. Balog, two specimens: (21) bronze; (24) bronze.
*896. Border on both sides: circular line.
Field, on both sides, divided by a thick horizontal cable to left:
قانصوه/
. . . . . .
الغورى/
٩٢٢
Jungfleisch, two specimens: (23, 3.05) bronze; (21, 7.25) bronze. The two coins are no longer available for examination.
*897. Square flan; border missing on both sides.
Oblong cartouche, in which:
قانصوه
Oblong cartouche, in which:
الغورى
BM, no number (19, 5 mm. thickness) Plate XL.
Cf. Balog, NC 1963. It is not an oblong cartouche, but a fesse.
*898. Square flan; border missing on both sides.
Field divided into small squares, in each square a pellet. In center, a prayer-niche shaped medallion, in which:
قاه
نصو
Medallion in the shape of a mosque-lamp. In it:
ى
الغو
ر
ANS (23, 8.80). München (21, 7.15). Balog (19, 8.72) Plate XL.
*899. Border: circular line.
Linear square, connected with the border. Center: قانصوه
In right hand segment: (عز)
In left hand segment: نصره
Border missing.
Marginal legend effaced.
Medallion in the shape of a mosque-lamp.
Center: الغورى
Balog (20, 6.78) Plate XL, bronze.
900. Border: linear hexalobe.
ى
الغو
ر
Border missing.
The entire field is occupied by a complicated arabesque star.
BMC 697d (20). ANS (20, 6.64). Ashmol., two specimens: (22) Plate XLI, 900a; (22). Wien 765–771, seven specimens. Balog (21, 5.42) Plate XLI, 900b.
*901. Square flan; border missing on both sides.
قانصوه
الغورى
In a circle of large dots, linear miḥrāb, in which is suspended a mosque-lamp. Anepigraphic.
Balog, two specimens (20, 9.77) Plate XLI, bronze; (20, 9.99) bronze.
*902. Border on both sides: circular line.
Linear hexagram, with pellet in each small triangle and flowerets in the external segments; center:
قانصوه
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse).
Upper segment missing.
Central segment: large chalice containing:
الغورى
Lower segment: ٩٠٧
Flanking the chalice on the right: عز and the left: نصره
Balog, two specimens: (18, 3.90) Plate XLI, 902a; (21, 4.98) Plate XLI, 902b.
On the second coin, نصره on the reverse is written from left to right.
*903. Border missing.
Field divided by a thick horizontal cable to right:
قانصوه/
الغورى
Border of large pellets.
Waterwheel with eight spokes curved counter-clockwise.
BM, F.W. Armitage 1929 11–14–5 (22). Wien 763 (20) Plate XLI.
Only two gold coins have been published, and so far neither silver nor copper have been found.
904. Border on both sides; circular line.
Field, on both sides, divided by horizontal cables to left.
السلطان/
الملك الاشرف/
ابو النصر طومان باى/
عز نصره
بالقاهرة
لا اله الا الله /
ω محمد رسول الله/
٩٢٢
L 1141 (18, 3.25). Khediv. Additions p. 204. ANS (18, 3.25). Ashmol. (20) Plate XLI, 904a. Balog, two specimens: (20, 3.30) Plate XLI, 904b; (17, 3.20). Horovitz, three specimens.
905. Border of dots?
Round shield, divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse).
Upper segment: ضرب
Central bar bendy to left with 14 pieces.
Lower segment: بحماة
Border of dots.
Round shield, divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse).
Upper segment: chandelier?
Central segment: chalice or table?
Lower segment: empty.
Mayer SH Pl. XX, No. 6. Balog (19) Plate XLL.
This is an anonymous fals, struck at Ḥamāh, undated. Probably Qalā'ūn's House.
*906. Border on both sides: circular line.
Linear square, in the segments floral ornaments. Center:
لا اله الا ا
لله محمد
رسول الله
Linear hexagram; small ornaments in the triangles and the external segments. Center: ضرب
بلس
طر
Balog (18) Plate XLI.
Anonymous. Tripoli, undated. The style and arrangement of legends and decoration place this coin in the period of al-Ashraf Sha'bān or al-Ṣāliḥ Ḥājji. Tripoli written without an alif.
*907. Border: circular line.
Field divided by flexed cable to left, with pellets in the spaces.
المظفر or الدنيا والدين / الملك المنصور . . . .
Incuse impression of the obverse, caused by a previously struck fals left by mistake in the die.
Balog (19) Plate XLI.
The sultan's title is either al-Maṣūr or al-Muẓaffar; it is very difficult to read. It is equally difficult to decide, whether it is a Baḥri or a Burji coin. If the reading is al-Manṣūr, we have to choose between the Baḥri al-Manṣūr Muḥammad and the Burji 'Izz al- Dīn 'Abd al-'Azīz. Earlier and later coins with this title are different in design and can be disregarded. On the other hand, if we should read al-Muẓaffar, then for the same reason al-Muẓaffar Ḥājji (Baḥri) and al-Muẓaffar Aḥmad are the only sultans to consider. For the time being the attribution must remain undecided.
*908. Square flan. Border missing on both sides.
Field, on both sides, divided by two horizontal lines into three segments.
Upper segment:. . . . الملك
Central segment: fish to right
Lower segment: missing
Upper segment missing
Central segment: quadruped (lion ?) passant to right
Lower segment: missing
Balog (19) Plate XLI.
The whole fabric suggests Barqūq's or Faraj's period. The lion as well as the fesse are common to both sultans. The fish is a rare heraldic symbol.
*909. Border missing on both sides.
Field divided by horizontal chains.
. . . . . 
(الملك الظا(هر
....ابو سعيد
Clockwise circular legend: بالقاهرة.....ثمانماية
In center three spindles in form of a triquetra:
Jungfleisch (19, 2.27) Plate XLI.
Jungfleisch attributed this coin to Jaqmaq.
25
*910. Border on both sides: circular line.
Field divided by two horizontal lines into three segments (fesse).
Upper segment: ضرب بحماة/
Central segment: الملك الظاهر/
Lower segment: خلد الله ملكه
In the center small wheel with six spokes, or rather the negative of a six-petaled rosette; surrounded by a double zig-zag circular line, forming lozenges all around. Pellets in the spaces.
BM, no number (18) Plate XXXXI. ANS (18, 1.49).
This coin has the appearance of a Burji fals. The title al-Ẓāhir is common to several sultans, but we can exclude the later period, as the fulūs of Jaqmaq, Kushqadam, Temirbughā and Qānṣūh, more or less known, are different in style. Ṭaṭar and Bilbāy are not likely prospects. Our best guess, therefore, is Barqūq, with whom the heraldic devices, fesse and six-petaled rosette, are also consistent.
This hoard, as already mentioned in the chapter dealing with al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh (p. 302, above), came to light too late to be incorporated in the catalogue at its proper place, and is fully described here as a supplement. Several varieties of the coins appear in the catalogue as well as in this hoard; other varieties, however, are represented either in the one or the other only and it is, therefore, necessary to compare the details of both series.
Consisting of 222, mostly well preserved silver coins, these new pieces increase the corpus of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh's dirhem issues sevenfold. It contains 112 specimens struck in Cairo (and one with no mint, but clearly of the Cairo type), 97 issued in Damascus and 12 minted in Aleppo. In order of chronology, many are the specimens of the years 817, 818 and 819 H. already known to us. Furthermore, the hoard contains coins of 820 (Cairo and Damascus) and 821 H. (Cairo).
Probably the most important contribution of this hoard to our knowledge of al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh's coinage, is in the field of metrology. The material formerly at our disposal consisted of coins weighing between 0.90 and 1.36 gram, but most specimens were around 1.30 gram. Only two coins weighed 1.62 and 1.67 respectively and a third was 2.60. These figures gave the impression that the entire issue was based on the 1.30 weight, which may or may not represent the half-dirhem.
Examination of our lot reveals that al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh's silver belongs to three well defined and clearly recognizable denominations belonging to the system of the dirhem. Out of 222 coins, 23 are full dirhems, 189 half-dirhems and 10 quarter-dirhems. The full dirhems all belong to the Cairo mint; none appears to have been struck in Syria. Also, the bulk of the coins are half-dirhems (about 90%), which explains their near exclusivity in the earlier material at our disposal.
The full dirhems weigh between 2.60 and 2.73, the half-dirhems between 1.20 and 1.43 (the overwhelming majority is around 1.30) and the quarters from 0.60 to 0.72. There is no doubt that the weight of the coins was deliberately reduced, corresponding to a devaluation of about 10% of the legal weight of the dirhem.
Border on both sides; two festooned, scalloped, intertwining ribbons; each ribbon consists of a line of dots between two simple lines
ابو النصر شيخ
السلطان الملك المويد
بالقاهرة سبع ثمانماية
الله
لا اله الا
محمد رسول الله
ثمانماية in different stages of completeness.
*A
fourteen specimens: (20, 2.70); (19, 2.66) Plate XLII A/2); (18) 2.68); (18, 2.80); (20, 2.60); (19, 2.70) Plate XLII A/6; (20, 2.68); (19, 2.61) Plate XLII A/8; (19, 2.65); (18, 2.63); (19, 2.72); (19, 2.72); (18, 2.70); (18, 2.72).
*B
seven specimens: (17, 1 32); (15, 1.34) Plate XLII B/2; (14, 1.34); (15, 1.30) Plate XLII B/4; (15, 1.31) Plate XLII B/5; (15, 1.31); (14, 1.20).
*C
six specimens: (12, 0.65); (15, 0.64); (11, 0.69) Plate XLII, C3; (12, 0.63); (13, 0.65); Plate XLII, C 5; (13, 0.60).
*D As above, but last line:
بالقاهرة سبع عشر ثمانماية
As above.
three specimens: (20, 2.62) Plate XLII D/1; (18, 2.64) Plate XLII D/2; (17, 2.36) Plate XLII D/3.
(A. Date without decade: ثمان ثمانماية, cf. Shaykh's coins in Catalogue)
As above, but last line:
بالقاهرة ثمان عشر ثمانماية
As above.
*E
six specimens: (19, 2.63) Plate XLII E/1; (18, 2.68); (19, 267) Plate XLII E/3; (19, 2.73) Plate XLII E/4; (19, 2.60); (18, 2.51).
*F
twenty specimens: (13, 1.11); (14, 1.28) Plate XLII F/2; (14, 1.34); (14, 1.32) Plate XLII F/4; (14, 1.36); (14, 1.33); (14, 1.37); (14, 1.33); (14, 1.37); (15, 1.34) Plate XLII F/10; (15, 1.30); (15, 1.29); (15, 1.29); (15, 1.37); (15, 1.31); (15, 1.28); (16, 1.38); (17, 1.27) Plate XLII F/18; (17, 1.31); (18, 1.27).
As above, but last line:
بالقاهرة تسع عشر ثمانماية
As above.
*G
twenty-four specimens: (16, 1.27); (15, 1.43); (16, 1.14) Plate XLII G/3; (15, 1.36); (15, 1.36) Plate XLII G/5; (15, 1.27) Plate XLII G/6; (15, 1.26); (15, 1.30); (15, 1.34); (15, 1.34); (15, 1.37); (15, 1.40); (15, 129); (15, 136); (14, 136); (15, 1.29); (15, 1.22); (16, 1.31); (14, 1.34); (14, 1.18); (14, 1.35); (14, 1.35); (13, 1.29); (14, 1.34).
*H
(11, 0.69) Plate XLII H.
As above, but last line:
بالقاهرة عشرين ثمانماية
As above.
*I
eight specimens: (16, 1.32); (15, 1.34) Plate XLII I/2; (15, 1.24); (13, 1.34); (13, 1.04); (13, 1.31); (12, 1.33); (12, 1.26).
*J
(10, 0.72) Plate XLII J.
As above, but last line:
بالقاهرة احد عشرين
As above.
*K
(11, 0.63) Plate XLII K.
*L Ringlets in the intersections around the rev. border.
ابو النصر شيخ
السلطان الملك المويد
بالقاهرة
As above.
three specimens: (17, 1.32); (15, 1.34) Plate XLIII L/2; (14, 1.37).
*M Ringlets in the intersections around the obv. border.
النصر شيخ (sic) المو
السلطان الملك
المويد
As above.
(15, 1.00) Plate XLIII M.
At the first line of the obverse, engraver's error: instead of المو النصر,ابو النصر.
N* Border on both sides: as on the Cairo issues.
شيخ
ابو النصر
الملك المويد
ثمان عشر ثمانماية
بدمشق
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ضرب
thirty-one specimens: (15, 1.29); (15, 1.15); (13, 1.19); (13, 1.28) Plate XLIII N/4; (15, 1.26) Plate XLIII N/5; (15, 1.31); (15, 1.27); (15, 1.34); (15, 1.32); (15, 1.32); (14, 1.27); (14, 1.30); (14, 1.24); (14, 1.33); (14, 1.33); (14, 1.32); (14, 1.31); (13, 1.25); (13, 1.30); (13, 1.33); (13, 130); (13, 124); (13, 1.30); (13, 1.28); (13, 1.30); (13, 1.30); (13, 1.30); (13, 1.34); (13, 1.28); (13, 1.26).
*O As above, but last line: ثمان ثمانماية
As above.
eight specimens: (13, 1.35); (16, 1.31); (14, 1.33) Plate XLIII O/3; (14, 1.28); (14, 1.27) Plate XLIII O/5; (14, 1.30); (13, 1.32); (13, 1.29).
