The region termed North Africa is a geographic unit whose natural isolation by formidable physical barriers has led to an unusually persistent historical isolation. The deserts to the east and south have proven far more effective deterrents to military and commercial intercourse than the sea to the north; the ocean on the west was not opened as a frontier until the Portuguese expansion of the sixteenth century.
At the time of the rise of Islam in the seventh century this region was divided between the Eastern Roman Empire, which had retaken the fortified coastal cities from the Vandals, and the Berbers, who held the interior. The Arab conquest of North Africa was slow and bitter compared to the rapid successes in Egypt and Syria, but by the end of the seventh century it was virtually complete. During the next five decades under the Umayyad caliphs of Damascus the religion of Islam and the Arabic language spread unchecked, and the transfer after 750 to agents of the 'Abbāsids was not difficult.
The loss of Spain, to an Umayyad scion, the unrest of the Berbers, and the distance from Baghdad made North Africa a troublesome province. Morocco broke away in 789 under the 'Alid Idrīsids, while in 800 Tunisia and adjacent lands became semi-independent under the hereditary governorship of the Aghlabids. All eastern bonds were severed in 909 when the Shī'ite Fāṭimids seized power; their conquest of Egypt in 969 and the transfer of their capital thither in 972 left North Africa a power vacuum.
Between that date and 1047, when the late medieval period covered in this study may arbitrarily be said to commence, Morocco was disputed among Berber chieftains, with some intervention by Spanish Moslems, though only Ceuta remained under Andalusian control at the terminal date. Western Algeria was also dominated by Berber leaders, while eastern Algeria had been governed since 1014 by the Ḥammādid dynasty of Ṣanhājah Berbers and Tunisia was still nominally a Fāṭimid dependency under their loyal Zīrid governors.
Within the next decade Ceuta had expelled its Ḥammūdid masters and come under local Barghawāṭah Berber rule; the rest of Morocco was rapidly being brought under the control of a militant new sect, the Murābiṭ s, whose leaders were veiled Lamtūnah Berbers from the Sahara; Tunisia had rebelled against the Fāṭimids and become independent and officially Sunnite under the Zīrids, and had been punished by a devastating invasion of Arabs from upper Egypt, the Banū-Hilāl and the Banū-Sulaym.
This new order lasted for nearly a century. The Murābiṭs conquered all of Morocco as well as western Algeria, the western Sahara, and Andalusia, ruling until 1147. The Ḥammādids, though under Arab attack, held most of eastern Algeria until 1152. The Zīrids, penned by the Arabs into fortified ports, turned to commerce and piracy, when Normans from Sicily started invasions which yielded them control of several ports until 1160.
The common victor over Murābiṭs, Ḥammādids, and Sicilians, as well as over the marauding Arabs and the petty princelings of Andalusia and Tunisia, were the Muwaḥḥids, a unitarian sect ruled by Kūmiyah Berbers from the High Atlas, who established an empire stretching from Tripolitania to the Atlantic and including all of Moslem Spain. Their sway dissolved after half a century, and ended in 1269 with the fall of Marrakesh, their empire being thenceforth divided among smaller but more enduring successor dynasties of less theological motivation.
Moslem Spain regained its independence under the rival Hūdid and Naṣrid families, each of which occasionally controlled the part of North Africa around Ceuta. Pressure of Christian reconquest steadily reduced the Moslem holdings, and finally eliminated them with the surrender of Granada in 1492.
Morocco was the portion of the conquerors of the Muwaḥḥids, the Marīnid dynasty of Zanātah Berbers, who were replaced in 1465 by the Zanātah Waṭṭāsids, who in turn lost a triangular struggle with the Portuguese and the 'Alid Sharīfs. The Sharīfian victory in 1554 after a 44-year contest marked the beginning of the modern period in Morocco.
Western Algeria fell to the Ziyānids, another Zanātah Berber family, who ruled at Tlemcen despite invasions and other interruptions until the Ottoman conquest n 1556.
Eastern Algeria, Tunisia, and Tripolitania formed the domain of the Maṣmūdah Berber Ḥafṣids, whose powerful and prosperous state survived French, Spanish, and Italian assaults as well as Marīnid invasions, but fell in 1574 to the Ottoman Turks.
With the establishment of Ottoman hegemony over Algeria and Tunisia the modern phase of North African history commenced, so that the late medieval period covered by this study may be termed its independent Sunnite Berber epoch, between the early medieval Shī'ites (Idrīsids and Fāṭimids), Arabs, and foreigners (Umayyads, 'Abbāsids, Spanish Umayyads and Ḥammūdids, and Egyptian Fāṭimids), on the one hand, and the modern Shī'ite Sharīfs of Morocco and the Ottoman Turks on the other. Still later, of course, European Christians dominated the whole of North Africa, with French efforts being most successful and enduring.
As in the index of mints, the mints discussed in this chapter are divided by continents. African mints are treated first, listed in strict Arabic alphabetical order, so that names preceded by the definite article al- are grouped together between Aghmāt and Bijāyah. The Spanish mints, similarly listed in strict Arabic alphabetical order, commence with number 38, and are followed by notes on coins with mints, mintless coins, and mint inscriptions.
The locations of these mint towns are indicated on the map.
1. Azammūr أزمور
This Moroccan Atlantic port came into prominence, both as a town and as a mint, at a relatively late date. Apart from one late Muwaḥḥid double dinar (514) and one early Waṭṭāsid dinar (869) — neither of them beyond question — its appearance is limited to a handful of fourteenth-century Marīnid gold, noteworthy chiefly for variant spellings of the mint town: al-Zammūr, al-Zamwār, Azamwār, and Azammū.
2. Aghmāt أغمات
This south Moroccan caravan center between mountain and desert appears exclusively on Murābiṭ gold. Dinars exist for almost every year from 486 to 540 except the decade 516 To 526, of which only 523 is known. The significance, if any, of this hiatus is not reflected in historical accounts.
3. al-Jazā'ir ألجزائر
Algiers occurs with the definite article only on a square Muwaḥḥid dirhem (1091). For other coins from this mint see Jazā'ir.
4. al-Ḥāmmah ألحامة
The only coin known to have been struck at this western Tunisian oasis is a Ḥafṣid double dinar (616) discovered and discussed by Farrugia de Candia.
5. al-Qayrawān أاقيروان
Kairouan, south of Tunis, was the Zīrid capital before the eleventh-century Arab invasion, and appears on al-Mu'izz's Sunnite gold (3–11) between 441 and 448 with the interesting appellation "City of the power of Islam".
6. al-Mahdīyah ألمهدى
When ejected from Kairouan, the Zīrid al-Mu'izz fled to the strongly fortified Tunisian port of Mahdia, where Sunnite dinars (12a, 13) had already been struck for him in 446 and 447; he and his son Tamīm minted Shī'ite dinars there (15–23) between 449 and 459. See also Mahdīyah.
7. al-Nāṣirīyah ألناصرية
This alternative Arab name for Bougie is said by Ibn-Khaldūn to occur as the mint for a dinar (25) struck by the last Ḥammādid ruler in 543, no surviving specimens of which are recorded.
8. Bijāyah بجاية
Bougie, an important port in eastern Algeria, appears in its usual form on early Muwaḥḥid gold, on Muwaḥḥid or Ḥafṣid silver (1085), on much Ḥafṣid gold — reflecting its often independent status as a provincial capital, and on Marīnid gold (759, 769, 778) struck during recurrent invasions.
9. Biskirah بسكرة
Biskra, in east central Algeria, appears only on a single Ḥafṣid double dinar (611), discovered and commented on by Farrugia de Candia.
10. Banī-Tāwadā بني تاودا
This Berber clan gave its name to a central Moroccan market town which served as a Murābiṭ mint in the year 513 (168).
11. Tāzā تازا
Mazdara' ibn-Ḥayyān during his rebellion against the Muwaḥḥids in 559 is said by Ibn-abī-Zar' to have coined gold (499) in this north Moroccan fortress town, but it is doubtful whether the mint name appeared on the coin, no specimens of which are known to have survived.
12. Tadghah تدغة
This Idrīsid mint near Sijilmāsah in southern Morocco is said to appear on a single Muwaḥḥid dinar (449), but this must be considered unlikely. The transliterated form usually reported, Bad'ah, is an incorrect rendition of the unpointed Arabic.
13. Taṭwān تطوان
Tetouan, near Ceuta, is reported as the mint for a single Marīnid double dinar (818) by Brèthes, who does not specify the Arabic spelling and whose readings must always be considered suspect.
14. Tilimsān تلمسان
Tlemcen served many dynasties as their chief mint in western Algeria: Murābiṭs, Muwaḥḥids, Ḥafṣids, and Marīnids (the two last-named during recurrent conquests), as well as the Ziyānids, whose capital it was and almost all of whose scarce coins were struck there over a span of more than three centuries.
15. Tanas تنس
The Algerian port of Tenes is found on a single Ḥafṣid double dinar (640) and on a hybrid piece (H8).
16. Tūzar توزر
The inland Tunisian town of Tozeur, like its neighbors al-Ḥāmmah and Biskra, is found only on one Ḥafṣid gold piece (628) reported by Farrugia de Candia.
17. Tūnis تونس
The Ḥafṣid capital appears as mint on a few Muwaḥḥid and Marīnid coins and several Ḥafṣid pieces of gold, silver, and copper; in addition, it was almost certainly the unnamed source of most mintless Ḥafṣid gold.
18. Tīn Mallal تين ملل
This Atlas mountain cradle of Ibn-Tūmart's Muwaḥḥid sect is said by Bel to appear as mint (in the form Tin Mallal) on a few specimens of a square Muwaḥḥid dirhem (1089), but the reading is open to question.
19. Jarbah جرية
The only coin reported for this pirates' haven off the Tunisian coast is a square Muwaḥḥid or Ḥafṣid dirhem (1090).
20. Jazā'ir جزائر
Algiers, without the definite article, was an outlying mint for Ḥafṣid (549, 637, 638), Ziyānid (649), and Marīnid (763) gold. See also al-Jazā'ir.
21. Ribāṭ al-Fatḥ رباط الفتح
Rabat, on the Atlantic coast of northern Morocco, was a subsidiary Muwaḥḥid mint for gold (475) and silver (1078, 1092).
22. Sabtah سبتة
Ceuta, opposite Gibraltar, changed hands frequently during the late medieval period, occurring as mint on Ḥammūdid silver and copper, Murābiṭ gold and silver, Muwaḥḥid gold and silver, Hūdid silver, Ḥafṣid gold, Marīnid gold and silver, and Naṣrid gold. Especially important are the many coins struck at Ceuta by rebels and independent chieftains, including the Barghawāṭah Saqaut and his son (880–886, 1157–1160), the last Murābiṭ insurgent Yaḥyâ al-Ṣaḥrāwī (443), Muwaḥḥid partisans (1057–1061) and rebels (1076, 1077), Hūdid agents (540, 1117–1120), local shaykhs (541, 1121), a Ḥafṣid governor (553), and Naṣrid intruders (868, 1153); many of these do not bear the mint name.
23. Sijilmāsah سجلماسة
This vanished south Moroccan city was the stronghold of the early Murābiṭs and a perennial haven for dissidents under later dynasties. An almost complete set of Murābiṭ dinars survives, scattered Muwaḥḥid gold and silver, an odd Muwaḥḥid-style dinar (554) struck by al-Khazrajī as a Ḥafṣid vassal, and a considerable quantity of Marīnid gold and silver.
24. Safāqus سفاقس
Sfax, a Tunisian port, is a Zīrid mint on two exceptional dinars reported by Farrugia de Candia (12, 24).
25. Salā سلا
This twin port of Rabat, in northern Morocco, is found on one Murābiṭ dinar (183), two Muwaḥḥid dinars (454, 455), and one Marīnid double dinar (789), suggesting a slight but continuous peripheral importance.
26. Ṣabrah صبرة
Reversion from the Fāṭimid name al-Manṣūrīyah to the original Ṣabrah was the first numismatic fore-shadowing of the Zīrid revolt, furnishing the arbitrary starting date for this study. It occurs for this Tunisian suburb of Kairouan only on dinars (1, 2) dated 439 and 440.
27. Ṭarābulus طرابلس
Although Tripoli is a standard Fāṭimid mint, Syrian rather than Libyan Tripoli was intended at this period, so such coins are excluded. The only North African coins struck after 439 with this mint are a handful of Ḥafṣid gold pieces. No coins are known for the many local amīrs.
28. Ṭanjah طنجة
Tangier appears to have been completely overshadowed by Ceuta, occurring only on one Murābiṭ qirat (974).
29. Fās فاس
Fez has been since Idrīsid times one of the most important cities of Morocco, and this importance is reflected in its use as mint on a nearly complete series of Murābiṭ dinars from 484 to 539, several Muwaḥḥid coins of gold, silver, and copper, and a large quantity of Marīnid gold with occasional silver. Many mintless Muwaḥḥid and Marīnid coins were probably minted at Fez.
30. Qābis قابس
Gabes, an important south Tunisian port, was identified on a single Jāmi'id dinar (24a) by Prieto y Vives and confirmed on a clearer specimen in this study.
31. Qusanṭīnah قسنطينة
Constantine, in inland eastern Algeria, appears as a provincial capital on a small group of Ḥafṣid double dinars, including one of an independent princeling (601).
