1. Alexander III. Ca. 310–300 B.C. Susa. Bronze.
Head of Herakles, r., wearing elephant skin.
Nike standing, holding wreath. At l., head of horned horse; at r.,
AΛ;EΞANΔPOY
I–2–1564 Æ 17, 6.13.
Plate I
Cf. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum, Macedonia, Part II (Copenhagen, 1943), no. 1065. For the horned horse symbol see E. T. Newell, The Coinage of the Eastern Seleucid Mints (ANS Numismatic Studies, No. 1, New York, 1938), pl. XXII.
Of the 15 coins of Persis ten (nos. 3–12) were found in one spot, GI 09, and form a definitely related group. The others were scattered finds. The chronological arrangement below is based largely on G. F. Hill's attributions in B. M. Arabia etc. Hill's preface, pp. clx–clxxxii, summarizes all the earlier literature and especially Col. Allotte de la Fuÿe's important article in Corolla Numismatica, pp. 63–97. References also are made to de Morgan and to de Morgan, Manuel. G. F. Hill's The Coinage of the Ancient Persians in Survey of Persian Art (1938), I, pp. 402–403, IV, pl. 126, is brief and does not illustrate or discuss specifically the types represented here.
2. Pakur, son of Oxathres? Ca. 1st c. A.D. Obol.
Bust of king, 1., bearded; thick back hair; wearing diadem, torque and robe.
Triskeles. Around, illegible inscription.
Plate I
Cf. B. M. Arabia etc., p. 229, no. 3, pl. XXXV, 3; de Morgan, p. 410, nos. 47, 48, pl. XXXII, 7, 8.
This coin belongs to Hill's Fourth Series, which he dates from the 1st century after Christ to about 224 A.D.; Oxathres is assigned by him to the 1st c. B.C. De Morgan (Manuel, p. 271) places Piruz I (= Pakur?) immediately after Oxathres (perhaps Gocithres of Isidore of Charax), and he dates the latter ca. 57–38 B.C.
3. Pakur? Ca. 1st c. A.D. Drachm.
Bust of king, 1., bearded; thick back hair; wearing diadem, torque and robe with fringe of vertical stripes. Behind head, legend:
As obverse, but legend, if any, effaced.
Plate I
This type (and cf. nos. 4–14, below) appears to be unpublished. The closest parallel perhaps is B. M. Arabia etc., p. 229, no. 4, pl. XLVIII, 17. Cf. also de Morgan, pp. 410 to 411, nos. 49–50, pl. XXXII, 9–12, assigned to Piruz II, the second ruler after Oxathres (de Morgan, Manuel, p. 271). The inscription is undeciphered.
4-7. Pakur? Ca. 1st c. A.D. Hemidrachm.
Similar in style to no. 3, but of crude fabric, slightly scyphate, details obscure. No recognizable legends, except possible traces on no. 5.
I–1–911b, c, d, e 22, 21, 21, 23; 1.60, 1.00, 1.60, 1.25.
Plate I
Cf. no. 3, above, and B. M. Arabia etc., p. 230, nos. 7–9, pl. XXXV, 5–6.
8-12. Pakur? Ca. 1st c. A.D. Obol.
Similar in style to nos. 4–7. No legends remain.
I–1–911f, g, h, i, j 14, 14, 13, 14; 0.40, 0.50, 0.45, 0.70 (j is a small fragment).
Plate I
Cf. nos. 3–7, above, and B. M. Arabia etc., p. 230, nos. 10–11, pl. XXXV, 7–8.
13. Pakur? Ca. 1st c. A.D. Drachm.
In general similar to nos. 3–12, but of somewhat superior fabric and evidently a different issue. On both obverse and reverse, behind the head, traces of legend. In front of chin, both obverse and reverse, letter Δ or A. Note fringe of robe, similar to no. 3.
Plate I
14. Kapat or Napat? Ca. late 1st c. A.D. Obol.
Bust of king, l., bearded; wearing tiara with neck piece.
Crude bust, l., bearded; wearing diadem. Around, traces of legend or simulated legend.
Plate I
Cf. B. M. Arabia etc., pp. 233–234, nos. 12–20 (hemidrachms), pl. XXXV, 20–25, and pl. XXXVI, 1–2 (obverse of the hemi-obol, p. 234, no. 21, pl. XXXVI, 3, is different); cf. also de Morgan, p. 412, pl. XXXIII, 1–13 (Napat, or de Morgan, Manuel, 4th king after Oxathres).
15. Uncertain. 1st or 2nd c. A.D. Hemidrachm?
Bust of king, l., with short beard; wearing tiara with 3 rows of pellets and symbol ; diadem, torque and robe; behind head, triskeles.
"Formal representation of a double diadem with ties" (B.M.); around, bottoms of letters of legend(?).
Plate I
Cf. B. M. Arabia etc., pp. 237–238, nos. 3–15, pl. XXXVI, 14–19, pl. XLVIII, 15; de Morgan, pp. 413–414, pl. XXXII, 22–26; de Morgan, Manuel, p. 284. These coins, related to the Kapat series, are attributed by de Morgan to "Prince Y," some time between ca. 38 B.C. and 200 A.D. De Morgan describes the reverse type as "figuration barbare du pyrée (?)."
16. Artaxerxes V of Persis = the Sasanian Artaxerxes I? Ca. 210–226 A.D.? Bronze.
Effaced.
Simple fire-altar with 2 steps, column, broad circular or rectangular basin, and flames. At r. and l., T-shaped stools or supports. Border of dots.
I–1–897 Æ 17, 2.00.
Plate I
Cf. de Morgan, pp. 418–419, pl. XXXIV, 24?; de Morgan, Manuel, p. 288, fig. 372.
17. Phraates, son of Orodes. Early 2nd c. A.D. Bronze. Obscure and largely effaced.
I–2–1894 Æ 14.
Cf. B. M. Arabia etc., type Ac, 2, p. 278, nos. 58ff., pl. XLI, 26.
18-19. Obscure and largely effaced bronze, possibly Elymais; no. 19 has facing bust.
I–2–1788a Æ 14.
1974a Æ 14, 2.16.
Plate I
20. Bahram III. Ca. 293 A.D. Dirhem.
Bust of king, r., wearing moustache, curly beard, hair in flowing curls; crown surmounted by globe (countermarked with monogram?); diadem, earring and necklace. Border of dots. Around (beginning at 11:30 o'clock and running counter-clockwise):
Flaming altar with 3 plinths; ribbon, r. and l.; figure at either side facing altar, the one on l. wearing globe and holding sword(?), the one on r. wearing mural crown and holding staff. Legends: at r. , at l. Border of dots.
Plate I
It has been customary of late to follow Vasmer and Herzfeld 19 in attributing the rare coins with crowns of this type to Narseh (first type) and to accept the argument that Bahram III struck no coins at all. A recent publication, however,20 persuades me that the older attribution probably is correct, and I have therefore assigned the present specimen to Bahram III. One distinctive feature here is to be noticed: the streamers usually present at the base of the globe surmounting the crown21 are definitely lacking.
21. Khosrau I. Year 27 or 28 = 558 or 559 A.D. Nihāvand. Dirhem.
Plate I
22. Khosrau II. 590–628 A.D. Ardashīr-Khurrah. Bronze.
Usual type of Khosrau II's silver, but in bronze. Reverse, at r.:
I–1–243b Æ 16.
23. Khosrau II. Ardashīr-Khurrah. Bronze.
Resembles no. 22, but reverse, at r.:
I–1–339 Æ 17.
Plate II
24-28. Khosrau II. Mints and dates, if any, not preserved. Bronze.
Obscure coins with portrait resemblance and fragments of name legend.
I–1–325, 370, 635, 882, 918 (11–18mm.).
29. Khosrau II (probably). Iṣṭakhr. Bronze.
Obscure and crude obverse and reverse resembling Khosrau II type. Reverse, at r., . Obverse and reverse enclosed by double or triple beaded borders.
I–1–220 Æ 17.
30. Khosrau II (probably). Iṣṭakhr (?). Bronze.
Similar to no. 29, but mint signature obscure.
I–1–941 Æ 15.
Plate II
31-87. Unidentifiable Sasanian bronzes. 6th-early 7th c.
57 obscure and largely effaced coins, mostly not exceeding 17mm. in diameter.
See the Inventory for the field numbers of these coins.
19 |
R. Vasmer, "Sassanian Coins in the Hermitage," NC 1928, pp. 297–308; Ernst Herzfeld, Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran
, IX, 2 (1938), p. 112; idem, Kushano-Sasanian Coins (Calcutta, 1930), p. 7; cf. K. Erdmann, "Die Entwicklung der Sāsānidischen Krone," Ars Islamica XV–XVI (1951), p. 98; Göbl, pp. 105–106. Paruck objected to this
view (RN 1930, pp. 1–6), and so also evidently R. Ghirshman in a private communication to
Göbl (op. cit., p. 106).
|
20 |
Samuel Eilenberg, "A Sasanian silver Medallion of Varhrān III," Ars Orientalis II (1957),
pp. 487–488.
|
21 |
Cf. Paruck, pl. VIII, 161–164. Two specimens in Bartholomaei's collection (ibid., pl. V, 2
and 4) appear to lack these streamers, but one cannot tell whether they are actually lacking or whether the specimens were
worn at this
point and not visible to the plate engraver.
|
88-101. Unidentifiable Sasanian or Arab-Sasanian bronzes. 6th–7th c.
14 obscure and largely effaced coins showing traces of usual late Sasanian types; some with possible mint signature, one (I–2–1785d) with possible (Bishāpūr) mint signature. Diameters: 16–22mm.
See the Inventory for the field numbers of these coins.
102. 'Umar b. 'Ubaydullāh. 68 H. = 687/8 A.D. TART = Ardashīr-Khurrah. Dirhem.
Usual bust. At r., name: Star l. and r. of crown. In margin: لله الحمد
Usual fire-altar and attendants; star l., crescent r. At r., mint signature: . At l., date:
I–2–1732 31 (two sectors lacking).
Plate II
Unpublished, but cf. B. M. Arab-Sasanian , pp. 98–99, Ardashīr-Khurrah (normal spelling ART), 68, 69 and 70 H. Walker (B. M. Arab-Sasanian , p. cxxx) suggests that TART is the same as ART, "with an added prefix of uncertain value." The provenance of the present specimen is a small piece of evidence in support of this reasonable attribution. To Walker's list of individuals issuing coins at this mint should now be added Qaṭari b. al-Fujā'ah (Miles, Museum Notes VII, p. 203, no. 42) and 'Umar b. 'Ubaydullāh. For some comment on the town of Ardashīr-Khurrah, see nos. 317–318, below.
103-107. 22 The same. 67 H. = 686/7 A.D. BIŠ = Bishāpūr. Dirhem.
Similar to B. M. Arab-Sasanian , p. 99, no. 194, but without countermarks and لله correct. Mint signature is Walker's no. 12b (which also B. M. no. 194 has, although the catalogue gives no. 12). Star l., crescent r. of flames.
Plate II
928/2 32, 3.47 (frg. lacking).
928/3 32, 3.27 (frg. lacking).
928/5 31, 2.20 (frgs. lacking).
108-108a. The same. 68 H. = 687/8 A.D. BIŠ = Bishāpūr. Dirhem.
Similar to B. M. Arab-Sasanian , p. 99, no. 195, but mint signature is no. 12b.
Plate II
Plate II
109-134. The same. 70 H. = 689/90 A.D. BIŠ = Bishāpūr. Dirhem.
Similar to B. M. Arab-Sasanian , p. 100, no. 198, but without countermarks. Mint signature no. 12b. Star l., crescent r. of flames.
Plate II
928/9 31, 3.50 (frg. lacking).
928/10 32, 2.28 (large frg. lacking).
928/11 30, 3.24 (frgs. lacking).
Plate II
Plate III
928/19 32, 3.27 (large frg. lacking).
928/20 31, 2.68 (frg. lacking).
928/21 30, 3.16 (frgs. lacking).
928/22 31, 3.30 (frgs. lacking).
928/23 32, 3.35 (frgs. lacking).
928/24 30, 2.27 (frg. lacking).
928/25 31, 3.02 (frg. lacking).
928/27 31, 3.35 (frg. lacking).
22 |
The find-spot of nos. 103–134 has been described on p. 8.
|
135. 'Abdullāh b. Zubayr? Ca. 63–72 H. = ca. 682–692 A.D. Iṣṭakhr. Bronze.
Bust, r., of Khosrau II type. At r.: Double beaded border. Only 1st quarter of margin preserved.
Usual fire-altar and attendants. At l.: coin lacking. At r.: . Double beaded border. Only 1st quarter of margin preserved.
I–2–1790 Æ 27 (very fragmentary).
Plate III
This coin appears to be an issue in bronze of the dirhem type bearing 'Abdullāh's name accompanied by the Pahlevi equivalent of amīr al-mu'minīn.23
136. 'Ubaydullāh b. Ziyād. 6X H. = 679–687 A.D. Iṣṭakhr. Bronze.
Similar to the dirhems of this governor. Date:
I–2–1653 Æ 22.
Plate III
The British Museum has a bronze of 'Ubaydullāh b. Ziyād, also struck at Iṣṭakhr, date 59 H. (?).24 The flan of the latter specimen is somewhat larger, but the dies are of the same size as those with which the present coin was struck.
137. Al-Muhallab b. abi-Ṣufrah (?). Ca. 75–78 H. (?) = ca. 694–697 A.D. (?). Iṣṭakhr. Bronze.
Bust, r., somewhat resembling that of Khosrau II. At l.: . At r.: MUHLUP (Muhallab?). Beaded border, interrupted by winged headdress. In margin: at bottom and left (?). Traces of legend in 1st and 2nd quarters.
The space in the center may be occupied by a second line of inscription, or perhaps the coin should be turned 90 degrees and the center taken as an altar, without attendants.
I–2–1727 Æ 20.
Plate III
The attribution is uncertain, but the name almost certainly is MUHLU (or A) P. Cf. the dirhems of al-Muhallab b. abi-Ṣufrah in B. M. Arab-Sasanian , pp. 113–116.
138-141. Al-Muhallab b. abi-Ṣufrah (?). Ca. 75–78 H. (?) = ca. 694–697 A.D. (?). Iṣṭakhr. Bronze.
Facing bust, bearded, robed, wearing kūfiyah. At l.: ? At r.: MUHALIP (- I). Beaded border.
Facing bust, wearing radiant or flaming headdress; ribbons, upward, at either side. At l.: (?) (AFZUT?); at r.: (ST). Beaded border.
I–1–149 Æ 16.
Plate III
885 Æ 17 (rev. effaced).
Plate III
I–2–1728 Æ 15.
Plate III
1735 Æ 17.
The best preserved obverse is I–2–1728; the reverse bust and especially the mint signature are well preserved on I–1–149; the obverse of I–1–885 is almost totally effaced.
These extraordinary coins are unpublished, but there is a certain amount of related or comparative material that it would be well to assemble here. The obverse bust bears a close resemblance to the head of the sword-girt Caliph on Arab-Byzantine coins.25 Admittedly the hair here appears to be uncovered, but doubtless, as with the Arab-Byzantine coins, the kūfiyah is intended.26 ybrid Arab-Byzantine-Sasanian coins are not unknown (see the publications of Unvala,27 Walker,28 and cf. no. 143, below), but this appears to be the first occurrence of a bust of this type.
As for the reverse, there can be no doubt that this bust is derived from that on certain coins of Khosrau II, the bust with the flaming nimbus which Herzfeld identified as that of the Xvarāsān Xvarrah (Khurāsān Khurrah), "gloria orientis,"29 and which also occurs on certain Hephthalite and related coins.30 A similar bust appears on some small bronze coins found in the French excavations at Shāpūr, which Ghirshman has attributed to Khosrau II, allegedly bearing the dates 16, 20 and 34.31 The obverse of these coins bears a bust with what appears to be a semi-conventional Sasanian headdress, but I should imagine that it is not out of the question that a close examination of better preserved specimens of this type might reveal some characteristics sug- gesting a post-Sasanian attribution. In any case it is interesting to note that there is at least a precedent, if not a parallel, for the use of the reverse bust with the flaming nimbus on small bronze coins found not far from Iṣṭakhr and undoubtedly of local origin. From the same site comes another remarkably interesting bronze,32 which Ghirshman attributes to Ziyād b. abi-Sufyān, bearing on the obverse a bust of Sasanian type but with a peculiar and distinctive headdress, and on the reverse a facing bust, "coiffée d'une haute tiare." The name Ziyād appears in Pahlevi on the obverse, and Ghirshman's supposition that this is Ziyād b. abi-Sufyān is doubtless correct. On the reverse there are two legends, which Ghirshman reads šaš panča (56) and "Bassorah?." In the plate I believe I can see SIHPNJA (53); but the mint signature I cannot read, unless perhaps it is BIŠ for Bishāpūr, which, in view of the fact that the coin is bronze and therefore in all probability of local origin, would be more likely than Baṣrah. If the date is indeed 53, it would well suit Ziyād, who struck dirhems at Bishāpūr in 50, 51, 52, 53 and 54.33 But irrespective of the legends the chief point of interest is the curious facing bust of the reverse which, as Ghirshman points out, doubtless derives from the type of the divinity with the flaming nimbus. Also probably of the same derivation are nos. 160–161, below.
One other bronze issue undoubtedly struck in Fārs and exhibiting an obverse certainly related to the reverse of the coins under discussion should be mentioned in this connection. Herzfeld 34 writes: "In Alt-Shīrāz sind kleine kupferne obolen gefunden, aus der Zeit Khusraus II oder seiner nachfolger, wo auf der Vs. ein roh gezeichneter männlicher kopf mit dem wie gesträubte haare aussehenden flammennimbus des feuergottes erscheint, mit beischrift Dārāb oder Dārāy, bei keiner geschichtlichen figur der zeit bekannter name; auf der Rs. ein menschenköpfiger buckelochse mit der krone Khusraus II, in ihrer letzten form, und beischrift āžāδ-bušaspān oder -būsaspān, der mittelpers. form des medischen gušnasp, gušasp, also wahrscheinlich ein satrapenname: Dārāb S. d. Āzādhbushasp, während die bilder den Feuergott Ādhur und das Gushnasp-feuer allegorisieren." I have seen photographs of the reverse of these coins, but not of the obverse. There is, of course, no evidence that this issue is to be dated after the Arab conquest, but at least we have here another example of the divinity with flaming headdress in south-west Persia.
142. 'Abd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. al-Ash'ath(?). Ca. 80–85 H. = ca. 699–704 A.D. Iṣṭakhr. Bronze.
Bust, r., resembling that of Khosrau II. At l., downward, in Kufic: [العز[ة لله At r., downward, in Kufic: منصور. Beaded border, interrupted by headdress.
Beaded border.
I–1–927 Æ 21.