*P As above, but last line: تسع عشر
As above.
twelve specimens: (14, 1.32) Plate XLIII P/1; (13, 1.30); (13, 1.29); (13, 1.33); (14, 1.30) Plate XLIII P/5; (13, 1.21); (13, 1.29) Plate XLIII P/7; (13, 1.29); (13, 1.36); (13, 1.36); (13, 1.09); (13, 1.36).
*Q As above, but last line: تسع عشر ثمانماية
As above.
nine specimens: (14, 1.31) Plate XLIII Q/1; (13, 1.27); (13, 1.33); (13, 1.30); (13, 1.31); (13, 1.32); (13, 1.29); (13, 1.28); (13, 1.40).
*R As above, but last line: عشرين ثمانماية
As above.
three specimens: (14, 1.30); (12, 1.33) Plate XLIII R/2; (14, 1.26) Plate XLIII R/3.
twenty-nine specimens
New type, with عز نصره; date missing.
*S Border: linear multilobe
(شيخ)
السلطان الملك
المويد ابو النصر
عز نصره
Border: circular line
ضرب بدمشق
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
(15, 1.31) Plate XLIII S.
*T Border as on the Cairo coins.
شيخ
ابو النصر
السلطان املك المويد
ضرب بحلب
.....
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول
سنة سبع
(14, 1.37) Plate XLIII T.
*U As above.
As above, but first line: سبع عشر
two specimens: (13, 1.39) Plate XLIII U/1; (13, 1.34).
*V As above.
As above, but last line: ثمان 
(sic)
two specimens: (14, 1.25) Plate XLIII V/1; (14, 1.27).
*W As above.
As above, but last line: ثمان ثمانماية
(14, 1.32) Plate XLIII W.
four specimens: (17, 1.34); (15, 1.31); (13, 1.30); (13, 1.26).
*Z Border on both sides: circular line.
Clockwise marginal legend:
السلطان الملك المويد ابو النصر عز نصره
Center, in circular line: · · شيخ ∴
(16, 1.20) Plate XLIII Z.
Shahādā double-struck, but first line legible: ضرب بحلب
Only three dirhems ofḤ Hamāh are listed in the corpus, of the year 679 and one, date missing.
Dr. George C. Miles has kindly informed me that a lot of 305 silver coins turned up in the New York market recently. The mint, Ḥamāh, is preserved on 147 specimens and whenever the date is legible, it is 689 H., Qalā'ūn's last year. Eight coins appear to be half-dirhems. The complete legend has been kindly communicated by Dr. Miles:
SS. 1
In the field:
السلطان الملك
سيف المنصور الدنيا
والدين قلاون
In the field:
لا اله الله
محمد رسول الله
ارسله بالهدى
Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
Right وستماية○
Bottom ○وثمانين
Left سنة تسعة
Top ضرب بحماة
Counter-clockwise marginal legend:
Right كله○
Bottom على الدين
Left ○ليظهره
Top ○ودين الحق○
. ANS.
SS. 2
Border on both sides: circular line.
In the field linear hexagram with small pellet in the external angles.
Center: ضرب
مشق
بد
Center: ثلاث
سنة
واربعين
Cu. Balog, Plate XLIV, A. (18, 3.20).
This is the second known specimen of an exceedingly rare coin. It is anonymous; there can, however, be no doubt about the attribution to al-Nāṣir Aḥmad.
SS. 3
Border missing on both sides.
>.......
السلطان الملك الصالح
صلاح الدنيا والدين صالح
...بن)الملك الناصر محمد)
.....
ω لا اله الا الله محمد
ω ٧ رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين الحق
. Balog (20). Plate XLIV, B.
The legend of this dirhem is similar to that in the catalogue Erman No. 17. Whereas the latter shows no traee of the mint,
the present coin shows the first letter, a 
, of the mint name, which must be either Ḥalab or Ḥamāh.
Heretofore three dirhems of this sultan were known; the present coin is the fourth.
SS. 4
The present coin, of the Damascus issue with fleur-de-lis chalice, belongs to a series of which the years 8o1, 803 and 806 are known. The emission was copied from a similar one struck by Barqūq, Faraj's father.
Border on both sides: linear hexalobe.
In the field:
السلطان الملك
الناصر فرج بن الملك
الظاهر برقوق
عز نصره
In the field fleur-de-lis chalice, around
Cu. (22, 4.35). Balog.
SS. 5
Border missing on both sides.
بالقاهرة ضرب 
السلطان الملك الاشرف
برى نصره 
ابو النصر سبا غز
عام)تسع عشرين وثمانماية)
الله
وما النصر الا من عند
لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله ارسله
بالهدى ودين الحق
. (22, 4.925). Balog
Plate XLIV, C.
SS. 6
As above but last line:
عام ثلاين وثمانماية
As above.
. (24, 4.635). Balog
Plate XLIV, D.
All the known gold coins of Barsbāy belong to the reform type based on the Venetian sequin, initiated in Egypt by al-Nāṣir Faraj. The sequin-type coins weigh between 3.40 and 3.50 grams. They also show a new design and arrangement of the legends.
The present two gold coins, on the contrary, do not belong to the dinar (mithqāl) or the sequin system and show the traditional design and arrangement of legends of the Baḥri gold issues. They were struck in 829 and 830 H., contemporary with the earliest known sequin-type emissions of Barsbāy. They give the impression that the sultan at first was undecided whether to promote the new, sequin-type coinage or to return to the old system in which the gold played the role of bullion only. No Baḥri type gold is known of later years, only the sequin-type, and this latter in great numbers. We suppose therefore that the large-flan emissions were discontinued.
Although both issues are already known, the coins are more than scarce and new specimens deserve mention.
SS. 7
Border: circular line.
Field divided by two horizontal lines (fesse):
شرف اينال/
الملك الا/
ابو النصر
Cu. (18, 2.55). Balog.
Border missing.
Traces of clockwise circular legend:
....وخمسين....
Small circular medallion with three tubular prolongations toward the margin.
Within: هرة
بالقا
SS. 8
Border: circle of dots between two circular lines.
Clockwise circular legend:
السلطان الملك الاشرف ابو النصر اينال
In the center small arabesque knot.
Cu. (18, 2.72). Balog.
Border: circular line.
Field divided by two horizontal lines (fesse):
بالقاهرة/
ثلاث وستين/
وثمانماية
SS. 9
Border missing.
Field divided by ornamented horizontal ribbon:
السلطان/
/
الملك الظاهر
Border: circular line.
In the field central linear rhomboid, connected with the border.
Center: بحلب
In the segments:
LL خشقدم
LR ?
UR الظاهر
UL الملك
Cu. (25, 3.83). Balog Plate XLIV, E.
The rhomboid on the reverse may represent a heraldic buqjah or "napkin", or it may be a simple ornamental element.
I was unable to read the word in the lower right segment. It is part of the protocol, but is neither Abū-Sa'īd nor Sayf al-Dīn, both titles of Khushqadam.
SS. 10
Border missing on both sides.
Field, on both sides, divided by three horizontal lines:
...../
الملك الناصر/
ابو السعادات محمد/
عام ٩٠٢
...../
لا اله الا الله/
محمد رسول الله/
(ا)ارسله بالهد(ى)
. (15, 1.41). Balog
Plate XLIV, F.
SS. 11
As above, but last line missing.
As above.
. (15, 1 .41). Balog
Plate XLIV, G.
These two issues are unpublished.
26
SS. 12
Border of dots in which counter-clockwise circular legend:
السلطان(الملك الظاهر عز)نصره
In linear multilobe:
قاه
نصو
Border missing. Field divided by three horizontal lines:
...../
لا اله)الا الله)/
محمد رسو)ل الله)/
٩٠ عا
. (12, 1.46). Balog
Plate XLIV, H.
This dirhem is unique.
All names are in alphabetical order disregarding the article al- (ال).
The letter "a" after the catalogue number signifies either the current number (i.e., 210.a), or the group of coins immediately following it. This group "a" belongs to the variety described under the said number, but, generally, with date missing.
The abbreviation "ref." after a catalogue number refers to the coin(s) cited in the references following the said number.
SS. refers to the Second Supplement of the Catalogue.
Coins with date missing, or undated, are not recorded in the Index of Years.
| Date (AH) | Metal | Catalogue No. | Page |
| AYBAK | |||
| 654 | Ꜹ | 7 | 76 |
| AL-MANṢŪR NŪR AL-DĪN ʿALI | |||
| 655 | Ꜹ | 14 | 78 |
| 656 | Ꜹ | 15 | 78 |
| 657 | Ꜹ | 16, 17 | 79 |
| BAYBARS I | |||
| 658 | Ꜹ | 27 | 85 |
| 659 | Ꜹ | 28 | 86 |
| 661 | Ꜹ | 30 | 86 |
| 667 | Ꜹ | 31 | 87 |
| 668 | Ꜹ | 32 | 87 |
| 673 | Ꜹ | 33 | 87 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 33.a, 33.b | 87 |
| BARAKA QĀN | |||
| 676 | Ꜹ | 104 | 107 |
| QALĀʾŪN | |||
| 681 | Ꜹ | 119 | 113 |
| 684 |
|
128 | 116 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 119.a | 113 |
| KHALĪL | |||
| 690 | Ꜹ | 146 | 121 |
| 692 | Ꜹ | 147 | 122 |
| AL-NĀṢIR ḤASAN (2nd regin) | |||
| 756 | Ꜹ | 349 | 194 |
| 758 | Ꜹ | 350 | 194 |
| 759 | Ꜹ | 351 | 194 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 351 ref. | 194 |
| AL-MANṢŪR MUḤAMMAD | |||
| 762 | Ꜹ | 378 | 201 |
| 764 | Ꜹ | 379 | 202 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 379 ref. | 202 |
| AL-ASHRAF SHAʿBĀN II | |||
| 765 | Ꜹ | 409 | 210 |
| 766 | Ꜹ | 410 | 210 |
| 767 | Ꜹ | 411 | 210 |
| 769 | Ꜹ | 412 | 211 |
| 770 | Cu | 449 | 219 |
| 773 | Ꜹ | 413 | 211 |
| 773 | Cu | 450 | 219 |
| 775 | Ꜹ | 414 | 211 |
| 776 | Cu | 451 | 219 |
| 777 | Ꜹ | 415 | 211 |
| 777 | Cu | 452 | 219 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 415 ref. | 211 |
| AL-MANṢŪR ʿALĀ AL-DĪN ʿALI | |||
| 781 | Ꜹ | 488 | 231 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 487 | 231 |
| Missing |
|
493 | 233 |
| Undated | Cu | 499, 500 | 234 |
| AL-ṢĀLIḤ ḤĀJJI II (1st reign) | |||
| 783 | Cu | 522 | 243 |
| 784 | Cu | 523 | 243 |
| Undated | Cu | 521 | 242 |
| (2nd reign) | |||
| Undated | Cu | 531 | 246 |
| BARQŪQ | |||
| 784 | Cu | 556 | 257 |
| 785 | Cu | 557 | 257 |
| 788 | Ꜹ | 540 | 250 |
| 791 | Ꜹ | 541 | 250 |
| Undated | Cu | 586, 587 | 265 |
| FARAJ | |||
| 803 | Cu | 645 | 285 |
| 807 | Cu | 646 | 286 |
| 810 | Ꜹ | 634 | 282 |
| AL-MUʾAYYAD SHAYKH | |||
| 818 | Ꜹ | 682, 683 | 301 |
| 823 | Ꜹ | 684 | 302 |
| 82– | Ꜹ | 685 | 302 |
| SHAJAR AL-DURR | |||
| 648 | Ꜹ | 1 | 71 |
| 648 |
|
2 | 71 |
| AL-ASHRAF MŪSÂ | |||
| 649 | Ꜹ | 3 | 73 |
| 650 | Ꜹ | 4 | 73 |
| Missing |
|
5 | 74 |
| AYBAK | |||
| 652 |
|
8 | 76 |
| 653 |