32. Qafṣah قفصة
Gafsa, an oasis in western Tunisia, occurs intermittently as a peripheral Ḥafṣid mint for gold (587, 605, 619, 620).
33. Marrākush مراكش
Marrakesh shared with Fez the supremacy of Morocco, and consequently is found on a rich group of Murābiṭ dinars, several Muwaḥḥid gold and silver pieces, and a quantity of Marīnid gold, to which must be added the bulk of mintless Muwaḥḥid and Marīnid gold.
34. Miknāsah مكناسة
Meknes, near Fez, was overshadowed by its neighbor, being reported on scattered Murābiṭ silver (906, 907) and Muwaḥḥid gold (464, 465) and silver (1099).
35. Mahdīyah مهدية
This variant without the definite article is reported on a single Ḥafṣid dinar (621) by Farrugia de Candia. See al-Mahdīyah.
36. Nūl نول
This caravan depot on the Wādī Nūn in southern Morocco appears in this form between 494 and 511 on Murābiṭ dinars.
37. Nūl Lamṭah نول لمطة
After 513 Nūl was modified by adding the clan-name of the local Berbers, occurring regularly past the downfall of the Murābiṭs to an anonymous dinar (444) dated 542. Distorted forms of this name may occur on Muwaḥḥid gold (490) and silver (1100), but it does not appear thereafter.
38. Ishbīliyah إشبيلية
Seville issued a steady stream of Murābiṭ dinars from 489 to 541 except for the decades 500–509 and 527–534, with occasional silver. The earliest Muwaḥḥids minted gold and silver there, and just before its reconquest by Castile a double dinar (555) was struck for the Ḥafṣid Yaḥyâ I by his cousin and representative there.
39. Ighranāṭahإغرناطة
This variant for Granada was used instead of Gharnāṭah on a quantity of Murābiṭ gold and some silver and copper struck between 504 and 527, and on dinars dated 540 and 541 (438–440), when it was one of the few Spanish towns still under Murābiṭ control.
40. al-Jazīrah ألجزيرة
Algeciras minted Murābiṭ dinars (230–233) from 507 to 509.
41. al-Qanṭarah ألقنطرة
A Murābiṭ dinar (115) of Yūsuf, dated 496, is ascribed by Colson to Alcantara, with the Arabic spelling not specified.
42. al-Marīyah ألمرية
Almeria was one of the most prolific Murābiṭ mints in Spain, being represented in 492, from 494 to 499, and from 506 to 539 by a rich series of dinars, with several varieties per year at times and with many specimens in excellent condition of typical issues.
43. Balansiyah بلنسية
Between 496 and 512 Valencia struck Murābiṭ dinars, and a dirhem (947) in 503; no other coins are ascribed to this mint except a square Muwaḥḥid dirhem (1107).
44. Bayyāsah بياسة
Codera noted a Murābiṭ dinar dated 497 from Baeza (106), an otherwise unrecorded mint for African rulers.
45. Jayyān جيان
Jaen struck occasional silver for Murābiṭs and early Muwaḥḥids, and a single Muwaḥḥid dinar (471).
46. Dāniyah دانية
Denia is found on a few Murābiṭ dinars from 495 to 504, and on a square Muwaḥḥid dirhem (1109).
47. Saraqusṭah سرقسطة
Saragossa appears as mint only on a very few Murābiṭ dirhems (948, 949, 1162), having been conquered late and lost early.
48. Sanlūkah سنلوكة
San Lucar struck a little gold (108) and silver (900, 901) for the Murābiṭ Yūsuf ibn-Tāshfīn.
49. Shāṭibah شاطبة
Jativa occurs on Murābiṭ dinars struck between 489 and 500.
50. Sharīsh شريش
Only silver is known for Jerez: Murābiṭ (950) and Muwaḥḥid (1110).
51. Gharnāṭahغرناطة
This Arabic equivalent for Granada, though less popular with the Murābiṭs than Ighranāṭah, occurs on gold, silver, and copper, including a post-downfall dinar (445) of Maymūn ibn-Badr dated 545. This spelling also appears on square Muwaḥḥid dirhems and on a double dinar (556) struck by Ibn-al-Aḥmar as a Ḥafṣid vassal.
52. Qurṭubah قرطبة
Cordova is found on Murābiṭ gold and silver from 486 to 507. In 540 and 541 the rebel Ḥamdīn ibn-Muḥammad struck Murābiṭ gold (441, 442) and silver (1038, 1052) there, as well as silver in his own name; then followed Ibn-Ghāniyah's 542 dinar (446). Cordova also served the Muwaḥḥids briefly as a mint for gold (472) and silver (1112).
53. Qanṭarat al-Sayf قنطرة السيف
This alternative for Alcantara may occur on the dinar (115) reported by Colson, instead of al-Qanṭarah.
54. Qūnkah قونكة
Cuenca appears only on a single Murābiṭ dirhem (966) dated 506.
55. Laushah لوشة
Loja may be the mint on a Murābiṭ dinar (258) dated 511.
56. Mālaqah مالقة
At Malaga were struck a few Murābiṭ dinars between 494 and 506, a Murābiṭ qirat (967), and some Muwaḥḥid silver. Muwaḥḥid gold reported for Malaga by Prieto y Vives was misread.
57. Mānurqah مانرقة
Minorca is represented only by a square Muwaḥḥid dirhem (1114).
58. Mursiyah مرسية
A series of Murābiṭ dinars was struck at Murcia from 501 to 512, and both Murābiṭ and Muwaḥḥid silver. Noteworthy are anonymous dirhems (968, 969) dated 502 and 503 and a square half dirhem (1074) in the name of 'Abd-al-Mu'min, though Murcia was not taken by the Muwaḥḥids until nine years after his death.
59. Mayūrqah ميورقة
Majorca, like Minorca, occurs only on a square Muwaḥḥid dirhem (1116).
A certain number of coins have mint names which are illegible either by clipping, by poor engraving, by wear, or by obscure reproduction. These coins are listed in the index, and whatever can be reconstructed of the mint name is given under each such coin's description in the corpus.
A large number of coins have no mint inscription, and only rarely has an effort been made to attribute them to definite towns. The bulk of Murābiṭ silver is mintless, probably having been coined at various mints, chiefly in Spain. Most of the mintless Muwaḥḥid and Marīnid gold was probably struck at Marrākush and Fās, but the plentiful mintless silver comes from many places, including European imitators. Ḥafṣid mintless gold and silver must have been struck chiefly at Tūnis, and Hūdid North African issues at Sabtah. No rule can be deduced by which the mint was named or omitted, except that it was almost always identified on Murābiṭ gold.
See section J of the chapter on conventional inscriptions for al-maḥrūsah, ḥaḍr, ḥaḍrat, and madīnat.
Certain titles found on the coins under consideration transcend the purely human and were in general reserved for divinely inspired leaders second only to Muḥammad (and 'Alī among Shī'ites). Such titles include khalīfat Allāh, imām al-ummah, and imāmunā.
1. khalīfat Allāh خليفة الله
Vicar of God: applied only to the Mahdī, Muḥammad ibn-Tūmart, by the Muwaḥḥids and the Ḥafṣids, chiefly on their gold.
2. imām al-ummah امام الامة
Leader of the community: applied to the Mahdī by the Muwaḥḥids and the Ḥafṣids, solely on their gold, and to the 'Abbāsid caliph on Hūdid gold (541).
3. imāmunā امامنا
Our leader: applied to the Mahdī by the Muwaḥḥids and the Ḥafṣids, chiefly on their silver, to the 'Abbāsid caliph on Hūdid silver (1117–1120), and to himself by Muwaḥḥid 10 (1078–1083).
The titles al-khalīfah, al-imām, and amīr al-mu'minīn were strictly limited to rulers of caliphal pretensions and were often used consecutively to stress various aspects of the supreme authority.
4. al-khalīfah ألخليفة
The caliph: a title reserved by the Muwaḥḥids for their first ruler, 'Abd-al-Mu'min, except on the medal (M1); applied to the 'Abbāsid caliph by the Hūdids (540, 541, 1121).
5. al-imām ألإمام
The leader: applied to the Fāṭimid Ma'add by his Zīrid vassals, to the 'Abbāsids by nominal Jāmi',d, Ḥammādid, Murābiṭ, and Hūdid vassals, to themselves by the Ḥammūdids, to an unidentified suzerain by their Barghawāṭah governors, to 'Abd-al-Mu'min by the Muwaḥḥids, to additional Muwaḥḥids on the medal (M1), and to unspecified persons by the Muwaḥḥid partisans (446a, 1059–1061).
6. amīr al-mu'minīn أمير المؤمنين
Commander of the believers: applied exactly as al-imām, and usually together with it; also used by all the Muwaḥḥids, most of the Ḥafṣids — including 15B, who had no right to it (603), and Marīnids 12 (always), 24 (rarely: 839, 853), and 26 (once: 867); attributed (probably incorrectly) to Ziyānid 5 (648, 649); applied to the Ottomans by their Ziyānid vassals (670, 671).
The dual forms al-khalifatayn, al-khalīfatayn al-rāshidayn, and amīray al-mu'minīn were used following ibn- to indicate descent from two caliphs.
7. al-khalīfatayn ألخليفتين
Of the two caliphs: applied only to the first two Muwaḥḥids.
8. al-khalīfatayn al-rāshidayn ألخليفتين الراشدين
Of the two orthodox caliphs: misapplied to the first three Muwaḥḥids on a hybrid gold piece (H4).
9. amīray al-mu'minīn أميرى المؤمنين
Of two commanders of the believers: applied only to the first two Muwaḥḥids (511).
The corresponding plural forms were similarly used after ibn- to indicate descent from more than two caliphs (often untruthfully).
10. al-khulafā' ألخلفاء
Of the caliphs: used only on one coin (512) in reference to three and to four Muwaḥḥids.
11. al-khulafā' al-rāshidīn ألخلفاء الراشدين
Of the orthodox caliphs: used correctly by the early Muwaḥḥids in reference to three and to four predecessors, incorrectly by 10 in reference to only two. Frequently misused by the Marīnids, this phrase is also found on two coins dubiously ascribed to Ziyānid 5 (648, 649) and on one Hūdid double dinar (540) in reference to the 'Abbāsids.
12. umarā' al-mu'minīn أمراء المؤمنين
Of (the) commanders of the believers: used correctly on a few coins in reference to three and to four Muwaḥḥids.
The title amīr al-muslimīn has been appropriately designated sub-caliphal by van Berchem in his definitive study of occidental titles; no other title falls into this category.
13. amīr al-muslimīn أمير المسلمين
Commander of the Moslems: used by the later Murābiṭs but never by Yūsuf, despite the historians, also by the Murābiṭ partisan Yaḥyâ al-Ṣaḥrāwī (443), by most of the Ziyānids, most of the Marīnids except 12, and several of the Waṭṭāsids. Noteworthy are a Murābiṭ qirat (913), assigning this title to Yūsuf, and a Marīnid double dinar (793) where it is applied to two amīrs who had no valid claim to it.
Titles which may be considered royal include al-malik, sulṭān or al-sulṭān, and al-amīr al-ajall.
14. al-malik ألملك
The king: used only by Ḥafṣid 21 (637, 638) and Marīnid 13 (787).
15. sulṭān سلطان
Sultan: used only by the late Ḥafṣid 27 on his silver (1130, 1132).
16. al-sulṭān ألسلطان
The sultan: used by the same late Ḥafṣid on his silver (1124–1129) and by his predecessors 21 (637, 638) and 26 (644) on their gold.
17. al-amīr al-ajall ألأمير الأجل
The highest commander: used by Muwaḥḥids 1A and 2 as heirs, and by 2 before achieving caliphal recognition; used by Ḥafṣids 1 and 4 in eschewing caliphship, and by 2 and 10 prior to their achieving caliphal rank.
Several titles were used to indicate non-royal ancestors, heirs, or independent princes not aspiring to dynasty-wide rule; these may be termed princely, and include al-amīr, al-amīr al-ṭāhir, sayyid, al-sayyid, and sayyidinā.
18. al-amīr ألامير
The commander: used by all the early Murābiṭs exclusively and by the later ones for heirs or for themselves in limited space. Used while heir by Ḥammūdid 9 (872–874) and Muwaḥḥid 4 (1075: tentative); as independent prince by Zīrid 8A (24a), Ḥammādid 9 (25), Muwaḥḥid 9A (1076, 1077), Ḥafṣid 6A (574–576), Ḥafṣid 12 (594), and Naṣrid 8 (868); for ancestors by Muwaḥḥids (536) and Ḥafṣids (557–561, 603, 609).
19. al-amīr al-ṭāhir ألأمير الطاهر
Of the righteous commander: used only by Muwaḥḥid 12 in reference to a non-royal ancestor (522–535, M1).
20. sayyid سيد
Of (the) chief: used only by Muwaḥḥid 13 in reference to non-royal ancestors (537).
21. al-sayyid ألسيد
The chief: used only by Marīnid 20A as independent prince (831, 832).
22. sayyidinā سيدنا
Of our chief: used only by Muwaḥḥids 12 (M1) and 13 (538) in reference to non-royal ancestors.