Plate III
Similar to Allotte de la Fuÿe, p. 75, fig. 5 = Unvala, NC 1937, p. 294, no. 29 = B. M. Arab-Sasanian , p. 173. Unvala read "......dāt-pēroč i mansūr (?)," suggesting the name of a governor with that of his father and grandfather. The present specimen adds for the first line and the mint name for the last; it confirms Manṣūr for the 4th, and suggests AUMR... for the 2nd. Unvala's "Dātpērōč, son of Manṣūr," certainly does not seem very likely.
It would appear to me that there is little doubt that this interesting coin is related to dirhems of 'Abd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad struck at Bishāpūr in 81 H.,35 where the word manṣūr occurs both in Pahlevi and Kufic as it does here. I have therefore tentatively assigned the coin to this famous revolutionary. For other issues of his, see B. M. Arab-Sasanian , p. 117, nos. I.50 and Mar. 3.
143. 'Abd al-Raḥman b. Muḥammad b. al-Ash'ath(?). Ca. 80–85 H. = ca. 699–704 A.D. Iṣṭakhr. Bronze.
Bust, r., resembling that of Khosrau II. Legends at l. largely obliterated, probably (GDH). At r., downward, in Pahlevi: ... Margin: effaced except at l. Dotted border, interrupted by winged head-dress.
Standing figure of Caliph, hands upraised in prayer. Sword in sheath diagonally across body, with handle at the figure's right. Hair arranged in curled locks at either side of head. At l., downward, in Pahlevi: . At r., downward, in Pahlevi: . Wide margin, blank. Figure and legends enclosed by dotted circle.
I–1–143 Æ 23, 3.58.
Plate III
Unfortunately the name on the obverse of this unpublished coin is incompletely preserved, but I propose to read it as MNSU [R]; therefore relating it to no. 142 and again suggesting Ibn al-Ash'ath as the issuer. The reverse is extraordinary but not without parallel: the standing figure of the Caliph "orans," in inspiration a Byzantine type, occurs on several Arab-Sasanian coins. In bronze we have a specimen struck at Susa (Shūsh), with a Pahlevi inscription on the obverse and a purely Arabic epigraphical reverse, which Unvala read, probably correctly, as بسم لله | سنة اربع|و ثمنين (i.e., 84 H.).36 In silver there are several specimens of Bishr b. Marwān with three standing figures on the reverse, the central one facing and with hands upraised.37 It is remarkable, however, that on neither of these types is the Caliph sword-girt as he is here: in the present specimen there is a closer affinity with the common standing Caliph Arab-Byzantine type and with the rare Arab-Sasanian imitations of the year 75 H.38 The headdress, however, is quite distinctive: the top of the head appears to be covered with a cap, while the side hair (or is it a part of the covering?) is arranged in large volutes or buns.
As for the reverse Pahlevi legends, the second letter of the mint signature is unfortunately largely missing where the surface of the coin has flaked off, but enough of it is preserved to indicate that probably without any doubt the letter is a T, and therefore the mint is Iṣṭakhr. The word at the left is identical with the word at the left of the "Pegasus" on a fals of Shūsh,39 which Unvala read farroxvīh, "bonheur, auspiciousness,"40 and is perhaps related to a word which occurs in the margin of several dirhems: 'Ubaydullāh b. Ziyād at Kirmān,41 and with a different ending, al-Muhallab b. abi-Ṣufrah at Ardashīr-Khurrah,42 and al-Ḥajjāj b. Yūsuf at Bishāpūr.43
144. Unidentified governor. Ca. 60–90 H. = ca. 679–709 A.D. Iṣṭakhr. Bronze.
Bust, r., type of Khosrau II. At l.: ? At r.: . Beaded border. In margin preserved at r. In 2nd quarter:بسم الله.
Crude fire-altar and attendants. At l.: ... At r.: ... Beaded border. In margin preserved at bottom.
I–2–1579 Æ 15.
Plate III
The only known governor whose name begins with "T" who struck dirhems of Arab-Sasanian type was Ṭalḥah b. 'Abdullāh; but I cannot recognize this name here.
145. Unidentified governor or anonymous. Ca. 60–90 H. = 679–709 A.D. Iṣṭakhr. Bronze.
Crude bust, r., type of Khosrau II. No legends visible. Border of dots. In margin preserved at r. and below.
Fire-altar with very crudely executed attendants at each side. At l.: . At r.: ∵. Border of dots. In margin: four times. In 1st quarter: possibly for واف.
I–2–1596 Æ 19.
146-147. Unidentified governor or anonymous. Ca. 60–90 H. = ca. 679–709 A.D. Iṣṭakhr. Bronze.
Traces of bust, r. (?). At l.: ? At r.: traces of Pahlevi legend. Single beaded border.
Possible fire-altar and attendants, obliterated by fragmentary state of coin and adhering bit of oxide. Above altar (?): . At l., downward, .. . At r.: STKHR. Single beaded border.
I–1–63a Æ 17.
Plate III
166 Æ 17.
This issue is assigned to the Arab period for two reasons. The cross on the reverse doubtless came into the repertory of Arab-Sasanian coinage through the influence of the Arab-Byzantine. For parallels see Walker, Coins from Susa , and a specimen from Naqsh-i Rustam, no. 54, p. 101, below. The latter coin, as well as the present issue, exhibits another characteristic that indicates a post-conquest dating: the remarkable fact that the mint name is written out in full.
148-149. Anonymous. Ca. 80–100 H. = ca. 699–719 A.D. Iṣṭakhr. Bronze.
Bust, l., resembling that of Khosrau II; crown extends into margin and interrupts border. At l., downward and retrograde, in Pahlevi: (for RVBAK = ravāk, "current"). No legend at r.? Linear border.
لا اله الا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
Beaded border.
I–2–1578 Æ 21.
Plate III
1991 Æ 18.
Plate III
No. 149 shows traces only of the obverse legend, and the mint signature on the reverse is effaced. It will be noted that the entire obverse is retrograde (not only the Pahlevi legend), for the bust faces left, the opposite of the universal Sasanian numismatic custom. For the word ravāk, see NHR, p. 11, and for other occurrences cf. Unvala, NC 1937, passim, and Walker, Coins from Susa , pp. 236, 240 and 241. I have extended the probable terminal date of these issues to 100 H. because of the developed reverse post-reform legends.
150. Anonymous. Ca. 80–110 H. = ca. 699–729 A.D. Iṣṭakhr? Bronze.
Obscure bust? No legend preserved.
لا اله الا
الله وحده لا
..... شريك
.....
I–1–938a Æ 20.
This very badly preserved and obscure coin is attributed to Iṣṭakhr by analogy with no. 148.
23 |
Cf. B. M. Arab-Sasanian
, pp. 33 ff. Note that there are Iṣṭakhr dirhems of 63 (?) — there are two probably of this date in the
Yale University collection — and 66 H.
|
24 |
B. M. Arab-Sasanian
, p. 73, no. 108.
|
25 |
B. M. Arab-Byzantine>, pp. 22–43, plates VI–VIII. Walker
dates those without the Caliph's name or title to ca. 670–685 (50–66 H.), those with titles to ca. 670–690 (50–71 H.), those
with 'Abd
al-Malik's name to 685 to 705 (65–86 H.).
|
26 |
See ibid., pp. xxx, lxx and civ.
|
27 |
NC 1937.
|
28 |
Walker, Coins from Susa
, pp. 238–242; Walker,
Bishāpūr
, p. 188 (no. XI); B. M. Arab-Sasanian
, p. 25; NC 1952, p. 110, no. 4.
|
29 |
Ernst Herzfeld, Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran
, IX (1938), pp. 147–158; cf. also idem, Iran in the Ancient East (London and New York, 1941), pp. 330–331.
|
30 |
The literature on these Sasanian and Hephthalite coins with the goddess of the flaming nimbus is considerable: see especially
the
references in Herzfeld's article referred to above; J. Walker in NC 1935, pp. 242–245 (wherein most of the earlier literature is cited); R. B. Whitehead, "Multan: the
House of Gold," NC 1937, pp. 60–72; R. Ghirshman, Les
Chionites-Hephtalites (Paris, 1948), pp. 41–49; cf. J. M. Unvala,
"Hepthalite coins with Pahlevi Legends," Journal of the Numismatic Society of India, IV
(1942), pp. 37 ff.
|
31 |
R. Ghirshman, "Une monnaie de Zyad I. Abu Sofian [sic],
Gouverneur du Fars," in Mélanges Syriens offerts à Monsieur René Dussaud, II (Paris,
1939), pp. 697–701, fig. 2. There were apparently four of these coins. On the one illustrated the date is not legible (to
me at least).
Several corrections should be made in this article: among others, read abi for Abu
throughout; on line 2 of p. 698, read abīhi; in footnote 1, p. 699, read 242 for 192.
|
32 |
Loc. cit., fig. 1.
|
33 |
See B. M. Arab-Sasanian
, p. xliv. Ghirshman, op. cit., p. 698, did not have at his command all the data
regarding Ziyād's coins and the probable date of his death.
|
34 |
Op. cit., p. 147, footnote 2.
|
35 |
Miles, Museum Notes VII, nos. 44–45.
|
36 |
Cabinet des Médailles; see Unvala, NC 1937, p. 288, no. 10 = B. M.
Arab-Byzantine
, p. 83, fig. 17. Another specimen is in the Teheran Museum (Walker, Coins from Susa
, p. 240, no. 7 = B. M. Arab-Byzantine
, p. 83, no. Teh. 4).
|
37 |
Walker, NC 1952, pp. 106–107, nos. 1 and 2; Miles, Museum Notes VII, pp. 201–202, no. 40.
|
38 |
B. M. Arab-Sasanian
, p. 25, and Walker, NC 1952, p. 110, no. 4; cf. Miles,
Miḥrāb and 'Anazah
, p. 171, pl. XXVIII, no. 5.
|
39 |
Unvala, NC 1937, p. 292, no. 21.
|
40 |
Cf. H. S. Nyberg, Hilfsbuch des Pehlevi (Uppsala, 1928–1931),
I, p. 58, line 5, II, p. 71, frāχuīh, "Gedeihen, Wohlstand, Glück, Segen."
|
41 |
B. M. Arab-Sasanian
, p. 66, no. 97.
|
42 |
Ibid., p. 113, no. ANS. 15, and p. 116, no. ANS. 16.
|
43 |
Ibid., p. 119, no. Th. 16.
|
151-152. Uncertain governor. Ca. 60–80 H. = 679–699 A.D. Mint effaced. Bronze.
Similar to the usual Arab-Sasanian dirhems, mint and date effaced. سم الله[,] in obverse margin.
I–1–511 Æ (disintegrated).
909 Æ 27 (fragmentary).
153. Anonymous. Ca. 60–80 H. = 679–699 A.D. Mint effaced. Bronze.
Bust r., resembling that of Khosrau II. At l.: At r.: . Double beaded border. In margin: at bottom . Traces at r.
Traces of fire-altar and attendants? Single beaded border. Possible in margin, 2nd quarter.
I–2–1919 Æ 21.
Plate III
154. Al-Muhallab b. abi-Ṣufrah (?). Ca. 75–78 H. (?) = ca. 694–697 A.D. (?). No mint name? Bronze.
Crude bust, r., of type of Khosrau II, but lacking winged crown. At r., downward, in Pahlevi: Beaded border.
Crude, squat fire-altar and attendants. Evidently no legends. Beaded border. In margin: pellet (?) at top and r. preserved.
I–1–193 Æ 16.
Plate III
The attribution is very uncertain and is suggested only on the basis of a possible reading of the name on the obverse as "Muhallab." Cf. nos. 138–141, above.
155. The Caliph al-Walīd I (?). 86–96 H. = 705–715 A.D. No mint name. Bronze.
Very crude bust of Sasanian style, r. Type of head-dress (or crown?) indeterminate. At l., downward, in Kufic: الوليد. At r., downward: . Double beaded border.
لا اله
الا الله
وحده
Triple beaded border.
I–1–281 Æ 21.
Plate III
156. The same.
Similar to no. 155, but at 1.: .....الو. At r.: .
I–2–1542 Æ 17.
Plate IV
157-158. The same.
Probably similar to no. 155, but fragmentary and largely obliterated.
I–1–322 Æ 20.
Plate IV
910 Æ 21.
159. The same.
Similar to no. 155, but headdress consists of a simple rounded cap or turban. At l., downward, in Kufic: الوليد. At r., downward: (?).
I–2–1948 Æ 19.
Plate IV
I have attributed these remarkable and hitherto unpublished coins (nos. 155–159) to the Umayyad Caliph al-Walīd on several grounds. The style, hybrid Sasanian and post-reform Umayyad, would suit al-Walīd's dates.44 No governor or revolutionary by this name in Persia at this time is known. The headdress of no. 159 suggests the possibility that the die-engraver is attempting to represent the Caliph.45 The inscription to the right of the bust is very puzzling. Is it in Kufic or in Pahlevi? On no. 155 it might be an attempt at Kufic, but on no. 156, where the end of the legend appears to be different, it looks more like Pahlevi. On no. 159 it again looks more like Kufic. With great reserve I suggest the possibility that the die-engraver was trying to write amīr al-mu'minīn in abbreviated form.
160-161. Uncertain governor. Ca. 50–80 H. = ca. 670 to 699 A.D. Mint effaced. Bronze.
Bust, r. Crown consists of 5–7 coils, tapering to a point at top. Small wings at r. and 1. of center of crown. Legends effaced. Single beaded border.
Traces of fire-altar and attendants. Single beaded border.
I–1–81 Æ 19.
Plate IV
I–2–1795b Æ 14+ (fragmentary).
Plate IV
This type might be pre-Arab, but the curious bust and headdress suggest another Arab experiment of the same general nature as that on the reverse of the coin of Ziyād b. abi-Sufyān from the Shāpūr excavations, discussed under nos. 138–141, above.
162. Anonymous, or uncertain governor. Ca. 50–80 H. = 670–699 A.D. Mint effaced. Bronze.
Very crude bust, r., with simple rounded headdress, no wings. Three streamers behind neck. At l.: ? At r.: ? Single beaded border.
Traces of facing bust with simple headdress. Lower part of bust obliterated by a lump of oxidization. Traces of legends in Pahlevi, r. and 1.? Single beaded border.
I–2–1793a Æ 17.
Plate IV
Here again the unusual busts indicate an Arab-Sasanian dating.
163. Yazīd b. .......? Ca. 60–80 H. = ca. 679–699 A.D. Mint effaced. Bronze.
Very crude facing bust(?), bearded. At l., downward, in Kufic: زيد... (?). At r., downward, in Pahlevi (?):. Beaded border.
3-line inscription in Pahlevi:
Beaded border.
I–2–1535a Æ 25 (roughly rectangular).
Plate IV
The figure on the obverse when inverted appears to present a fern-like plant in a pot; but the direction of the apparently Kufic legend at the left and the apparently Pahlevi legend at the right suggests that the figure is rather a crude bearded bust, as described.
164. Uncertain governor. Ca. 60–85 H. = ca. 679–704 A.D. Mint effaced. Bronze.46
Winged horse, walking to r. Above: ? Beneath: . Beaded border.
Largely obliterated, probably fire-altar and attendants, with legends r. and 1. Beaded border.
I–1–321 Æ 25.
Plate IV
It is just possible that the inscription on the obverse is to be read MNSUR, in which case the coin may be related to those which I have tentatively assigned to 'Abd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad b. al-Ash'ath (cf. nos. 142–143, above). On the other hand, if this hesitantly proposed reading is incorrect the coin may well not be Arab-Sasanian at all, as there is nothing else in the preserved epigraphy to distinguish it from a straight Sasanian issue; in which case the specimen should be dated considerably earlier. But a comparable type, in all probability of Arab date, supports the post-conquest attribution. Among the coins found by the French Mission at Susa was one with a similar "Pegasus" on the obverse, accompanied by Pahlevi legends which Mr. Unvala read farroxvīh (cf. no. 143, above) and pēročīh, "victoire."47 The reverse, however, bears a four-line Pahlevi legend giving the name of the governor (?), the word framūt (the equivalent of the Arabic 'amara) and Šūš rowāk, i.e., "current in Susa." The latter phrase definitely indicates a date within the Arab period.48 A similar specimen found at Persepolis is in the Cabinet des Médailles.49 Two other "Pegasus" specimens, one of them bearing the mint signature BIŠ (Bishāpūr), from the excavations at Bishāpūr, have been described but not illustrated.50 As Unvala remarks, "Le Pégase est sans doute emprunté aux cachets sassanides, sur lesquels il figure très souvent. Pourtant il est très probable qu'il représente sur ces monnaies musulmanes le Boraq du Prophète."51
165-166. Uncertain governor. Ca. 60–85 H. = ca. 679 to 704 A.D. Mint effaced. Bronze.
Bust, r., with winged headdress of type of Khosrau II. Traces of legend at r. Double beaded border interrupted by headdress.
Traces of 3-line Arabic(?) legend. Triple beaded border.
I–2–1526a Æ 15.
Plate IV
1835 Æ 16.
167-171. Uncertain governors. Ca. 60–85 H. = ca. 679 to 704 A.D. Mints effaced. Bronze.
Five specimens with obverses bearing bust with Khosrau II type headdress and reverse of fire-altar and attendants type. Legends effaced. Fabric suggests Arab-Sasanian attributions.
I–2–1755, 1772e, 1785a (Plate IV), 1786 (Plate IV), 1793b (Plate IV) Æ 14–20 mm.
172. Anonymous? Ca. 80–100 H. = ca. 699–719 A.D. Uncertain mint. Bronze.
Traces of a fern or tree(?) in a square.
Very crude characters:
محمد
رسول
الله
Margin: traces of large lettering, between inner dotted and outer linear border.
I–2–1520/56 Æ 20.
Plate IV
44 |
To be sure, there are hybrids of this sort at a slightly later date: cf. NR no. 55, p. 102, below.
|
45 |
See my observations in
Miḥrāb and 'Anazah
, pp. 169–170, with reference to the headdress of the figure on a remarkable transitional dirhem.
|
46 |
The existence of this specimen was mentioned by Unvala, NC 1937, pp. 281, 283.
|
47 |
Unvala, NC 1937, p. 292, no. 21.
|
48 |
Cf. nos. 148–149, above, and the comment there.
|
49 |
Unvala, NC 1937, p. 281 and p. 292, no. 22.
|
50 |
Walker,
Bishāpūr
, p. 188, nos. XII–XIII.
|
51 |
Unvala, NC 1937, p. 283.
|
173-175. Anonymous. Ca. 90–120 H. = ca. 708–738 A.D. No mint name. Bronze.
لا اله
الا الله
وحده
Double linear border.
محمد
رسول
الله
Double linear border.
I–1–150 Æ 18.
Plate IV
626 Æ 19.
Plate IV
I–2–1940 Æ 16.