|
9 | 77 |
| 654 | Ꜹ | 6 | 75 |
| 654 |
|
10 | 77 |
| 655 |
|
11, 12 | 77 |
| AL-MANṢŪR NŪR AL-DĪN ʿALI | |||
| 655 |
|
19 | 80 |
| 657 | Ꜹ | 18 | 79 |
| 657 |
|
20, 21 | 80, 81 |
| QUṬUZ | |||
| 657 |
|
24 | 83 |
| 658 | Ꜹ | 23 | 83 |
| 658 |
|
25 | 83 |
| 658 | Cu | 26 | 84 |
| BAYBARS I | |||
| 658 |
|
69 | 98 |
| 659 | Ꜹ | 34 | 87 |
| 659 |
|
70 | 98 |
| 660 | Ꜹ | 35 | 88 |
| 660 |
|
72 | 99 |
| 661 | Ꜹ | 36 | 88 |
| 661 |
|
73 | 100 |
| 662 |
|
75, 78 | 100, 101 |
| 663 | Ꜹ | 29 | 86 |
| 663 |
|
74, 76, 79 | 100, 101 |
| 664 |
|
77, 80 | 100, 101 |
| 665 |
|
81 | 101 |
| 666 |
|
82 | 101 |
| 667 |
|
83 | 102 |
| 668 |
|
84 | 102 |
| 669 |
|
85 | 102 |
| 670 |
|
86 | 102 |
| 671 |
|
87 | 102 |
| 672 |
|
88 | 102 |
| 674 |
|
89 | 102 |
| 675 |
|
90 | 102 |
| 676 |
|
91 | 102 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 36.a | 88 |
| Missing |
|
77.a, 92, 93 | 101, 102 |
| BARAKA QĀN | |||
| 676 | Ꜹ | 104 | 107 |
| 676 |
|
105 | 107 |
| 677 |
|
106 | 108 |
| 678 |
|
107 | 108 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 107.a, 108 | 108 |
| SALĀMISH | |||
| 678 |
|
113, 114 | 111 |
| QULĀʾŪN | |||
| 678 |
|
121 | 114 |
| 678 | Cu | 148 | 15 |
| 681 |
|
122 | 115 |
| 683 |
|
123 | 15 |
| 685 |
|
124 | 115 |
| 687 | Ꜹ | 117 | 112 |
| 687 |
|
127 | 15 |
| 688 | Ꜹ | 118 | 13 |
| 688 |
|
125, 126 | 15 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 116 | 112 |
| Missing |
|
127 ref. | 115 |
| KHALĪL | |||
| 690 | Ꜹ | 142 | 120 |
| 691 | Ꜹ | 143 | 120 |
| 692 | Ꜹ | 144 | 121 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 145 | 121 |
| Missing |
|
149, 150 | 122, 123 |
| KITBUGHĀ | |||
| 694 |
|
157 | 127 |
| 695 | Ꜹ | 155 | 126 |
| 695 |
|
158 | 127 |
| Missing |
|
158 ref. | 127 |
| LĀJĪN | |||
| 697 | Ꜹ | 162 | 129 |
| Missing |
|
164 | 130 |
| AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD B. QALĀʾŪN (2nd reign) | |||
| 69– | Ꜹ | 167 | 133 |
| 707 | Ꜹ | 168 | 132 |
| Missing but 2nd region. | Ꜹ | 168. a | 133 |
| (3rd region) | |||
| 710 | Cu | 232 | 152 |
| 711 | Ꜹ | 176 | 137 |
| 713 | Ꜹ | 177 | 137 |
| 720 | Cu | 242 | 156 |
| 721 | Cu | 243 | 156 |
| 724 | Ꜹ | 180 | 138 |
| 733 | Ꜹ | 181 | 139 |
| 738 | Ꜹ | 182 | 139 |
| 739 | Ꜹ | 183 | 139 |
| 740 | Ꜹ | 185 | 139 |
| 741 | Ꜹ | 186 | 140 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 177 | 138 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 192, 193 | 141 |
| Undated | Cu | 220, 221, 231 | 149, 150, 152 |
| AL-MANṢŪR ABŪ BAKR | |||
| 742 | Ꜹ | 266 | 164 |
| AL-NĀṢIR AḤMAD | |||
| 742 | Ꜹ | 269 | 167 |
| Missing |
|
270 | 167 |
| AL-ṢĀLIḤ ISMĀʿĪL | |||
| 743 | Ꜹ | 273 | 169 |
| 744 | Ꜹ | 274 | 169 |
| 745 | Ꜹ | 275 | 169 |
| 745 | Cu | 285 | 172 |
| 746 | Cu | 286 | 173 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 275.a | 169 |
| AL-KĀMIL SHAʿBĀN | |||
| 747 |
|
289 | 177 |
| AL-MUẒAFFAR ḤĀJJI I | |||
| 747 | Ꜹ | 305 | 180 |
| AL-NĀṢIR ḤASAN (1st reign) | |||
| 748 |
|
324 | 186 |
| 749 | Ꜹ | 317 | 184 |
| 750 | Ꜹ | 318 | 184 |
| 751 | Ꜹ | 319 | 185 |
| 752 | Ꜹ | 320 | 185 |
| Missing |
|
325 | 186 |
| AL-ṢĀLIḤ ṢĀLIḤ | |||
| 752 | Ꜹ | 330 | 188 |
| 753 | Ꜹ | 331 | 188 |
| 754 | Ꜹ | 331.a | 188 |
| 755 | Ꜹ | 332 | 189 |
| AL-NĀṢIR ḤASAN (2nd region) | |||
| 756 | Ꜹ | 340 | 192 |
| 757 | Ꜹ | 341 | 192 |
| 758 | Ꜹ | 342, 343 | 192 |
| 759 | Ꜹ | 344 | 193 |
| 759 | Cu | 369 | 199 |
| 760 | Ꜹ | 345, 346 | 193 |
| 760 | Cu | 370 | 199 |
| 761 | Ꜹ | 347 | 193 |
| 761 | Cu | 370 | 199 |
| 762 | Ꜹ | 348 | 193 |
| 762 | Cu | 372 | 199 |
| Missing |
|
363 | 197 |
| AL-MANṢŪR MUḤAMMAD | |||
| 762 | Ꜹ | 375 | 201 |
| 762 | Cu | 385 | 204 |
| 763 | Cu | 376 | 201 |
| 763 | Cu | 386 | 204 |
| 764 | Ꜹ | 377 | 201 |
| 764 | Cu | 387 | 204 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 377 ref. | 201 |
| AL-ASHRAF SHAʿBĀN | |||
| 764 | Ꜹ | 396 | 208 |
| 764 | Cu | 437 | 217 |
| 765 | Ꜹ | 397 | 208 |
| 765 | Cu | 438 | 217 |
| 766 | Ꜹ | 398 | 208 |
| 766 | Cu | 439 | 217 |
| 767 | Ꜹ | 399 | 209 |
| 767 | Cu | 440 | 217 |
| 768 | Cu | 441 | 217 |
| 769 | Ꜹ | 400 | 209 |
| 769 | Cu | 442 | 218 |
| 770 | Cu | 443 | 218 |
| 771 | Ꜹ | 401 | 209 |
| 772 | Ꜹ | 402 | 209 |
| 773 | Ꜹ | 403 | 209 |
| 773 | Cu | 444 | 218 |
| 774 | Ꜹ | 404 | 209 |
| 775 | Ꜹ | 405 | 209 |
| 775 | Cu | 445 | 218 |
| 776 | Ꜹ | 406 | 210 |
| 776 | Cu | 446 | 218 |
| 777 | Ꜹ | 407 | 210 |
| 777 | Cu | 447 | 218 |
| 778 | Ꜹ | 408 | 210 |
| 778 | Cu | 448 | 218 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 408 ref. | 210 |
| Missing |
|
428, 429 | 214 |
| AL-MANṢŪR ʿALĀ AL-DĪN ʿALI | |||
| 778 | Ꜹ | 481, 482 | 230 |
| 779 | Ꜹ | 483 | 231 |
| 779 | Cu | 496 | 233 |
| 780 | Ꜹ | 484 | 231 |
| 781 | Ꜹ | 485 | 231 |
| 781 | Cu | 497 | 234 |
| 782 | Ꜹ | 486 | 231 |
| 782 | Cu | 498 | 234 |
| AL-ṢĀLIḤ ḤĀJJI II | |||
| 783 | Ꜹ | 510, 511, 512 | 238, 239 |
| 783 | Cu | 517, 519, 520 | 241, 242 |
| 784 | Ꜹ | 513 | 239 |
| 784 | Cu | 518 | 241 |
| (2nd region, as: al-Manṣūr ḤĀjji) | |||
| 791 | Ꜹ | 528 | 245 |
| BARQŪQ (1st region) | |||
| 784 | Ꜹ | 534 | 249 |
| 785 | Ꜹ | 535 | 249 |
| 785 | Cu | 554 | 256 |
| 786 | Ꜹ | 536 | 249 |
| 786 | Cu | 555 | 256 |
| 787 | Ꜹ | 537 | 250 |
| 788 | Ꜹ | 538 | 250 |
| 789 | Ꜹ | 539 | 250 |
| 789 |
|
551 | 254 |
| 791 | Cu | 555.a | 256 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 539. a | 250 |
| (2nd regin) | |||
| 792 | Ꜹ | 566 | 260 |
| 792 | Cu | 578 | 263 |
| 793 | Cu | 579 | 264 |
| 794 | Ꜹ | 567 | 260 |
| 794 | Cu | 580 | 264 |
| 795 | Cu | 581 | 264 |
| 796 | Cu | 582 | 264 |
| 797 | Ꜹ | 568 | 261 |
| 798 | Ꜹ | 569 | 261 |
| 798 | Cu | 583 | 264 |
| 799 | Cu | 584 | 264 |
| 800 | Ꜹ | 570 | 261 |
| 801 | Ꜹ | 571 | 261 |
| Missing | Cu | 585 | 265 |
| FARAJ | |||
| 801 | Ꜹ | 613, 614 | 276, 277 |
| 803 | Ꜹ | 615 | 277 |
| 804 | Ꜹ | 616, 624 | 277, 279 |
| 805 | Ꜹ | 617, 625, 626 | 278, 279, 280 |
| 806 | Ꜹ | 618 | 278 |
| 807 | Ꜹ | 619 | 278 |
| 808 | Ꜹ | 620 | 278 |
| 809 | Ꜹ | 621 | 278 |
| 810 | Ꜹ | 622, 623, 628 | 278, 279, 280 |
| 812 | Ꜹ | 629 | 281 |
| 813 | Ꜹ | 630 | 281 |
| 814 | Ꜹ | 631 | 281 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 623 ref., 627 | 279, 280 |
| Missing |
|
639, 640, 641 | 283, 284 |
| AL-MUSTAʿĪN BIʾLLĀH | |||
| 815 | Ꜹ | 671 | 296 |
| 815 |
|
673 | 297 |
| Missing |
|
674 | 297 |
| AL-MUʾAYYAD SHAYKH | |||
| 815 | Ꜹ | 677 | 299 |
| 815 |
|
686 | 303 |
| 816 | Ꜹ | 678 | 300 |
| 817 |
|
687, A, B | 303, 388 |
| 818 |
|
688, E, F | 304, 389 |
| 819 |
|
689, G, H | 304, 389 |
| 820 |
|
I, J | 389, 390 |
| 821 | Ꜹ | 678 | 300 |
| 821 |
|
K | 390 |
| 823 | Ꜹ | 680, 681 | 300, 301 |
| Missing |
|
689.a, K.a | 304, 390 |
| AL-MUẒAFFAR AḤMAD | |||
| 824 | Ꜹ | 696 | 307 |
| BARSBĀY | |||
| 829 | Ꜹ | 703, SS.5 | 311, 398 |
| 830 | Ꜹ | 704, SS.6 | 311, 398 |
| 831 | Ꜹ | 705 | 311 |
| 834 | Ꜹ | 706 | 312 |
| 835 | Ꜹ | 707 | 312 |
| 836 | Ꜹ | 708 | 312 |
| 837 | Ꜹ | 709 | 312 |
| 838 | Ꜹ | 710 | 312 |
| 83– | Cu | 730 | 318 |
| 840 | Ꜹ | 711 | 312 |
| 841 | Ꜹ | 712 | 312 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 712.a | 313 |
| AL-ʿAZĪZ YŪSUF | |||
| 841 | Ꜹ | 732 | 319 |
| JAQMAQ | |||
| 842 | Ꜹ | 734 | 320 |
| 843 | Ꜹ | 735 | 320 |
| 844 |
|
738 | 321 |
| 845 |
|
739 | 322 |
| 846 | Ꜹ | 736 | 320 |
| 846 |
|
740 | 322 |
| 854 | Ꜹ | 737 | 321 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 737 subsequent ref. | 321 |
| AL-MANṢŪR ʿUTHMĀN | |||
| Missing | Ꜹ | 755 | 328 |
| AYNĀL | |||
| 85– | Cu | SS.7 | 399 |
| 857 | Ꜹ | 758, 759 | 330 |
| 861 |
|
763 | 332 |
| 862 |
|
764 | 332 |
| 863 |
|
765 | 332 |
| 863 | Cu | 774, SS.8 | 336, 399 |
| 864 |
|
765.a | 332 |
| 864 | Cu | 775 | 336 |
| Missing | Cu | 776 | 336 |
| AL-MUʾAYYAD AḤMAD | |||
| 865 | Ꜹ | 779 | 338 |
| KHUSHQADAM | |||
| 865 | Ꜹ | 783 | 340 |
| 866 | Ꜹ | 784 | 340 |
| 866 |
|
790 | 342 |
| 867 | Ꜹ | 785 | 340 |
| 868 |
|
791 | 342 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 786, 787 | 341 |
| Missing | Cu | 797 | 344 |
| QĀʾITBĀY | |||
| 886 | Ꜹ | 810 ref., 811 | 350 |
| 886 |
|
817 | 351 |
| 886 |
|
820 (probably Cairo) | 352 |
| 886 | Cu | 883, 884 | 356 |
| 887 |
|
818 | 352 |
| 889 | Ꜹ | 810 ref. | 350 |
| 897 | Ꜹ | 812 ref. | 350 |
| Missing |
|
818.a | 352 |
| Undated |
|
819 | 352 |
| Undated | Cu | 835, 836, 837 | 357 |
| AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD B. QĀʾITBĀY | |||
| 902 |
|
849 | 362 |
| 902 | Cu | 859 | 365 |
| 904 | Ꜹ | 846, 847 | 361 |
| QĀNṢŪH AL-GHŪRI | |||
| 905? (should be 909) | Cu | 893 | 378 |
| 913 | Ꜹ | 875 | 373 |
| 914 | Ꜹ | 876 | 373 |
| 915 | Ꜹ | 877 | 374 |
| 916 | Ꜹ | 878 | 374 |
| 917 | Ꜹ | 879 | 374 |
| 917 | Cu | 894 | 378 |
| 918 | Ꜹ | 880 | 374 |
| 918 | Cu | 895 | 378 |
| 919 | Ꜹ | 881 | 374 |
| 920 | Ꜹ | 882 | 374 |
| Missing | Br | 895.a | 378 |
| AL-ASHRAF TUMĀNBĀY | |||
| 922 | Ꜹ | 904 | 383 |
| BAYBARS I | |||
| 666 |
|
56 | 95 |
| 667 |
|
57, 58 | 95, 96 |
| 668 |
|
59 | 96 |
| 669 |
|
60, 61, 62 | 96 |
| 670 |
|
51 | 94 |
| 673 |
|
52 | 94 |
| 674 |
|
53, 63 | 94, 96 |
| 674 | Cu | 97 | 104 |
| 675 |
|
54 | 94 |
| Missing |
|
39, 47 | 89, 93. |
| 54.a, 55 | 94, 95 | ||
| Missing | Cu | 98, 99, 100 | 105 |
| BARAKA QĀN | |||
| 676 |
|
109 | 108 |
| 677 |
|
110 | 109 |
| 678 |
|
111 | 109 |
| Missing |
|
111.a | 109 |
| SALĀMISH | |||
| 678 |
|
115 | 111 |
| QALĀʾŪN | |||
| 681 |
|
129 | 116 |
| 682 | Ꜹ | 120 | 114 |
| 683 |
|
130 | 116 |
| 685 |
|
131 | 116 |
| 687 |
|
132 | 117 |
| 688 |
|
133 | 117 |
| 689 |
|
134 | 117 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 120.a | 114 |
| Missing |
|
131.a | 116 |
| Missing | Cu | 141 | 119 |
| KHALĪL | |||