The dual forms al-amīrayn and sayyidaynā were used following ibn- to indicate descent from two princes.
23. al-amīrayn ألأميرين
Of the two commanders: applied only to the first two Muwaḥḥids as a contraction of amīray al-mu'minin (503).
24. sayyidaynā سيدينا
Of our two chiefs: applied only to the first two Muwaḥḥids (M1).
The plural forms al-umarā;' and al-umarā;' al-rāshidīn were likewise used after ibn- to indicate descent from more than two princes.
25. al-umarā' ألامراء
Of the commanders: applied only to the first 3 Muwaḥḥids (1075: tentative).
26. al-umarā' al-rāshidīn ألامراء الراشدين
Of the orthodox commanders: used of the first 3 Muwaḥḥids (1076, 1077), and constantly by the Ḥafṣids.
The final group of titles — walī al-'ahd, walī 'ahdihi, and al-ḥājib — was reserved exclusively for proclaimed heirs.
27. walī al-'ahd ولي العهد
Heir: used for Ḥammūdid 9 (875–879), Murābiṭ 4 (1017), and Muwaḥḥid 4 (1075: tentative).
28. walī 'ahdihi ولي عهده
His heir: applied to Murābiṭs 3, 3A, 4, and 5.
29. al-ḥājib ألحاجب
The chancellor: applied to Ḥammūdids 9B and 9C (887).
The Arabic and Berber proper names as they appear on the coins can be grouped into four classes. There are personal names (Arabic singular ism), many of them Koranic equivalents of Biblical names, others ordinary Arabic substantives. There are such names preceded by abū-, father of, seldom indicating actual relationship. There are both such types preceded by ibn-, son of, indicating direct sonship and arbitrarily differentiated in this study from Ibn-, indicating more remote kinship, a form which never appears on the coins. Forms in ibn- and abū- are both termed kunyah in Arabic. And there are clan or tribe names, usually in the nisbah form al-'Abbāsī or the Ibn- (plural Banū-) form. Each group is treated briefly in Arabic alphabetical order, with names appearing on coins numbered and others lettered.
(Arabic singular ism)
1. Ibrāhīm إبراهيم
Abraham: Murābiṭs 1B, 5; Ḥafṣids 4, 16. Not on coins (hereafter abbreviated to N.o.c.): Hūdid 3A; Ḥafṣid 12B; Marīnid 14.
2. Abū-Bakr أبو بكر
Father of young camel: Murābiṭ 1; Ḥafṣid 10. Despite its composition this is a personal name, derived from the first caliph. N.o.c.: Ḥafṣid 9; Marīnid 4.
3. Aḥmad أحمد
Most praised: Ḥafṣids 17, 27; Ziyānid 19; Marīnid 20; Waṭṭāsid 4. N.o.c.: Hūdid 1A; Ḥafṣids 4A (real name), 14; Ziyānids 24, 28.
4. Idrīs إدريس
Enoch: Ḥammūdid 6; Muwaḥḥid 8. N.o.c.: Muwaḥḥid 13.
5. Isḥāq إسحاق
Isaac: Murābiṭ 6.
a. al-Ḥasan ألحسن
The fortunate: N.o.c.: Zīrid 8. Occurs on coins as epithet.
6. al-Rashīd ألرشيد
The orthodox: Zīrid 8A. Occurs also as epithet.
The Numismatic History of Late Medieval North Africa
CORRIGENDA AND ADDENDA
page | item or coin | line | now reads | should read |
10 | — | 16 | n 1556. | in 1556. |
18 | 5 | 3 | Jāmi',d | Jāmi'id |
24 | 23 | 2 | Ḥafṣids | Ḥafṣid |
37 | 23 | 1 | يوكلت | توكلت |
38 | 24 | 1 | يوكلت | توكلت |
40 | 54 | 1 | ويرزقه | ويرزقه |
40 | 60 | 2 | الله | الله |
56 | — | 11 | Ḥammadids | Ḥammādids |
59 | — | 13 | Murabiṭ | Murābiṭ |
61 | — | 6 | through | though |
63 | — | 2 | Almerica | Almeria |
65 | (genealogical tree) | (connecting line omitted) | (connect 4 to 5 by a vertical line) | |
70 | 8 | 1 | abū'l-Baqā' | abū'l-Baqā' |
76 | 20 | 1 | ibn-al-Za'im | ibn-al-Za'īm |
82 | — | 18 | in known | is known |
84 | — | 6 | 887 | 897 |
85 | — | 9 | Banu- | Banū- |
88 | — | 9 | 306 | 295 |
94 | 24a | OF 1 | لا اله | لا اله |
95 | — | 13 | ibn-Nāṣir | ibn-al-Nāṣir |
97 | 28 | RF 2 | لله | الله |
121 | 286 | 5 | as م | as مر |
130 | — | 8 | ستر | سير |
133 | 382 | OF 4 | يرسف | يوسف |
149 | — | 32 | Mazdara 'ibn- | Mazdara' ibn- |
149 | 499 | 4 | Rawḍ | Rauḍ |
151 | 507 | RS 2 | اصرا | امرا |
154 | 513 | RF 1 | الفاسم | القاسم |
154 | 517 | 3 | اجاهد | الجاهد |
155 | 520 | OS 2 | اصرا | امرا |
158 | 540 | RF 4 | االخلفا | الخلفا |
160 | 547 | RF 3 | واالحول | والحول |
162 | 560 | RF 2 | ايى | ابى |
162 | 561 | OS 1 | الاقير | الامير |
163 | 563 | OF 2 | جليفة | خليفة |
167 | 582 | RS 1 | الاميى | الامير |
167 | 582 | RS 2 | بنصو | بنصر |
168 | 582 | 1 | امير | امير |
168 | 584 | OS 1 | لرحيم | الرحيم |
172 | 600 | OS 2 | جليفة | خليفة |
178 | 629 | OS 1 | الرجيم | الرحيم |
178 | 630 | RF 1 | او | ابو |
189 | 669 | OF 1 | له | اله |
198 | 704 | RF 1 | يوكلت | توكلت |
198 | 707 | OF 2 | اصنت | امنت |
203 | 735 | RF 4 | امتر | امير |
205 | 747 | 7 | pl. XIII | pl. XXIII |
210 | 780 | RF 3 | ا.ده | ايده |
214 | 793 | 5 | اني | ابي |
217 | 810 | RF 2 | من | عن |
217 | 810 | OS 1 | ولهكم | والهكم |
221 | 834 | 9 | 2nd | in 2nd |
224 | 850 | RF 1 | امولانا | مولانا |
229 | — | 4 | Banu- | Banū- |
231 | H 10 | 2 | امها | امنها |
233 | 871 | RF 3 | فان | فلن |
238 | 900 | 6 | سنه | سنة |
243 | 927 | RF 1 | ولى | ولي |
243 | 927 | 10 | وعلي | ولي |
245 | 941 | 6 | صوات | صلوات |
247 | 953 | OM 1 | يوكلت | توكلت |
250 | 977 | OF 3 | لامير | الامير |
265 | — | 39 | Nor | Not |
274 | 1127 | OF 4 | خليقة | خليفة |
280 | 1155 | RF 1 | عبد الله | عبدالله |
289 | — | 26 | Belleís-Letres | Belles-Lettres |
290 | — | 45 | birauḍ | bi-rauḍ |
325 | — | 10 | 561 | 1561 |
326 | — | 1 | Sipecimens | Specimens |
330 | — | 7 | (headings) | (delete) |
335 | — | 12 | Fas | Fās |
370 | — | 36 | االسلام | الاسلام |
371 | — | 5 | نغس | نفس |
371 | — | 30 | ننينا | نبينا |
(Referred to on pages 45 and 47)
Murābiṭ silver with no inscription on OF except mint mark:
938
Murābiṭ silver with ornament alone on OF:
935, 988, 1009, 1012, 1013, 1024–1026, 1028, 1049, 1050; also 1064 (Muwaḥḥid)
Murābiṭ silver with blank OF:
890, 898, 899, 934, 936, 937, 944–946, 989, 990, 995, 1010, 1013, 1016, 1016b, 1031, 1033
Coins with errors in engraving:
11, 18, 26, 42, 47, 49, 54, 63, 72, 94, 97, 129, 170, 217, 219, 221, 230, 258, 273, 340, 359, 395, 407, 426, 438, 469, 490, 506, 513, 516, 530, 609, 613, 638, 667, 715, 716, 775, 795, 811, 817, 828, H3, H4
Coins with errors in striking:
610, 617, 618, 622, 623, 624, 629, 630, 634, 642, 704–706, 709, 740, 804, H 1–H 14, 1030, 1055, 1097, 1157–1171
Printed in Germany at J. J. Augustin, Glückstadt
b. al-Za'īm ألزعيم
The chief: N.o.c.: Ziyānids 7, 10.
c. al-Sa'īd ألسعيد
The happy: N.o.c.: Ziyānid 16. Occurs on coins as epithet.
7. al-'Izz ألعز
The power: Ḥammūdid 9B.
d. al-'Azīz ألعزيز
The powerful: N.o.c.: Ḥammādid 8.
8. al-Faḍl ألفضل
The honor: Ḥafṣids 4A (assumed name), 15.
e. al-Qā'id ألقائد
The general: N.o.c.: Ḥammādid 2.
f. al-Mu'izz ألمعز
The made-powerful: N.o.c.: Zīrid 4.
g. al-Manṣūr ألمنصور
The rendered-victorious: N.o.c.: 'Abbāsid 36; Ḥammādid 6. Occurs on coins as epithet.
h. al-Nāṣir ألناصر
The victorious: N.o.c.: Ḥammādid 5.
i. Bādīs باديس
—: N.o.c.: Ḥammādid 7.
j. Bulukkīn بلكين
—: N.o.c.: Ḥammādid 4.
9. Tāshfīn تاشفين
—: Murābiṭ 4. N.o.c.: Marīnid 15.
k. Tamīm تميم
Tall: N.o.c.: Zīrid 5.
10. Ḥasan حسن
Fortunate: Ziyānid 29.
1. Ḥammū حمو
—: N.o.c.: Zīrid 4A.
11. Khālid خالد
Eternal: Ḥafṣid 8. N.o.c.: Ḥafṣid 18.
12. Zakarīyā' زكرياء
Zachariah: Ḥafṣid 11. N.o.C.: Ḥafṣid 24.
13. Sa'd سعد
Fortune: engraver's name in tiny letters (904, 1017).
14. Saqaut سقوت
—: Ḥammūdids 9A, 9C.
15. Sulaymān سليمان
Solomon: Ottoman 10 (on Ziyānids 26, 27: 670, 671). N.o.c.: Marīnid 9.
16. Sīr سير
—: Murābiṭ 3A.
m. 'Āmir عامر
Commanding: N.o.c.: Marīnid 8.
17. 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq عبد الحق
Servant of the truth: Marīnid 28. N.o.c.: Marīnid 1.
n. 'Abd-al-Ḥalīm عبد الحليم
Servant of the forbearing: N.o.c.: Marīnid 16.
18. 'Abd-al-Raḥmān عبد الرحمان
Servant of the merciful: Ḥafṣid 15A; Ziyānids 5, 9, 15; Marīnid 20A. N.o.c.: Ziyānid 21.
19. 'Abd-al-'Azīz عبد العزيز
Servant of the powerful: Ḥafṣid 19; Marīnids 18, 24. N.o.c.: Ḥafṣid 5.
20. 'Abd-Allāh عبد الله
Servant of God: Ziyānids 13, 26; Marīnid 25. N.o.c.: 'Abbāsid 37; Muwaḥḥids 7, 7A. Usually occurs on coins as epithet.
21. 'Abd-al-Mu'min عبد المؤمن
Servant of the believing: Muwaḥḥid 1 (on 1–13, Ḥafṣid 1); Marīnid 17A. N.o.c.: Ḥafṣid 23.
22. 'Abd-al-Wāḥid عبد الواحد
Servant of the one: Muwaḥḥid 10 (on 10, 11); Ziyānid 17. N.o.c.: Muwaḥḥid 6; Ḥafṣid 12C.
23. 'Uthmān عثمان
Young snake: Ḥafṣids 21; Marīnids 10, 26. N.o.c.: Ziyānids 2, 6; Marīnid 2.
24. 'Alī علي
Noble: Murābiṭs 1A, 3; Ḥafṣid 20A; Waṭṭāsid 3. N.o.c.: Zīrid 7; Muwaḥḥid 11; Marīnid 11.
25. 'Umar عمر
Omar: Ḥafṣids 6, 13. N.o.c.: Marīnids 5, 10A.
26. 'Imrān عمران
—: Muwaḥḥid 9A.
27. Fāris فارس
Cavalier: Marīnid 12.
28. Mālik مالك
Ruler: Name of engraver or mint-master (933).
o. Muḥsan محسن
Made-beneficent: N.o.c.: Ḥammādid 3.
29. Muḥammad محمد
Highly-praised: Ḥammūdid 9; Muwaḥḥids 1A, 4 (on 4, 5, 8, 9); Ḥafṣids 2, 7, 12, 15B, 20, 25, 26; Ziyānids 12, 14, 20, 27; Marīnids 13, 17, 19, 22; Naṣrid 8; Waṭṭāsids 1, 2. N.o.c.: 'Abbāsid 31; Muwaḥḥid 0; Hūdid 1; Ḥafṣids 12A, 28; Ziyānids 3, 8A, 18, 22, 23; Marīnids 3, 12A, 23, 27; Naṣrid 1; Waṭṭāsid 5.