Plate IV
This type bears conventional post-reform Arabic legends with the addition of the Pahlevi word AFD, "excellent," above the reverse area. The occurrence of isolated Pahlevi words on late Umayyad coins from Persian mints is not uncommon.52
176. Tiberius II. Year 7 = 581 A.D. Antioch. Follis.
Similar to B. M. Cat. Imp. Byz. Coins, I, p. 117, no. 98; obverse effaced.
I–1–245 Æ 29, 8.80.
Plate V
177. Heraclius. Ca. 610–613 A.D. Constantinople. Solidus.
Similar to B. M. Cat. Imp. Byz. Coins, I, p. 185, nos. 3–7.
I–2–249 Ꜹ 21, 4.38 (suspension ring).
Plate V
The fact that the coin is ringed for suspension as jewelry suggests that it is an intrusion from a considerably later date. The excavation plot record, incidentally, notes that the coin came from refuse in HE 02, and described the findspot as a "mouse hole."
52 |
Cf. NHR, pp. 11–12; Unvala, NC 1937, pp. 293–296.
|
178. Anonymous. 104 H. = 722/3 A.D. Iṣṭakhr. Fals.
امر الله
بالوفا
والعدل
Double beaded border with annulets between.
بسم الله
ضرب هذا
الفلس .. صطخر
سنة اربع ومـ ...
Linear border.
I–1–252a Æ 20.
Plate V
179. Similar to no. 178, but ∵ beneath obverse area.
I–2–1520/62 Æ 20.
Plate V
180-184. Salm b. al-Musayyib. Ca. 129 H. = 746/7 A.D. Iṣṭakhr. Fals.
لا اله
الا الله
وحده
Margin: بسم الله مما امر به الامير سلم بن
المسيب باصطخر
Margin enclosed by linear borders.
○
محمد
رسول
الله
Triple linear border.
I–1–100 Æ 19.
114 Æ 19.
Plate V
170 Æ 20.
242 Æ 19.
242a Æ 19.
Plate V
These unpublished coins are interesting in that they fix the correct name of Salm b. al-Musayyib, 'āmil or prefect of Shīrāz on behalf of 'Abdullāh b. 'Umar b. 'Abd al-'Azīz (governor of Baṣrah and Kūfah) in 129 H. Ṭabari refers to him as Muslim b. al-Musayyib,53 and again in another connection he calls him Muslim when speaking of his house in Kūfah; 54 but in two other passages he refers to the same house (dār al-mukhtār) as being the one "now known" (at the time of his primary witness) as that of Salm b. al-Musayyib.55 It is therefore clear that Salm and Muslim are the same person, and our coins establish the fact that Salm is the correct name. Also of interest is the small detail that the 'āmil in Shīrāz was at this time the administrative official of Iṣṭakhr.
185-189. Anonymous. 130 H. = 747/8 A.D. Iṣṭakhr. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده لا
شريك له
حـ
Triple linear border; four pairs of annulets; outer thick linear border.
محمد
رسول
الله
Margin: بسم الله ضرب هذا الفلس
باصطخر سنة ثلثين و مئة
Margin between linear or beaded borders, broken by four pairs of annulets.
I–1–407 Æ 22, 1.90+.
654 Æ 20, 1.86+.
I–2–1527 Æ 20.
Plate V
1804 Æ 20.
Plate V
1838b Æ 21.
Plate V
190. Anonymous. 81 H. (?) = 700/01 A.D. (?). Sābūr (?). Dirhem.
(sic) لا اله لا
(sic) الله وحد
لا شريك له
Margin: بسم الله ضرب هذا الدرهم
سابور (؟) سنة احدي (؟) و ثمنين (؟)
Conventional legends.
Plate V
The obverse is very crude and almost illegible; the attribution is therefore doubtful. The coin appears to be the product of a provincial and inexperienced die-cutter. Dirhems of Sābūr of the same date with the digit spelled وحد are known.56
191-192. Anonymous. Date if any effaced, ca. 100–132 H. = ca. 718–750 A.D. Sābūr. Fals.
امر الله با
لوفا و العدل
∴بركة
Margin: traces of legend. Margin enclosed by linear borders.
محمد ر
سول الله
∴سابور
Double or triple linear border.
I–2–1739 Æ 19.
Plate V
1803 Æ 20.
Plate V
Cf. Walker, Bishāpūr , p. 189, no. XIV, which is probably the same as these, although both the drawing and the description of the specimen from Bishāpūr indicate that the obverse has no marginal legend, while here it is clear that one was present. Also Walker reads الوفا instead of the usual بالوفا, but I would not say that on the present specimen this is the case. Walker's drawing shows the pyramids of pellets inverted and also a pyramid of pellets above the reverse; on the present specimen this part of the coin is damaged.
53 |
Ṭabari II, p. 1977: مسلم بن المسيّب و هو بشيراز عامل لابن عمر Cf. Zambaur, p.
46.
|
54 |
Ibid. II, p. 237.
|
55 |
Ibid. II, pp. 520, 533.
|
56 |
B. M. Arab-Byzantine
, p. 156, no. P.83.
|
193. Anonymous. 130 H. = 747/8 A.D. Shīrāz. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
Triple beaded border, uncertain number of annulets.
∴
محمد
رسول
الله
Margin: بسم الله ضرب بشيراز سنة ثلثين و مئة
Linear border between area and margin; outer double beaded border. Uncertain number of annulets.
I–2–1954 Æ 22. Plate V
This unique coin is of uncommon interest. Not only is it the first known Umayyad issue bearing the mint name Shīrāz, but, so far as I know, it antedates by 140 years the earliest hitherto recorded coin of this mint (designated by this name), a dirhem of the Abu-Dulafid Aḥmad b. 'Abd al-'Azīz. 57 Another unpublished issue of Shīrāz from the excavations is dated 192 (see nos. 522–552, below); and a few years after this latter date the mint becomes active under the name of Fārs (or Fāris), the name of the province of which Shīrāz was the capital.58 Theoretically Shīrāz was founded by the Arabs on the site of their encampment at the time of the investment of Iṣṭakhr,59 but in all probability the locality had been occupied by the Sasanians before the conquest.60 However, the relatively late date of the commencement of the mint's activity would suggest that the town, if it existed, was not of administrative importance in the early 7th century.
57 |
C. J. Tornberg, Numi Cufici (Uppsala, 1848), p. 98, no.
416.
|
58 |
In 203 H.; see the summary of the activities of the Fārs mint in G. C. Miles, "A
Ninth Century Hoard of Dirhems found at Susa," in a volume of the Mémoires de la Mission
Archéologique de Perse, now in press.
|
59 |
Le Strange, p. 249.
|
60 |
Cl. Huart, s.v. Shīrāz in EI.
|
194. Anonymous. 93 H. = 711/12 A.D. Wāsiṭ. Dirhem.
Similar to B. M. Arab-Byzantine, p. 193, no. 536.
195. Anonymous. 114 H. = 732/3 A.D. Wāsiṭ. Dirhem.
Similar to B. M. Arab-Byzantine, p. 196, no. 562.
I–2–1751 27 (fragmentary). Plate V
196-197. Anonymous. 116 H. = 734/5 A.D. Wāsiṭ. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده لا
شريك له
Five annulets ʘ between inner double beaded and outer linear borders.
محمد
رسول
الله
Margin: بسم الله ضرب هذا الفلس بواسط سنة ست عشرة و مئة
Margin between linear borders.
I–2–1518 Æ 21. Plate VI
1619 Æ 21.
Cf. Berlin, no. 2047, and Paris, no. 1520, with 3 annulets (Welin, Wāsiṭ, p. 154).
198. Anonymous. 121 H. = 738/9 A.D. Wāsiṭ. Dirhem.
Similar to B. M. Arab-Byzantine, p. 198, no. 571.
199-200. Anonymous? 124 H. = 741/2 A.D. Wāsiṭ. Fals.
Effaced.
Double linear border, 2 annulets.
محمد
رسول
الله
Margin: بسم الله ضرب ... الفلس بواسط سنة اربع و عشرين و مئة
Margin between inner linear border and outer border consisting of inner thin and outer thick circles, with 5 (?) annulets.
I–1–117 Æ 21, 270+. Plate VI
I–2–1968 Æ 20. Plate VI
This appears to be unpublished; at least there is no specimen in the principal catalogues, nor in Welin, Wāsiṭ. Cf. NR no. 58, p. 103, below, with obverse preserved.
201. Anonymous? 126 H. = 743/4 A.D. Wāsiṭ (?). Fals.
Effaced.
محمد
رسول
الله
Margin: ... بسم الله ضرب هذا ... بواسط (؟) ... ست و عشرين ومئة
I–2–1651a Æ 20.
If the mint name is correctly read this issue also appears to be unpublished.
202-229. Anonymous. No date. Ca. 90–120 H. = ca. 708–738 A.D. No mint name. Fals.
لا اله
الا الله
وحده
Single linear, single beaded or double beaded borders.
محمد
رسول
الله
Borders as obverse.
Diameters range between 19 and 21mm.
I–1–168 (Plate VI), 230, 295, 319, 394, 575, 660, 886 (Plate VI), 890, 916.
I–2–1575 (Plate VI), 1594 (Plate VI), 1736b, 1738b, 1753, 1765 (Plate VI), 1769c, 1777, 1782 (Plate VI), 1805a, 1810 (Plate VI), 1812, 1854, 1859a, 1876c, 1906, 1965a, 1980b.
Most of these are doubtless from Iṣṭakhr and nearby mints in Fārs.
230. Anonymous. No date. Ca. 90–120 H. = ca. 708–738 A.D. No mint name. Fals.
Similar to nos. 202–229, but obverse:
لا اله ا
لا الله
وحده
I–2–1547a Æ 20. Plate VI
231-235. Anonymous. No date. Ca. 90–120 H. = ca. 708–738 A.D. No mint name. Fals.
Obverse as nos. 202–229.
Beaded border.
جائز
محمد
رسول
الله
Beaded border.
I–2–1536b Æ 18. Plate VI
1808b Æ 19. Plate VI
1841 Æ 18.
1970 Æ 17.
1973b Æ 18. Plate VI
The word جائز, "current," occurs on many Umayyad and 'Abbāsid fulūs, beginning with the earliest Arab-Byzantine bronze;61 and also as a countermark on at least one Arab-Sasanian dirhem.62
61 |
See B. M. Arab-Byzantine, index.
|
62 |
B. M. Arab-Sasanian, p. 96, no. 192.
|
236. Mint and date, if any, effaced. Ca. 90–132 H. = ca. 708–750 A.D. Fals.
.......
لوفا و[العـ]ـدل
برك[ـة]ـ
Traces of marginal legend between beaded borders.
Effaced.
Triple beaded border.
I–2–1934 Æ 21.
237-255. Unidentifiable post-reform Umayyad bronze coins. Ca. 80–132 H. = ca. 699–750 A.D. Fulūs.
See the Inventory for the field numbers of these coins.
256-257. Abu-Muslim. Date effaced. Ca. 127–132 H. = ca. 744–750 A.D. Mint effaced. Fals.
لا اله
الا الله
وحده
Margin: كم عليه اجرا الا...
..... المودة القر
(Qur'ān XLII, 22)
Margin between linear borders.
محمد
رسول
الله
Margin:..... ابو مسـ ....
Margin between linear borders.
I–2–1935 Æ 22. Plate VII
1938 Æ 20, 1.93. Plate VII
For a discussion of these and related revolutionary coins struck at various mints in both western Persia and Khurāsān, see NHR, pp. 15–17, and the literature cited there; and Dominique Sourdel, Inventaire des monnaies musulmanes anciennes du Musée de Caboul (Damascus, 1953), pp. 5–9, publishing a Khārijite issue of Tanbūk (?), 133 H. Among other things Sourdel makes a proper distinction between Khārijite and 'Abbāsid partisan issues, which I had confused in NHR.
Cf. also no. 504, below.
258-315. Unidentifiable post-reform Umayyad or early 'Abbāsid bronze coins. Ca. 80–140 H. = ca. 699–758 A.D.Fulūs. See the Inventory for the field numbers of these coins.
316. Uncertain governor. 180 or 18x H. = 796/7 or 797–805 A.D. Arrajān. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
Margin: بسم الله ضرب هذا الفلس بارجان[سنة] ... (؟) ثمنين و مئة
Outer linear border.
محمد
رسول
الله
Margin: مما امر به الامير محمد و ... على يدي ....ـ
Margin between beaded borders.
I–2–1780d Æ 22, 4.05. Plate VII
It is just possible that the letterو precedes the decade of the date, in which case there is also a digit, but there is very little space for it.
The earliest recorded coin of Arrajān, so far as I know, is a dirhem of the year 187 H.63 The town was the capital of the district of the same name, the westernmost of the five kūrahs of Fārs.
63 |
P. Casanova, Inventaire sommaire de la collection des monnaies musulmanes de S. A. la Princesse Ismaīl
(Paris, 1896), no. 437.
|
317-318. Ismā'īl b. 'Ali. 145 H. = 762/3 A.D. Ardashīr-Khurrah. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
Margin: بسم الله ضرب هذا الفلس باردشير خرة سنة خمس و اربعين و مئة
Outer linear border.
محمد
رسول
الله
Margin: مما امر به الامير اسمعيل بن على اكرمه الله
Outer linear border.
I–2–1693f Æ 21, 2.61+. Plate VII
1731f Æ 22, 2.84+. Plate VII
The style of lettering resembles that of contemporary dinars.
Ismā'īl b. 'Ali served in various capacities in Persia and 'Irāq: governor of Fārs in 132, prefect of al-Ahwāz in 133, of Mosul in the same year and in 134, 135 and 138, of al-Baṣrah in 143, and again governor of Fārs in 145, the year in which these coins were struck.64 Other coins of his were issued in the latter year at Iṣṭakhr (see nos. 364–369, below); and we know of still other fulūs of his struck at al-Baṣrah in 143,65 and without mint name or date.66
Ardashīr-Khurrah was both the name of one of the five kūrahs of Fārs and of the chief town of the district (before Shīrāz became the capital), originally known as Fīrūzābād, then as Jūr (Persian Gōr) and again, from Būyid times onward, as Fīrūzābād.67 Designated by the Pahlevi mint signature ART it was an active mint in Arab-Sasanian times,68 and post-reform dirhems were struck here from 80 until
99 H.69 The present coins appear to be the first published bronze issue of the mint. There is, however, an unpublished fals of the year 134 in the Museum of the American Numismatic Society. For other issues of Ardashīr-Khurrah, in some instances specifically named Jūr, see nos. 319–336, below; and re-named Kūrat al-Mahdīyah min Fārs, no. 581–609.
319-322. The Caliph al-Mahdi and Rabī'. 167 H. = 783/4 A.D. Ardashīr-Khurrah. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده لا
شريك له
*
Margin: ضرب هذا الفلس باردشير خرة سنة سبع و ستين و مئة
Margin between linear borders.
○○○
الخليفة
المهدي محمد
امير المؤمنين
ربيع
Beaded border. The three annulets at the top of the area may actually belong to the marginal border.
I–1–364 Æ 17, 1.73+.
I–2–1543 Æ 17. Plate VII
1783 Æ 17. Plate VII
1799 Æ 17, 1.71+. Plate VII
323. Similar to nos. 319–322, but obverse:
الا
لا اله
الله وحده لا
etc.
I–2–1561 Æ 17. Plate VII
Rabī' (beneath the reverse area) is doubtless abu'-Faḍl al-Rabī' b. Yūnus b. 'Abdullāh, a public servant who filled various offices under four Caliphs. He was appointed ḥājib and later vizier by al-Manṣūr; and during al-Mahdi's reign he again performed both these functions.70 Our coins would establish the fact that he was vizier in 167 H. Cf. also nos. 391–477, below, where al-Rabī''s name occurs on coins of Iṣṭakhr of the same date.
324-325. Similar to nos. 319–322, but:
لا اله الا
الله وحده لا
شريك له
جور
Reverse has chain border.
I–2–1589 Æ 18, 1.69. Plate VII
1729b Æ 16. Plate VII
326. Similar to nos. 324–325, but the reverse retrograde.
I–2–1975 Æ 17. Plate VII
Of particular interest is the occurrence of the name Jūr (see above, p. 53) beneath the obverse. The implication would be that the name Ardashīr-Khurrah in the margin was taken to mean the district,71 and that on these coins the specific mint is named. Six years earlier the name Jūr occurs on some coins bearing the district name Kūrat al-Mahdiyah min Fārs (nos. 581–609, below), but otherwise the mint name is unknown to Islamic numismatics.
327-336. Muḥammad [b. Yaḥyâ] Barmaki. 182 H. = 798/9 A.D. Ardashīr-Khurrah. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده لا
شريك له
محمد
محمد
رسول
الله
برمكي
Margin: ضرب هذا الفلس باردشير خرة سنة اثنتين و ثمنين و مئة
Margin between linear borders.
Margin: Qur'ān, IX, 33.
Margin between linear borders.
I–1–895 Æ 19, 2.38.
I–2–1520/35 Æ 19, 2.20.
1520/50 Æ 20, 2.24. Plate VII
1639 Æ 19, 2.39.
1641c Æ 18.
1661 Æ 17. Plate VII
I–2–1673b Æ 19. Plate VII
1762b Æ 19. Plate VII
1864c Æ 19, 1.94+. Plate VII
1989a Æ 19. Plate VII
It is evident that the words beneath the obverse and reverse areas are to be read together, because on coins of Iṣṭakhr and Fasā struck in the same year (nos. 478–489 and 562–580, below), the name Muḥammad b. Yaḥyâ is written out in full in the margin together with "Barmaki" beneath the reverse. The governor therefore must be Muḥammad b. Yaḥyâ b. Khālid the Barmacide, who was ḥājib at the court until 179 H.72 Other coins of his were struck in 183 H. at Sābūr (see nos. 510–519, below). This Muḥammad b. Yaḥyâ was of course a different individual from the man by the same name (but whose ancestor was al-Ḥārith b. Shakhīr) who governed al-Rayy in 179 and 180.73
This is the only bronze issue of Ardashīr-Khurrah of which there has been a previous publication.74
337-338. Anonymous. ix5 H. = ca. 775–800 A.D. Ardashīr-Khurrah. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
محمد رسول
الله صلى الله
عليه و سلم
Margin: هذا لفلس باردشير........
........خرة سنة خمس و
Outer border consisting of 5 (?) annulets between linear circles.
Margin: Qur'an IX, 33.
Margin between linear borders.
I–2–1678 Æ 17. Plate VII
1955 Æ 16.
339. Uncertain governor. Date effaced. Ca. 132–160 H. = ca. 750–777 A.D. Ardashīr-Khurrah. Fals.
Effaced.
محمد
رسول
الله
Margin: بسم الله ضرب هذا الفلس
باردشير خرة.....ـ
I–2–1590 Æ 20.