| 690 | Ꜹ | 148 | 122 |
| 690 |
|
151 | 123 |
| Missing |
|
152 | 123 |
| Undated | Cu | 153 | 124 |
| KITBUGHĀ | |||
| 695 | Ꜹ | 156 | 126 |
| 695 |
|
159 | 127 |
| LĀJĪN | |||
| 696 |
|
165 | 130 |
| 698 | Ꜹ | 163 | 129 |
| Undated | Cu | 166 | 131 |
| AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD (2nd reign) | |||
| Missing | Ꜹ | 170 | 133 |
| (3rd reign) | |||
| 711 | Ꜹ | 178 | 138 |
| 713 | Ꜹ | 179 | 138 |
| 720 | Cu | 244 | 156 |
| 730 |
|
194 | 142 |
| 730 | Cu | 261 | 162 |
| 731 |
|
195 | 142 |
| 732 | Cu | 247, 262 | 157.163 |
| 733 | Cu | 248 | 158 |
| 734 |
|
196 | 142 |
| 734 | Cu | 249 | 158 |
| 735 | Cu | 222 | 150 |
| 736 | Cu | 223 | 150 |
| 737 | Cu | 224 | 150 |
| 738 | Ꜹ | 187 | 140 |
| 739 | Ꜹ | 188 | 140 |
| 739 | Cu | 225 | 150 |
| 740 | Ꜹ | 189 | 141 |
| 741 | Ꜹ | 190 | 142 |
| 741 | Cu | 226 | 151 |
| Missing |
|
196.a, 197 | 142 |
| Missing | Cu | 216 | 148 |
| Undated | Cu | 246, 265 | 157, 163 |
| AL-MANṢŪR ABŪ BAKR | |||
| 741 | Cu | 267 | 164 |
| 742 | Cu | 268 | 165 |
| AL-NĀṢIR AḤMAD | |||
| 743 | Cu | 272, SS.2 | 168, 395 |
| AL-ṢĀLIḤ ISMĀʿĪL | |||
| 743 | Cu | 287 | 173 |
| 744 |
|
277 | 170 |
| 744 | Cu | 288 | 173 |
| 745 |
|
278 | 170 |
| 746 |
|
279 | 171 |
| 746 | Cu | 289 | 173 |
| Missing |
|
280 | 171 |
| AL-KĀMIL SHAʿBĀN | |||
| 746 | Ꜹ | 299 | 177 |
| 746 |
|
300 | 179 |
| 746 | Cu | 303 | 179 |
| 747 |
|
301 | 178 |
| 747 | Cu | 304 | 179 |
| AL-MUẒAFFAR ḤĀJJI I | |||
| 747 | Ꜹ | 306 | 180 |
| 747 |
|
307 | 181 |
| 748 |
|
308 | 181 |
| Missing |
|
309 | 181 |
| AL-NĀṢIR ḤASAN (1st reign) | |||
| 748 | Ꜹ | 321 | 185 |
| 749 | Ꜹ | 322 | 185 |
| 745 | Cu | 327 | 187 |
| 750 | Ꜹ | 323 | 185 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 323.a | 185 |
| AL-ṢĀLIḤ ṢĀLIḤ | |||
| Missing | Ꜹ | 333 | 189 |
| AL-NĀṢIR ḤASAN (2 nd reign) | |||
| 756 | Ꜹ | 352 | 194 |
| 756 | Cu | 373 | 200 |
| 757 | Ꜹ | 353 | 195 |
| 758 | Ꜹ | 354, 355 | 195 |
| 759 | Ꜹ | 356 | 195 |
| 760 | Ꜹ | 357, 358 359, 360 | 195, 196 |
| 760 |
|
364 | 197 |
| 761 | Ꜹ | 361 | 196 |
| 762 | Ꜹ | 362 | 197 |
| 762 | Cu | 374 | 200 |
| Missing |
|
365 | 197 |
| AL-MANṢŪR MUḤAMMAD | |||
| 762 | Cu | 388, 391 | 204, 205 |
| 763 | Ꜹ | 380 | 202 |
| 763 | Cu | 389 | 205 |
| 764 | Cu | 390 | 205 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 381 | 202 |
| AL-ASHRAF SHAʿBĀN | |||
| 765 | Ꜹ | 416 | 211 |
| 766 | Ꜹ | 417 | 212 |
| 768 | Ꜹ | 418 | 212 |
| 770 |
|
430 | 215 |
| 770 | Cu | 454 | 220 |
| 771 | Ꜹ | 419 | 212 |
| 771 | Cu | 455, 456 | 220 |
| 772 | Ꜹ | 420 | 212 |
| 772 | Cu | 421 | 212 |
| 774 | Ꜹ | 422 | 213 |
| 775 | Ꜹ | 423 | 213 |
| 776 | Ꜹ | 424 | 213 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 424 ref. | 213 |
| Missing |
|
431 | 215 |
| Undated | 458, 459 | 221 | |
| AL-MANṢŪR ʿALĀ AL-DĪN ʿALI | |||
| 778 | Ꜹ | 489 | 232 |
| 779 | Ꜹ | 490 | 232 |
| 780 | Ꜹ | 491 | 232 |
| 781 | Ꜹ | 492 | 232 |
| 781 | Cu | 501 | 234 |
| 782 | Cu | 502 | 235 |
| 783 | Cu | 503 | 235 |
| Missing | Cu | 503.a | 235 |
| AL-ṢĀLIḤ ḤĀJJI (1st reign) | |||
| 783 | Cu | 524 | 243 |
| 784 | Ꜹ | 514 | 239 |
| Uncertain | Ꜹ | 515 | 240 |
| (2nd reign) | |||
| 791 | Cu | 532 | 246 |
| 792 | Cu | 533 | 246 |
| BARQŪQ (1st reign) | |||
| 784 | Cu | 558 | 257 |
| 785 | Ꜹ | 542 | 251 |
| 786 | Cu | 559 | 258 |
| 787 | Ꜹ | 543 | 251 |
| 787 | Cu | 560 | 258 |
| 790 | Ꜹ | 544 | 251 |
| 790 | Cu | 561, 562 | 258, 259 |
| Missing | PB | 550 | 253 |
| (2nd reign) | |||
| 793 | Ꜹ | 572 | 261 |
| 795 | Ꜹ | 573 | 261 |
| 796 | Cu | 588 | 265 |
| 797 | Cu | 589 | 266 |
| 798 | Ꜹ | 574 | 262 |
| 798 | Cu | 590 | 266 |
| 799 | Cu | 591 | 266 |
| 800 | Ꜹ | 575 | 262 |
| FARAJ | |||
| 801 | Cu | 647 | 286 |
| 802 | Cu | SS.4 | 397 |
| 803 | Cu | 648 | 286 |
| 806 | Cu | 649 | 286 |
| 810 |
|
642 | 284 |
| 810 | Cu | 650 | 287 |
| 811 |
|
643 | 284 |
| 811 | Cu | 651 | 287 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 635 | 282 |
| Missing |
|
643.a | 285 |
| Missing | Cu | 652 | 287 |
| AL-MUSTAʿĪN BIʾLLĀH | |||
| 815 | Ꜹ | 672 | 296 |
| 815 |
|
675, 676 | 296, 297 |
| AL-MUʾAYYAD SHAYKH | |||
| 817 |
|
690 | 304 |
| 818 |
|
691, 692, N, O | 305, 391 |
| 819 |
|
692.a, 693 | 305 |
| P, Q | 391 | ||
| 820 |
|
R | 391 |
| Missing |
|
S | 392 |
| AL-MUẒAFFAR AḤMAD | |||
| Undated | Cu | 699 | 308 |
| BARSBĀY | |||
| 825 |
|
717 | 314 |
| 827 |
|
718 | 315 |
| 832 |
|
720,721 | 315 |
| 835 |
|
722 | 316 |
| 836 |
|
723 | 316 |
| 837 |
|
724 | 316 |
| 839 |
|
725 | 316 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 725.a | 316 |
| Undated |
|
714,715,716 | 313, 314 |
| JAQMAQ | |||
| 845 |
|
741, 746 | 322, 323 |
| 847 |
|
742 | 323 |
| 848 |
|
743 | 323 |
| 849 |
|
744 | 323 |
| Missing |
|
745 | 323 |
| AYNĀL | |||
| 860 |
|
766 | 333 |
| 861 |
|
767 | 333 |
| 862 |
|
768 | 333 |
| Undated |
|
769 | 334 |
| KHUSHQADAM | |||
| Missing | Ꜹ | 788 | 341 |
| Missing |
|
792 | 342 |
| QĀʾITBĀY | |||
| Missing |
|
822 | 353 |
| Undated |
|
823 | 353 |
| AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD b. QĀʾITBĀY | |||
| 902 | Ꜹ | 848 | 362 |
| AL-ẒĀHIR QĀNṢŪH | |||
| Missing | Ꜹ | 863 | 367 |
| QĀNṢŪH AL-GHŪRI | |||
| 917 | Ꜹ | 883 | 375 |
| 918 | Ꜹ | 884 | 375 |
| 919 | Ꜹ | 885 | 375 |
| Undated |
|
889, 890 | 376, 377 |
| QALĀʾŪN | |||
| Missing |
|
136 | 118 |
| AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD B. QALĀʾŪN (2nd reign) | |||
| 701 | Cu | 171 | 134 |
| (3rd reign) | |||
| 710 | Cu | 233, 238 | 153, 154 |
| 717 | Cu | 260 | 162 |
| 730 |
|
199 | 143 |
| 731 |
|
200 | 143 |
| 733 |
|
201 | 143 |
| 737 |
|
202 | 143 |
| 739 |
|
203 | 144 |
| Missing |
|
203.a | 144 |
| Missing | Cu | 228 | 151 |
| Undated | Cu | 236, 252 | 154, 159 |
| AL-ṢĀLIḤ ISMĀʿĪL | |||
| 743 | Cu | 291 | 174 |
| 744 | Cu | 292 | 174 |
| 746 | Cu | 293, 294 | 174, 175 |
| Missing |
|
283, 284 | 172 |
| Missing | Cu | 293.a | 174 |
| AL-KĀMIL SHAʿBĀN | |||
| Missing |
|
302 | 178 |
| AL-MUẒAFFAR ḤĀJJI I | |||
| 747 |
|
312 | 182 |
| Missing |
|
313 | 182 |
| Undated | Cu | 314 | 182 |
| AL-NĀṢIR ḤASAN (1st reign) | |||
| Undated | Cu | 328 | 187 |
| AL-ṢĀLIḤ ṢĀLIḤ | |||
| 755 | Cu | 338 | 190 |
| Missing (or Ḥamāh ?) |
|
SS.3 | 396 |
| AL-NĀṢIR ḤASAN (2nd reign) | |||
| Missing |
|
368 | 198 |
| AL-ASHRAF SHAʿBĀN II | |||
| 767 |
|
432 | 215 |
| 773 | Ꜹ | 425 | 213 |
| 777 | Ꜹ | 426 | 214 |
| 778 | Ꜹ | 427 | 214 |
| Undated | Cu | 468, 469 470, 471, 472 | 225, 226 |
| AL-MANṢŪR ʿALĀ AL-DĪN ʿALI | |||
| Missing |
|
494 | 233 |
| AL-ṢĀLIḤ ḤĀJJI II (type of 1st reign) | |||
| Missing |
|
516 | 240 |
| (type of 2nd reign) | |||
| Missing | Ꜹ | 529 | 245 |
| BARQŪQ (1st reign) | |||
| 784 | Ꜹ | 545 | 252 |
| 784 |
|
552 | 255 |
| 786 | Ꜹ | 546 | 252 |
| 787 | Ꜹ | 547 | 252 |
| 788 | Ꜹ | 548 | 252 |
| 788 | Cu | 564 | 260 |
| 789 | Cu | 565 | 260 |
| 790 | Ꜹ | 549 | 253 |
| (2nd reign) | |||
| 793 | Ꜹ | 576 | 262 |
| 793 | Cu | 593 | 266 |
| 798 | Ꜹ | 577 | 263 |
| Missing | Cu | 592 | 266 |
| Undated | Cu | 594, 595 | 268 |
| FARAJ | |||
| 802 | Cu | 653 | 288 |
| 803 | Cu | 654 | 288 |
| 804 | Cu | 655 | 289 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 636 | 282 |
| Missing |
|
644 | 285 |
| Undated | Cu | 656 | 289 |
| AL-MUʾAYYAD SHAYKH | |||
| 817 |
|
694, T, U | 305, 392 |
| 818 |
|
695, V, W | 306, 392, 292 |
| Missing |
|
Z | 393 |
| AL-ṢĀLIḤ MUḤAMMAD | |||
| 824 |
|
701, 720 | 310 |
| BARSBĀY | |||
| 838 |
|
726 | 317 |
| 839 |
|
727 | 317 |
| Missing |
|
727.a | 317 |
| JAQMAQ | |||
| 845 | Cu | 752 | 326 |
| 846 and | Cu | 751 | 326 |
| 848 (?) | Cu | 751 | 326 |
| Undated |
|
747, 748 | 324, 325 |
| AL-MANṢŪR ʿUTHMĀN | |||
| Undated | Cu | 757 | 329 |
| AYNĀL | |||
| 862 |
|
770, 771 | 334 |
| Undated |
|
772 | 335 |
| Missing | Cu | 778 | 337 |
| KHUSHQADAM | |||
| 865 | Cu | 800 | 345 |
| Undated |
|
794, 795, 796 | 343, 344 |
| Undated | Cu | 798, 799 | 344, 345 |
| SS .7 | 400 | ||
| QĀʾITBĀY | |||
| 879 | Ꜹ | 809 ref. | 349 |
| 881 |
|
824 | 354 |
| 892 | Ꜹ | 809 ref. | 349 |
| Missing |
|
825 | 354 |
| Undated | Ꜹ | 809, 816, 826, 827, 828, 829, 830 } | 349, 351, 354, 355 |
| QĀNṢŪH AL-GHŪRI | |||
| Missing | Ꜹ | 874 | 373 |
| Undated |
|
891 | 377 |
| BAYBARS I | |||
| 660 |
|
48 | 93 |
| 666 |
|
64 | 97 |
| 668 |
|
65 | 97 |
| 673 |
|
66 | 97 |
| Missing |
|
66.a, 67 | 97 |
| BARAKA QĀN | |||
| 678 |
|
112 | 109 |
| QALĀʾŪN | |||
| 689 |
|
SS.1 | 394 |
| Missing |
|
135 | 117 |
| AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD B. QALĀʾŪN (3rd reign) | |||
| 715 |
|
204 | 144 |
| 719 |
|
205 | 144 |
| 730 |
|
206 | 144 |
| 733 |
|
207 | 144 |
| 734 |
|
208 | 145 |
| 735 |
|
209 | 145 |
| 736 |
|
210 | 145 |
| Missing |
|
169 | 133 |
| 210.a | 145 | ||
| 212 | 146 | ||
| Armenian trams |
|
213 | 146, 147 |
| overstruck.Undated | Cu | 229 | 151 |
| 241 | 155 | ||
| 250 | 158 | ||
| 251 | 158 | ||
| AL-NĀṢIR AḤMAD | |||
| 742 |
|
271 | 168 |
| AL-ṢĀLIḤ ISMĀʿĪL | |||
| 744 |
|
282 | 171 |
| 746 | Cu | 296 | 175 |
| Missing |
|
282.a | 171 |
| Undated | Cu | 295 | 175 |
| AL-MUẒAFFAR ḤĀJJI | |||
| Undated |
|
311 | 182 |
| Undated | Cu | 315 | 182 |
| AL-ṢĀLIḤ ṢĀLIḤ | |||
| 755 |
|
335, 336 | 189, 190 |
| Missing (or Aleppo ?) |
|
SS.3 | 396 |
| AL-NĀṢIR ḤASAN | |||
| Missing |
|
367 | 198 |
| AL-MANṢŪR MUḤAMMAD | |||
| Undated | Cu | 392, 393, 394 | 205,306 |
| AL-ASHRAF SHAʿBĀN | |||
| 764 | Cu | 466 | 224 |
| 765 | Cu | 467 | 224 |
| 766 |
|
433 | 215 |
| 768 |
|
434 | 215 |
| 771 |
|
435 | 216 |
| 778 |
|
436 | 216 |
| Missing |
|
436 ref. | 216 |
| Undated | Cu | 460 | 221 |
| 461, 462 | 222 | ||
| 463, 464, 465 | 223 | ||