30. Mazdara' مزدرع
—: Muwaḥḥid 2A.
31. Ma'add معد
Arranged: Fāṭimid 8 (on Zīrids 4, 5: 15–23).
32. Mūsâ موسى
Moses: Ziyānids 4, 8; Marīnid 21. N.o.c.: Ziyānid 25.
p. Maymūn ميمون
Auspicious: N.o.c.: Murābiṭ 6C.
33. Yāshir ياشر
—: mint-master at Seville (218–221, 339–343).
34. Yaḥyâ يحيى
John; Ḥammādid 9; Murābiṭ 6A; Muwaḥḥid 9; Ḥafṣids 1, 3. N.o.c.: Zīrid 6; Murābiṭ 6B; Ḥafṣids 6A, 22.
35. Ya'qūb يعقوب
Jacob: Muwaḥḥid 3 (on 3–5, 8, 9); Marīnid 6.
q. Yaghmurāsan يغمراسن
—: N.o.c.: Ziyānid 1.
36. Yūsuf يوسف
Joseph: Murābiṭ 2; Muwaḥḥids 2 (on 2–5, 8, 9, 12, 13, Ḥafṣid 1), 5. N.o.c.: Ziyānid 11; Marīnid 7.
37.?
Illegible name: 897. N.o.c. (ism unknown): Murābiṭ 6D.
(Arabic singular kunyah)
The paternal relationship suggested by this form is usually arbitrary, certain combinations reappearing constantly, as indicated, regardless of the actual names of a man's sons, or even of his sonlessness. These were so invariable that late historians frequently apply them to the Murābiṭs, who did not use them, while the Ziyānid rulers actually invented a name of this type for their Ottoman suzerain.
r. abū-Aḥmad ابو أحمد
Father of most praised: N.o.c.: 'Abbāsid 37. With 'Abd-Allāh.
38. abū-Isḥāq أبو اسحاق
Father of Isaac: Ḥafṣids 4, 16. N.o.c.: Ḥafṣid 12B. With Ibrāhīm.
39. abū'l-Baqā' أبو البقاء
Father of the enduring: Ḥafṣid 8. N.o.c.: Ḥafṣid 18. With Khālid. No instance of the use of al-Baqā' as a personal name occurs in this study.
s. abū'l-Ḥajjāj أبو الحجاج
Father of the pilgrim: N.o.c.: Ziyānid 11. With Yūsuf. Al-Ḥajjāj does not occur as a personal name in this study.
40. abū'l-Ḥasan أبو الحسن
Father of the fortunate: Muwaḥḥid 11; Ḥafṣid 20A. N.o.c.: Marīnid 11; Waṭṭāsid 3. With 'Alī.
41. abū'l-Rabī' أبو الربيع
Father of the springtime: erroneously applied to Ottoman 10 by Ziyānids 26, 27 (670, 671). N.o.c.: Marīnid 9. With Sulaymān. Al-Rabī' does not occur as a personal name in this study.
42. abū'l-'Abbāsابو العباس
Father of the leonine: Ḥafṣids 4A (assumed name), 15, 17, 27; Ziyānid 19; Marīnid 20. N.o.c.: Hūdid 1A; Ḥafṣid 14; Marīnid 20; Waṭṭāsid 4. With Aḥmad or al-Faḍl. Al-'Abbās does not occur as a personal name in this study.
43. abū'l-'Ulâ أبو العلى
Father of the noblest: Muwaḥḥids 8, (on 8, 10, 11), 13. With Idrīs. Al-'Ulâ does not occur as a personal name in this study.
t. abū'l-Futūḥ أبو الفتوح
Father of the victories: N.o.c.: Zīrid 7. With 'Alī. Al-Futūḥ does not occur as a personal name in this study.
u. abū'l-Qāsim أبو القاسم
Father of the handsome: N.o.c.: Hūdid 3A. With Ibrāhīm. Al-Qāsim does not occur as a personal name in this study.
— abū-Bakr أبو بكر
See personal names.
v. abū-Tāshfīn أبو تاشفين
Father of Tāshfīn: N.o.c.: Ziyānids 5, 9, 15, 21. With 'Abd-al-Raḥmān.
44. abū-Tamīm أبو تميم
Father of strong: Fāṭimid 8 (on Zīrids 4, 5): with Ma'add. N.o.c.: Zīrid 4: with al-Mu'izz.
w. abū-Thābit أبو ثابت
Father of steadfast: N.o.c.: Ziyānids 7, 10 (al-Za'īm); Marīnid 8 ('Āmir). Thābit does not occur as a personal name in this study.
45. abū-Ja'far أبو جعفر
Father of rivulet: 'Abbāsid 36 (on Hūdid 1A: 1121). With al-Manṣūr (used as proper name, not as epithet). Ja'far does not occur as a personal name in this study.
46. abū-Ḥafṣ أبو حفص
Father of lion-cub: Muwaḥḥid 12; Ḥafṣids 6, 13. N.o.c.: Marīnid 5. With 'Umar. Ḥafṣ does not occur as a personal name in this study.
x. abū-Ḥammū أبو حمو
Father of Ḥammū: N.o.c.: Ziyānids 4, 8, 25. With Mūsâ. Sometimes spelt ابو حموا in inscriptions.
47. abū-Zakarīyā' أبو زكرياء
Father of Zachariah: Muwaḥḥid 9; Ḥafṣids 1, 3, 6A. N.o.c.: Ḥafṣid 22. With Yaḥyâ.
y. abū-Ziyān أبو زيان
Father of ornament: N.o.c.: Ziyānids 3, 8A, 12, 24, 28; Marīnids 12A, 17, 19, 22, 23. With Muḥammad or Aḥmad. Ziyān does not occur as a personal name in this study.
48. abū-Zayd أبو زيد
Father of increase: Ḥafṣid 15A. N.o.c.: Marīnid 20A. With 'Abd-al-Raḥmān. Zayd does not occur as a personal name in this study.
49. abū-Sālim أبو سالم
Father of safe: Marīnid 14. With Ibrāhīm. Sālim does not occur as a personal name in this study.
50. abū-Sa'īd أبو سعيد
Father of happy: Marīnid 10. N.o.c.: Ziyānids 2, 6; Marīnids 2, 26. With 'Uthmān. Sa'īd does not occur as a personal name in this study.
z. abū-Ṭāhir أبو طاهر
Father of righteous: N.o.c.: Zīrid 6. With Yaḥyâ. Ṭāhir does not occur as a personal name in this study.
aa. abū-'Āmir أبو عامر
Father of commander: N.o.c.: Marīnid 25. With 'Abd-Allāh.
51. abū-'Abd-Allāh أبو عبد الله
Father of (the) servant of God: 'Abbāsid 31 (on Ḥammādid 9: 25); Muwaḥḥid 4 (on 3–5, 8, 9); Ḥafṣids 2, 7, 12, 15B, 20, 25, 26; Ziyānids 18, 20, 27; Marīnid 13. N.o.c.: Hūdid 1; Ḥafṣids 12A, 28; Ziyānids 14, 22, 23; Marīnid 27; Naṣrids 1, 8; Waṭṭāsids 1, 2, 5. With Muḥammad.
bb. abū-'Alī أبو علي
Father of noble: N.o.c.: Marīnid 10A. With 'Umar.
cc. abu-'Umar أبو عمر
Father of Omar: N.o.c.: Marīnid 15. With Tāshfīn.
52. abu-'Amr أبو عمرو
Father of life: Ḥafṣid 21. With 'Uthmān. 'Amr does not occur as a personal name in this study.
dd. abū-'Inān أبو عنان
Father of bridle: N.o.c.: Marīnid 12. With Fāris. 'Inān does not occur as a personal name in this study.
53. abū-Fāris أبو فارس
Father of cavalier: Ḥafṣid 19; Marīnid 21 (with Mūsâ). N.o.c.: Ḥafṣid 5; Marīnids 18, 24. With 'Abd-al-'Azīz except as noted.
54. abū-Mālik أبو مالك
Father of ruler: Marīnid 17A: with 'Abd-al-Mu'min. N.o.c.: Ziyānid 17: with 'Abd-al-Wāḥid. Mālik occurs in this study as a personal name only for an engraver or mintmaster.
55. abū-Muḥammad أبو محمد
Father of highly-praised: Muwaḥḥids 1 ('Abd-al-Mu'min; on 1–13, Ḥafṣid 1), 10 ('Abd-al-Wāḥid); Ziyānids 13 ('Abd-Allāh), 29 (Ḥasan). N.o.c.: Muwaḥḥids 6 ('Abd-al-Wāḥid), 7 ('Abd-Allāh), 7A ('Abd-Allāh); Ḥafṣids 12C ('Abd-al-Wāḥid), 23 ('Abd-al-Mu'min); Ziyānid 26 ('Abd-Allāh); Marīnids 1 ('Abd-al-Ḥaqq), 16 ('Abd-al-Ḥalīm), 28 ('Abd-al-Ḥaqq). Usually with name in 'Abd-.
ee. abū-Ma'rūf أبو نعروف
Father of benefit: N.o.c.: Marīnid 3. With Muḥammad. Ma'rūf does not occur as a personal name in this study.
56. abū-Mūsâ أبو موسى
Father of Moses: Muwaḥḥid 9A. With 'Imrān.
57. abū-Yaḥyâ أبو يحيى
Father of John: Ḥafṣids 10 (Abū-Bakr), 11 (Zakarīyā'). N.o.c.: Zīrids 5 (Tamīm), 8 (al-Ḥasan); Ḥafṣids 9 (Abū-Bakr), 24 (Zakarīyā'); Ziyānid 1 (Yaghmurāsan); Marīnid 4 (Abū-Bakr).
58. abū-Ya'qūb أبو يعقوب
Father of Jacob: Muwaḥḥids 2 (on 2–13, Ḥafṣid 1), 5. N.o.c.: Marīnid 7. With Yūsuf.
59. abū-Yūsuf أبو يوسف
Father of Joseph: Muwaḥḥid 3 (on 3–5, 8–11 ). N.o.c.: Marīnid 6. With Ya'qūb.
ff. abū-?
Father of?: N.o.c. (kunyah unknown): Ziyānid 16.
(Arabic singular kunyah)
These names, and their analogues — titles and epithets preceded by ibn- — occur constantly on the coins to indicate direct descent, which is often very useful for the historian. Yet no practical purpose would be served by an analysis of them similar to those of groups A and B, and reference to the index of proper names will serve to locate any desired name of this type.
As was stated at the start of this chapter, an arbitrary distinction has been made between ibn-, indicating sonship, and Ibn-, indicating more remote descent, a form which never appears on the coins. This distinction is not derived from the coins, on which بن and أبن are used interchangeably to indicate sonship.
Four persons mentioned in this study are frequently referred to by names in Ibn-; they are Ibn-abī-'Umārah (Ḥafṣid 4A; real name), Ibn-al-Aḥmar (Naṣrid 1), Ibn-Ghāniyah (Murābiṭ 6B), and Ibn-Hūd (Hūdid 1).
An Arab or Berber generally has a nisbah ending in -ī, indicating tribe or birthplace; sometimes he has several. The only one of these occurring on the coins is al-'Abbāsī, occurring on Ḥammādid, Murābiṭ, and Hūdid gold and Hūdid silver. Naturally, all the persons discussed in this study possessed a name or names of this type, but the only ones which require listing are those of rebels and governors not belonging to the main dynasties.
al-Barghawāṭī: Zīrid 4A; Ḥammūdids 9A, 9B, 9C.
al-Bayyāsī: Muwaḥḥid 7A.
al-Jāmi'ī: Zīrid 8A.
al-Ṣaḥrāwī (the Saharan): Murābiṭ 6A.
al-Ṣanhājī: Muwaḥḥid 2A.
al-'Azafī: Hūdid 3A.
al-Lamtūnī: Murābiṭ 6C.
al-Massūfī: Murābiṭ 6B.
al-Yānashtī: Hūdid 1A.
One other proper name occurring on the coins belongs to this general group: Banī-Tāshfīn (445, 446, 1053–1056) as an inclusive term for all the Murābiṭs commencing with 2, used in Spain after the downfall of the dynasty.
One royal prerogative throughout Islam has been the use of epithets (Arabic singular laqab) in conjunction with proper names and titles or as substitutes for them. Those used in late medieval North Africa can best be subdivided by grammatical form: participial nouns, participial phrases, adjectival nouns, adjectival phrases, and other types. Only those occurring on the coins are discussed.
1. al-Ma'mūn ألأمون
The trustworthy: Muwaḥḥid 8 (on 8, 10, 11). Also occurs with ibn- on Muwaḥḥids 10, 11, referring to 8.
2. al-Mujāhid ألمجاهد
The holy-warrior: Muwaḥḥid 8; Ḥafṣid 12.
3. al-Murtaḍâ ألمرتضى
The approved: Muwaḥḥid 12.
4. al-Mustanṣir أمستنصر
The asking assistance: Ḥafṣid 15B; Marīnid 20.