64 |
Ṭabari III, pp. 72–75, 81, 84, 123, 142, 301.
|
65 |
Paris, no. 1560.
|
66 |
Paris, nos. 1648–9;
Berlin, nos. 2243–6.
|
67 |
Le Strange, pp. 255–256; Cl. Huart, s.v. Fīrūz-Ābād in EI.
|
68 |
B. M. Arab-Sasanian, pp. cviii–cix, etc.
|
69 |
B. M. Arab-Byzantine, pp. 107–109.
|
70 |
References to all the pertinent literature are given by A. S. Atiya in EI, s.v.
al-Rabī'. Zambaur
(Manuel, p. 6) gives the date of his second vizirate as ca. 166, although Atiya says he
never was vizier under al-Mahdi.
|
71 |
Cf. other names of provinces or districts on Umayyad and early 'Abbāsid coins, such as Adharbayjān, Arrān, Irmīnīyah (Armenia),
Sijistān, Ṭabaristān, Filāsṭīn, etc.
|
72 |
W. Barthold, s.v. Barmakides, EI; cf. Zambaur, p. 10.
|
73 |
Ṭabari III, p. 645; cf. NHR, pp. 67–68.
|
74 |
Tiesenhausen, no. 1336. The word beneath the reverse was not legible on this specimen, but doubtless the issue
is the same.
|
340-343. The Caliph [abu'l-'Abbās] 'Abdullāh [al-Ṣaffāḥ]. 133 H. = 750/I A.D. Iṣṭakhr. Fals.
محمد
رسول
الله
Margin: مما امر به عبد الله عبد الله امير المؤمنين اكرمه الله
Margin between linear borders.
محمد
رسول
الله
Margin: ضرب هذا الفلس باصطخر سنة ثلث و ثلثين و مئة
Margin between linear borders.
I–2–1544a Æ 21. Plate VIII
1652 Æ 20.
1897 Æ 19.
1998 Æ 20, 1.75 +. Plate VIII
344-363. The Caliph 'Abdullāh [al-Manṣūr]. 140 H. = 757/8 A.D. Iṣṭakhr. Fals.
مما امر به
عبد الله عبد
الله امير المؤمنين
الوفا
∵
Border consists of 3 annulets ⊙ alternating with • •, between linear circles.
محمد
رسول
الله
Margin: بسم الله ضرب هذا الفلس باصطخر سنة اربعين و مئة جائز
Margin between linear or beaded circles, the outer of which interrupted by 5 annulets ◯.
I–1–63 Æ 18.
276 Æ 20, 2.28 +.
312a Æ 18, 1.40 +.
893 Æ 19,1.83 +.
906 Æ 20, 1.57 +. Plate VIII
I–2–1558 Æ 17. Plate VIII
1591 Æ 17.
1593 Æ 16.
1598 Æ 20.
1603a Æ 21. Plate VIII
I–2–1627a Æ 18.
1706 Æ 18.
1836b Æ 18.
1843 Æ 20. Plate VIII
1870 Æ 19. Plate VIII
1879d Æ 19.
1881c Æ 17.
1941 Æ 18.
1959 Æ 19.
1962a Æ 18.
A specimen of this issue was published by Soret in 1854.75 Note جائز at the end of the marginal legend.76
364-368. Ismā'īl b. 'Ali. 145 H. = 762/3 A.D. Iṣṭakhr. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده لا
شريك له
Margin: مما امر به الامير اسمعيل بن على اصلحه الله
Margin between linear borders, the outer one interrupted by alternating annulets ○ and ○ ○. Outer thick beaded border.
محمد
رسول
الله
Margin: ضرب هذا الفلس باصطخر سنة خمس و اربعين و مئة
Margin between linear borders, the outer one interrupted by 5 annulets ○. Outer thick linear border.
I–1–257 Æ 22 2.52 +. Plate VIII
936 Æ 19, 1.90 +.
I–2–1569 Æ 21.
1743a Æ 21, 2.58 +.
1846a Æ 22. Plate VIII
369. Similar to nos. 364–368 (mint and date effaced), but margin has: الله ◯ اصلحه ◯ ... اسمعيل بن ...
I–2–1570 Æ 20. Plate VIII
For Ismā'īl b. 'Ali see nos. 317–318, above, struck at Ardashīr-Khurrah.
370-382. Hārūn b. Muḥammad (?). 149 H. = 766/7 A.D. Iṣṭakhr. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
Margin: مما امر به الامير هرون بن [محمد ؟]ـ
Outer border consists of 2 linear circles interrupted by 5(?) annulets ◯.
محمد
رسول
الله
Margin: بسم الله ضرب باصطخر سنة تسع و اربعين و مئة
Area enclosed by double linear circle. Margin enclosed by inner linear and outer beaded circles interrupted by 5 (?) annulets ◯.
I–1–131 Æ 21.
301 Æ 21, 3.30.
307 Æ 22, 3.23.
335 Æ 21.
382 Æ 21.
937 Æ 21.
I–2–1614 Æ 21.
1704 Æ 20. Plate VIII
1752 Æ 22. Plate VIII
1767 Æ 20. Plate VIII
1800 Æ 20.
1864b Æ 20, 2.12 +. Plate VIII
1933b Æ 20. Plate VIII
I have not been able to identify Hārūn b. Muḥammad (?).
383-390. Al-Rabī' b. al-Khaṭīr (?). 159 H. = 775/6 A.D. Iṣṭakhr. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
Margin: مما امر به الربيع بن الخطير (؟) اصلحه الله
Margin between borders with 4 annulets ◯.
محمد
رسول
الله
(؟)بخ
Margin بسم الله ضرب هذا الفلس باصطخر سنة تسع و خمسين و مئة
Margin between linear borders, with 5 (?) annulets ◯ on outer circle.
I–1–657 Æ 22, 2.16 +. Plate VIII
657a Æ23, 1.84 +. Plate VIII
934 Æ 20.
I–2–1520/70 Æ 23.
1587 Æ 23. Plate VIII
1949 Æ 19.
1963 Æ 20.
2001 Æ 21, 2.48.
The name al-Rabī' is certain, and al-Khaṭīr is probably correct, but I have been unable to find anyone by this name in the chronicles. Both the father's name and the position of the name in the marginal formula eliminate the possibility that the person is al-Rabī' b. Yūnus (cf. nos. 319–323, above, and nos. 391 ff., below).
391-470. The Caliph al-Mahdi and Rabī'. 167 H. = 783/4 A.D. Iṣṭakhr. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده لا
شريك له
Border consisting of inner linear circle, circle of dots and outer linear circle; between the latter two, 5 annulets ◯.
الخليفة
المهدي
محمد امير
المؤمنين
ربيع
Margin: ضرب باصطخر سنة سبع و ستين و مئة
Margin between linear circles.
Diameter usually about 17 mm.; maximum weight, 3.04. Æ
I–1–17, 75, 92, 113 (Plate IX), 160, 186, 199, 210, 252, 300, 354, 366, 425, 516, 521, 561, 604, 645, 655b, 884, 887, 893a, 901, 902, 919, 929, 929b, 935a, 948.
I–2–1525, 1550, 1611, 1621 (Plate IX), 1624, 1643, 1647, 1651b, 1651c, 1664, 1667a, 1692c, 16g2d (Plate IX), 1696b, 1697, 1702,1703b (Plate IX), 1711a (Plate IX), 1712 (Plate IX), 1723a, 1724b, 1731a, 1731b, 173rd (Plate IX), 1737, 1741 (Plate IX), 1745, 1754a, 1754b, 1771. 1805b (Plate IX), 1807,1822a, 1838d, 1853b, 1855,1861,1872a, 1874 (Plate IX), 1881a, 1890 (Plate IX), 1896, 1898b, 1924b, 1937, 1961a, 1967a, 1971, 1976, 1984, 1988.
471. Similar to nos. 391–470, but the mint-date formula is on the obverse between an inner linear border and a thick outer linear border; reverse, inner linear border, uncertain number of annulets, thick outer linear border.
I–1–386 Æ 19, 2.60 +.
472-473. Similar to nos. 391–470, but:
لا اله الا
الله وحده
(sic)شريك له
*
Mint-date formula between inner linear border and outer thick linear border.
الخليفة
المهدي محمد
امير المؤمنين
ربيع
Uncertain number of annulets. Outer linear border.
I–1–919a, 17. Plate IX
929a, 17.
474-476. Similar to nos. 391–470, but mint-date formula on obverse between inner linear border and outer thick linear border; and reverse:
○ ○ ○
الخليفة
المهدي محمد
امير المؤمنين
ربيع
One specimen has a pair of annulets at the left; outer linear border.
I–2–1682a Æ 17.
1908a Æ 16. Plate IX
1916 Æ 16.
477. Similar to nos. 391–470 but:
لا اله الا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
بخ
Mint-date formula; outer beaded border.
•
الخليفة
المهدي محمد
امير المؤمنين
ربيع
*
Alternating ◯ ◯ and ◯ between linear borders.
I–2–1582 Æ 16. Plate IX
The first to describe a coin in general similar to nos. 391 to 477 was Fraehn;77 Lane-Poole published two others similar to the first variety, but with an error in the first line of the obverse on one;78 Nützel described two also similar to the first variety;79 and there is a similar specimen in the Museum of the American Numismatic Society. Rabī' is identified above, p. 54, in connection with coins bearing his name and struck in the same year at Ardashīr-Khurrah (nos. 319–326).
478-488. Muḥammad b. Yaḥyâ Barmaki. 182 H. = 803/4 A.D. Iṣṭakhr. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
ع
Margin: مما امر به الامير محمد بن يحيى اكرمه الله
Margin between inner beaded and outer linear borders.
محمد
رسول
الله
برمكى
Margin: ضرب هذا الفلس باصطخر سنة اثنى و ثمنين و مئة
Margin between linear borders.
I–1–932 Æ 20, 2.32+.
I–2–1520/7 Æ 19. Plate IX
1520/63 Æ 19.
1557a Æ 18. Plate IX
1635b Æ 17.
1641b Æ 18.
I–2–1679 Æ 19, 2.14+. Plate IX
1726b Æ 20. Plate IX
1811b Æ 19.
1868 Æ 20. Plate IX
1967b Æ 19.
489. Similar to nos. 478–488, but apparently no ع beneath the obverse.
I–2–1857a Æ 20.
The governor named in the obverse marginal legend (with his family name beneath the reverse area) is the Barmacide Muḥammad b. Yaḥyâ b. Khālid, who struck fulūs at Ardashīr-Khurrah and Fasā in 182 H.80 and at Sābūr in 183H.81
The following coins of Iṣṭakhr (nos. 490–497) are only partially preserved and cannot be definitely assigned to any of the above issues. In view of their fragmentary state no useful purpose would be served in describing them in full.
490-497. Uncertain governors. Ca. 132–200 H. = ca. 750 to 816 A.D. Iṣṭakhr. Fulūs
I–1–376 Æ: reverse margin: .... باصط ....
I–2–1520/65 Æ: reverse margin:ضرب هذا الفلس باصطخر(؟)
1556c Æ: reverse margin: ... باصطخر سنة احد و ...
1731e Æ: obverse margin: ... الامير محمد بن ...
reverse margin: ... هذا الفلس باصطخر سنة...
1778 Æ: probably Iṣṭakhr
1818 Æ: probably Iṣṭakhr
1840 Æ: probably Iṣṭakhr
I–2–1853a Æ obverse margin: .....مما امر به
reverse margin: ... ضرب هذا الفلس باصـ
75 |
Tiesenhausen, no. 710.
|
76 |
Cf. no. 231, above.
|
77 |
Tiesenhausen, no. 1037.
|
78 |
B. M. i, p. 202, nos. 105–106.
|
79 |
Berlin, nos. 2131–2132.
|
80 |
Nos. 327–336, above, and nos. 562–580, below.
|
81 |
Nos. 510–519, below.
|
498. Anonymous. 140 H. (?) = 757/8 A.D. (?). Al-Ahwāz. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
Margin: سنة(sic?)بالاهوز ...
اربعين (؟) و مئة
Outer linear border.
Margin: traces.
Margin between linear borders.
I–2–1520/27 Æ 20. Plate IX
The attribution is dubious in every respect.
499-502. The Caliph 'Abdullāh [al-Manṣūr]. 141 H. = 758/9 A.D. Birāmqubādh. Fals.
مما امر به
عبد الله عبد الله
امير المؤمنين
محمد
رسول
الله
ببرمقباذ
•
Border consists of double linear circle broken by alternating ○ and • •, four times.
Margin: بسم الله ضرب هذا الفلس سنة احدي و اربعين و مئة
Margin between linear borders.
I–1–938 Æ 21, 2.10+. Plate IX
I–2–1552b Æ 21, 2.85. Plate IX
1744 Æ 21. Plate X
1758c Æ 20. Plate X
The mint of Birāmqubādh has been identified by John Walker and is equated with Arrajān, both of which names were known to Ṭabari.82 A mint (using the signature BRM) was located here in Arab-Sasanian times, and we know of issues of 'Abd al-Raḥmān b. Ziyād and al-Ḥakam b. abi'-'Āṣ dated 54 and 58 H. respectively.83 After the coinage reform it continued as a mint, dirhems of the years 79, 80, 90 and 93 being known.84 But no bronze issue of Birāmqubādh was hitherto known, and it is of great interest to learn that the mint was still active under this name as late as 141 H. We have no recorded issue of Arrajān until about 180 H. (see no. 316, above).
503. The Caliph Hārūn al-Rashīd and al-Amīn. 182 H. (?) = 798/9 A.D. (?). Madīnat Balkh (?). Dirhem.
Similar to B.M. i, no. 170?; mint and date obscure.
82 |
B. M. Arab-Sasanian, pp. cxiii–cxvi. Cf. G. C. Miles, "Abarqubādh, a new Umayyad Mint," in ANS Museum Notes IV, pp. 115–120, for a further discussion of the
confusion between Birāmqubādh, Abarqubādh, etc.
|
83 |
B. M. Arab–Sasanian, pp. 85–86.
|
84 |
B. M. Arab–Byzantine, pp. 124–125.
|
504. The Caliph [abu'l-'Abbās] 'Abdullāh [al-Ṣaffāḥ]. 132 H. = 749/50 A.D. Tawwaj. Fals.
محمد
رسول
الله
Margin:عليه اجرا الا المودة القربى(sic) قل لا اسلكم
Margin between beaded borders.
سنة اثنين
و ثلثين
و مئة
Margin:بسم الله امر به عبد [الله ا] مير المؤمنين بتوج
Margin between beaded borders.
Counterstamp, consisting of a single letter or a circle, in upper part of reverse area, causing a convexity in the reverse area.
I–2–1555 Æ 20, 1.34. Plate X
A crack, possibly caused by the counter-stamping, is present on the coin at the point where the mint name lies. To judge by the width of the crack there would be a letter between the و and the ج of the name; but on the other side only the letter \ is missing, so it appears that the crack is wider than the flan originally was at this point, and that no letter is missing between و and ج.
This very interesting coin not only is unique but it is the first known example of this mint. Tawwaj was a town on the Ratīn River (now the Rūd-i Ḥilla) in the district of Ardashīr-Khurrah, near Kāzirūn and 32 farsakhs from Shīrāz. It was an ancient town,85 captured by the Arabs in 18 or 19 H. (639–640 A.D.) and thereafter settled by them and embellished with mosques and a dār al-muslinitn.86 The town's chief claim to fame in later Islamic times was its textile production particularly of a type of linen known as tawwazi, produced both in Tawwaj and also in Kāzirūn by artisans from Tawwaj.87
Our interest in this coin is not however limited to its topographical aspects. It will be noted that the obverse margin bears the unusual Qur'ānic quotation Sūrah XLII, 22: "Say, for this I ask no wage of you, save love of my kin." This verse occurs on a number of coins, both dirhems and fulūs, struck by Abu-Muslim and 'Abdullāh b. Mu'āwiyah during the period of the uprisings by 'Abbāsid partisans between 127 and 132 H. (744–749 A.D.).88 On this account one would be inclined at first sight to attribute this coin of Tawwaj also to the 'Abbāsid partisans, were it not for the fact that the reverse margin bears the name and title, amīr al-mu'minīn, of the newly enthroned 'Abbāsid Caliph al-Ṣaffāḥ. The coin therefore is an 'Abbāsid issue and must have been struck after 13 Rabī' I, 132 (30 October, 749), the date of al-Ṣaffāḥ's proclamation. The retention of the propaganda slogan, Qur'ān XLII, 22, is remarkable, but we know that it still must have been on the lips of all well-informed revolutionaries, for Ṭabari tells us that al-Ṣaffāḥ quoted the verse in his inaugural address.89 This is, so far as I know, the first recorded example of a purely 'Abbāsid coin bearing this celebrated passage; the other known issues of the year 132 were struck either before the final success of the revolution, or, at least in the distant mints such as Marv and Balkh, before word was received of al-Ṣaffāḥ's enthronement.
Counterstamps on early 'Abbāsid coins are not at all common, and it is a pity that the present one is illegible. One can only speculate on its significance. Perhaps it validated the coin in Iṣṭakhr; or else it may have legitimized an issue which might have appeared to those who did not examine it carefully to predate the 'Abbāsid rule.
85 |
See Ernst Herzfeld, "Pasargadae," in Klio, VIII (1908), p.
18, citing Strabo, Arrian and Ptolemy.
|
86 |
Balādhuri, p. 386; Yāqūt, I, pp. 890–891; Ḥudūd al-'Ālatm,
pp. 74, 127, 212, 377 (spelled Tavaz);
Fārsnāmā, pp. 114, 135, 163; cf. Le Strange, pp. 259–260.
|
87 |
See the numerous references assembled by R. B. Serjeant, "Material for a History of Islamic Textiles up to the
Mongol Conquest", Ars Islamica X (1943), pp. 83–84 (also pp. 81–82), and IX (1942), p. 68, XV–XVI (1951), p.
77.
|
88 |
See nos. 256–257, above, and the literature cited there. To the list in NHR should be added another specimen of
al-Taymarah, 128 H., another of Jayy, 129 H., which have come to my attention
(Cora and E. Zygman collections), and one of Balkh, 132
H., published by Ibrahim Artuk in Tarih Dergisi III (Istanbul, 1953), pp. 135–136.
|
89 |
Ṭabari III, p. 29.
|
505. [Al-Ḥusayn b. al-Jannāḥ]. 191 H. = 806/7 A.D. Jayy. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
Margin: هذا ○ بسم الله ضرب
○ و تسعين و مئة ○ بجيى سنة احدي ○ الفلس
Margin between beaded borders.
Effaced.
Margin: ....مولى امير المؤ....
Margin between beaded borders.
I–2–1672 Æ 20. Plate X
In the Cabinet des Médailles there is a comparable coin,90 on which Lavoix read the date 181. Could he have misread it? The date of the present specimen is clearly 191. Beneath the reverse area of the Paris piece is the name محمد, and the reverse margin reads: مما امر به الحسين بن الجناح مولى امير المؤمنين. I have not been able to identify the prefect, a freedman. Jayy was the old name for Iṣfahān.