| AL-ṢĀLIḤ ḤĀJJI II | |||
| Undated | Cu | 527 | 244 |
| 258 | 161 | ||
| BARQUQ (1 reign) | |||
| Missing |
|
553 | 255 |
| (2nd reign) | |||
| 799 | Cu | 596 | 269 |
| Undated | Cu | 597, 598 | 269 |
| 599, 600 | 270 | ||
| 601 | 271 | ||
| FARAJ | |||
| Undated | Cu | 657, 658, 659 | 289, 290 |
| AL-MUẒAFFAR AḤMAD | |||
| 824 |
|
694 | 307 |
| BARSBĀY | |||
| 827 |
|
728 | 317 |
| 830 |
|
729 | 317 |
| Missing |
|
719 | 315 |
| JAQMAQ | |||
| Undated |
|
749 | 325 |
| UNCERTAIN ATTRIBUTIONS | |||
| Missing | Cu | 861, bis | 366 |
| 905 | 384 | ||
| 910 | 386 |
| BAYBARS II | |||
| 709 |
|
172 | 134 |
| 709 | Cu | 175 | 136 |
| AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD (3rd reign) | |||
| 726 | Cu | 218 | 149 |
| 741 | Cu | 240 | 155 |
| Missing |
|
198 | 143 |
| Missing | Cu | 227 | 151 |
| Undated | Cu | 217 | 149 |
| 235 | 153 | ||
| 239 | 155 | ||
| 253 | 159 | ||
| 259 | 161 | ||
| 264 | 163 | ||
| AL-ṢĀLIḤ ISMĀʿĪL | |||
| 744 | Cu | 297 | 176 |
| AL-NĀṢIR ḤASAN | |||
| 750 | Cu | 329 | 187 |
| Missing |
|
326 | 181 |
| AL-ASHRAF SHAʿBĀN | |||
| 776 | Cu | 473 | 226 |
| Undated | Cu | 474, 475, 476 | 227 |
| 477, 478, 479 | 228 | ||
| 480 | 229 | ||
| AL-MANṢŪR ʿALĀ AL-DĪN ʿALI | |||
| Undated | Cu | 504 | 235 |
| 505, 506, 507 | 236 | ||
| 508, 509 | 237 | ||
| AL-ṢĀLIḤ ḤĀJJI II | |||
| Undated | Cu | 525 | 244 |
| BARQŪQ | |||
| 789 | Cu | 602 | 271 |
| Undated | Cu | 603 | 271 |
| 604, 605, 606 | 272 | ||
| FARAJ | |||
| 804 | Cu | 660 | 291 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 637 | 283 |
| Undated | Cu | 661 | 291 |
| 662, 663 | 292 | ||
| JAQMAQ | |||
| 85– | Cu | 753 | 327 |
| UNCERTAIN ATTRIBUTION | |||
| Undated | Cu | 906 | 384 |
| BAYBARS I | |||
| 658 |
|
41 | 90 |
| 659 | Ꜹ | 37 | 89 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 38 | 89 |
| Undated |
|
40 | 90 |
| 42, 43 | 91 | ||
| 44, 45, 46 | 92 | ||
| 49, 50 | 93 | ||
| 68 | 98 | ||
| Undated | Cu | 94, 95, 96 | 104 |
| QALĀʾŪN | |||
| Missing |
|
137 | 108 |
| Undated | Cu | 138, 139 | 118 |
| KHALĪL | |||
| Missing |
|
152.a | 123 |
| Missing | Cu | 154 | 124 |
| KITBUGHĀ | |||
| Undated | Cu | 160, 161 | 128 |
| BAYBARS II | |||
| 709 | Cu | 173 | 135 |
| 174 | 136 | ||
| AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD B. QALĀʾŪN (3rd reign) | |||
| Missing |
|
191 | 151 |
| Undated | Cu | 214, 215 | 148 |
| 219 | 149 | ||
| 230 | 152 | ||
| 234 | 153 | ||
| 237 | 154 | ||
| 245 | 157 | ||
| 254, 255, 256 | 160 | ||
| 257 | 161 | ||
| AL-ṢĀLIḤ ISMĀʿĪL | |||
| 745 | Ꜹ | 276 | 170 |
| Missing |
|
281 | 171 |
| Missing | Cu | 290 | 174 |
| AL-MUẒAFFAR ḤĀJJI I | |||
| 747 | Cu | 316 | 183 |
| Missing |
|
310 | 181 |
| AL-ṢĀLIḤ ṢĀLIḤ | |||
| 752 | Ꜹ | 334 | 189 |
| 755 | Cu | 339 | 191 |
| Missing |
|
337 | 190 |
| AL-NĀṢIR ḤASAN (2nd reign) | |||
| Missing |
|
366, 368.a | 198 |
| AL-MANṢŪR MUḤAMMAD | |||
| 762 |
|
382 | 203 |
| 763 |
|
383 | 203 |
| 764 |
|
384.a | 203 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 381.a | 202 |
| Missing |
|
384 | 203 |
| Undated | Cu | 395 | 207 |
| AL-ASHRAF SHAʿBĀN | |||
| Missing |
|
436 ref. | 216 |
| AL-MANṢŪR ʿALĀ AL-DĪN ʿALI | |||
| Missing |
|
495 | 233 |
| AL-ṢĀLIḤ ḤĀJJI II (1st reign) | |||
| Undated | Cu | 526 | 244 |
| (2nd reign) | |||
| Missing |
|
530 | 246 |
| BARQŪQ | |||
| Undated | Cu | 607, 608, 609 | 273 |
| 610, 611, 612 | 274 | ||
| FARAJ | |||
| 805 | Ꜹ | 635 | 283 |
| 808 | Cu | 669 | 294 |
| 810 | Ꜹ | 632 | 281 |
| 814 | Ꜹ | 633 | 281 |
| Missing | Cu | 665, 666 | 293 |
| 668 | 294 | ||
| Undated | Cu | 667 | 294 |
| 670 | 295 | ||
| AL-MUʾAYYAD SHAYKH | |||
| Undated |
|
M | 390 |
| AL-MUẒAFFAR AḤMAD | |||
| Missing |
|
698 | 307 |
| ṬAṬAR | |||
| 824 |
|
700 | 309 |
| BARSBĀY | |||
| Missing | Cu | 731 | 318 |
| AL-ʿAZĪZ YŪSUF | |||
| Missing |
|
733 | 319 |
| JAQMAQ | |||
| 849 |
|
750 | 325 |
| Undated | Cu | 754 | 327 |
| AL-MANṢŪR ʿUTHMĀN | |||
| 857 | Ꜹ | 756 | 328 |
| AYNĀL | |||
| 863 | Ꜹ | 760 | 331 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 761, 762 | 331 |
| Missing | Cu | 777 | 337 |
| Undated | Cu | 773 | 335 |
| AL-MUʾAYYAD AḤMAD | |||
| Missing | Ꜹ | 780 | 338 |
| 781 | 339 | ||
| Undated |
|
782 | 339 |
| KHUSHQADAM | |||
| 866 | Ꜹ | 802, 803 | 343 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 801 | 346 |
| Undated |
|
804 | 347 |
| Undated | Cu | 805, 806 | 347 |
| QĀʾITBĀY | |||
| 891 | Cu | 838 | 357 |
| 840 | 358 | ||
| 896 | Ꜹ | 814 | 351 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 807 | 348 |
| 808 | 349 | ||
| 813 | 350 | ||
| Missing |
|
821 | 353 |
| Missing | Cu | 831 | 355 |
| Undated | Cu | 839, 841 | 358 |
| 842, 843, 844 | 359 | ||
| 845 | 360 | ||
| 850, 851, 852 | 363 | ||
| 853, 854, 855 | 364 | ||
| 856 | 364 | ||
| 857, 858, 861 | 366 | ||
| AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD b. QĀʾLTBĀY | |||
| 902 |
|
SS.10 | 401 |
| AL-ẒĀHIR QĀNṢŪH | |||
| 904 |
|
SS.11 | 402 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 862 | 367 |
| Undated | Cu | 864 | 368 |
| JĀNBALĀṬ | |||
| Missing | Ꜹ | 865 | 369 |
| AL-ʿĀDIL ṬUMĀNBĀY | |||
| 906 | Ꜹ | 866 | 370 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 867 | 370 |
| QĀNṢŪH AL-GHŪRI | |||
| 907 | Cu | 902 | 381 |
| 908 | Ꜹ | 870 | 372 |
| 909 | Ꜹ | 871 | 372 |
| 910 | Ꜹ | 872 | 372 |
| 911 | Ꜹ | 873 | 372 |
| 922 | Br | 896 | 379 |
| Missing | Ꜹ | 868 | 371 |
| 869 | 372 | ||
| Missing |
|
887, 888 | 376 |
| Missing | Cu | 897, 898 | 379 |
| Missing | Br | 899 | 380 |
| Undated | Ꜹ | 886 | 375 |
| Undated |
|
892 | 377 |
| Undated | Cu | 900 | 380 |
| 903 | 382 | ||
| Undated | Br | 901 | 381 |
| UNCERTAIN ATTRIBUTIONS | |||
| Missing | Cu | 907, 908, 909 | 385 |
| Date (AH) | Metal | Mint | Catalogue No. | Page |
| SHAJAR AL DURR | ||||
| 648 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 1 | 71 |
| 648 |
|
Cairo | 2 | 71, 72 |
| AL-ASHRAF MŪRÂ | ||||
| 649 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 3 | 73 |
| 650 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 4 | 73, 74 |
| AYBAK | ||||
| 652 |
|
Cairo | 8 | 76 |
| 653 |
|
Cairo | 9 | 77 |
| 654 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 7 | 76 |
| 654 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 6 | 75 |
| 654 |
|
Cairo | 10 | 75 |
| 655 |
|
Cairo | 11 | 77 |
| AL-MANṢŪR ʿALI B. AYBAK | ||||
| 655 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 14 | 78 |
| 655 |
|
Cairo | 19 | 80 |
| 656 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 15 | 78 |
| 657 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 16, 17 | 79 |
| 657 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 18 | 79 |
| 657 |
|
Cairo | 20, 21 | 80, 81 |
| QUṬUZ | ||||
| 657 |
|
Cairo | 24 | 83 |
| 658 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 22 | 83 |
| 658 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 23 | 82 |
| 658 |
|
Cairo | 25 | 83 |
| 658 | Cu | Cairo | 23 | 82 |
| BAYBARS I | ||||
| 658 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 27 | 85 |
| 658 |
|
Cairo | 69 | 98 |
| 658 |
|
Missing | 41 | 90 |
| 659 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 28 | 86 |
| 659 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 34 | 87 |
| 659 |
|
Cairo | 70 | 98 |
| 659 | Ꜹ | Missing | 37 | 89 |
| 660 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 35 | 88 |
| 660 |
|
Cairo | 46, 72 | 92, 99 |
| 660 |
|
ḤamĀh | 48 | 93 |
| 661 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 30 | 86 |
| 661 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 36 | 88 |
| 661 |
|
Cairo | 73 | 100 |
| 662 |
|
Cairo | 75, 78 | 100, 101 |
| 663 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 29 | 86 |
| 663 |
|
Cairo | 74, 76, 79 | 100, 100, 101 |
| 664 |
|
Cairo | 77, 80 | 100, 101 |
| 665 |
|
Cairo | 81 | 101 |
| 666 |
|
Cairo | 82 | 101 |
| 666 |
|
Damascus | 56 | 95 |
| 666 |
|
ḤamĀh | 64 | 97 |
| 667 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 31 | 87 |
| 667 |
|
Cairo | 83 | 102 |
| 667 |
|
Damascus | 57 | 95 |
| ṣafar | ||||
| 667 |
|
Damascus | 58 | 96 |
| jumĀda ii | ||||
| 668 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 32 | 87 |
| 668 |
|
Cairo | 84 | 102 |
| 668 |
|
Damascus | 59 | 96 |
| 668 |
|
ḤamĀh | 65 | 97 |
| 669 |
|
Cairo | 85 | 102 |
| 669 |
|
Damascus | 60 | 96 |
| ṣafar | ||||
| 669 |
|
Damascus | 61 | 96 |
| jumĀda i | ||||
| 669 |
|
Damascus | 62 | 96 |
| rajab | ||||
| 670 |
|
Cairo | 86 | 102 |
| 670 |
|
Damascus | 51 | 94 |
| 671 |
|
Cairo | 87 | 102 |
| 672 |
|
Cairo | 88 | 102 |
| 673 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 33 | 87 |
| 673 |
|
Damascus | 52 | 94 |
| 673 |
|
ḤamĀh | 66 | 97 |
| 674 |
|
Cairo | 89 | 102 |
| 674 |
|
Damascus | 53, 63 | 94, 96 |
| 675 |
|
Cairo | 90 | 103 |
| 675 |
|
Damascus | 54 | 94 |
| 676 |
|
Cairo | 91 | 103 |
| BARAKA QĀN | ||||
| 676 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 104 | 107 |
| 676 |
|
Cairo | 105 | 107 |
| 676 |
|
Damascus | 109 | 108 |
| 677 |
|
Cairo | 106 | 108 |
| 677 |
|
Damascus | 110 | 109 |
| 678 |
|
Cairo | 107 | 108 |
| 678 |
|
Damascus | 111 | 109 |
| SALĀMISH | ||||
| 678 |
|
Cairo | 113, 114 | 110 |
| 678 |
|
Damasucus | 115 | 111 |
| QalĀʿūn | ||||
| 678 |
|
Cairo | 121 | 114 |
| 678 | Cu | Cairo | 140 | 119 |
| 681 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 119 | 113 |
| 681 |
|
Cairo | 122 | 115 |
| 681 |
|
Damascus | 128 | 116 |
| 682 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 120 | 114 |
| 683 |
|
Cairo | 123 | 115 |
| 683 |
|
Damascus | 130 | 116 |
| 684 |
|
Alexandria | 129 | 116 |