5. al-Ma'ān ألمعان
The helped: Ḥammūdid 9A.
6. al-Mu'tamid ألمعتمد
The relying: Muwaḥḥid 13.
7. al-Manṣūr ألمنصور
The rendered-victorious: Ḥammādid 9; Ḥammūdid 9A. Also occurs with ibn- on Muwaḥḥids 8, 10, referring to 3. Occurs also as personal name, though not on coins.
8. al-Mahdī ألمهدي
The guided: Muwaḥḥid 0 (on most Muwaḥḥid and Ḥafṣid coins).
9. al-Mu'ayyad ألمؤيد
The strengthened: Ḥafṣids 10, 12.
10. al-Wāthiq ألواثق
The trusting: Muwaḥḥid 13.
11. al-'Ālī-bi-Allāh ألعالي بالله
The lofty with God: Ḥammūdid 6.
12. al-Qā'im-bi-amr-Allāh ألقائم بامر الله
The upright in (the) commandment of God: 'Abbāsid 36 (on Hūdid 1); Muwaḥḥid 1 (on 1–13, Ḥafṣids 1, 2); Ḥafṣid 11.
13. al-Qā'im-bi-ḥaqq-Allāh ألقائم بحق الله
The upright in (the) truth of God: Ḥafṣid 4A (the impostor).
14. al-Qā'im-li-Allāh-bi-a'lā'-dīn-al-ḥaqq ألقائم لله بأعلاء دين الحق
The upright for God in (the) nobility of (the) faith of the truth: Marīnid 6.
15. al-Mutawakkil-'alâ-Allāh ألمتوكل على الله
The relying upon God: Ḥafṣids 10, 15, 17, 19, 20A, 21, 25, 27; Ziyānids 5, 15, 17, 18, 26, 27; Marīnids 12, 13, 17, 20A, 21.
16. al-Mutawakkil-'alâ-Allāh-waḥdihi ألمتوكل على الله وحده
The relying upon God alone: Ḥafṣid 21.
17. al-Mutawakkil-'alâ-rabb-al-'ālamīn ألموكل على رب العالمين
The relying upon (the) master of the worlds: Ziyānids 4, 8, 9, 12–14 ; Marīnid 12; Waṭṭāsid 3.
18. al-Mujāhid-fī-sabīl-Allāh ألمجاهد عي سبيل الله
The holy-warrior in (the) path of God: Muwaḥḥid 10 (on 10, 11); Ḥafṣids 4, 19, 21.
19. al-Murtaḍâ-li-amr-Allāh ألمرتضى لأمر الله
The approved in (the) commandment of God: Muwaḥḥid 12. Occurs on his medal in the shortened form al-Murtaḍâ-li-amrihi.
20. al-Musta'īn-bi-Allāh ألمستعين بالله
The asking help of God: Marīnid 14.
21. al-Mustanṣir-bi-Allāh ألمستنصر بالله
The asking assistance of God: 'Abbāsid 36 (on Hūdid 1A); Fāṭimid 8 (on Zīrids 4, 5); Ḥafṣids 2, 6, 7, 15B, 16, 20; Marīnids 10, 20, 24–26.
22. al-Muẓaffar-bi-Allāh ألمظفر بالله
The rendered-victorious by God: Ḥafṣid 15A.
23. al-Mu'taṣim-bi-Allāh ألمعتصم بالله
The having recourse to God: Ziyānid 19.
24. al-Mu'taḍid-bi-Allāh ألمعتضد بالله
The asking assistance of God: Muwaḥḥid 11.
25. al-Muqtafī-li-amr-Allāh ألمقتفى لامر الله
The following in (the) commandment of God: 'Abbāsid 31 on Ḥammādid 9.
26. al-Muntakhab-li-iḥyā'-dīn-Allāh ألمنبخب لاحياء دين الله
The predestined for revival of (the) faith of God: Ḥafṣid 6A.
27. al-Muntaṣir-bi-Allāh ألمنتصر بالله
The conquering for God: Marīnid 22.
28. al-Manṣūr-bi-faḍl-Allāh ألمنصور بفضل الله
The rendered-victorious in (the) honor of God: Ḥafṣids 2, 4A, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15A, 15B, 16, 17.
29. al-Mahdī-alladhī-yashriku'l-nabī المهدى الذى يشرك النبي
The guided who will accompany the prophet: Murābiṭ 6A.
30. al-Mu'min-bi-Allāh المؤمن بالله
The believing in God: Muwaḥḥid 12.
31. al-Mu'ayyad-bi-Allāh المؤيد بالله
The strengthened by God: Muwaḥḥid 9A.
32. al-Mu'ayyad-bi-faḍl-Allāh المؤبد بفضل الله
The strengthened in (the) honor of God: Ḥafṣid 3.
33. al-Mu'ayyad-bi-naṣr-Allāh المؤيد بنصر الله
The strengthened in (the) victory of God: Ḥafṣids 6, 10, 15, 15B, 17, 19–21.
34. al-Nāṣir-li-dīn-Allāh ألناصر لدين الله
The victorious for (the) faith of God: Ḥafṣids 8, 13.
35. al-Wāthiq-bi-Allāh ألوائق بالله
The trusting in God: Muwaḥḥid 13; Ḥafṣids 3, 21; Ziyānid 14.
36. al-As'ad ألأسعد
The happiest: Muwaḥḥid 11.
37. al-Ḥasan ألحسن
The fortunate: Ḥafṣid 26. Also occurs with ibn- on Ḥafṣid 27, referring to 26. Occurs also as personal name, though not on coins.
38. al-Rashīd ألرشيد
The orthodox: Muwaḥḥid 10 (on 10, 11); Marīnid 13. Occurs also as personal name.
39. al-Sa'īd ألسعيد
The happy: Marīnids 13, 17, 19; Waṭṭāsid 1. Occurs also as personal name, though not on coins.
40. al-Gharīb ألغريب
The foreigner: Muwaḥḥid 2A.
41. al-Rashīd-bi-Allāh ألرشيد بالله
The orthodox for God: Muwaḥḥid 10.
42. al-'Azīz-bi-Allāh ألعزيز بالله
The powerful for God: occurs only with ibn- on Ḥammādid 9, referring to Ḥammādid 8.
43. al-Ghanī-bi-Allāh ألغني بالله
The wealthy in God: Ziyānid 12; Naṣrid 8.
44. arḥam umarā' al-muslimīn أرحم أمراء المسلمين
Most merciful of (the) commanders of the Moslems: Murābiṭs 6B, 6C, referring to Murābiṭs 2–6, the Banū-Tāshfīn.
45. Bahā'-al-Daulah بهاء الدولة
Splendor of the state: Ḥammūdid 9A. This typically oriental Moslem epithet is almost unique in the west.
46. Ḍiyā'-al-Daulah ضياؤ الدولة
Brightness of the state: Ḥammūdids 9B, 9C. This is the only other such epithet found on these coins.
47. 'Abd-Allāh عبد الله
Servant of God: the most common epithet, used in reference to the 'Abbāsids by Zīrid 8A and all the Murābiṭs; applied to themselves by Ḥammūdids 9A, 9B; Ḥafṣids 15B, 21, 27; most of the Ziyānids and Marīnids; Naṣrid 8; Waṭṭāsids 1–4. Occurs also on partisan Muwaḥḥid silver and as personal name.
48. Mahdī-al-Dīn مهدى الدين
Guided of the faith: on Muwaḥḥid partisan silver. Epithets in -Dīn, like those in -Daulah, have an oriental flavor.
49. Maulānā مولانا
Our master: Ḥafṣid 27; Marīnids 20, 24. A relatively modern epithet.
50. Nāṣir-al-Dīn ناصرالدين
Victor of the faith: Murābiṭs 3–6; Marīnid 6. A typically oriental epithet.
A large majority of the conventional inscriptions on the coins are religious. Of these some are Koranic, some call down blessings on Muḥammad and his family and companions, some praise 'Alī or the Mahdī, some intercede on behalf of the ruler or the mint, some introduce the clause on the striking of the coin, and others are general expressions of piety. They are grouped in the order given, being listed alphabetically within each group, and are followed by secular inscriptions.
1. The praise (is) unto God; 1:1. الحمد لله
2. The praise (is) unto God, master of the worlds; 1:1. الحمد لله رب العالمين
3. The honor (is) unto God; 10:66. العزة لله
4. God (is) excellent as a preserver, and he (is the) most merciful of the merciful; 12:64. الله خير حافظا وهو ارحم الراحمين
5. God (is) our master; 7:87, 42:14. الله ربنا
6. God (is the) friend (of); 2:258, 3:61, 45:18. الله ولي
7. God renders victorious; 30:4. ينصر (for Koranic الله(الله
8. Verily God (is) observant with the servants; 40:47. ان الله بصير بالعباد
9. Verily God commands the justice and the goodness and sheltering of (the) owners of kinship, and he forbids the immorality and the wrongdoing and the injustice; 16:92. ان الله بامر بالعدل والاحسان وايتاء ذى القربى وينهى عن الفحشاء والمنكر والبغي
10. Verily we have opened for thee a manifest opening so that God may pardon thee for what has preceded among thy sin and what came later, and may perfect his grace upon thee, and may guide thee on a straight path, and that God may render thee victorious with an honorable victory; 48:1–3. انا فتحنا لك فتحا مبينا ليغفر لك الله ما تقدم من ذنبك وما تأخر و يتم نعمتهوا (for Koranic نعمته) عليك ويهديك صراطا مستقيما وينصرك الله نصرا عزيزا
11. In (the) name of God; passim. بسم الله
12. In (the) name of God — the merciful, the compassionate; passim. بسم الله الرحمن الحيم
13. May he be blessed who (has) in his hand the kingdom, and he (is) over every thing powerful; 67:1. تبارك الذي بيده الملك وهو على كل شيء قدير
14. May he be exalted; 27:64. تعالى
15. I have relied upon God; 11:59. توكلت على الله
16. My sufficiency (is) God; 9:130, 39:39. حسبي الله
17. My sufficiency (is) God, and how excellent is the trustee; 3:167. حسبي (for Koranic الله ونعم الوكيل(حسبنا
18. Our master, judge between us and our people as to the truth, and thou (art the) best of the arbitrators; 7:87. ربنا افتح بيننا و بين قومنا بالحق وانت خير الفاتحين
19. Our master (is) God; 22:41, 41:30, 46:12. ربنا الله
20. Our master, upon thee we have relied and unto thee we have returned and unto thee (is) the result; 60:4. ربنا عليك توكلنا واليك انبنا واليك المصير
21. God has been merciful to him; 6:16 (Allāh understood in Koran). رحمه الله
22. God has spoken truth; 3:89, 48:27. صدق الله
23. Upon him I have relied; 9:130 etc. عليه يوكلت
24. Upon him I have relied and unto him I return; 11:90, 42:8. عليه يوكلت واليه انيب
25. Say (that) nothing befalls us except what God has written for us; he (is) our master, and on God then let the believers rely; say do you await; 9:51–52. قل لن يصيبنا الا ما كتب الله لنا هو مولانا و على الله فليتوكل المؤمنون قل هل تربصون
26. (There is) no god except God; passim. لا اله الا الله
27. (There is) no god except him; 2:158. لا اله الا هو
28. (There is) no god except him — the merciful, the compassionate; 2:158. لا اله الا هو الرحمن الرحيم
29. (There is) no partner unto him; 6:163. لا شريك له
30. (There is) no strength except in God; 18:37. لا قوة الا بالله
31. Muḥammad (is the) messenger of God; 48:29. محمد رسول الله
32. Muḥammad (is the) messenger of God; he has sent him with the guidance and (the) faith of the truth, so that he may proclaim it above every faith, even if the polytheists dislike (it); 9:33, 61:9 (first four words paraphrased). محمد رسول الله ارسله بالهدى ودين الحق ليطهره على الدين كله ولو كره المشركون
33. And whoever has recourse to God, then he has already been guided on a straight path; 3:96. و) من يعتصم بالله فقد هدى الي صراط مستقيم)
34. Victory (is) from God; 61:13. نصر من الله
35. Victory (is) from God and conquest (is) near; 61:13. نصر من الله وفتح قريب
36. God has rendered him victorious; 9:40. نصره الله
37. (The) victory of God (is) near; 2:210. الله قريب (for Koranic نصره (نصر
38. He (is) the first and the last and the evident and the hidden, and he (is) in every thing omniscient; 57:3. هو الاول و الاخر والظاهر والباطن وهو بكل شيء عليم
39. And dread a day on which you will be brought back to God; then every man will be paid what he has earned; and they will not be wronged; 2:281. واتقوا يوما ترجعون فيه الى الله ثم توفى كل نفس ما كسبت وهم لا يظلمون
40. And I entrust my affair to God; 40:47. وأفوض أمرى الى الله
41. And God guides whomever he wishes on a straight path; 2:209, 24:45. و الله يهدى من يشاء الى صراط مستقيم
42. And your god (is) a single God; 2:158. والهكم اله واحد
43. And deliver (the) good news to the believers; 2:223 etc. وبشر المؤمنين
44. God has promised to those among you who have believed and have practised good works that he will make them successors on the earth as he made those who preceded them successors; 24:54. وعد الله الذين امنوا منكم وعملوا الصالحات ليستخلفنهم في الارض كما استخلف الذين من قبلهم
45. And certainly we have written in the psalms, after the invocation, that my servants — the righteous — shall inherit the earth; 21:105. ولقد كتبنا قي الزبور من بعد الذكر ان الارض يرثها عبادي الصالحون
46. And (there is) not the victory except from beside God; 3:122. وما النصر الا من عند الله
47. And (there is) not the victory except from beside God — the strong, the wise; 3:122. وما النصر الامن عند الله العزيز الحكيم
48. And whatever (is) unto you of a pleasant (kind), then (it is) from God; 16:55. وما بكم من نعمة فمن الله
49. And you will not will unless God has willed; verily God is knowing, wise; 76:30. وما تشاؤن الا ان يشاء الله ان الله كان عليما حكيما
50. And (there is) not my success except with God; 11:90. وما توفيقي الا بالله
51. And (there is) not any god except God; 5:77 (paraphrased). وما من اله الا الله (for Koranic اله واحد)
52. And whoever desires other than Islam as a faith, then it will not be accepted from him; 3:79. و من يبتغ غير الاسلام دينا فلن يقبل منه
53. And whoever desires other than Islam as a faith, then it will not be accepted from him, and he (will be) in the end among the perishing; 3:79. ومن يبتغ غير الاسلام دبن يقبل منه وهوفي الاخرةمن الخاسرين
54. And whoever fears God, he will establish a way of escape for him, and will provide for him from whence he is unaware; 65:2. ومن يتق الله يجعل له مخرجا ويرزقه من حيث لا يحتسب
55. And whoever relies upon God, then he (is) his sufficiency; verily God (is) attaining his commandment; 65:3. ومن يتوكل على الله فهم حسب ان الله بالغ امره
56. And whoever relies upon God, then he (is) his sufficiency; verily God (is) attaining his commandment; certainly God has appointed for every thing a measure; 65:3. ومن يتوكل على الله فهو حسبه ان الله بالغ امره قد جعل الله لكل شيء قدرا
57. And he (is) master of the mighty throne; 9:130. وهو رب العرش العظيم
58. O you who have believed, endure and be patient and persevere and fear God, then perhaps you will succeed; 3:200. يا ايها الذين امنوا اصبروا وصابروا وربطوا (for Koranic وربطوا واتقوا الله لعلكم تفلحون(ورابطوا
59. O you who have believed, obey God and obey the messenger and (the) holders of command among you; 4:62. ياايها الذين امنوا اطيعوا الله واطيعوا الرسول واولي الامر منكم
60. O thou prophet, we have sent thee as a witness and a bringer of good news and a warner and a summoner to God; 33:44–45. يا ايها النبي انا ارسلناك شاهدا ومبشرا ونذيرا وداعيا الى الله
61. Day of the faith; passim. يوم الدين
No useful purpose would be served by a detailed analysis with individual translations of the large group of conventional inscriptions which ring changes on the single theme: the blessing of God be upon our chief Muḥammad and upon his family and companions. An alphabetical list with occasional notes follows.