506-507. Mūsâ [b. al-mahdi] and Ṣāliḥ b. Dā'ūd. Ca. 164–165 H. = ca. 780–782 A.D. Sābūr. Fals.
الامير موسى بن
امير المؤمنين
فى ولائة
الامير صلح
حفظه الله
Margin: بسم الله ضرب بسابور ولى
عهد المسلمين
Margin enclosed by border consisting of inner beaded circle and outer linear circle, with annulets ○ between.
بن داود
Margin: لا اله الا الله وحده لا
شريك له محمد رسول الله
Margin enclosed by double beaded and outer linear circles.
I–2–1612 Æ 20. Plate X
1930 Æ 18. Plate X
On no. I–2–1930 the words بسم الله appear to be the first line of the area rather than to introduce the marginal legend.
The amīr Mūsâ is of course the Caliph al-mahdi's son (al-Hādi), at this time heir to the throne, as stated in the obverse margin. Ṣāliḥ b. Dā'ūd b. 'Ali was appointed governor of al-Baṣrah and its dependencies, Dijlah, Baḥrayn, 'Umān, al-Furaḍ, al-Ahwāz and Fārs in the year 164 H.91 These coins, and nos. 508–520, below, are, so far as I know, the first recorded 'Abbāsid issues of Sābūr. It is curious that none should have been found in the excavations there. Arab-Sasanian and Umayyad coins of the mint (Bishāpūr and Sābūr) are well know; among others see nos. 103–134, 190 to 192, above. The phrasing and arrangement of the legends on the present coins is unusual.
508-509. The Caliph al-mahdi. 167 H. = 783/4 A.D. Sābūr. Fals.
الخليفة
المهدي
امير المؤمنين
.....
سابور
سبع و
ستين و
مئة
Margin (between linear borders?) effaced.
Triple linear border.
I–2–1903 Æ 16. Plate X
1997 Æ 16. Plate X
510-519. Muḥammad [b. Yaḥyâ] Barmaki. 183 H. = 799/800 A.D. Sābūr. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
*
Area enclosed by double linear border, outside which 5 annulets ⊚.
برمكى
محمد
رسول
الله
محمد
Margin: ضرب هذا الفلس بسابور
سنة ثلث و ثمنين و مئة
Margin enclosed by linear borders, the outer of which interrupted by 5 annulets ○.
I–1–315 Æ 19, 1.50+.
I–2–1520/3 Æ 17.
1520/13 Æ 17. Plate X
1520/51 Æ 17. Plate X
1520/54 Æ 18.
1520/61 Æ 19. Plate X
1690d Æ 18.
1700a Æ 18. Plate X
1779b Æ 20. Plate X
1977b Æ 18.
These coins, with "Barmaki" above the reverse and Muḥammad beneath, are to be compared with those of the year 182 struck at Ardashīr-Khurrah, Iṣṭakhr and Fasā (nos. 327–336 and 478–489, above, and 562–580, below).
520. [Muḥammad b. Yaḥyâ?] Barmaki. [18?]4 H. = 800 (?) A.D. Sābūr. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده
له .....
Margin: ..... امر به(؟)ـ ....
Margin between linear borders.
.....
رسول
الله
برمكى
Margin: الفلس بسابور سنة ....
... ار
Outer linear border.
I–2–1606b Æ 17.
The attribution is based on nos. 510–519, above, but everything except the word برمكى is dubious.
90 |
Paris, no. 1572.
|
91 |
Ṭabari III, pp. 501, 503. Cf. Zambaur, p. 40.
|
521. [Al-Faḍl b. Sahl]. 201 H. = 816/7 A.D. Madīnat Samarqand. Dirhem.
Similar to B. M. i, no. 288.
522-552. 'Abdullāh b. al-musayyib. 192 H. = 807/8 A.D. Shīrāz. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
*
Margin: ضرب هذا الفلس بشيراز
سنة اثنتين و تسعين و مئة
Margin between linear borders.
مما امر به الا
مير عبد الله
بن المسيب
بخ
Margin: Qur'ān IX, 33.
Margin between linear borders.
The * beneath the obverse is not always present.
I–1–602 Æ 20, 1.25+. Plate X
I–2–1520/12 Æ 20, 3.06.
1520/18 Æ 20, 2.24.
1520/23 Æ 20.
1520/26 Æ 20.
1520/29 Æ 22.
1520/30 Æ 21.
1520/32 Æ 19.
1520/34 Æ 19.
1520/37 Æ 22, 2.85. Plate X
1520/40 Æ 19.
1520/46 Æ 21.
1520/47 Æ 21.
1520/48 Æ 21, 1.84+.
1520/49 Æ 21.
1520/58 Æ 21.
I–2–1520/66 Æ 19, 1.49 +.
1520/68 Æ 20. Plate X
1520/71 Æ 21, 2.83. Plate XI
1520/73 Æ 20.
1520/74 Æ 19.
1535b Æ 17.
1626b Æ 19.
1658 Æ 21.
1680 Æ 20.
1692b Æ 20.
1762c Æ 19.
1772d Æ.
1820d Æ 20.
1960 Æ 18. Plate XI
1966a Æ 20.
The identity of the governor is uncertain. A certain 'Abdullāh b. al-musayyib is mentioned once in Ṭabari in connection with events of the year 158 H.,92 but this is 34 years before the date of these coins. However, this 'Abdullāh's father was al-musayyib b. Zuhayr, who was a prominent general and official throughout the forties and fifties of the century93 and was governor of Khurāsān as late as 163 to 166 H., in which latter year the province rose in revolt against him.94 A son of his could therefore conceivably have been active in 192 H. There can hardly be any connection with Salm b. al-musayyib who was governor of Iṣṭakhr and Shīrāz ca. 129 H. (nos. 180–184, above).
See no. 193, above, for an earlier issue of the Shīrāz mint.
92 |
Ṭabari III, p. 455.
|
93 |
Ibid. III, pp. 3, 21, 80, 135, 195, 293, 382, 384.
|
94 |
Ibid. III, pp. 500–501, 503, 517.
|
553. Anonymous. 205 H. = 820/1 A.D. Fārs. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
Margin: بسم الله ضرب هذا الفلس بفارس سنة خمس و مئتين
Margin enclosed by inner linear and outer thick linear borders, within which 5 annulets ○.
محمد
رسول
الله
Margin: Qur'ān IX, 33.
Margin between linear borders.
I–2–1921 Æ 20. Plate XI
This unique fals of Shīrāz bearing the province name Fārs was struck two years after the earliest known dirhem on which the mint is designated by this name.95
554-561. The Caliph al-mahdi and Nuṣayr. No date. 158–169 H. = 775–785 A.D. Fasā. Fals.
الخليفة
المهدي محمد
امير المؤمنين
Margin:...(⸮) منصور بفارس ...
Margin between inner linear and outer beaded borders.
ضرب
نصير
بفسا
Border between linear circles.
I–1–284 Æ 17.
655 Æ 19. Plate XI
935 Æ 21.
I–2–1533 Æ 18.
1688b Æ 19, 2.09.
1700b Æ 20, 2.51. Plate XI
1821 Æ 17. Plate XI
1875b Æ 19.
The obverse margin seems to consist of only three or four words, the letter ṣad of what appears pretty definitely to be منصور, Manṣūr, being drawn out to cover nearly 80 % of the circumference. The word بفارس, "in Fārs," is conjectural but quite possible. One of the best preserved obverse marginal legends is NR 61, p. 104, below.
Fasā was an important town between Darabjird and Shīrāz, by the 4th century of the Hijrah almost as large as Shīrāz. Like Tawwaj (see no. 504, above) it was well known for its textiles.96 Fasā was a mint in early post-reform Umayyad times, and dirhems are known of the years 79, 80 and 81.97 A sole 'Abbāsid dirhem attributed to Fasā by Fraehn with a query is dated 166 H.;98 the existence of the present fulūs of approximately the same date tend to confirm this attribution. These coins and nos. 562–580, below, are, so far as I know, the only bronze issues of the mint that have come to light.
It would be difficult to say whether Nuṣayr is the same person whose name occurs (always without patronymic) on a number of contemporary dirhems and fulūs: Adharbayjān, 166,99 Æ Madīnat al-Salām, 166,100 and Æ al-Baṣrah, 167,101 Armīnīyah, 167,102 al-Baṣrah, 168,103Æ al-mawṣil, 168,104 Adharbayjān, 169.105 On these coins the name occurs either in isolated position in the area or else in the margin accompanied by the phrase 'alâ yaday, "at the hands of." I have suggested that this man might possibly be a certain eunuch and freedman by the name of Nuṣayr al-Waṣīf who in 169 was in charge of the postal service.106
562-580. Muḥammad b. Yaḥyâ Barmaki. 182 H. = 798/9 A.D. Fasā. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
محمد
Margin: O يحيى O محمد بن O الامير O امر به O مما
Margin: between inner linear and outer beaded borders.
محمد
رسول
الله
برمكى
Margin: ضرب هذا الفلس بفسا سنة اثنن [اثنين/]و ثمنين و مئة
Margin between linear borders.
I–1–515 Æ 17. Plate XI
562 Æ 18.
653 Æ 19.
905 Æ 18, 2.64.
912 Æ 18, 2.53.
I–2–1520/15 Æ 17.
1520/28 Æ 18.
1530 Æ 18. Plate XI
1610 Æ 17. Plate XI
1622c Æ 17. Plate XI
I–2–1671b Æ.
1689 Æ 18.
1695 Æ 19.
1814 Æ 19. Plate XI
1847b Æ 19.
1850 Æ 18. Plate XI
1912 Æ.
1969 Æ 19.
1986 Æ 19. Plate XI
This issue of Muḥammad b. Yaḥyâ the Barmacide is to be compared with others of the same date struck at Ardashīr-Khurrah (nos. 327–336) and Iṣṭakhr (nos. 478–489), and those of Sābūr issued in 183 (nos. 510–519) and possibly 184 (no. 520).
95 |
See the discussion following no. 193, above.
|
96 |
Le Strange, pp. 290, 293–294.
|
97 |
B. M. Arab-Byzantine, pp. lxxxv, 169.
|
98 |
Tiesenhausen, no. 994.
|
99 |
Berlin, no. 780.
|
100 |
B.M. i, p. 206, no. 120;
Berlin, nos. 2151–8;
Paris, nos. 1620–21;
Antioch, no. 121; and see below, no. 613.
|
101 |
Tiesenhausen, no. 2772;
Berlin, no. 2136.
|
102 |
Berlin, no. 788.
|
103 |
Tiesenhausen, no. 1047; B.M. i, no. 100.
|
104 |
Tiesenhausen, no. 1054.
|
105 |
B.M. ix, p. 45, no. 88t;
Berlin, nos. 781–2;
Paris, no. 691.
|
581–602a. Anonymous. 161 H. = 777/8 A.D. Kūrat al-mahdīyah min Fārs. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
Margin: ضرب هذا الفلس سنة احدي و ستين و مئة
Margin enclosed by linear border, outside which 4 or 5 annulets ○.
محمد
رسول
الله
Margin: بسم الله ضرب هذا الفلس بكورة المهدية من فارس
Area and margin enclosed by linear borders, outside which 4 (?) annulets ○ and outer beaded border.
I–1–102 Æ 22.
127 Æ, 23, 3.37+.
358 Æ 22, 2.90+.
380 Æ 24, 2.89+.
407a Æ 21.
407b Æ 21, 3.62+.
462 Æ 22. Plate XI
468 Æ 22.
475 & 22. Plate XI
I–2–1554 Æ 24. Plate XI
1574 Æ.
1592b Æ 20.
I–2–1620 Æ 23.
1655 Æ 21.
1691c Æ 20.
1729a Æ 23. Plate XI
1734b Æ.
1740 Æ 24.
1885a Æ 21. Plate XI
1885b Æ 22.
1887 Æ 23. Plate XI
1973a Æ 24. Plate XI
HL 96, refuse Æ 22.
603-608. Similar to nos. 581–602, but above the reverse area: جور
I–1–89 Æ 23, 2.06+. Plate XI
119 Æ 22, 2.58 +. Plate XII
464 Æ 22,4.57 +.
545 Æ 23.
I–2–1573 Æ 24. Plate XII
1756 Æ 21. Plate XII
609. Similar to nos. 581–602, but overstruck obverse on reverse.
I–2–1538b Æ 20. Plate XII
It is curious that only one specimen of these evidently plentiful issues (nos. 581–609) has hitherto been recorded, and this one specimen was double-struck or overstruck like no. 609, so that the publisher was unable to decipher the mint name, although he did read the first part of it, Kūrah. This specimen belonged to F. Soret and was described by him in 1854.107 Soret speculated on the possibility that the mint name was to be read Kūrah al-mu'aẓẓam, and for this reason supposed that the coin may have been struck in Mecca.
Nos. 603–608 are the clue to the identification of this unrecorded geographical name, Kūrah al-mahdīyah min Fārs: the kūrah or district must be Ardashīr-Khurrah, and the mint Jūr, otherwise known as Fīrūzābād, in early Islamic times the chief town of the district.108 The five kūrahs or districts of Fārs: in the classical Arab period were Ardashīr-Khurrah, Sābūr, Arrajān, Iṣṭakhr and Darabjird,109 and at one time during my preliminary study of the Iṣṭakhr excavation coins I came to the conclusion that the Kūrah al-mahdīyah min Fārs: must be either Iṣṭakhr itself, Shīrāz or Sābūr.110 But at that time I had not noticed the significance of the name Jūr on the variety (nos. 603–608). Obviously this new official name for the old Sasanian district was created to honor the Caliph al-mahdi (father of Hārūn al-Rashīd),111 but evidence that it did not continue long in vogue is provided by the issues of 167 H., only six years later, where the old name Ardashīr-Khurrah recurs (nos. 319–326); and the latter designation is still in use in 182 H. (nos. 327–336).
106 |
Antioch, p. 117, citing Ṭabari III, pp.
461, 462, 545.
|
107 |
F. Soret, "Lettre à M. Sawelief," Revue de la Numismatique
Belge, 1854, pp. 285–286, no. 13 = Tiesenhausen, no. 915.
|
108 |
Cf. the discussion under nos. 317–318, above; also nos. 319–323, and (Ardashīr-Khurrah with the amplifying
specification "Jūr") nos. 324–326.
|
109 |
Le Strange, p. 248.
|
110 |
Miles, A brief Report, pp. 495–496. I was mistaken there in equating Ardashīr-Khurrah
with Shīrāz; it was not until later that Shīrāz became the capital of the district
(see p. 47, above).
|
111 |
Another mint renamed in honor of al-mahdi was Rayy, called al-muḥammadīyah, after his given name, in 148 and for many years
thereafter (down until the Ghaznavid period). See NHR, p. 31.
|
610. Hārūn al-Rashīd. 170 H. = 786/7 A.D. Al-muḥammadīyah. Fals.
Obverse similar to NHR no. 70 F, reverse similar to NHR no. 70 G.
I–2–1928a Æ 21. Plate XII
611. Anonymous. 193 H. = 808/9 A.D. Al-muḥammadīyah. Dirhem.
Similar to NHR no. 94 A.
612. The Caliph Al-mahdi. 162 H. = 778/9 A.D. Madīnat al-Salām. Dirhem.
Similar to B.M. i, no. 126.
613. The Caliph Al-mahdi Muḥammad and Nuṣayr. 166 H. = 782/3 A.D. Madīnat al-Salām. Fals.
Similar to B.M. i, p. 206, no. 120.
I–2–1666 Æ 21, 2.63.
For Nuṣayr, see nos. 554–561, above.
614. Anonymous. 193 H. = 808/9 A.D. Madīnat al-Salām. Dirhem.
Similar to B.M. i, no. 226.
615. The Caliph al-Rāḍi. 323 H. = 934/5 A.D. Madīnat al-Salām. Dirhem.
Similar to B.M. i, no. 465.
616. Al-ma'mūn as eventual heir. 190 H. = 805/6 A.D. Ma'din al-Shāsh. Dirhem.
Similar to B.M. i, no. 228.
617-618. Uncertain governor. 1x6 H. = ca. 753–783 A.D. Wāsiṭ. Fals.
Effaced.
Margin: بسم الله ضرب هذا الفلس بواسط سنة ست و .... و مئة
Margin enclosed by double linear border, annulets, outer thick linear border.
Margin: مما امر به الامير محمد(؟) ....ـ
Margin between linear borders.
I–2–1520/69 Æ 20. Plate XII
1957 Æ 20.
This issue, unfortunately not wholly decipherable, appears to be unpublished.112
619-621. Anonymous. 156 H. = 772/3 A.D. No mint name. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
Double beaded border enclosing 3 annulets ◯.
محمد
رسول
الله
Margin: بسم الله ضرب سنة ست وخمسين و مئة
Margin between beaded borders, the outer of which interrupted by 3 pairs of annulets ◯ ◯.
I–2–1761 Æ. 21. Plate XII
1780e Æ.
1851 Æ 22. Plate XII
112 |
At least nothing similar seems to be recorded in Welin,
Wāsiṭ.
|
622. The Caliph al-mahdi. 166 H. = 782/3 A.D. Mint effaced. Dirhem.
Probably similar to B.M. i, no. 132 (Madīnat al-Salām).
I–2–1686a 24 (frg., cut in half).
623-629. Period of al-mahdi. 158–169 H. = 775–785 A.D. Mint effaced. Fulūs.
Obscure bronze coins either bearing al-mahdi's name, or a partial date, or exhibiting characteristics of the coinage of al-mahdi.
I–1–31, 55, 179, 412.
I–2–1645, 1701b (Plate XII), 1817 (Plate XII).
630. Muḥammad [b. Yaḥyâ] Barmaki. 182 H. (?) = 798/9 A.D. (?). Mint effaced. Fals.
Similar to the issues of Fasā of 182 H. (nos. 562–580), but برمك (?) instead of برمكى mint and date effaced.
I–2–1520/36 Æ 18. Plate XII
631-632. Uncertain governor. 198 H. = 813/4 A.D. Mint effaced. Fals.
لا اله الا
ده....
......
Border consists of two linear circles, between which alternating and ○.
... مما امر به الامـ
......
......
Margin: ثمان وتسعين و مئة ...... ضرب هذا الـ
Margin between linear borders.
I–2–1849b Æ 17.
1886b Æ 17.
Ca.750–815 A.D.
633-849 d. 221 unidentifiable bronze coins with 2nd century 'Abbāsid characteristics.
See the Inventory for the field numbers of these coins.
Ca.815–912 A.D.
850. The Caliph al-mutawakkil. Date effaced. 232–247 H. = 847–861 A.D. Mint effaced. Dirhem.
851. The Caliph al-mu'tamid. 272 H. = 885/6 A.D. Mint effaced. Dirhem.
852. The Caliph al-mu'tamid. Date effaced. 256–279 H. = 870–892 A.D. Mint effaced. Dirhem.
853-854. Mint effaced. Date effaced. Dirhem fragments.