| 685 |
|
Cairo | 125 | 115 |
| 685 |
|
Damascus | 131 | 116 |
| 687 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 117 | 111 |
| 687 |
|
Cairo | 127 | 115 (cf. L.780) |
| 687 |
|
Damascus | 132 | 117 |
| 688 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 118 | 113 |
| 688 |
|
Cairo | 125 | 115 |
| 688 |
|
Damascus | 133 | 117 |
| 689 |
|
Damascus | 134 | 117 |
| 689 |
|
ḤamĀh | SS.1 | 394 |
| KHALĪL | ||||
| 690 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 146 | 121 |
| 690 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 142 | 120 |
| 690 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 148 | 122 |
| 690 |
|
Damascus | 151 | 123 |
| 691 |
|
Cairo | 143 | 120 |
| 692 | Ꜹ | Alexandria, military port | 147 | 122 |
| 692 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 144 | 121 |
| kitbughĀ | ||||
| 694 |
|
Cairo | 157 | 127 |
| 695 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 155 | 126 |
| 695 |
|
Cairo | 158 | 127 |
| 695 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 156 | 126 |
| 695 |
|
Damascus | 159 | 127 |
| LĀJĪN | ||||
| 696 |
|
Damascus | 163 | 130 |
| 697 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 162 | 129 |
| 698 | Ꜹ | Damascus (?) | 163 | 129 |
| AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD B. QALĀʾŪN (2nd reign) | ||||
| 69– | Ꜹ | Cairo | 167 | 132 |
| 701 | Cu | Aleppo | 171 | 134 |
| 707 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 168 | 132 |
| BAYBARS II | ||||
| 709 |
|
Tripoli | 172 | 135 |
| 709 |
|
Missing | 173 | 135 |
| 709 |
|
Missing | 174 | 136 |
| 709 | Cu | Tripoli | 175 | 136 |
| AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD B. QALĀʾŪN (3rd reign) | ||||
| 710 | Cu | Cairo | 232 | 152 |
| 710 | Cu | Aleppo | 233, 238 | 153, 154 |
| 711 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 176 | 137 |
| 711 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 178 | 138 |
| 713 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 177 | 137 |
| 713 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 179 | 138 |
| 715 |
|
ḤamĀh | 204 | 144 |
| 717 | Cu | Aleppo | 260 | 162 |
| 719 |
|
ḤamĀh | 205 | 144 |
| 720 | Cu | Cairo | 242 | 156 |
| 720 | Cu | Damascus | 244 | 156 |
| 721 | Cu | Cairo | 243 | 156 |
| 724 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 180 | 138 |
| 726 | Cu | Tripoli | 218 | 149 |
| 730 |
|
Damascus | 194 | 142 |
| 730 | Cu | Damascus | 261 | 162 |
| 730 |
|
Aleppo | 199 | 143 |
| 730 |
|
ḤamĀh | 206 | 144 |
| 731 |
|
Damascus | 195 | 142 |
| 731 |
|
Aleppo | 200 | 143 |
| 732 | Cu | Damascus | 247, 262 | 157, 163 |
| 733 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 181 | 139 |
| 733 | Cu | Damascus | 248 | 158 |
| 733 |
|
Aleppo | 201 | 143 |
| 733 |
|
ḤamĀh | 207 | 144 |
| 734 |
|
Damascus | 196 | 142 |
| 734 | Cu | Damascus | 249 | 158 |
| 734 |
|
ḤamĀh | 208 | 145 |
| 735 |
|
ḤamĀh | 209 | 145 |
| 735 | Cu | Damascus | 222 | 150 |
| 736 | Cu | Damascus | 223 | 150 |
| 736 |
|
Ḥamāh | 210 | 145 |
| 737 | Cu | Damascus | 224 | 150 |
| 737 |
|
Aleppo | 202 | 143 |
| 738 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 182 | 139 |
| 738 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 187 | 140 |
| 739 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 183 | 139 |
| 739 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 188 | 140 |
| 739 | Cu | Damascus | 225 | 150 |
| 739 |
|
Aleppo | 203 | 144 |
| 740 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 185 | 139 |
| 740 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 189 | 140 |
| 741 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 186 | 140 |
| 741 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 190 | 141 |
| 741 | Cu | Damascus | 226 | 151 |
| 741 | Cu | Tripoli | 240 | 155 |
| AL-MANṢŪR ABŪ BAKR | ||||
| 741 | Cu | Damascus | 267 | 164 |
| 742 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 266 | 164 |
| 742 | Cu | Damascus | 268 | 165 |
| AL-NĀṢIR AḤMAD | ||||
| 742 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 269 | 167 |
| 742 |
|
Ḥamāh | 271 | 168 |
| 743 | Cu | Damascus | 272, SS.2 | 168, 395 |
| AL-ṢĀLIḤ ISMĀʿĪL | ||||
| 743 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 273 | 169 |
| 743 | Cu | Damascus | 287 | 173 |
| 743 | Cu | Aleppo | 291 | 174 |
| 744 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 274 | 169 |
| 744 |
|
Damascus | 277 | 170 |
| 744 | Cu | Damascus | 288 | 173 |
| 744 | Cu | Aleppo | 292 | 174 |
| 744 |
|
Ḥamāh | 282 | 171 |
| 744 | Cu | Tripoli | 297 | 176 |
| 745 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 275 | 169 |
| 745 | Cu | Cairo | 285 | 172 |
| 745 |
|
Damascus | 278 | 170 |
| 745 | Ꜹ | No mint | 276 | 170 |
| 746 | Cu | Cairo | 286 | 173 |
| 746 |
|
Damascus | 279 | 171 |
| 746 | Cu | Damascus | 289 | 173 |
| 746 | Cu | Aleppo | 293, 294 | 174, 175 |
| 746 | Cu | Ḥamāh | 296 | 175 |
| AL-KĀMIL SHAʿBĀN I | ||||
| 746 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 299 | 177 |
| 746 |
|
Damascus | 300 | 178 |
| 746 | Cu | Damascus | 303 | 179 |
| 747 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 298 | 177 |
| 747 |
|
Damassus | 301 | 178 |
| 747 | Cu | Damascus | 304 | 179 |
| AL-MUẒAFFAR ḤĀJJI I | ||||
| 747 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 305 | 180 |
| 747 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 306 | 180 |
| 747 |
|
Damascus | 307 | 181 |
| 747 |
|
Aleppo | 312 | 182 |
| 747 | Cu | Missing | 316 | 183 |
| 748 |
|
Damascus | 308 | 181 |
| AL-NĀṢIR ḤASAN (Ist reign) | ||||
| 748 |
|
Cairo | 324 | 186 |
| 748 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 321 | 185 |
| 749 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 317 | 184 |
| 749 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 322 | 185 |
| 749 | Cu | Damascus | 327 | 187 |
| 750 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 318 | 184 |
| 750 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 323 | 185 |
| 750 | Cu | Tripoli | 329 | 187 |
| 751 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 319 | 185 |
| 752 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 320 | 185 |
| AL-ṢĀLIḤ ṢĀLIḤ | ||||
| 752 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 330 | 188 |
| 752 | Ꜹ | Missing | 334 | 189 |
| 753 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 331 | 188 |
| 754 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 331. a | 188 |
| 755 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 332 | 189 |
| 755 | Cu | Aleppo | 338 | 190 |
| 755 |
|
HạmĀh | 335 | 189 |
| 755 | Cu | Missing | 339 | 191 |
| AL-NĀṢIR ḤASAN (2nd reign) | ||||
| 756 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 349 | 194 |
| 756 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 340 | 192 |
| 756 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 352 | 194 |
| 756 | Cu | Damascus | 373 | 200 |
| 757 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 341 | 192 |
| 757 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 353 | 195 |
| 758 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 350 | 194 |
| 758 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 342, 343 | 192 |
| 758 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 354, 355 | 195 |
| 759 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 351 | 194 |
| 759 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 344 | 193 |
| 759 | Cu | Cairo | 369 | 199 |
| 759 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 356 | 195 |
| 760 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 345, 346 | 193 |
| 760 | Cu | Cairo | 370 | 199 |
| 760 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 357, 358 359, 360 | 195, 196 |
| 760 |
|
Damascus | 364 | 197 |
| 761 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 347 | 193 |
| 761 | Cu | Cairo | 371 | 199 |
| 761 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 361 | 122 |
| 762 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 348 | 193 |
| 762 | Cu | Cairo | 372 | 199 |
| 762 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 362 | 197 |
| 762 | Cu | Damascus | 374 | 200 |
| AL-MANṢŪR MUḤAMMAD | ||||
| 762 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 378 | 201 |
| 762 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 375 | 201 |
| 762 | Cu | Cairo | 385 | 204 |
| 762 | Cu | Damascus | 388 | 204 |
| 762 |
|
Missing | 382 | 203 |
| 762 | Cu | Damascus (?) | 391 | 205 |
| 763 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 376 | 201 |
| 763 | Cu | Cairo | 386 | 204 |
| 763 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 380 | 202 |
| 763 | Cu | Damascus | 389 | 205 |
| 763 |
|
Missing | 383 | 203 |
| 764 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 379 | 202 |
| 764 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 377 | 201 |
| 764 | Cu | Cairo | 387 | 204 |
| 764 | Cu | Damascus | 390 | 205 |
| 764 |
|
Missing | 384 | 203 |
| AL-ASHRAF SHAʿBĀN II | ||||
| 764 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 396 | 208 |
| 764 | Cu | Cairo | 437 | 217 |
| 764 | Cu | ḤamĀh | 466 | 224 |
| 765 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 409 | 210 |
| 765 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 397 | 208 |
| 765 | Cu | Cairo | 438 | 217 |
| 765 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 416 | 211 |
| 765 | Cu | ḤamĀh | 467 | 224 |
| 766 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 410 | 210 |
| 766 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 398 | 208 |