62. صلوات الله عليه
63. صلوات الله عليه وعلى اله
64. صلى الله على سيدنا محمد
65. صلى الله على سيدنا محمد واله
66. صلى الله على سيدنا محمد واله سلم
67. صلى الله على سيدنا محمد واله سلم تسليما
68. صلى الله على سيدنا محمد واله وصحبه وسلم تسليما
69. صلى الله على سيدنا محمد وسلم تسليم
70. صلى الله على سيدنا محمد و على اله وسلم تسليما
71. صلى الله على سيدنا محمد وعلى اله وصحبه وسلم
72. صلى الله على سيدنا محمد وعلى اله وصحبه وسلم تسليما
73. صلى الله على سيدنا ومولانا محمد وعلى اله وصحبه الاكرمين
74. صلى الله على محمد
75. خاتم النبيين) صلى الله على محمد خاتم النبيين — seal of the prophets — is Koranic; 33:40)
76. صلى الله على محمد واله
77. صلى الله على محمد واله الطيبين الطاهرين
78. صلى الله على محمد وعلى اله
79. صلى الله على محمد وعلى اله وسلم تسليما
80. صلى الله على محمد وعلى اله وصليه وسلم تسليما
81. صلى الله عليه
82. صلى الله عليه وسلم
83. صلى الله عليه وسلم تسليما
84. Muḥammad (is the) messenger of God and his servant. محمد رسول الله وعبده
85. Muḥammad (is) our messenger. محمد رسولنا
86. Muḥammad (is) his messenger and his servant. محمد رسوله وعبده
87. Muḥammad (is the) servant of God and his messenger. محمد عبد الله ورسوله
88. Muḥammad (is) his servant and his messenger. محمد عبده ورسوله
89. وصلى الله على سيدنا ومولانا محمد
90. And Muḥammad (is) our prophet. ومحمد نبينا
91. 'Alī (is the) most distinguished of the agents and minister of (the) best of the messengers. و)علي افضل الوصيين ووزير خير المرسلين)
92. 'Alī (is the) friend of God. علي ولي الله
93. (The) messenger of God, who delivered the good news of it. الذي بشربه رسول الله
94. I ask help of God; how excellent is the helper. استعين بالله نعم المعين
95. God help him and render him victorious. اعانه الله ونصره
96. God help him and render him victorious by grace of his compact. اعانه الله ونصره بمنة يمينه
97. I had recourse to God. اعتصمت بالله
98. I have trusted in God. امنت بالله
99. God help ... ايد الله
100. God help his commandment and render strong his victory. ايد الله امره واعزنصره
101. God help him. ايده الله
102. God — may he be exalted — help him. ايده الله تعالى
103. God — may he be exalted — help him and render him victorious. ايده الله تعالى ونصره
104. God help him and render him victorious. ايده الله ونصره
105. My trust (is) in God alone. ثقتي بالله وحده
106. My sufficiency (is) God alone. حسبي الله وحده
107. He has summoned. دعا
108. God render victorious ... نصر الله
109. Our defense (is) in God. نصرتنا بالله
110. (The) friend of God. ولى الله
111. He asks help of God. يستعين بالله
112. He has recourse to (the) compact of God. (Compare Koran 3:98). يعتصم بحبل الله
113. God — may he be exalted — preserve it for the Moslems. ابقاها الله تعالى للمسلمين
114. God protect it. امنها الله
115. God — may he be exalted — protect it. امنها الله تعالى
116. God — may he be exalted — protect it by his grace and his generosity. امنها الله تعالى بمنه وكرمه
117. God guard it. حرسها الله
118. God guard it by his grace. حرسها الله بمنه
119. God — may he be exalted — guard it. حرسها الله تعالى
120. God — may he be exalted — guard it by his grace. حرسها الله تعالى بمنه
121. God — may he be exalted — guard it by his grace and his generosity. حرسها الله تعالى بمنه ركرمه
122. God — may he be exalted — guard it and protect it. حرسها الله تعالى وامنها
Most of this group of inscriptions are variations or abridgments of the formula: in the name of God — the merciful, the compassionate — this dinar (or dirhem) was struck at ...
123. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب
124. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب ب
125. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب في
126. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هذ(ا) الدرهم ب
127. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هذ(أ) الدين(أ)رب
128. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم عونك يالله ضرب هذا الدينارب
129. (used only on Jāmi'id: 24a) بسم الله الرحمن ضرب هذا الدينارب
130. بسم الله امر بضرب هذ الدبنار في
131. بسم الله ضرب ب
132. بسم الله ضرب هذ(أ) الدرهم
133. بسم الله ضرب هذ(أ) الدرهم ب
134. بسم الله ضرب هذ(أ) الدين(أ)رب
135. The whole commandment (is) unto God. و)الامر كله لله)
136. The whole commandment (is) unto God alone. الامر كله لله وحده
137. The reliance (is) upon God. و)التوكل على الله)
138. God (is) the preserver. الحافظ الله
139. The truth. الحق
140. The praise (is) unto God alone. و) الحمد لله وحده)
141. The might and the strength (are) in God. و)الحول والقوة (با)الله)
142. The thanksgiving (is) unto God. و)الشكر لله)
143. The grandeur (is) unto God. و)العظمة لله)
144. The Koran (is) our leader. القران امامنا
145. The Koran (is the) proof of God. القران حجة الله
146. The Koran (is the) word of God. القران كلام الله
147. God has fostered whoever has relied upon him. الله ربي من توكل عليه
148. God has rendered victorious whoever has relied upon him. الله نصر من توكل عليه
149. God (is) a friend of whoever has relied upon him, and has rendered victorious whoever executes his commandment. الله ولي من توكل عليه ونصر من يقضى امره
150. The kingdom (is) unto God. و) الملك لله)
151. The kingdom (is) unto God alone. الملك لله وحده
152. The grace (is) unto God. و)المنة لله)
153. The one (is) God. الواحد الله
154. God help them. ايدهم الله
155. At (the) commandment of God. بامر الله
156. May (God) bless it. بركه
157. (There is) no god except God alone. لا اله الا الله وحده
158. (There is) no might and no strength except in God. و)لا حول ولا قوة الا بالله)
159.(There is) no conqueror except God.(Naṣrid motto)و)لاغالب الا الله)
160. For (the) unity of the eternal God. لتوحيد الاله الله
161. How near (is the) succor of God. (Early Ziyānid motto) ما اقرب فرج الله
162. What God has wished. ما شا الله
163. How excellent the powerful (is) God. نعم القادر الله
164. And the asking help (is) unto God. والاستعانة بالله
165. And the thanksgiving (is) unto God for his grace. والشكر لله على نعمته
166. And the power (is) unto God. والقدرة لله
167. And the guidance (is) from God. والهداية من الله
168. May his victory become illustrious. عز نصره
169. Power. عزة
170. At (the) command of ... عن امر
171. The guarded (applied to Bijāyah and Sabtah). المحروسة
172. (The) vicinity (of ...) حضر
173. (The) district (of...) حضرة
174. (The) city (of ...)مدينة
175. City of (the) power of Islam and (of ...) مدينة عز الاسلام و
176. It has been struck. ضرب
177. It has been struck at ... ضرب ب
178. It has been struck in... ضرب في
179. This dirhem has been struck. ضرب هذالدرهم
180. It has been coined at ... طبع ب
181. Quarter of the dinar. ربع الدينر
182. Year. سنة
183. Year. عام
184. (On the) first day of Sha'bān (the eighth month). غزة شعبان
185. In (the) year. في سنة
186. In Sha'bān (the eighth month). في شعبان
187. In (the) month of the spring (the third or fourth month). في شهر الربيع
188. In (the) month of Sha'bān (the eighth month). قي شهر شعبان
189. Former weight. وزن قديم
The style and script traditional in the Caliphal coinage, round fields surrounded by unbroken margins in plain Kūfī, are characteristic of all the coins at the opening of this survey. The Zīrid coins continued to be based on Fāṭimid models; the Ḥammūdid silver was a debased version of that struck by the Spanish Umayyads; the Murābiṭs combined these styles into a strong simple style of their own which was a model of clarity. A few Naskhī or part-Naskhī pieces are found among their silver, but Kūfī greatly predominated.
All this was deliberately changed by the Muwaḥḥids, probably to fulfill the prophecy that power would be seized by a leader who would alter the currency on the occasion of a conjunction of certain planets. The style then introduced, which lasted with minor changes and exceptions for the balance of the late medieval period, included square silver, chiefly in the cursive Naskhī script, and round gold with field inscriptions in a square inscribed in a circle, the segments of which also held legends, all in Naskhī script except for some ornamented Kūfī introduced by certain early Ḥafṣids and Marīnids.
This ornamented Kūfī is the script erroneously termed Qarmaṭic (karmathic) by many orientalists, although it has no connection whatever with the Qarmaṭī heretical sect. This fallacy has persisted despite complete refutation by Fraehn in the Journal Asiatique for 1828. The script, which had a wide but short-lived popularity in the last half of the thirteenth Christian century and the first decade of the fourteenth, was probably introduced into North Africa by refugees from Andalusia after the fall of Seville.
Vagaries in the spelling of the inscriptions abound. Abū- and abī- are used interchangeably by the Ḥafṣids; masculine and feminine dates, by the Murābiṭs. Alifs are inserted in or omitted from such words as ibn-, raḥmān, ta'ālâ, and dīnār according to the whim of the engraver. Diacritical marks are usually entirely absent; when present they are more often ornamental than significant.
In rare cases, punches were used by the engraver to incise straight lines and circles, especially on Ḥammūdid coins. The general practice, however, was to engrave the design by hand in reverse on a die like the one described by Marçais. This inevitably led to such minor errors as the omission or duplication of letters and even of whole words, but these were held to a reasonable minimum by careful supervision, and faulty dies were frequently withdrawn and corrected. An index of coins with engraving errors is supplied for the use of those who desire to pursue this line of inquiry further.
Very few of the dies are signed: two with the name Sa'd in tiny letters, possibly one with Mālik.
Ornamentation, as distinguished from lettering, is extremely limited. None of the coins bears a pictorial device, and only a few pieces of silver, separately indexed, have a face covered by a geometrical design. Individual letters and blank spaces are often enhanced by the application of minor scrolls and flourishes, though the effort to decode any meaning they may have conveyed has been fruitless. Otherwise it is limited to line and dotted squares surrounding field inscriptions, and occasional lengthening of letters to fill areas in an esthetically satisfying manner.