855-856. Mint effaced. Date effaced. Fulūs.
Dates end مائتين.
I–1–643 Æ 17.
I–2–1952 Æ.
857. Manṣūr b. Nūḥ and Aḥmad b. Manṣūr. 3XX = 961–977 A.D. Bukhārā (?). Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
Outer margin: بسم الله ضرب
.....(⸮) هذا الفلس ببخارا
Inner margin: (⸮) على يدي
ين و ثلثمائة....و .....
Marginal legends between linear borders.
Margin: مما امر به الامير احمد بن
منصور مولى امير المؤمنين
Margin between linear borders.
I–2–1958 Æ 27. Plate XIII
This coin should be legible in its entirety but I have been unable to read parts of the marginal legends in the photograph. In some respects it is comparable to B.M. ii, no. 411.
858. Ṣamṣām al-Dawlah and Fakhr al-Dawlah. 38X H. = 990–998 A.D. Mint effaced. Dirhem.
.... لا اله
... وحده لا شر
.....
... الملك
...... القا
...... فخر
.... و ملك
Margin: بسم.....ين و ثلث مائة
Outer border of dots, outside of which annulets ○○ (one pair preserved).
.... صمصام الد
.... وشمس المـ
..... ابو كالـ
Margin: traces.
Border of dots enclosing area.
Cf. BM. ii, no. 667, with similar area legends.
859-860. Būyid. Late 4th to early 5th c. H. = late 10th to early 11th c. A.D.
Traces of legends suggest Būyid attribution.
I–2–1674 Æ.
861. Unidentifiable clipping. Ca. 5th c. H. = ca. 11th c. A.D. Dinar fragment.
Traces of legend suggest the Seljūq period.
862. Abu-Sa'īd. 730 H. = 1329/30 A.D. Mint effaced. Bronze.
لا اله الا
محمد ...
......
.......
... السلطان
فى سنة ثلثين
...خان خلـ...
.......
I–2–1811a Æ 19. Plate XIII
863. Sulaymān Khān. 740–744 H. = 1339–1344 A.D. Kabīr Shaykh or Shaykh-i Kabīr. Bronze.
ن
سليما
خان
شيخ
كبير
ضرب
Linear circle and outer border of dots, obverse and reverse.
I–2–1684a Æ 16. Plate XIII
The location of this mint is unknown.113 I have recorded in my files specimens in silver of the Ilkhānids Muḥammad, Ṭoghā Tīmūr and Sulaymān, dated 737,114 738, 739, 73X and 74X.
864. Anonymous. 12th–13th c. H. = 18th–19th c. A.D. Iṣfahān. Bronze.
General type of B.M. Shāhs of Persia, p. 219, nos. 26ff. I–1–355 Æ 24, 18.10.
865. Muḥammad Shāh. 1250–1264 H. = 1835–1848 A.D. Irān. Bronze.
Type of B.M. Shāhs of Persia, no. 576.
I–2–1592a Æ 19.
866-1046. 181 unidentifiable bronze coins, the majority, to judge by their fabric, late Sasanian or early Islamic.
See the Inventory for the field numbers of these coins.
113 |
B. Spuler, Die Mongolen in Iran
(Berlin, 1955), pp. 129 and 133, lists this mint but does not indicate whether or not it has been
identified.
|
114 |
Cf. PT 10, p. 88, below.
|
1. Ardashir I. 224–241 A.D. Dirhem.
Bust of king, r., with moustache, long plaited beard, side and back hair; low crown surmounted by globe.
Legend (beginning at 11:30 o'clock):
Fire-altar on fluted shaft standing on two steps; handles resembling lion's paws resting on incense vessels. At r. ; at l. .
PT–5–64 24, 3.85 (broken in 2 pieces). Plate XIII
Cf. Paruck, nos. 37ff., plates II and III. Note that the reverse legend is opposite to the usual order.
2. Khosrau II. Year 31 = 620 A.D. ŠI (?) = Shīrajān (?). Dirhem.
Usual type, with in obverse margin. Reverse: at r. ـسـ; at l.
PT–5–373a 28, 3.00. Plate XIII
The mint mark is Walker's no. 49, which he tentatively assigned to Shīrajān, the old capital of Kirmān province; and I have supported this hypothesis.115
3. 'Abdullāh b. Zubayr. 63 H. (?) = 682/3 A.D. (?). ZR = Zaranj. Dirhem.
Usual bust. At r.:
Margin, 2nd quarter:
Usual fire-altar and attendants. At r. ; at l.
PT–5–373b 27, 2.60 (clipped). Plate XIII
Probably there were two or three pellets ( or ∴) after بسم الله in the margin (as on other coins of 'Abdullāh b. Zubayr's at Zaranj),116 but only one has been preserved as a result of clipping. The writing of the date is enigmatic and I can only suggest 63 as the probable date.
115 |
Cf. Miles, Kirmān.
|
Sābūr (?).
4. Anonymous. No date. Ca. 100–132 H. = ca. 718–750 A.D. Sābūr (?). Fals.
...لا الـ
....الا
..وحد
Linear border.
(⸮) سابور
محمد
رسول
•الله
Linear border.
PT–5–388 Æ 19, 1.65. Plate XIII
5-6. The Caliph al-mahdi and Rabī'. 167 H. = 783/4 A.D. Iṣṭakhr. Fals.
Similar to Iṣṭakhr Excavations, nos. 391–470, pp. 60–61, above.
PT–7–360 Æ 16. Plate XIII
372 Æ 16. Plate XIII
116 |
7. Yazīd? 171 H. (?) = 787/8 A.D. (?). Al-'Abbāsīyah. Dirhem.
Similar to B.M. i, no. 183, but reverse: above, جائز ; beneath, يزيد?
As is the case with almost all the coins of this mint the legends on this specimen are exceedingly difficult to read. Here an additional difficulty is that the coin is double struck. My reading of the date is doubtful. The word جائز is dubious, but يزيد is almost certainly correct. At all events I have not found in the published literature or in the collection of the American Numismatic Society any other specimen with a similar legend above the reverse area.
8. Uncertain governor. 2nd c. H. = ca. 750–815 A.D. Mint effaced. Fals.
Conventional formulae, no distinctive legends preserved. PT–5–838 Æ 17.
9. Abu-Sa'īd. No date. 716–736 H. = 1316–1336 A.D. Mint effaced. Bronze.
Very obscure, probably similar to Naqsh-i Rustam Excavations, no. 68, p. 106, below.
PT–7–227 Æ 16.
10. Muḥammad Khān. 737 H. = 1336/7 A.D. Kabīr Shaykh or Shaykh-i Kabīr. Bronze.
Within square, within circular linear and dotted border:
(sic) السطان
(sic) محمد
خلد ملكه
In segments between square and circle: ·*·
In center, within ornamental triangle within linear and dotted border:
ب
ضر
شبخ
كبير
In segments between triangle and circle:| سنة سبع
ئة...وسـ|و...ن
PT–5–845 Æ 22, 2.50. Plate XIV
For the same mint name on a coin of Sulaymān Khān, see Iṣṭakhr Excavations, no. 863, p. 84, above.
11-13. Uncertain rulers. Ca. 700–750 H. = ca. 1300–1350 A.D. Mints effaced. Bronze.
Few traces preserved; roughly attributable by style and fabric.
PT–3–10 Æ 23.
18 Æ 16.
19 Æ 25.
14. Shāh Shujā'. 765–786 H. = 1363–1384 A.D. Idhaj. Dirhem.
Within square formed by elongated bases of surrounding inscription:
Within curved polygonal frame:
بلد
• ايذج
Around: لا اله... الله محمد رسول الله
(sic) اللطان
و امير المؤمنين
لمطاع شاه شجاع ..
...ضرب ايذج
خلد الله ملكه
scroll
Quite a few coins of this dynasty struck at Idhaj have been published, but none, so far as I know, of this type. Idhaj, the Māl-Amīr or Malamir of today, lies in Khūzi-stān south-east of Tustar on the Dujayl.117
15. Tīmūr Gūrkhān and Maḥmūd. Date effaced or no date. Ca. 790–800 H. = ca. 1388–1398 A.D. Shīrāz. Bronze.
.......
.... لسلطان محـ ..
مور كور كان ...
...... لك ...
Within ornamental circle (?):
عدلية
شيراز
PT–5–840 Æ 20, 1.98. Plate XIV
Cf. B.M. vii, nos. 38–43, in some respects similar, but this is a different issue.
16. Anonymous. 12th–13th c. H. = 18th–19th c. A.D. Shīrāz. Bronze.
Unidentifiable quadruped, walking right.
فلوس
ب
ضر شيراز
PT–5–16 Æ 25, 18.30. Plate XIV
117 |
Le Strange, p. 245.
|
17. Anonymous. Probably 11th–12th c. H. = 17th–18th c. A.D. Mint? Bronze.
See illustration.
PT–5–839 Æ 17X13, 1.45. Plate XIV
18. Anonymous. 12th–13th c. H. = 18th–19th c. A.D. Mint effaced. Bronze.
Lion (?), walking right.
.... فلو
ب
......
PT–5–436 Æ 21, 9.50.
19. Unidentifiable, probably after 8th c. H. = after 14th c. A.D. Bronze.
Traces of letters on one side.
PT–3–6 Æ 17.
1. Artaxerxes V and Papek. Ca. 200 A.D. Obol?
Bust of Artaxerxes V, facing; long pointed beard, long side hair. Tiara with star and crescent in center. At r.: . At l.: .
Border of dots.
Bust of Papek, left, wearing tiara. At r.: . At l.: . Border of dots, overlapping at r.
Border of dots.
This type appears to be unpublished. Of comparable style is de Morgan, Manuel, p. 288, fig. 370; and cf. de Morgan, pl. XXXIV, nos. 18–s22.
2. Bahram IV. 388–399 A.D. Uncertain mint. Dirhem.
Type of Paruck, nos. 284–286, pl. XIII. Obverse legend abbreviated and barbarous. Reverse: at l. ; at r. .
3. Bahram V. 420–438 A.D. No mint signature? Dirhem.
Semi-barbarous type somewhat comparable to Paruck, no. 318, pl. XIV. Obverse: illegible inscriptions r. and l. Reverse: no legible inscription, possible traces at r.
4. Hormizd IV. Year 5 = 583 A.D. NIH = Nihāvand. Dirhem.
Type of Paruck, nos. 343ff., pl. XX. Reverse: at r. ; at l .
NR–1–9/1 28 (fragmentary). Plate XIV
This mint signature has been identified by Walker (B.M. Arab-Sasanian, p. civ, no. 45). It is Paruck's no. 134. Göbl for some reason omits it.
5. Hormizd IV. Year 9 = 587 A.D. RD = Rayy. Dirhem.
NR–1–9/2 27, 2.70 + (frg. lacking).
6. Khosrau II. Year 37 = 626 A.D. DR = Darabjird. Dirhem.
Usual type. Reverse: at r. ; at l. .
The mint signature is Paruck's no. 78, Göbl's no. 32.
7. Khosrau II. Year 31 = 620 A.D. MR = Merv. Dirhem.
Usual type. Reverse: at r. ; at l. .
The mint signature is Walker's no. 40a, Paruck's no. 110, Göbl's no. 47 (2nd variety).
8. Khosrau II. Year 33 = 622 A.D. MR = Merv. Dirhem.
Usual type. Reverse: at r. ; at l. .
9. Khosrau II. Year 26? = 615 A.D.? NHR = Nahr-Tīrâ. Dirhem.
Usual type. Obverse: in 2nd quarter. Reverse: at r. ; at l. .
NR–1–9/8 33, 3.23 + (frg. lacking).
10. Khosrau II. Year 35 = 624 A.D. NHR = Nahr-Tīrâ. Dirhem.
Usual type, but in obverse margin, 2nd quarter: . Reverse: at r. ; at l. .
Note the unusual marginal legend. The mint signature is apparently a variety of Paruck's no. 130, Walker's no. 44a, Göbl's no. 53, but at all events almost certainly NHR.
11. Khosrau II. Year 7 = 596 A.D. NH = Nihāvand. Dirhem.
Early "beardless" type. Reverse: at r. at l.
NR–1–9/3 31, 3.28 + (frg. lacking). Plate XV
The mint signature is Walker's no. 43 or 43a, Paruck's no. 130 or 131, Göbl's no. 51.
12. Khosrau II. Year 16 = 605 A.D. NIH = Nihāvand. Dirhem.
Usual type. Reverse: at r. ; at l. .
NR–1–9/5 AR 32, 3.37. Plate XV
For the mint signature, compare no. 4.
13. Khosrau II. Year 28 = 617 A.D. NH = Nihāvand. Dirhem.
Usual type. Reverse: at r. ; at l. .
NR–1–9/9 31, 3.12 + (small frg. lacking). Plate XV
For the mint signature, compare no. 11.
14. Khosrau II. Year 17 = 606 A.D. RD = Rayy. Dirhem.
Usual type. Reverse: at r. ; at l. .
15. Khosrau II. Year 34? = 623 A.D.? ST = Iṣṭakhr. Dirhem.
Usual type, but in obverse margin, 2nd quarter: . Reverse: at r. ; at l. .
NR–2–38 24 (clipped). Plate XV
16. Khosrau II. Year 35 = 624 A.D. ŠR? = Shīrajān? Dirhem.
Usual type. Reverse: at r. ; at l. .
NR–1–9/7 31, 2.88 + (frgs. lacking). Plate XV
The mint signature is enigmatic. Perhaps comparable are Paruck's no. 2 (AB, Abrashahr?), his nos. 186 and 208 (uncertain attribution), Göbl's no. 64 and Walker's no. 49, Shīrājan. The latter seems to me the most likely identification. Shīrājan was the late Sasanian and early Islamic capital of Kirmān province.119
17. Khosrau II. 590–628 A.D. Date effaced, ZR = Zaranj. Dirhem.
Usual type. Reverse: at r. ; at l. obscure.
The mint signature is a variant of Paruck's nos. 248–251, Walker's no. 57 and Göbl's no. 73.
118 |
Arranged chronologically by rulers, and alphabetically by mints within reigns.
|
18-20. Probably Khosrau II. 590–628 A.D. Bronze.
Three poorly preserved and obscure bronze coins with obverse bust resembling that of Khosrau II and reverse fire-altar and attendants; one (NR–1–45) possibly bearing the Iṣṭakhr mint signature.
NR–1–45 Æ 16.
51 Æ 27.
56 Æ 13.
21. Late Sasanian. 6th–7th c. A.D. Bronze.
Traces of bust?
Camel (?), walking r.
NR–1–49 Æ 17.
22-29. Late Sasanian. 6th–7th c. A.D. Bronze.
Obscure largely effaced coins recognizable by their fabric as late Sasanian but otherwise unidentifiable.
NR–1–46a Æ 20.
46b Æ 14.
58 Æ 18.
60 Æ 12.
NR–1–61 Æ 14.
62 Æ 13.
63 Æ 16.
NR–2–48 Æ 11.
119 |
Cf. Miles, Kirmān.
|
30. Anonymous (name of Yezdigird III). 20 Y.E.120 = 31 H. = 651/2 A.D. NHR = Nahr-Tīrâ. Dirhem.
Usual type of Yezdigird III, with name at right. In margin, 2nd quarter, traces of Kufic legend جيد (?).
Usual type. At r. ; at l. . Crescent l., star r. of flames.
NR–1–9/13 28, 2.35 + (clipped). Plate XV
Cf. B. M. Arab-Sasanian, p. 3, no. 2, which has بسم الله in the margin.
1. Ardashīr-Khurrah
31. 'Abdullāh b. Zubayr. 66 H. = 685/6 A.D. ART = Ardashīr-Khurrah. Dirhem.
Similar to B. M. Arab-Sasanian, p. 29, no. 1.14, except obverse margin: بسم الله. Reverse: at r. ; at l. . Star l., crescent r. of flames.
2. Kirmān
32. 'Abdullāh b. Zubayr. 69 H. = 688/9 A.D. KRMNRMAN = Kirmān. Dirhem.
Similar to B. M. Arab-Sasanian, p. 32, no. 41, except different dies, no countermarks. Reverse: at r. ; at l. . Crescent l., star r. of flames.
Mention of this specimen was made in Miles, Kirmān , footnote 16. The mint signature bears an unpublished variety of suffix, the meaning of which, like the numerous others at the Kirmān mint, is undetermined.121
120 |
Yezdigird era.
|
33. Ziyād b. abi-Sufyān. 41 Y.E. = 53 H. = 672/3 A.D. DAP = Darabjird. Dirhem.
Similar to B. M. Arab-Sasanian, p. 40, no. 58, except mint signature . Star l., crescent r. of flames.
Walker reads this variety of the Darabjird mint signature as DAR (his no. 18), but it would seem to me that DAP is a more likely reading.
34. 'Ubaydullāh b. Ziyād. 62 H. = 681/2 A.D. BJRA = al-Baṣrah. Dirhem.
Similar to B. M. Arab-Sasanian, p. 59, no. 88. Reverse: pellet r. of mint signature; at l. . Crescent l., pellet r. of flames.
NR–1–9/15 28, 2.31 + (frg. of rim lacking). Plate XVI
121 |
Cf. Miles,
Kirmān.
|
35-36. 'Umar b. 'Ubaydullāh. 67 H. = 686/7 A.D. BIŠ = Bishāpūr. Dirhem.
Similar to Iṣṭakhr Excavations, nos. 103–107, p. 26, above.
37. The same. 68 H. = 687/8 A.D. BIŠ = Bishāpūr. Dirhem.
Similar to Iṣṭakhr Excavations, no. 108, p. 26, above.
38. The same.
Similar to no. 37, but star l., crescent r. of flames, as on
B. M. Arab-Sasanian, no. 196.
39-40. The same. 69 H. = 688/9 A.D. BIŠ = Bishāpūr. Dirhem.
Similar to B. M. Arab-Sasanian, p. 100, no. 197, except: mint signature no. 12b, and date written . Star l., crescent r. of flames.
41-45. The same. 70 H. = 689/90 A.D. BIŠ = Bishāpūr. Dirhem.
Similar to Iṣṭakhr Excavations, nos. 109–134, p. 27, above.
(9/36 32, 3.48).122 Plate XVII
46. The same.
Similar to nos. 41–45, but date written .
NR–1–9/33 31, 2.85 + (frg. lacking).
47-48. The same.
Similar to nos. 41–45, but no pellet before لله in obverse margin.
49. The same. 69 H. = 688/9 A.D. VIŠP or NIŠP or NIŠČ, etc.? Dirhem.
Similar to B. M. Arab-Sasanian, p. 102, no. B.35, but obverse margin: لله الحمد . Reverse: at r. Star l., crescent r. of flames.
NR–1–9/24 32, 3.40. Plate XVII
50. The same.
Similar to no. 49, but mint written: .