| 766 | Cu | Cairo | 439 | 217 |
| 766 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 417 | 212 |
| 766 |
|
Ḥamāh | 433 | 215 |
| 767 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 411 | 210 |
| 767 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 399 | 209 |
| 767 | Cu | Cairo | 440 | 217 |
| 767 |
|
Aleppo | 432 | 215 |
| 768 | Cu | Cairo | 441 | 217 |
| 768 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 418 | 212 |
| 768 |
|
Ḥamāh | 434 | 215 |
| 769 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 412 | 211 |
| 769 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 400 | 209 |
| 769 | Cu | Cairo | 442 | 218 |
| 770 | Cu | Alexandria | 449 | 219 |
| 770 | Cu | Cairo | 443 | 218 |
| 770 |
|
Damascus | 430 | 215 |
| 770 | Cu | Damascus | 454 | 220 |
| 771 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 401 | 209 |
| 771 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 419 | 212 |
| 771 | Cu | Damascus | 455, 456 | 220 |
| 771 |
|
Ḥamāh | 435 | 216 |
| 772 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 402 | 209 |
| 772 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 420 | 212 |
| 772 | Cu | Damascus | 457 | 220 |
| 773 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 413 | 211 |
| 773 | Cu | Alexandria | 450 | 219 |
| 773 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 403 | 209 |
| 773 | Cu | Cairo | 444 | 218 |
| 773 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 421 | 212 |
| 773 | Ꜹ | Aleppo | 425 | 213 |
| 774 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 404 | 209 |
| 774 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 422 | 213 |
| 775 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 414 | 211 |
| 775 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 405 | 209 |
| 775 | Cu | Cairo | 445 | 218 |
| 775 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 423 | 213 |
| 776 | Cu | Alexandria | 451 | 219 |
| 776 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 406 | 210 |
| 776 | Cu | Cairo | 446 | 218 |
| 776 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 424 | 213 |
| 776 | Cu | Tripoli | 473 | 226 |
| 777 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 415 | 211 |
| 777 | Cu | Alexandria | 452, 453 | 219 |
| 777 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 407 | 210 |
| 777 | Cu | Cairo | 447 | 218 |
| 777 | Ꜹ | Aleppo | 426 | 214 |
| 778 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 408 | 210 |
| 778 | Cu | Cairo | 448 | 218 |
| 778 | Ꜹ | Aleppo | 427 | 214 |
| 778 |
|
Ḥamāh | 436 | 2l6 |
| AL-MANṢŪR ʿALI B. SHAʿBĀN | ||||
| 778 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 481, 482 | 230 |
| 778 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 489 | 232 |
| 779 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 483 | 231 |
| 779 | Cu | Cairo | 596 | 233 |
| 779 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 490 | 232 |
| 780 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 484 | 231 |
| 780 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 491 | 232 |
| 781 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 488 | 231 |
| 781 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 485 | 231 |
| 781 | Cu | Cairo | 497 | 234 |
| 781 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 492 | 232 |
| 781 | Cu | Damascus | 501 | 234 |
| 782 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 486 | 231 |
| 782 | Cu | Cairo | 498 | 234 |
| 782 | Cu | Damascus | 502 | 235 |
| 783 | Cu | Damascus | 503 | 235 |
| AL-ṢALIḤ ḤĀJJI II (1st reign) | ||||
| 783 | Cu | Alexandria | 522 | 243 |
| 783 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 510, 511, 512 | 238 |
| 783 | Cu | Cairo | 517, 519, 520 | 241, 242 |
| 783 | Cu | Damascus | 524 | 243 |
| 784 | Cu | Alexandria | 523 | 243 |
| 784 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 513 | 239 |
| 784 | Cu | Cairo | 518 | 241 |
| 784 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 514 | 239 |
| (2nd reign) | ||||
| 791 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 528 | 245 |
| 791 | Cu | Damascus | 532 | 246 |
| 792 | Cu | Damascus | 533 | 246 |
| BURJI (1st reign) | ||||
| 784 | Cu | Alexandria | 556 | 257 |
| 784 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 534 | 249 |
| 784 | Cu | Damascus | 558 | 257 |
| 784 | Ꜹ | Aleppo | 545 | 252 |
| 784 |
|
Aleppo | 552 | 255 |
| 785 | Cu | Alexandria | 557 | 257 |
| 785 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 535 | 249 |
| 785 | Cu | Cairo | 554 | 256 |
| 785 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 542 | 251 |
| 786 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 536 | 249 |
| 786 | Cu | Cairo | 555 | 256 |
| 786 | Cu | Damascus | 559 | 258 |
| 786 | Ꜹ | Aleppo | 546 | 252 |
| 786 | Cu | Aleppo | 563 | 259 |
| 787 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 537 | 249 |
| 787 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 543 | 251 |
| 787 | Cu | Damascus | 560 | 258 |
| 787 | Ꜹ | Aleppo | 547 | 252 |
| 788 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 540 | 250 |
| 788 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 538 | 250 |
| 788 | Ꜹ | Aleppo | 548 | 252 |
| 788 | Cu | Syria (?) | 564 | 259 |
| 789 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 539 | 250 |
| 789 |
|
Cairo | 551 | 254 |
| 789 | Cu | Syria (?) | 565 | 260 |
| 789 | Cu | Tripoli | 602 | 260 |
| 790 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 544 | 251 |
| 790 | Cu | Damascus | 561, 562 | 258, 259 |
| 790 | Ꜹ | Aleppo | 549 | 253 |
| 791 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 541 | 250 |
| 791 | Cu | Cairo | 555.a | 256 |
| (2nd reign) | ||||
| 792 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 566 | 260 |
| 792 | Cu | Cairo | 578 | 263 |
| 793 | Cu | Cairo | 579 | 264 |
| 793 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 572 | 261 |
| 793 | Ꜹ | Aleppo | 576 | 262 |
| 793 | Cu | Aleppo | 593 | 267 |
| 794 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 567 | 260 |
| 794 | Cu | Cairo | 580 | 264 |
| 795 | Cu | Cairo | 581 | 264 |
| 795 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 573 | 261 |
| 796 | Cu | Cairo | 582 | 264 |
| 796 | Cu | Damascus | 588 | 265 |
| 797 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 568 | 261 |
| 797 | Cu | Damascus | 589 | 266 |
| 798 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 569 | 261 |
| 798 | Cu | Cairo | 583 | 264 |
| 798 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 574 | 262 |
| 798 | Cu | Damascus | 590 | 266 |
| 798 | Ꜹ | Aleppo | 577 | 263 |
| 799 | Cu | Cairo | 584 | 264 |
| 799 | Cu | Damascus | 591 | 266 |
| 799 | Cu | ḤamĀh | 596 | 269 |
| 800 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 570 | 261 |
| 800 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 575 | 262 |
| 801 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 571 | 261 |
| FARAJ | ||||
| 801 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 613, 614 | 276, 277 |
| 801 | Cu | Damascus | 647 | 286 |
| 802 | Cu | Damascus | SS.4 | 397 |
| 802 | Cu | Aleppo | 653 | 288 |
| 803 | Cu | Alexandria | 645 | 285 |
| 803 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 615 | 277 |
| 803 | Cu | Damascus | 648 | 286 |
| 803 | Cu | Aleppo | 654 | 288 |
| 804 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 616, 624 | 277, 279 |
| 804 | Cu | Aleppo | 655 | 289 |
| 804 | Cu | Tripoli | 660 | 291 |
| 805 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 617, 625, 626 | 278, 279, 280 |
| 805 | Ꜹ | Missing | 638 | 283 |
| 806 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 618 | 278 |
| 806 | Cu | Damascus | 649 | 286 |
| 807 | Cu | Alexandria | 646 | 286 |
| 807 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 619 | 278 |
| 808 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 620 | 278 |
| 808 | Cu | Missing | 669 | 294 |
| 809 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 621 | 228 |
| 810 | Ꜹ | Alexandria, military port | 634 | 282 |
| 810 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 622, 623, 628 | 278, 279, 280 |
| 810 |
|
Damascus | 642 | 284 |
| 810 | Cu | Damascus | 650 | 287 |
| 810 | Ꜹ | No mint | 632 | 281 |
| 8xx |
|
Damascus | 643 | 284 |
| 8xx | Cu | Damascus | 651 | 287 |
| 812 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 629 | 281 |
| 813 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 630 | 281 |
| 814 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 631 | 281 |
| 814 | Ꜹ | No mint | 633 | 281 |
| AL-MUSTAʿĪN BIʾLLĀH | ||||
| 815 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 671 | 296 |
| 815 |
|
Cairo | 673 | 297 |
| 815 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 672 | 296 |
| 815 |
|
Damascus | 675, 676 | 296, 297 |
| AL-MUʾAYYAD SHAYKH | ||||
| 815 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 677 | 299 |
| 815 |
|
Cairo | 686 | 373 |
| 816 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 678 | 300 |
| 817 |
|
Cairo | 687, A-D | 303, 388 |
| 817 |
|
Damascus | 690 | 304 |
| 817 |
|
Aleppo | 694, T, U | 305, 392 |
| 818 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 682, 683 | 301 |
| 818 |
|
Cairo | 688, E, F | 304, 389 |
| 818 |
|
Damascus | 691, 692, N, O | 305, 391 |
| 818 |
|
Aleppo | 695. V, W | 306, 392, 393 |
| 819 |
|
Cairo | 689, G, H | 304, 389 |
| 819 |
|
Damascus | 693. P. Q | 305, 391 |
| 820 |
|
Cairo | I.J | 389, 390 |
| 820 |
|
Damascus | R | 391 |
| 821 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 679 | 300 |