The methods used in striking the late medieval North African coinage are nowhere clearly described, but can easily be deduced from the money itself and from the coin die described by Marçais. The obverse was engraved on one tool, the reverse on a base, a cold metal flan of the correct size was inserted, a blow was struck, and the finished coin was removed. No cast coins have been found.
Some control was exercised so that obverse and reverse appeared in the desired relative position, but this was subject to great relaxation. Occasional coins survive, and are listed in the miscellaneous index, with errors in striking, including the combining of two obverses, the use of a flan of the wrong size, and such mistakes. Misstruck and doublestruck specimens, however, are not specially noted.
Very few names of mint-masters appear on these coins. Yāshir, Mālik, and Ibn-Kaukab may be Murābiṭ mint-masters; others may be indicated by the relatively frequent mint-marks, consisting of one or more letters of the alphabet.
No systematic study of these mint-marks has been attempted. They are frequently not mentioned by persons recording coins, so that the existing data are necessarily incomplete, but they are separately indexed for ready reference.
Mention should be made here of certain Murābiṭ silver on which one side has been deliberately left blank. Vives ascribes this to a system of indicating denominations, though not all extant coins fit into his table. These coins are listed in the miscellaneous index, as are coins with only an ornament on one side instead of a legend.
Much the larger portion of the coins under examination were made of gold. The Zīrid and Murābiṭ dinar, and presumably the Ḥammādid, was designed to weigh about 4.2 grams, with halves and quarters and even eighths weighing correct fractions of that figure. The Zīrid dinar, of which surviving specimens average 4.11 grams and are known as heavy as 4.35, was 22–24 millimeters in diameter; the Murābiṭ, averaging 4.05 grams and never over 4.3, was 23–27 millimeters across. Half dinars were 15–16 millimeters, quarters 13–15, and eighths about 11.
The coins as struck were apparently fairly uniform in size and weight, and the gold was of good quality. It came across the Sahara from the negroes' regions, in sufficient quantity to strike a rich and variegated coinage.
With the advent of the Muwaḥḥids the quality and quantity of the gold used apparently was sustained, but the standard of weight and size was permanently altered. A wide, thin double dinar was introduced, averaging 4.55 grams, 27–32 millimeters in diameter. The dinar, averaging 2.27 grams, was 19–22 millimeters; the half, at 1.15 grams, 14–16 millimeters, the quarter, at .55, about 13 millimeters. Successor dynasties followed these specifications with minor alterations; some Ḥafṣid double dinars were slightly smaller, some Marīnid slightly broader; most dinars somewhat broader; a few Ziyānid and Marīnid halves considerably broader; but in general the plan was adhered to without significant modification.
After the middle of the Muwaḥḥid period the number of specimens diminishes sharply, with Ziyānid and Waṭṭāsid gold definitely scarce. The quality was never seriously diminished, and purchasing power remained high, though definite analyses belong rather to economic than to numismatic history. Apparently far more need of fractional gold existed under the later dynasties than under the Murābiṭs, whose dinars account for over 99% of their surviving gold.
The place of silver in the various dynastic coinages varied greatly. For the Ḥammūdids only silver so base as to be readily considered copper was struck, whereas the Zīrids followed the Fāṭimids in seldom using silver. The Murābiṭs struck large quantities of silver, both dirhems of traditional appearance with dates and mints and 1-gram qirats and fractions thereof as subsidiary small change.
A few electrum coins survive for the Murābiṭs, but no data is available indicating their denomination or purpose.
The square silver struck by the Muwaḥḥids and Ḥafṣids is plentiful and found widespread contemporary acceptance — being counterfeited extensively among the Christians of Spain and France. The square dirhems averaged about 1.5 gram and were 13–19 millimeters square. They survive in great numbers, making more unaccountable the lack of identifiable Ziyānid silver and the relative scarcity of silver attributable to the Marīnids and the Waṭṭāsids.
Silver was presumably mined locally in Morocco and Spain. Its value relative to gold fluctuated, being never more than one tenth and seldom less than one twentieth by weight. The purity of the alloy also suffered fluctuations, being depreciated and restored on several occasions.
Copper was simply not recognized as a precious metal suitable for coinage. Dinars and square and round dirhems were occasionally imitated in copper or struck in silver so base as to be distinguishable only with difficulty from it, but the few attempts to coin copper openly met with violent popular opposition. Only at the very end of Ḥafṣid rule were a few coppers struck, foreshadowing modern token currency, but this development was impossible throughout most of the late medieval period in North Africa.
The following chapters cover the coinage of each dynasty as a separate unit. Before each has been inserted a chronological list of rulers, with a condensed genealogical tree for each except the Fāṭimids, the Hūdids, and the Ottomans, which have but one ruler apiece affected by North African numismatic history for the late medieval period. The information in the lists of rulers has been derived from medieval inscriptions and documents and from extensive comparison of medieval Arabic histories, chronicles, geographies, biographies, and other works; it has been corrected or confirmed from evidence found on the coins themselves. Although the actual coins have been consulted whenever possible, the other sources have been used in the best modern published versions, as listed in the bibliographies. When such sources conflict, the more probable has been determined and utilized; when gaps remained after exhaustive research, I have filled them from modern sources or from my own conclusions as to the most likely of possible alternatives.
After each item of information there has been placed, within parentheses, a short reference to one or more sources, in this order: gold (g), electrum (e), silver (s), and copper (c); inscriptions (B and a number, referring to the historical reference bibliography, part B); documents (C and a number); medieval Arabic works (A and a number). Failing these, modern sources (D and a number) or my own conclusions (H) supply the data. Although this system is rather unwieldy and unattractive, no better way of supplying this essential reference material has presented itself; it is hoped that familiarity will render it less objectionable. The parentheses following Christian dates indicate the source from which the month of the Moslem year was derived, enabling me to specify the correct one of the two possible Christian years.
Sunnite khalīfahs of the Banū'l-'Abbās of Baghdad A.H. 132–656 (A.D. 749–1258):
1–25 too early.
26–31 generically on Murābiṭ gold 26–90, 92–446.
31 al-Muqtafī-li-amr-Allāh (g, A35h) abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, A35h) Muḥammad (A35h) ibn-Aḥmad (28; A35h) A.H. 530 (A35h) –555 (A35h) A.D. 1136 (no alternative) –1160 (A35h): generically on Zīrid gold 24a and Murābiṭ gold (see above), specified on Ḥammādid gold 25.
32–35 no African coins.
36 al-Mustanṣir-bi-Allāh (s, A35h) abū-Ja'far (s, A35h) al-Manṣūr (A20a) ibn-Muḥammad (35; A35h) A.H. 623 (A35h) –640 (A20a) A.D. 1226 (no alternative) –1242 (A20a): generically on Hūdid gold 540 and silver 1117–1120, specified on Hūdid silver 1121.
37 al-Musta'ṣim-bi-Allāh (A35h), abū-Aḥmad (A35h) 'Abd-Allāh (A35h) ibn-al-Manṣūr (36; A35h) A.H. 640 (A35h) –656 (A35h) A.D. 1242 (A35h) –1258 (A35h): generically on Hūdid gold 541.
The 'Abbāsid caliphs of Baghdad had once controlled all North Africa, but their sway had ended with the attainment of independence by the Aghlabids and the Idrīsids about A.D. 800, just as it had previously been terminated in Spain by the establishment of the Umayyad amīrate. The Fāṭimid conquests in the tenth century had closed all Africa to them permanently.
With this in mind, it is clear that the appearance of 'Abbāsid names and titles on late medieval North African coins in no respect represented a revival of their temporal power. What it did signify was a spiritual submission to the theory of a single orthodox Sunnite caliphate.
This distinction is clearly seen in the Murābiṭ gold coinage. With a single unexplained exception (91) every piece of Murābiṭ gold accords the epithet 'Abd-Allāh and the Caliphal titles al-imām and amīr al-mu'minīn to this distant and shadowy suzerain, who was never individually named, though occasionally generically called al-'Abbāsī on the later dinars. For themselves the Murābiṭs adopted the lesser titles al-amīr and amīr al-muslimīn, never aspiring to full Caliphal rank. The silver, not restricted by Moslem political theory to the caliph, does not carry the deferential formulas.
Shortly after the downfall of the Murābiṭs in A.H. 541, two of their neighbors rendered analogous numismatic homage to the 'Abbāsids. Yaḥyâ, the 9th Ḥammādid, specified al-Muqtafī on a dinar dated 543 (25) reported by Ibn-Khaldūn, while the Jāmi'id Rashīd of Gabes followed the Murābiṭ formula in his 551 dinar (24a). Both of these coins indicate anti-Fāṭimid sentiment similar to that motivating the great Zīrid revolt, in which 'Abbāsid banners and prayers were substituted for Fāṭimid, though for some reason the 'Abbāsid caliphs were never mentioned on the Sunnite Zīrid coins of al-Mu'izz.
Both Yaḥyâ and Rashīd fell, like the Murābiṭs, before the powerful Muwaḥḥid military machine, and the 'Abbāsids disappeared from North African coins for nearly eighty years. The Banū-Ghāniyah, collateral descendants of the Murābiṭs, invaded Tunisia from their Balearic stronghold, and referred to the 'Abbāsids as suzerains in their Friday prayers, following family tradition, but no coins exist for their decades of banditry on the Muwaḥḥid frontiers. If any are ever located, they may be expected to bear 'Abbāsid formulas.
During the Muwaḥḥid collapse after A.H. 624 Ibn-Hūd made good his independence in Spain and struck several coins in nominal allegiance to the distant 'Abbāsid caliph, as an act of defiance to the Muwaḥḥids. The only Hūdid coins considered in this study are those few struck in North Africa; during the three months of A.H. 630 that Ibn-Hūd controlled Ceuta both gold (540) and silver (1117–1120) were apparently struck there, with pro- 'Abbāsid legends replacing the normal Muwaḥḥid ones.
A further step was taken by the shaykh al-Yānashtī, who governed Ceuta for the next five years and coined silver in the name of the 36th 'Abbāsid, al-Mustanṣir, dated 635 (1121).
The final 'Abbāsid coin struck in North Africa (541), although mintless and dateless, can confidently be ascribed to the amīr al-'Azafī at Ceuta between A.H. 647 and the termination of the 'Abbāsid caliphate in 656 by the Mongol Hūlāgū.
With the end of the caliphate proper came the end of numismatic recognition in North Africa, for the puppet-caliphs maintained by the Mamlūks at Cairo seem to have exercised no such dominance over occidental loyalties as their legitimate predecessors had done for five centuries.
Shī'ite imāms of the Banū-Fāṭimah of Cairo A.H. 297–567 (A.D. 909–1171).
1–7 too early.
8 al-Mustanṣir-bi-Allāh (g, A35e) abū-Tamīm (g, A41a) Ma'add (g, A35e) ibn-'Alī (7; A35e) A.H. 427 (A18b) –487 (A18b) A.D. 1036 (A18b) –1094 (A18b): specified on Zīrid gold 1, 2, 15–23.
9–14 no African coins.
Although the Shī'ite Fāṭimid imāms had risen to power in Tunisia, they resolved in A.D. 969 to shift their seat of government to newly-conquered Egypt, leaving North Africa under a governor. For this post was chosen the able Ṣanhājah Berber general Bulukkīn ibn-Zīrī; the demands of loyalty were dutifully fulfilled by him, by his son al-Manṣūr, and by al-Manṣūr's son Bādīs. By the fourth generation, however, the bonds had greatly slackened, and the combined motives of personal ambition, Sunnite proclivities, and apparent security from reprisal led to the Zīrid revolt of al-Mu'izz ibn-Bādīs.
The historians give a variety of dates for the various steps in this revolt; the coins afford an exact chronology. The standard Fāṭimid dinars minted at al-Mahdīyah and al-Manṣūrīyah through A.H. 438 represent the old order; both mint cities were named for Fāṭimid founders. The first sign of aversion appeared in 439, when the old name Ṣabrah was used instead of al-Manṣūrīyah, though Fāṭimid formulas were retained and al-Mustanṣir was named as suzerain; no further change occurred in 440.
With 441, however, the revolt became unequivocal. The dinars of that and subsequent years eliminated all reference to al-Mustanṣir, substituted Sunnite for Shī'ite formulas, and were usually minted at Kairouan. As far as Arabic historians disclose, the revolt was final, though numismatists have long known of later coins naming al-Mustanṣir and struck at al-Mahdīyah.
Apparently Farrugia de Candia was the first to make the obvious deduction that the Zīrids must have sought a reconciliation with their vindictive former overlord, who had sent the Banū-Hilāl and the Banū-Sulaym to ravage Tunisia. Whether this tardy remorse was accepted by al-Mustanṣir cannot now be determined, but since the new series continued for ten years, it may be supposed to have met with some measure of success.
The net effect from the Fāṭimid point of view may be briefly recapitulated. Until 438, normal dinars. In 439 and 440, normal dinars (1, 2) except for the ominous change in mint-name. From 441 to 449, rebellion. From 449 to 454, resumption of normal dinars under al-Mu'izz. From 454 to 459, continuation of normal dinars under Tamīm. After 459, nothing, despite one coin reported for 480 but rejected as unbelievable.