The mint signature is a puzzle. The letters can be read in many different ways. Walker (B. M. Arab-Sasanian, p. civ, no. 45a and p. cxxv) reads NIH (?) for Nihāvand, but I find it difficult to accept this interpretation. Could it by any chance be a rendering of the old Pahlevi name of Bishāpūr, that is, Wēh-Shāhpuhr? The fact that all the other coins of 'Umar b. 'Ubaydullāh in this hoard were struck at the mint of Bishāpūr might lend some support to this suggestion.123 The only other known example of this mint signature is on a coin of 'Umar b. 'Ubaydullāh, year 72 (?).124
122 |
This coin, now among those belonging to the Oriental Institute, was found in the envelope marked NR–1–9/36, but the field
inventory card
for this number (prepared by the writer in 1936) describes a coin of Qaṭari (see no. 53, below). Obviously at
some point two coins and envelopes were switched. In order to keep the number of specimens correct I have counted only five
specimens of
this issue, as one of the others listed above (now in Teheran) may actually be the one now in envelope
9/36.
|
51. 'Aṭīyah b. al-Aswad. 73 H. = 692/3 A.D. KRMAN-RB (?) = Kirmān. Dirhem.
In margin:
Usual fire-altar and attendants. At r.: ; at l. . Star l., crescent r. of flames.
NR–1–9/34 31, 3.38. Plate XVIII
Cf. B. M. Arab-Sasanian, p. 111, no. I.45, dated 73 or 76 (?), with a different mint suffix. Here we have still another variety of these mysterious appended letters. Cf. no. 32, above.
This specimen was mentioned and illustrated in Miles, Kirmān, footnote 22, plate, 3.
52. The same. 74 H. = 693/4 A.D. KRMAN-NHR = Kirmān. Dirhem.
Similar to no. 51, but in 3rd quarter of obverse margin: . Reverse: at r. ; at l. .
Cf. B. M. Arab-Sasanian, p. 111, no. Th.15, and RIC, no. 29, which however lack the Pahlevi legend in the 3rd quarter of the obverse and have mint signature KRMAN (Walker's no. 28). The mint signature here appears to be similar to Walker's no. 34. The present specimen was mentioned in Miles, Kirmān, footnote 22. An unpublished specimen is a recent American Numismatic Society accession (ANS 57.84) with in the 3rd quarter of the obverse and mint signature (Walker's no. 33).
123 |
If the first letter is N, the abbreviation might be for Nāshāpūr, which according to Mustawfi was a form of the name Bishāpūr
(Le Strange, p. 263).
|
124 |
Miles, Museum Notes VII, no. 37.
|
53. 125 Qaṭari b. al-Fujā'ah. 75 H. = 694/5 A.D. DARTM or DARAWM = Darabjird. Dirhem.
Similar to B. M. Arab-Sasanian, p. 113, no. 220, but mint signature appears to be: .
The mint signature is reproduced here from my own transcription of it in the field. It is possible that the letter which I read as a t is blurred and actually is the same as the element on the B.M. specimen, i.e., AW. Unfortunately there is no photograph of the coin and it is presumably in the Teheran Museum. An unpublished specimen in the American Numismatic Society (ANS 56.137) has . Another variety of the same mint and date (with mint signature DA apparently) has been described since the publication of B.M. Arab-Sasanian.126
Both John Walker and I127 are mistaken in furnishing Qaṭari's name with the definite article. The legend of course does not have it, and he is simply Qaṭari in the chronicles.128
125 |
This is the coin which originally bore the field number NR–1–9/36. Cf. footnote 122, above.
|
126 |
T. O. Mabbott in Numismatic Review IV (1947), p. 28, not illustrated.
|
127 |
Miles,
Museum Notes VII, p. 203.
|
128 |
I owe this observation to G. Levi Delia Vida.
|
54. Uncertain governor. Ca. 70–90 H. = ca. 689–709 A.D. Iṣṭakhr. Bronze.
Facing head, bearded. Cross above headdress. At r. ; at l. , and above it (?). Beaded border.
In center, uncertain figure, possibly a large tall M, with beneath base line. At r. ; at l. (APSTAN). Beaded border.
NR–2–2 Æ 20. Plate XVIII
This very interesting coin is unique. The occurrence of the Byzantine cross and M on hybrid Arab-Sasanian bronzes is however not without parallel: cf. Walker, Coins from Susa, nos. 6, 13, 15. The almost complete spelling out of the mint name is met with on two specimens found in the Iṣṭakhr excavations (nos. 146–147, above, p. 35), where also a cross is present above the reverse type, APSTAN, for apastān, is an important addition to the limited Pahlevi vocabulary of Arab-Sasanian numismatics. There can be little doubt about the correctness of the reading, which I owe to my friend Professor Richard N. Frye. The word is common on Sasanian seals,129 the meaning essentially being, "refuge, confidence, faith,"130 I would suggest that here the sense is identical with the Arabic al-wafā', which already appears on some Arab-Byzantine bronzes,131 and soon occurs frequently on bronze coins of pure Arab type,132 as well as on glass weights.133
129 |
P. Horn & G. Steindorff, Sassanidische Siegelsteine (Berlin, 1891), pp. 37–38.
|
130 |
Cf. apastām, "Zuflucht," H. S. Nyberg, Hilfsbuch des Pehlevi II (Uppsala, 1931), p. 16; apestī,
Paruck, p. 274.
|
131 |
B. M. Arab-Byzantine, p. 51.
|
132 |
E.g., at al-Rayy
in 101, 104, 110 and 116 H. (NHR, nos. 26–28, 30); and for others, with or without mint name, cf. B. M. Arab-Byzantine, index.
|
133 |
G. C. Miles, Contributions to Arabic Metrology, I (ANS Numismatic Notes and Monographs,
No. 141, N.Y., 1958), index.
|
55. Anonymous, 11x H. (?) = 728–737 A.D. (?). Mint effaced. Bronze.
Crude bust, r., with tall headdress. On breast . At l., downward محمد; at r., downward (faint) رسول الله. Across face, upward محمد. Double beaded border.
لا اله الا
الله وحده
...لا شريك
Margin: و مئة (⸮) عشر.....بسم الله
Beaded border with annulets (?).
NR–2–3b Æ 21. Plate XVIII
It is a great pity that the reverse of this truly remarkable coin is not completely preserved so that the mint and exact date can be fixed. The word عشر is fairly certain, placing the issue probably in the teens of the 2nd century of the Hijrah; at all events it is after 99 H., because مئة is entirely clear. The combination of a bust of Sasanian inspiration (though no longer the "bust of Khosrau II") with a developed conventional post-reform reverse (one would normally call it the obverse since it bears the first part of the shahadah and the mint-date formula, but I have given precedence to the bust) presents an advanced stage of transitional hybrid. It would be interesting to know whether or not the word محمد across the face is a counterstamp or is on the die itself. Despite the fact that there appears to be no corresponding protuberance on the other side of the coin, I would judge that the word is a counterstamp and that it was intentionally applied to mutilate the face, which one may assume had by this time become distasteful to strict partisans of the nascent Islamic iconoclastic sentiment.
For coins with a somewhat similar bust in combination with a post-reform legend, cf. Iṣṭakhr Excavations, nos. 155–159, P. 38, above.
56. Uncertain. Ca. 80–120 H. = ca. 699–738 A.D. Uncertain mint. Bronze.
An obscure coin with 2 or 3-line legends on each face, the characters either Pahlevi or possibly Kufic engraved by a Pahlevi-writing artisan.
NR–1–59 Æ 22. Plate XVIII
57. Anonymous. 130 H. = 747/8 A.D. Iṣṭakhr. Fals.
Similar to Iṣṭakhr Excavations, nos. 185–189, p. 45 above, but there are evidences on both sides that the specimen was restruck on an earlier coin.
NR–2–30 Æ 21. Plate XVIII
58. Anonymous. 124 H. = 741/2 A.D. Wāsiṭ. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده لا
شريك له
Double linear border enclosing 5 annulets; outer broad linear border.
محمد
رسول
الله
Margin: بسم الله ضرب هذا الفلس
بواسط سنة اربع و عشرين ومئة
Linear border enclosing area; linear border with 3 (of 5?) half annulets enclosing margin; outer broad linear border.
NR–1–48 Æ 20, 2.78. Plate XVIII
Cf. Iṣṭakhr Excavations, nos. 199–200, p. 48, above, probably the same, but obverse effaced.
59. Uncertain governor. Ca. 100–132 H. = ca. 718–750 A.D. Fals.
Usual formulae, no significant legends preserved.
NR–1–55 Æ 19.
60. Uncertain governor or anonymous. Date effaced. Mid–2nd. c. H. = ca. 750–790 A.D. Ardashīr-Khurrah (?). Fals.
Effaced except for obverse margin: ...ضرب هذا...(⸮)...باردشـ.
NR–1–52 Æ 20.
61. The Caliph al-mahdi and Nuṣayr. No date. 158–169 H. = 775–785 A.D. Fasā. Fals.
Similar to Iṣṭakhr Excavations, nos. 554–561, p. 73, above.
NR–2–3a Æ 20. Plate XVIII
62-63. Anonymous. 161 H. = 777/8 A.D. Kūrat al-mahdīyah min Fārs. Fals.
Similar to Iṣṭakhr Excavations, nos. 603–608, p. 76, above, except that beneath obverse, ornament or letter:
NR–1–50 Æ 23, 2.30. Plate XVIII
2–1 Æ 23. Plate XVIII
64. Anonymous. 213 H. = 828/9 A.D. Madīnat al-Salām. Dirhem.
Similar to Berlin, no. 1413.
65. Uncertain governor. 15X = 768–776 A.D. Mint effaced. Fals.
Margin: .... (⸮)مما امر به
Margin within dotted borders.
Margin: ....بسم الله ضرب هذ
ـسين ومئة....
Margin within inner dotted border and outer beaded border. Annulets?
NR–2–50 Æ 21.
66. The Caliph al-mahdi. 16x = 777–786 A.D. Mint effaced. Fals.
لا اله الا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
Five annulets between thin inner and thick outer linear borders.
الخليفة [المهدي؟]ـ
محمد
امير المؤمنين
Margin: بسم الله.... ستين و مئة
NR–2–3C Æ 18.
67. Unidentifiable, probably 'Abbāsid. 2nd c. H. = 8th c. A.D. Fals.
Almost completely obliterated.
NR–1–47 Æ 19.
68. Abu-Sa'īd. No date. 716–736 H. = 1316–1336 A.D. Mint effaced. Bronze.
Within polygonal frame surrounded by linear border and border of dots:
بو
ا سعيد
بهادر
Traces of ornament or legend.
NR–2–17 Æ 20. Plate XVIII
Cf. Persepolis Terrace Excavations, no. 9, p. 87, above.
69. Uncertain ruler. Date effaced. 8th c. H. = 14th c. A.D. Uncertain mint. Bronze.
Within square enclosed by circle:
لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
In center, within circle:
.....
ضر
ب
Margin: ....(⸮)سلطان....
Outer linear border.
NR–2–59 Æ 21. Plate XVIII
70. Shāh Shujā'. No date. 765–786 H. = 1363–1384 A.D. Shīrāz. Bronze.
Within double linear border and outer border of dots:
Within double linear border:
شاه
شجاع
(⸮)عا...
شيراز
NR–2–26 Æ 16. Plate XVIII
Evidently unpublished.
71. The same. Shīrāz. Bronze.
Within polygon (?):
......
السلطان المطاع
شجاع
Within double square:
عدلية
شيراز
NR–2–54 Æ 21. Plate XVIII
This type also evidently is unpublished. The title al-mutā' is present on published silver coins of Shāh Shujā'.134
72. Coin or token of 9th c. H. (?) = 15th c. A.D. (?). Bronze.
.......
و العز الدئم
.......
Linear border and outer border of dots.
Negative impression of obverse.
NR–1–57 Æ 18.
73. Unidentified Islamic. Bronze.
No field record other than "Islamic."
NR–2–12 Æ 18.
134 |
Cf. B.M. vi, nos. 671 ff.
|
Field No. | Numismatic Cat. No. |
I–I–17 | 391 |
31 | 623 |
34 | 633 |
55 | 623 |
63 | 344 |
63a | 146 |
63b | 237 |
67a | 31 |
67b | 866 |
71 | 633 |
75 | 391 |
81 | 160 |
89 | 603 |
92 | 391 |
93 | 31 |
96 | 866 |
97 | 611 |
100 | 180 |
102 | 581 |
105 | 21 |
113 | 391 |
114 | 180 |
116 | 31 |
117 | 199 |
119 | 603 |
120 | 237 |
126 | 237 |
127 | 581 |
131 | 370 |
136 | 633 |
142 | 31 |
143 | 143 |
145 | 258 |
I–1–146 | 633 |
148 | 31 |
149 | 138 |
150 | 173 |
160 | 391 |
166 | 146 |
168 | 202 |
170 | 180 |
179 | 623 |
181 | 258 |
184 | 633 |
186 | 391 |
189 | 258 |
191 | 258 |
193 | 154 |
197 | 633 |
199 | 391 |
203 | 614 |
205 | 31 |
210 | 391 |
211 | 258 |
220 | 29 |
220a | 31 |
225 | 237 |
226 | 31 |
230 | 202 |
231 | 31 |
241 | 633 |
241a | 633 |
242 | 180 |
242a | 180 |
243 | 258 |
243a | 31 |
I–1–243b | 22 |
245 | 176 |
248 | 31 |
252 | 391 |
252a | 178 |
257 | 364 |
267 | 31 |
276 | 344 |
278 | 258 |
281 | 155 |
282 | 633 |
283 | 633 |
284 | 554 |
290 | 633 |
291 | 866 |
295 | 202 |
300 | 391 |
301 | 370 |
302 | 633 |
306 | 633 |
307 | 370 |
312 | 633 |
312a | 344 |
313 | 258 |
315 | 510 |
318 | 258 |
319 | 202 |
319a | 633 |
321 | 164 |
322 | 157 |
325 | 24 |
333 | 258 |
335 | 370 |
I–1–336 | 258 |
337 | 31 |
339 | 23 |
341 | 633 |
344 | 633 |
354 | 391 |
355 | 864 |
358 | 581 |
359 | 31 |
363 | 633 |
364 | 319 |
366 | 391 |
370 | 24 |
372 | 258 |
376 | 490 |
380 | 581 |
382 | 370 |
385 | 31 |
386 | 471 |
388 | 633 |
389 | 633 |
393 | 633 |
394 | 202 |
406 | 258 |
407 | 185 |
407a | 581 |
407b | 581 |
412 | 623 |
413 | 31 |
414 | 633 |
424 | 31 |
425 | 391 |
425a | 866 |
Field No. | Numismatic Cat. No. |
I–1–436 | 31 |
462 | 581 |
464 | 603 |
468 | 581 |
474 | 633 |
475 | 581 |
477 | 633 |
481 | 258 |
484 | 258 |
485 | 258 |
511 | 151 |
515 | 562 |
516 | 391 |
519 | 633 |
521 | 391 |
529 | 633 |
545 | 603 |
561 | 391 |
562 | 562 |
572 | 31 |
573 | 31 |
575 | 202 |
591 | 31 |
598 | 31 |
602 | 522 |
604 | 391 |
626 | 173 |
626a | 258 |
627 | 31 |
629 | 31 |
631 | 31 |
635 | 24 |
643 | 855 |
645 | 391 |
646 | 258 |
647 | 31 |
652 | 31 |
653 | 562 |
654 | 185 |
655 | 554 |
655a | 31 |
I–1–655b | 391 |
657 | 383 |
657a | 383 |
658 | 633 |
659 | 258 |
660 | 202 |
882 | 24 |
883 | 31 |
884 | 391 |
885 | 138 |
886 | 202 |
887 | 391 |
889 | 633 |
890 | 202 |
892 | 258 |
893 | 344 |
893a | 391 |
894 | 2 |
895 | 327 |
896 | 258 |
897 | 16 |
898 | 633 |
901 | 391 |