| 821 |
|
Cairo | K, L | 390 |
| 823 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 684 | 302 |
| 823 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 680, 681 | 300, 301 |
| 824 | Ꜹ | Alexandria | 685 | 302 |
| AL-MUẒAFFRR AḤMAD | ||||
| 824 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 696 | 307 |
| 824 |
|
ḤamĀh | 697 | 307 |
| ṬAṬAR | ||||
| 824 |
|
No dated coins known | — | — |
| AL-ṢĀLIḤ MUḤAMMAD | ||||
| 824 |
|
No dated coins Known | — | — |
| BARSBĀY | ||||
| 825 |
|
Damascus | 717 | 314 |
| 827 |
|
Damascus | 718 | 315 |
| 827 |
|
ḤamĀh | 728 | 317 |
| 829 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 703. SS.5 | 312, 398 |
| 830 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 704, SS.6 | 312, 398 |
| 830 |
|
ḤamĀh | 729 | 317 |
| 831 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 705 | 302 |
| 832 |
|
Damascus | 720, 721 | 315 |
| 834 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 706 | 312 |
| 835 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 707 | 312 |
| 835 |
|
Damascus | 722 | 316 |
| 836 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 708 | 312 |
| 836 |
|
Damascus | 723 | 316 |
| 837 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 709 | 312 |
| 837 |
|
Damascus | 724 | 316 |
| 838 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 710 | 312 |
| 838 |
|
Aleppo | 726 | 317 |
| 839 |
|
Damascus | 725 | 316 |
| 839 |
|
Aleppo | 727 | 317 |
| 840 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 711 | 312 |
| 841 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 712 | 312 |
| AL-AʿZĪZ YŪSUF | ||||
| 841 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 732 | 319 |
| JAQMAQ | ||||
| 842 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 734 | 320 |
| 843 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 735 | 320 |
| 844 |
|
Cairo | 738 | 321 |
| 845 |
|
Cairo | 739 | 322 |
| 845 |
|
Damascus | 741, 746 | 322, 323 |
| 845 | Cu | Aleppo | 752 | 326 |
| 846 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 736 | 320 |
| 846 |
|
Cairo | 740 | 322 |
| 846 | Cu | Aleppo | 751 | 326 |
| 847 |
|
Damascus | 742 | 322 |
| 848 |
|
Damascus | 743 | 323 |
| 848? | Cu | Aleppo | 751 | 326 |
| (846)? | ||||
| 849 |
|
Aleppo | 744 | 323 |
| 849 |
|
Missing | 750 | 325 |
| 854 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 737 | 321 |
| AL-MANṢŪR ʿUTHMĀN | ||||
| 857 | Ꜹ | Missing | 756 | 328 |
| AYNĀL | ||||
| 85– | Cu | Cairo | SS.7 | 309 |
| 857 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 758 | 330 |
| 860 |
|
Damascus | 766 | 333 |
| 861 |
|
Cairo | 763 | 332 |
| 861 |
|
Damascus | 767 | 333 |
| 862 |
|
Cairo | 764 | 332 |
| 862 |
|
Damascus | 768 | 333 |
| 862 |
|
Aleppo | 770, 771 | 334 |
| 863 |
|
Cairo | 765 | 332 |
| 863 | Cu | Cairo | 774, SS.8 | 336, 399 |
| 863 | Ꜹ | Missing | 760 | 331 |
| 864 |
|
Cairo | 765.a | 332 |
| 864 | Cu | Cairo | 775 | 336 |
| AL-MUʾAYYAD AḤMAD | ||||
| 865 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 779, 780, 781 | 338, 339 |
| KHUSHQADAM | ||||
| 865 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 783 | 340 |
| 865 | Cu | Aleppo | 800 | 345 |
| 866 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 784 | 340 |
| 866 |
|
Cairo | 790 | 342 |
| 866 |
|
Missing | 793 | 343 |
| 867 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 785 | 340 |
| 868 |
|
Cairo | 791 | 342 |
| TEMIRBUGHĀ | ||||
| 872 | Ꜹ | Missing | 802, 803 | 346 |
| QĀʾITBĀY | ||||
| 879 | Ꜹ | Aleppo | 809 ref. | 349 |
| 881 |
|
Aleppo | 824 | 354 |
| 886 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 810 ref., 811 ref. | 350 |
| 886 |
|
Cairo | 817 | 351 |
| 886 | Cu | Cairo | 833, 834 | 356 |
| 886 |
|
No mint | 820 | 352 |
| 887 |
|
Cairo | 818 | 352 |
| 889 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 810 ref. | 350 |
| 891 | Cu | Cairo | 838 | 357 |
| 891 | Cu | No mint | 840 | 358 |
| 892 | Ꜹ | Aleppo | 809 ref. | 349 |
| 896 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 814 | 351 |
| 897 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 812 ref. | 350 |
| AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD b. QĀʾITBĀY | ||||
| 902 |
|
Cairo | 849 | 362 |
| 902 | Cu | Cairo | 859 | 365 |
| 902 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 848 | 362 |
| 902 |
|
Missing | SS.10 | 401 |
| AL-ẒĀHIR QANṢŪH | ||||
| 904 |
|
Missing | SS.11 | 402 |
| AL-ʿĀDIL ṬUMĀNBĀY | ||||
| 906 | Ꜹ | Missing | 866 | 370 |
| QĀNṢŪH AL-GHŪRI | ||||
| 907 | Cu | Missing | 902 | 381 |
| 908; written 905, but must be | Ꜹ | No mint | 870 | 372 |
| 909 | Cu | Cairo | 893 | 378 |
| 909 | Ꜹ | No mint | 871 | 372 |
| 910 | Ꜹ | No mint | 872 | 372 |
| 911 | Ꜹ | No mint | 873 | 372 |
| 913 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 875 | 373 |
| 914 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 876 | 373 |
| 915 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 877 | 374 |
| 916 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 878 | 374 |
| 917 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 879 | 374 |
| 917 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 883 | 375 |
| 918 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 880 | 374 |
| 918 | Br | Cairo | 895 | 378 |
| 918 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 884 | 375 |
| 919 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 881 | 374 |
| 919 | Ꜹ | Damascus | 885 | 375 |
| 920 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 882 | 374 |
| 922 | Br | Missing | 896 | 379 |
| AL-ASHRAF ṬUMĀNBĀY | ||||
| 922 | Ꜹ | Cairo | 904 | 383 |
) 18, 114–115, 117–119, 123, 126, 127, 129, 130, 135–139, 144, 177, 188, 189, 211, 231, 255, 260–263, 297, 299
SHAJAR AL-DURR 648 H.
AL-ASHRAF ABU AL-FATḤ MŪSÂ 649–650 H.
AL-MU'IZZ 'ZZ AL-DĪN AYBAK 648–655 H.
AL-MANṢŪR NŪR AL-DĪN 'ALL 655–657 H.
AL-MANṢŪR NŪR AL-DĪN 'ALL 655–657 H.
AL-MUẒAFFAR SAYE AL-DĪN QUṬUZ 657–658 H.
AL-ẒĀHIR RUKN AL-DĪN BAYBARS I 658–676 H.
AL-ẒĀHIR RUKN AL-DĪN BAYBARS I 658–676 H.
AL-ẒĀHIR RUKN AL-DĪN BAYBARS I 658–676 H.
AL-SA'ĪD NĀŞIR AL-DĪN BARAKA QĀN 676–678 H.
AL-SA'ĪD NĀŞIR AL-DĪN BARAKA QĀN 676–678 H.
AL-ĀDIL BADR AL-DĪN SALĀMISH 678 H.
AL-MANṢŪR SAYF AL-DĪN QALĀ'ŪN 678–689 H.
AL-ASHRAF ṢALĀḤ AL-DĪ KHALĪL 689–693 H.
AL-'ĀDIL ZAYN AL-DĪN KITBUGHĀ 694–696 H.
AL-MANṢŪR ḤUSĀM AL-DĪN LĀJĪN 696–698 H.
AL-MANṢŪR ḤUSĀM AL-DĪN LĀJĪN 696–698 H.
AL-NĀṢIR NĀṢIR AL-DĪN MUḤAMMAD (SECOND REIGN) 698–708 H.
AL-MUẒAFFAR RUKN AL-DĪN BAYBARS II 708–709 H.
AL-NĀṢIR NĀṢIR AL-DĪN MUḤAMMAD (THIRD REIGN) 709–741 H.
AL-NĀṢIR NĀṢIR AL-DĪN MUḤAMMAD (THIRD REIGN) 709–741 H.
AL-NĀṢIR NĀṢIR AL-DĪN MUḤAMMAD (THIRD REIGN) 709–741 H.
AL-NĀṢIR NĀSIR AL-DĪN MUḤAMMAD (THIRD REIGN) 709–741 H.
AL-NĀṢIR NĀSIR AL-DĪN MUḤAMMAD (THIRD REIGN) 709–741 H.
AL-MANṢŪR SAYF AL-DĪN ABU BAKR 741-742 H.
AL-NĀṢIR SHIHĀB AL-DĪN AḤMAD 742-743 H.
AL-ṢĀLIḤ 'IMĀD AL-DĪN ISMĀ'ĪL 743-746 H.
AL-ṢĀLIḤ 'IMĀD AL-DĪN ISMĀ'ĪL 743-746 H.
AL-KĀMIL SAYF AL-DĪN SHA'BĀN I 746-747 H.
AL-MUẒAFFAR SAYF AL-DĪN ḤĀJJI 747-748 H.
AL-NĀṢIR NĀṢIR AL-DĪN ḤASAN (FIRST REIGN) 748-752 H.
AL-ṢĀLIḤ ṢALĀḤ AL-DĪN ṢĀLIḤ 752-755 H.
AL-NĀṢIR NĀṢIR AL-DĪN ḤASAN (SECOND REIGN) 755-762 H.
AL-MANṢŪR ṢALĀḤ AL-DĪN MUḤAMMAD 762-764 H.
AL-MANṢŪR ṢALĀḤ AL-DĪN MUḤAMMAD 762-764 H.
AL-ASHRAF NĀṢIR AL-DĪN SHA'BĀN II 764-778 H.
AL-ASHRAF NĀṢIR AL-DĪN SHA'BĀN II 764-778 H.
AL-ASHRAF NĀṢIR AL-DĪN SHA'BĀN II 764-778 H.
AL-ASHRAF NĀṢIR AL-DĪN SHA'BĀN II 764-778 H.
AL-MANṢŪR 'ALĀ AL-DĪN 'ALI 778-783 H.
AL-MANṢŪR 'ALĀ AL-DĪN 'ALI 778-783 H.
AL-MANṢŪR 'ALĀ AL-DĪN 'ALI 778-783 H.
AL-ṢĀLIḤ ṢALĀḤ AL-DĪN ḤĀJJI II (FIRST REIGN) 783-784 H.
AL-ṢĀLIḤ ṢALĀḤ AL-DĪN ḤĀJJI II (FIRST REIGN) 783-784 H.
AL-ṢĀLIḤ ṢALĀḤ AL-DĪN ḤĀJJI II (SECOND REIGN) 791-792 H.
AL-ẒĀHIR SAYF AL-DĪN BARQŪQ (FIRST REIGN) 784-791 H.
AL-ẒĀHIR SAYF AL-DĪN BARQŪQ (FIRST REIGN) 784-791 H.
AL-ẒĀHIR SAYF AL-DĪN BARQŪQ (SECOND REIGN) 792-801 H.
AL-ẒĀHIR SAYF AL-DĪN BARQŪQ (SECOND REIGN) 792-801 H.
AL-ẒĀHIR SAYF AL-DĪN BARQŪQ (SECOND REIGN) 792-801 H.
AL-ẒĀHIR SAYF AL-DĪN BARQŪQ (SECOND REIGN) 792–801 H.
AL-NĀṢIR ABU AL-SA'ĀDĀT FARAJ 801-808, 809-815 H.
AL-NĀṢIR ABU AL-SA'ĀDĀT FARAJ 801–808, 809–815 H.
AL-NĀṢIR ABU AL-SA'ĀDĀT FARAJ 801–808, 809–815 H.
AL-NĀṢIR ABU AL-SA'ĀDĀT FARAJ 801–808, 809–815 H.
AL-MUSTA'ĪN BI'LLĀH ABU AL-FAḌL 'ABBĀS 815 H.
AL-MU'AYYAD ABU AL-NAṢR SHAYKH 815–824 H.
AL-MU'AYYAD ABU AL-NAṢR SHAYKH 815–824 H.
AL-MUẒAFFAR SHIHĀB AL-DĪN AḤMAD 824 H.
AL-ṢĀLIḤ NĀṢIR AL-DĪN MUḤAMMAD 824–825 H.
AL-ASHRAF SAYF AL-DĪN BARSBĀY 825–841 H.
AL-ASHRAF SAYF AL-DĪN BARSBĀY 825–841 H.
AL-'AZĪZ JAMĀL AL-DĪN YŪSUF 841–842 H.
AL-ẒĀHIR SAYF AL-DĪN JAQMAQ 842–857 H.
AL-ẒĀHIR SAYF AL-DĪN JAQMAQ 842–857 H.
AL-MANṢŪR FAKHR AL-DĪN 'UTHMĀN 857 H.
AL-ASHRAF SAYF AL-DĪN AYNĀL 857–865 H.
AL-ASHRAF SAYF AL-DĪN AYNĀL 857–865 H.
AL-MU'AYYAD SHIHĀB AL-DĪN AḤMAD 865 H.
AL-ẒĀHIR SAYF AL-DĪN KHUSHQADAM 865–872 H.
AL-ẒĀHIR ABU SA'ĪD TEMIRBUGHĀ 872–873 H.
AL-ẒĀHIR ABU SA'ĪD TEMIRBUGHĀ 872–873 H.
AL-ASHRAF SAYF AL-DĪN QĀ'ITBĀY 873–901 H.
AL-ASHRAF SAYF AL-DĪN QĀ'ITBĀY 873–901 H.
AL-NĀṢIR NĀṢIR AL-DĪN MUḤAMMAD 901-904 H.
AL-ẒĀHIR ABU SA'ĪD QĀNṢŪH 904–905 H.
AL-ASHRAF ABU AL-NAṢR JĀNBALĀṬ 905–906 H.
AL-'ĀDIL SAYF AL-DĪN ṬUMĀNBĀY 906 H.
AL-ASHRAF QĀNṢŪH AL-GHŪRI 906–922 H.
AL-ASHRAF QĀNṢŪH AL-GHŪRI 906–922 H.
AL-ASHRAF QĀNṢŪH AL-GHŪRI 906–922 H.
AL-ASHRAF ṬUMĀNBĀY 922 H.
UNCERTAIN
ADDITIONS
AL-MU'AYYAD ABU AL-NAṢR SHAYKH 815–824 H. SUPPLEMENT
AL-MU'AYYAD ABU AL-NAṢR SHAYKH 815–824 H. SUPPLEMENT
SECOND SUPPLEMENT
A. AL-NĀṢIR AḤMAD
B. AL-ṢĀLIḤ ṢĀLIḤ
C, D. BARSBĀY
E. KHUSHQADAM
F, G. AL-NĀṢIR MUḤAMMAD
H. AL-ẒĀHIR QĀNṢŪH