902 | 391 |
903 | 190 |
905 | 562 |
906 | 344 |
906a | 633 |
907 | 15 |
908 | 633 |
908a | 633 |
909 | 151 |
910 | 157 |
911a | 3 |
911b | 4 |
911C | 4 |
911d | 4 |
911e | 4 |
911f | 8 |
911g | 8 |
911h | 8 |
I–1–911i | 8 |
911j | 8 |
912 | 562 |
912a | 633 |
913 | 633 |
914 | 13 |
916 | 202 |
918 | 24 |
919 | 391 |
919a | 472 |
921 | 633 |
927 | 142 |
928/1 | 103 |
928/2 | 103 |
928/3 | 103 |
928/4 | 103 |
928/5 | 103 |
928/6 | 108 |
928/7 | 108 |
928/8 | 109 |
928/9 | 109 |
928/10 | 109 |
928/11 | 109 |
928/12 | 109 |
928/13 | 109 |
928/14 | 109 |
928/15 | 109 |
928/16 | 109 |
928/17 | 109 |
928/18 | 109 |
928/19 | 109 |
928/20 | 109 |
928/21 | 109 |
928/22 | 109 |
928/23 | 109 |
928/24 | 109 |
928/25 | 109 |
928/26 | 109 |
928/27 | 109 |
928/28 | 109 |
928/29 | 109 |
I–1–928/30 | 109 |
928/31 | 109 |
928/32 | 109 |
928/33 | 109 |
929 | 391 |
929a | 472 |
929b | 391 |
932 | 478 |
933 | 866 |
934 | 383 |
935 | 554 |
935a | 391 |
936 | 364 |
937 | 370 |
938 | 499 |
938a | 150 |
940 | 31 |
941 | 30 |
942 | 31 |
943 | 31 |
948 | 391 |
1–2–13 | 866 |
114 | 866 |
249 | 177 |
278 | 633 |
542 | 861 |
1515 | 866 |
1516a | 31 |
1516b | 633 |
1518 | 196 |
1519 | 616 |
1520/1 | 866 |
1520/2 | 633 |
1520/3 | 510 |
1520/4 | 633 |
1520/5 | 258 |
1520/6 | 258 |
1520/7 | 478 |
1520/8 | 633 |
1520/9 | 633 |
1520/10 | 866 |
Field No. | Numismatic Cat. No. |
I–2–1520/11 | 633 |
1520/12 | 522 |
1520/13 | 510 |
1520/14 | 633 |
1520/15 | 562 |
1520/16 | 633 |
1520/17 | 633 |
1520/18 | 522 |
1520/19 | 633 |
1520/20 | 866 |
1520/21 | 633 |
1520/22 | 633 |
1520/23 | 522 |
1520/24 | 866 |
1520/25 | 633 |
1520/26 | 522 |
1520/27 | 498 |
1520/28 | 562 |
1520/29 | 522 |
1520/30 | 522 |
1520/31 | 866 |
1520/32 | 522 |
1520/33 | 633 |
1520/34 | 522 |
1520/35 | 327 |
1520/36 | 630 |
1520/37 | 522 |
1520/38 | 633 |
1520/39 | 258 |
1520/40 | 522 |
1520/41 | 633 |
1520/42 | 866 |
1520/43 | 633 |
1520/44 | 633 |
1520/45 | 633 |
1520/46 | 522 |
1520/47 | 522 |
1520/48 | 522 |
1520/49 | 522 |
1520/50 | 327 |
1520/51 | 510 |
I–2–1520/52 | 866 |
1520/53 | 258 |
1520/54 | 510 |
1520/55 | 633 |
1520/56 | 172 |
1520/57 | 258 |
1520/58 | 522 |
1520/59 | 633 |
1520/60 | 633 |
1520/61 | 510 |
1520/62 | 179 |
1520/63 | 478 |
1520/64 | 633 |
1520/65 | 490 |
1520/66 | 522 |
1520/67 | 866 |
1520/68 | 522 |
1520/69 | 617 |
1520/70 | 383 |
1520/71 | 522 |
1520/72 | 633 |
1520/73 | 522 |
1520/74 | 522 |
1521 | 237 |
1522 | 31 |
1523 | 633 |
1524 | 866 |
1525 | 391 |
1526a | 165 |
1526b | 633 |
1527 | 185 |
1528 | 14 |
1529 | 237 |
1530 | 562 |
1531 | 866 |
1532 | 866 |
1533 | 554 |
1534 | 633 |
1535a | 163 |
1535b | 522 |
1535c | 258 |
I–2–1536a | 633 |
1536b | 231 |
1537 | 633 |
1538a | 866 |
1538b | 609 |
1538c | 633 |
1539 | 633 |
1540 | 866 |
1541 | 633 |
1542 | 156 |
1543 | 319 |
1544a | 340 |
1544b | 237 |
1545a | 866 |
1545b | 633 |
1545c | 866 |
1546 | 237 |
1547a | 230 |
1547b | 88 |
1547c | 866 |
1548 | 866 |
1549 | 20 |
1550 | 391 |
1551 | 237 |
1552a | 866 |
1552b | 499 |
1553 | 866 |
1554 | 581 |
1555 | 504 |
1556a | 237 |
1556b | 633 |
1556c | 490 |
1557a | 478 |
1557b | 866 |
1558 | 344 |
1559 | 866 |
1560 | 633 |
1561 | 323 |
1562 | 31 |
1563 | 31 |
1564 | 1 |
I–2–1565 | 31 |
1566 | 31 |
1567 | 866 |
1568 | 633 |
1569 | 364 |
1570 | 369 |
1571 | 633 |
1572 | 633 |
1573 | 603 |
1574 | 581 |
1575 | 202 |
1576 | 31 |
1577a | 31 |
1577b | 866 |
1578 | 148 |
1579 | 144 |
1580 | 866 |
1581 | 88 |
1582 | 477 |
1583 | 615 |
1584 | 258 |
1585 | 851 |
1586 | 633 |
1587 | 383 |
1588 | 612 |
1589 | 324 |
1590 | 339 |
1591 | 344 |
1592a | 865 |
1592b | 581 |
1593 | 344 |
1594 | 202 |
1595 | 633 |
1596 | 145 |
1597 | 866 |
1598 | 344 |
1599a | 237 |
1599b | 866 |
1600a | 31 |
1600b | 633 |
1601 | 866 |
Field No. | Numismatic Cat. No. |
I–2–1602 | 31 |
1603a | 344 |
1603b | 866 |
1604 | 31 |
1605 | 866 |
1606a | 88 |
1606b | 520 |
1607 | 866 |
1608 | 633 |
1609 | 633 |
1610 | 562 |
1611 | 391 |
1612 | 506 |
1613 | 866 |
1614 | 370 |
1615 | 633 |
1616 | 633 |
1617 | 633 |
1618 | 866 |
1619 | 196 |
1620 | 581 |
1621 | 391 |
1622a | 633 |
1622b | 866 |
1622c | 562 |
1622d | 633 |
1622e | 866 |
1623 | 866 |
1624 | 391 |
1625a | 633 |
1625b | 31 |
1626a | 866 |
1626b | 522 |
1627a | 344 |
1627b | 633 |
1628 | 866 |
1629 | 633 |
1630 | 866 |
1631 | 633 |
1632 | 866 |
1633 | 88 |
I–2–1634 | 866 |
1635a | 633 |
1635b | 478 |
1636 | 866 |
1637 | 866 |
1638 | 633 |
1639 | 327 |
1640 | 633 |
1641a | 866 |
1641b | 478 |
1641c | 327 |
1641d | 633 |
1642 | 866 |
1643 | 391 |
1644 | 866 |
1645 | 623 |
1646 | 633 |
1647 | 391 |
1648 | 633 |
1649 | 633 |
1650 | 866 |
1651a | 201 |
1651b | 391 |
1651c | 391 |
1652 | 340 |
1653 | 136 |
1654 | 633 |
1655 | 581 |
1656 | 866 |
1657 | 853 |
1658 | 522 |
1659 | 633 |
1660 | 633 |
1661 | 327 |
1662 | 633 |
1663a | 633 |
1663b | 31 |
1664 | 391 |
1665 | 866 |
1666 | 613 |
1667a | 391 |
I–2–1667b | 633 |
1668 | 866 |
1669a | 866 |
1669b | 866 |
1670 | 633 |
1671a | 866 |
1671b | 562 |
1672 | 505 |
1673a | 866 |
1673b | 327 |
1674 | 859 |
1675 | 633 |
1676 | 866 |
1677 | 866 |
1678 | 337 |
1679 | 478 |
1680 | 522 |
1681a | 866 |
1681b | 633 |
1682a | 474 |
1682b | 866 |
1683 | 633 |
1684a | 863 |
1684b | 633 |
1685a | 866 |
1685b | 258 |
1685c | 866 |
1686a | 622 |
1686b | 633 |
1687a | 521 |
1687b | 866 |
1687c | 633 |
1687d | 633 |
1687e | 633 |
1687f | 866 |
1688a | 633 |
1688b | 554 |
1689 | 562 |
1690a | 633 |
1690b | 633 |
1690c | 866 |
I–2–1690d | 510 |
1691a | 866 |
1691b | 633 |
1691c | 581 |
1691d | 633 |
1692a | 866 |
1692b | 522 |
1692c | 391 |
1692d | 391 |
1692e | 866 |
1693a | 633 |
1693b | 866 |
1693c | 633 |
1693d | 633 |
1693e | 866 |
1693f | 317 |
1694a | 258 |
1694b | 866 |
1694c | 633 |
1694d | 866 |
1695 | 562 |
1696a | 866 |
1696b | 391 |
1697 | 391 |
1698 | 633 |
1699 | 633 |
1700a | 510 |
1700b | 554 |
1701a | 258 |
1701b | 623 |
1702 | 391 |
1703a | 866 |
1703b | 391 |
1703c | 633 |
1703d | 633 |
1703e | 633 |
1704 | 370 |
1705 | 633 |
1706 | 344 |
1707 | 633 |
1708a | 866 |
Field No. | Numismatic Cat. No. |
I–2–1708b | 633 |
1708c | 866 |
1709 | 258 |
1710 | 31 |
1711a | 391 |
1711b | 88 |
1712 | 391 |
1713 | 633 |
1714 | 866 |
1715 | 88 |
1716 | 866 |
1717 | 633 |
1718a | 866 |
1718b | 866 |
1719 | 633 |
1720a | 866 |
1720b | 633 |
1721 | 866 |
1722 | 853 |
1723a | 391 |
1723b | 633 |
1723c | 866 |
1724a | 633 |
1724b | 391 |
1724c | 866 |
1725 | 198 |
1726a | 258 |
1726b | 478 |
1726c | 88 |
1727 | 137 |
1728 | 138 |
1729a | 581 |
1729b | 324 |
1729c | 633 |
1730 | 633 |
1731a | 391 |
1731b | 391 |
1731C | 866 |
1731d | 391 |
1731e | 490 |
1731f | 317 |
I–2–1732 | 102 |
1733 | 633 |
1734a | 866 |
1734b | 581 |
1735 | 138 |
1736a | 866 |
1736b | 202 |
1737 | 391 |
1738a | 237 |
1738b | 202 |
1739 | 191 |
1740 | 581 |
1741 | 391 |
1742a | 866 |
1742b | 194 |
1743a | 364 |
1743b | 866 |
1744 | 499 |
1745 | 391 |
1746 | 633 |
1747 | 866 |
1748 | 866 |
1749 | 633 |
1750 | 866 |
1751 | 195 |
1752 | 370 |
1753 | 202 |
1754a | 391 |
1754b | 391 |
1755 | 167 |
1756 | 603 |
1757 | 866 |
1758a | 258 |
1758b | 866 |
1758c | 499 |
1759 | 633 |
1760 | 858 |
1761 | 619 |
1762a | 237 |
1762b | 327 |
1762c | 522 |
I–2–1763a | 859 |
1763b | 866 |
1764 | 237 |
1765 | 202 |
1766 | 31 |
1767 | 370 |
1768 | 633 |
1769a | 866 |
1769b | 866 |
1769c | 202 |
1769d | 258 |
1770 | 866 |
1771a | 391 |
1771b | 258 |
1772a | 866 |
1772b | 633 |
1772c | 633 |
1772d | 522 |
1772e | 167 |
1773 | 866 |
1774 | 503 |
1775 | 258 |
1776 | 866 |
1777 | 202 |
1778 | 490 |
1779a | 633 |
1779b | 510 |
1780a | 866 |
1780b | 633 |
1780c | 633 |
1780d | 316 |
1780e | 619 |
1780f | 633 |
1781 | 633 |
1782 | 202 |
1783 | 319 |
1784 | 31 |
1785a | 167 |
1785b | 88 |
1785c | 866 |
1785d | 88 |
I–2–1785e | 31 |
1786 | 167 |
1787 | 866 |
1788a | 18 |
1788b | 633 |
1789 | 866 |
1790 | 135 |
1791b | 88 |
1791d | 31 |
1792a | 88 |
1792b | 31 |
1793a | 162 |
1793b | 167 |
1794 | 866 |
1795a | 31 |
1795b | 160 |
1796a | 31 |
1796b | 88 |
1797 | 88 |
1798 | 31 |
1799 | 319 |
1800 | 370 |
1801 | 633 |
1802 | 258 |
1803 | 191 |
1804 | 185 |
1805a | 202 |
1805b | 391 |
1806 | 633 |
1807 | 391 |
1808a | 633 |
1808b | 231 |
1809 | 866 |
1810 | 202 |
1811a | 862 |
1811b | 478 |
1812 | 202 |
1813 | 633 |
1814 | 562 |
1815 | 633 |
1816 | 633 |
Field No. | Numismatic Cat. No. |
I–2–1817 | 623 |
1818 | 490 |
1819 | 866 |
1820a | 258 |
1820b | 633 |
1820c | 866 |
1820d | 522 |
1821 | 554 |
1822a | 391 |
1822b | 866 |
1822c | 633 |
1823 | 633 |
1824 | 866 |
1825 | 633 |
1826 | 633 |
1827a | 866 |
1827b | 633 |
1827c | 866 |
1828a | 633 |
1828b | 633 |
1828c | 258 |
1828d | 866 |
1829 | 633 |
1830 | 866 |
1831 | 633 |
1832 | 866 |
1833a | 633 |
1833b | 866 |
1833c | 633 |
1834 | 866 |
1835 | 165 |
1836a | 866 |
1836b | 344 |
1837 | 258 |
1838a | 633 |
1838b | 185 |
1838c | 866 |
1838a | 391 |
1839a | 258 |
1839b | 866 |
1840 | 490 |
I–2–1841 | 231 |
1842 | 866 |
1843 | 344 |
1844 | 633 |
1845 | 866 |
1846a | 364 |
1846b | 633 |
1847a | 633 |
1847b | 562 |
1848 | 633 |
1849a | 866 |
1849b | 631 |
1850 | 562 |
1851 | 619 |
1852a | 866 |
1852b | 258 |
1853a | 490 |
1853b | 391 |
1853c | 866 |
1854 | 202 |
1855 | 391 |
1856 | 633 |
1857a | 489 |
1857b | 633 |
1858a | 866 |
1858b | 633 |
1859a | 202 |
1859b | 633 |
1859c | 258 |
1859d | 866 |
1860 | 633 |
1861 | 391 |
1862 | 633 |
1863a | 866 |
1863b | 258 |
1864a | 866 |
1864b | 370 |
1864c | 327 |
1864d | 633 |
1865 | 866 |
1866 | 258 |
I–2–1867a | 866 |
1867b | 633 |
1867c | 866 |
1867d | 633 |
1868 | 478 |
1869 | 633 |
1870 | 344 |
1871 | 866 |
1872a | 391 |
1872b | 258 |
1873a | 866 |
1873b | 258 |
1874 | 391 |
1875a | 633 |
1875b | 554 |
1876a | 633 |
1876b | 866 |
1876c | 202 |
1876d | 633 |
1877 | 633 |
1878a | 633 |
1878b | 633 |
1879a | 866 |
1879b | 237 |
1879c | 866 |
1879d | 344 |
1880a | 633 |
1880b | 633 |
1881a | 391 |
1881b | 866 |
1881c | 344 |
1882 | 866 |
1883 | 258 |
1884 | 866 |
1885a | 581 |
1885b | 581 |
1886a | 237 |
1886b | 631 |
1887 | 581 |
1888 | 633 |
1889 | 866 |
I–2–1890 | 391 |
1891 | 633 |
1892 | 237 |
1893a | 866 |
1893b | 866 |
1894 | 17 |
1895 | 633 |
1896 | 391 |
1897 | 340 |
1898a | 633 |
1898b | 391 |
1899 | 633 |
1900 | 866 |
1901 | 850 |
1902 | 866 |
1903 | 508 |
1904 | 866 |
1905 | 633 |
1906 | 202 |
1907 | 866 |
1908a | 474 |
1908b | 633 |
1908c | 633 |
1909 | 633 |
1910 | 633 |
1911a | 866 |
1911b | 866 |
1911c | 633 |
1911d | 633 |
1911e | 866 |
1912 | 562 |
1913 | 866 |
1914 | 633 |
1915 | 866 |
1916 | 474 |
1917 | 866 |
1918 | 258 |
1919 | 153 |
1920 | 866 |
1921 | 553 |
1922 | 258 |
Field No. | Numismatic Cat. No. |
I–2–1923 | 866 |
1924a | 633 |
1924b | 391 |
1925 | 633 |
1926 | 866 |
1927 | 633 |
1928a | 610 |
1928b | 866 |
1929 | 633 |
1930 | 506 |
1931 | 866 |
1932 | 633 |
1933a | 866 |
1933b | 370 |
1934 | 236 |
1935 | 256 |
1936 | 31 |
1937 | 391 |
1938 | 256 |
1939a | 633 |
1939b | 866 |
1939c | 258 |
1940 | 173 |
1941 | 344 |
1942 | 31 |
I–2–1943a | 258 |
1943b | 866 |
1944a | 866 |
1944b | 866 |
1945 | 237 |
1946 | 866 |
1947 | 258 |
1948 | 159 |
1949 | 383 |
1950 | 866 |
1951 | 633 |
1952 | 855 |
1953 | 866 |
1954 | 193 |
1955 | 337 |
1956 | 866 |
1957 | 617 |
1958 | 857 |
1959 | 344 |
1960 | 522 |
1961a | 391 |
1961b | 866 |
1962a | 344 |
1963 | 383 |
1964 | 866 |
I–2–1965a | 202 |
1965b | 633 |
1966a | 522 |
1966b | 633 |
1967a | 391 |
1967b | 478 |
1968 | 199 |
1969 | 562 |
1970 | 231 |
1971 | 391 |
1971a | 633 |
1972 | 866 |
1973a | 581 |
1973b | 231 |
1974a | 18 |
1974b | 866 |
1975 | 326 |
1976 | 391 |
1977b | 510 |
1977c | 258 |
1978 | 866 |
1979a | 633 |
1979b | 866 |
1980a | 633 |
1980b | 202 |
I–2–1981 | 866 |
1982 | 258 |
1983 | 866 |
1984 | 391 |
1985 | 633 |
1986 | 562 |
1987 | 88 |
1988 | 391 |
1989a | 327 |
1989b | 633 |
1990 | 633 |
1991 | 148 |
1992 | 852 |
1993 | 633 |
1994 | 31 |
1995 | 258 |
1996 | 237 |
1997 | 508 |
1998 | 340 |
1999a | 633 |
1999b | 633 |
2000 | 633 |
2001 | 383 |
2002 | 258 |
HL 96 ref. | 581 |
PT–3–6 | 19 |
10 | 11 |
14 | 14 |
18 | 11 |
19 | 11 |
PT–5–16 | 16 |
64 | 1 |
373a | 2 |
373b | 3 |
388 | 4 |
PT–5–436 | 18 |
838 | 8 |
839 | 17 |
840 | 15 |
845 | 10 |
PT–7–212 | 7 |
227 | 9 |
360 | 5 |
372 | 5 |
Field No. | Numismatic Cat. No. |
NR–1–9/1 | 4 |
9/2 | 5 |
9/3 | 11 |
9/4 | 17 |
9/5 | 12 |
9/6 | 14 |
9/7 | 16 |
9/8 | 9 |
9/9 | 13 |
9/10 | 7 |
9/11 | 8 |
9/12 | 6 |
9/13 | 30 |
9/14 | 33 |
9/15 | 34 |
9/16 | 31 |
9/17 | 32 |
9/18 | 35 |
9/19 | 35 |
NR–1–9/20 | 37 |
9/21 | 38 |
9/22 | 39 |
9/23 | 39 |
9/24 | 49 |
9/25 | 50 |
9/26 | 41 |
9/27 | 41 |
9/28 | 41 |
9/29 | 47 |
9/30 | 47 |
9/31 | 41 |
9/32 | 41 |
9/33 | 46 |
9/34 | 51 |
9/35 | 52 |
9/36 | 41,53 |
45 | 18 |
46a | 22 |
NR–1–46b | 22 |
47 | 67 |
48 | 58 |
49 | 21 |
50 | 62 |
51 | 18 |
52 | 60 |
53 | 1 |
54 | 64 |
55 | 59 |
56 | 18 |
57 | 72 |
58 | 22 |
59 | 56 |
60 | 22 |
61 | 22 |
62 | 22 |
63 | 22 |
NR–2–1 | 62 |
2 | 54 |
3a | 61 |
3b | 55 |
3c | 66 |
12 | 73 |
15 | 10 |
17 | 68 |
26 | 70 |
30 | 57 |
38 | 15 |
48 | 22 |
50 | 65 |
51 | 3 |
54 | 71 |
57 | 2 |
59 | 69 |
1 |
The pages on which excavation coins of a given mint are described appear here in bold face type.
|