Thus the long history of Fāṭimid coinage in North Africa came to its final close in 459, as far as surviving coins indicate. The last quarter-century, analysed here, was perhaps the most important, revealing as it does a vital diplomatic development of which no written record seems to have survived.
The nominal Fāṭimid suzerainty over the Ḥammādids of eastern Algeria probably lasted somewhat longer but does not seem to have been reflected on coins, for the only recorded coin of this dynasty (25) is said by Ibn-Khaldūn to have been struck on the occasion of the disavowal of Fāṭimid supremacy.
Ṣanhājah Berber rulers of the Banū-Zīrī of Tunisia A.H. 362–543 (A.D. 972–1148).
1–3 too early.
4 abū-Tamīm (B11, A27b) al-Mu'izz (B11, A35e) ibn-Bādīs (3; B11, A35e) A.H. 406 (A35e) –454 (A35e) A.D. 1016 (A41a) –1062 (A36c):
First series (for Fāṭimid 8) A.H. 439 (g) –440 (g, A35e) gold 1, 2.
Second series (independent) A.H. 441 (g, A41a) –449 (g) anonymous gold 3–14, anonymous silver 871.
Third series (for Fāṭimid 8) A.H. 449 (g) –454 (A35e) gold 15–17.
4A Ḥammū (A35e) ibn-Malīl (A35e) independent Barghawāṭah Berber governor of Sfax A.H. 451 (A35e) –493 (A35e) A.D. 1059 (H) –1099 (D9) anonymous gold 24.
5 abū-Yaḥyâ (A36C) Tamīm (B11, A35e) ibn-al-Mu'izz (4; B11, A35e) A.H. 454 (g, A35e) –501 (A35e) A.D. 1062 (A36C) –1108 (A36C):
First series (for Fāṭimid 8) A.H. 454 (g, A35e) –459 (g) gold 18–23.
Second series (independent) A.H. 459 (H) –501 (A35e) no coins.
6 abū-Ṭāhir (A36C) Yaḥyâ. (A35e) ibn-Tamīm (5; A35e) A.H. 501 (A35e) –509 (A35e) A.D. 1108 (A41a) –1116 (A41a) no coins.
7 abū'l-Futūḥ (A35e) 'Alī (A35e) ibn-Yaḥyâ (6; A35e) A.H. 509 (A35e) –515 (A35e) A.D. 1116 (A41a) –1121 (A41a) no coins.
8 abū-Yaḥyâ. (A36C) al-Ḥasan A35e) ibn-'Alī (7; A35e) A.H. 515 (A35e) –543 (A35e) A.D. 1121 (A41a) –1148 (A41a) no coins.
8A Rashīd (g) ibn-Rashīd (g, A35e) independent Jāmi'id Arab governor of Gabes A.H. 5xx (?) –554 (A84e) A.D. 115X (?) –1159 (H) gold (for 'Abbāsid 31, not identified) 24a.
The history of the Ṣanhājah Berber dynasty known as the Zīrids is successively one of prosperity, disaster, and redirection. From A.H. 372, the effective date of Bulukkīn's governorship, to 438 their numismatic history is that of provincial Fāṭimid mints.
This study opens in 439 with the first stirrings of revolt, the substitution on otherwise normal Fāṭimid dinars of the ancient name Ṣabrah for the Fāṭimid al-Manṣūrīyah. Al-Mu'izz struck Shī'ite dinars of this type through 440, anonymous Sunnite coins from 441 to 449, and Shī'ite dinars from 449 to his death in 454; these were continued through 459 by his son Tamīm. Apparently no further coins were struck by members of the main Zīrid dynasty.
These sparse facts suggest many questions, to which only the most tentative answers can be supplied. The motives for the revolt are well known: al-Mu'izz's ambition and Sunnism buttressed by his misplaced feeling of security. Apparently no one event was the occasion for his rebellion, but rather a general sense that the time was ripe.
Numismatically, the changes made in 441 were not far-reaching. The shape, weight, and diameter of the standard dinar were retained; quarters and eighths were occasionally minted for change, with scanty silver, just as under the Fāṭimids. Only the inscriptions were altered, but this was done thoroughly. The Shī'ite praise of 'Alī was eliminated from the obverse face; for the Fāṭimid names and titles on the reverse face was substituted a Koranic quotation; another replaced the previous obverse margin; even the mint inscription on the reverse margin was altered.
The new style lasted at Kairouan through 448, with a similar coin from Sfax ascribed to 449. In that year al-Mu'izz fled to the fortified port of al-Mahdīyah, leaving the rest of Tunisia to be pillaged by the Arab invaders. His coins from 449 to his death in 454 were struck at al-Mahdīyah, where his son Tamīm as governor had already coined Sunnite dinars for him in 446 and 447.
The unexpected fact is that the final group is Shī'ite in every respect. 'Alī is venerated; al-Mustanṣir is named and accorded Caliphal titles; the concentric style is revived. There can be no possible doubt as to the significance of all this: an attempt at reconciliation with al-Mustanṣir, inexplicably ignored or suppressed in medieval Arabic histories.
This Shī'ite series was continued by Tamīm through 459; its duration, and the variety in styles utilized, suggest acceptance by Cairo as a Fāṭimid mint in good standing from 449 to 459. Motives on both sides are easy to understand: the Zīrids seeking any ally against the ferocious horde devastating Tunisia and vainly hoping that al-Mustanṣir could control the destroyers he had loosed; the Fāṭimid delighted with his revenge and welcoming the subservient penitent as a testimony to his firm way with dissenters.
Between 459 and the Sicilian conquest of al-Mahdīyah in 543, the Zīrids, ruling chiefly the capital with little or no hinterland, capitalized on adversity by turning seaward. A judicious alternation of commerce and corsairship partially restored their power and prosperity. For what reason, then, did they not resume coining money?
The answer must surely be sought in the cutting by nomad Arabs of their source of supply for raw gold, previously shipped across the Sahara by camel caravan. What gold they secured by trade or raid was already minted, and adequate to their needs. Silver had always been rare in Tunisia, even in Aghlabid times. And finally, if any coins were struck by the later Zīrids, they were probably looted by the Sicilian Normans and eventually melted into bullion.
The relatively few surviving Zīrid coins are chiefly gold dinars weighing about 4.05 grams, with a diameter of about 23 millimeters, neatly struck, in Kūfī script. The inscriptions on the Shī'ite series are identical with standard Fāṭimid legends; the Sunnite ones, being anonymous, are remarkable only in the unusual minting phrase "struck in (the) city of (the) power of Islam and al-Qayrawān", ironic in view of the fact that Kairouan would soon lie utterly in ruins.
An anonymous dinar of Zīrid type (24) is, because of its mint and date, ascribed by Farrugia de Candia to the independent Barghawāṭah Berber governor of Sfax Ḥammū ibn-Malīl, whose attack on al-Mahdīyah was defeated by Tamīm. Its date, 461, is the latest known for Tunisia before the Sicilian conquest.
A still more unusual Murābiṭ-style dinar (24a) is reported by Prieto y Vives as struck at Qābis in 551 by al-Rashīd ibn-Rāfi'. Since his illustration is execrable, and since the al-Rashīd to whom he refers died in 543 and was not the son or descendant of Rāfi', I at first reluctantly rejected this coin, until I located the Schulman specimen, the clear photograph of which disproves its ascription to Qādis (Cadiz) for 552. Prolonged scrutiny led me to the present reading, al-Rashīd ibn-Rashīd, suggesting one of the two sons of Prieto's al-Rashīd who ruled between his death and the Muwaḥḥid conquest of Gabes in 554, with Sicilian interruptions. Ibn-Khaldūn gives their names as Muḥammad and Mudāfi'; the latter signifies postponing and is probably a nick-name, so it seems a reasonable assumption that the dinar was struck by the last Jāmi'id under his real name al-Rashīd.
Any alternative explanation would have either to identify another person named al-Rashīd who could have ruled Gabes in 551 or to explain why the first al-Rashīd was not ibn-Kāmil, as Ibn-Kaldūn calls him, as well as the discrepancy in dates. Perhaps my solution requires fewer untenable assumptions than its competitors.
No coins are recorded for the other local Arab and Berber rulers of cities or tribes in Tunisia, Tripolitania, or eastern Algeria during this turbulent period, though some few of them may have minted a little gold.
Ṣanhājah Berber rulers of the Banū-Ḥammād of eastern Algeria A.H. 405–547 (A.D. 1014–1152).
1 too early.
2 al-Qā'id (A35e) ibn-Ḥammād (1; A35e) A.H. 419 (A35e) –446 (A35e) A.D. 1028 (A41a) –1055 (A41a) no coins.
3 Muḥsan (A35e) ibn-al-Qā'id (2; A35e) A.H. 446 (A35e) –447 (A35e) A.D. 1055 (A41a) –1055 (A41a) no coins.
4 Bulukkīn (A35e) ibn-Muḥammad ibn-Ḥammād (1; A35e) A.H. 447 (A35e) –454 (A35e) A.D. 1055 (A41a) –1062 (A41a) no coins.
5 al-Nāṣir (C12, A35e) ibn-'Alannās ibn-Ḥammād (1; A35e) A.H. 454 (A35e) –481 (A35e) A.D. 1062 (A41a) –1088 (A41a) no coins.
6 al-Manṣūr (A35e) ibn-al-Nāṣir (5; A35e) A.H. 481 (A35e) –498 (A35e) A.D. 1088 (A41a) –1104 (D9, D14) no coins.
7 Bādīs (A35e) ibn-al-Manṣūr (6; A35e) A.H. 498 (A35e) –498 (A41a) A.D. 1104 (D9, D14) –1105 (A41a) no coins.
8 al-'Azīz (A35e) ibn-al-Manṣūr (6; A35e) A.H. 498 (A41a) –515 (A35e) A.D. 1105 (A41a) –1121 (A60b) no coins.
9 Yaḥyâ (g, A35e) ibn-al-'Azīz (8; g, A35e) A.H. 515 (A35e) –547 (A35e) A.D. 1121 (A60b) –1152 (C11) gold (for 'Abbāsid 31) 25.
The numismatic history of the Ḥammāmdid dynasty must be based on somewhat inadequate material, for the sad fact is that no coin survives which has been soundly attributed to these Ṣanhājah Berber cousins and rivals of the Zīrids.
Between Ḥammād's declaration of independence in A.H. 405 and al-Manṣūr's accession in 481 no coins were minted, according to Ibn-Khaldūn, but between 481 and the Muwaḥḥid conquest in 547 several coins must have been struck; we know only the 543 dinar (25) described by Ibn-Khaldūn, of which no surviving specimen is recorded. M. de Beylie, who excavated Qal'at Banī-Ḥammād, provided in an appendix to his volume a group of preposterous sketches, purporting to represent this and other Ḥammādid coins; fortunately, he expressed serious doubts of their reliability. He also included a photograph of a coin he dug up and attributed to al-Manṣur, the 6th Ḥammādid, on unascertainable grounds. It appears to be a well-worn Fāṭimid dinar of indeterminable mint and date; the original, supposedly in the Bibliothèque Nationale, cannot be located.
The external politics of the Ḥammādids were to counter their kinsmen, the Zīrids. Whichever supported the 'Abbāsids would find its neighbor in the Fāṭimids' camp. Each strove to turn the Arab hordes, and the Sicilian Normans, against the other. Before the Arab invasions they were military rivals; afterwards, piratical. When the last Zīrid was defeated by the Sicilians, he fled for refuge to the last Ḥammādid, who put him in prison.
'Alid Arab rulers of the Banū-Ḥammūd of Malaga A.H. 407–449 (A.D. 1016–1057).
1–5 too early.
6 Idrīs II (s, A48a) ibn-Yaḥyâ I (3; A48a) A.H. 434 (A6b) –446 (s, A6b) A.D. 1043 (A48a) –1055 (notes to A48a):
Without heir A.H. 434 (A6b) –439 (H) A.D. 1043 (A48a) –1047 (H) too early.
With heir Muḥammad (9; s, A27c) A.H. 439 (s) –446 (s, A6b) A.D. 1047 (H) –1055 (notes to A48a) silver 872–879.
7–9 no African coins.
interregnum between end of dynasty proper and independence of 9A A.H. 449 (D9) –453 (A27C) A.D. 1057 (D9) –1061 (H).
9A Saqaut (s, c, A90) ibn-Muḥammad (H) Barghawāṭah Berber governor of Ceuta A.H. 453 (A27C) –471 (A90) A.D. 1061 (H) –1078 (H):
With heir al-'izz (9B; s, c, A27c) silver 880–886, copper 1157–1160.
9B al-'izz (s, A27c) ibn-Saqaut (9A; A35e) Barghawāṭah Berber governor of Ceuta A.H. 471 (A90) –476 (A35e) A.D. 1078 (H) –1083 (A35e):
With heir Saqaut (9C; s) silver 887.
Pre-eminent among the petty kings who divided up Umayyad Spain in the early eleventh century were, at first, the Ḥammūdids of Malaga, but by A.H. 439, when this study starts, they had been outmatched by the 'Abbādids of Seville, and even within their tiny state they dissipated their strength in internecine warfare. A branch of the family held Algeciras, while the main dynasty also ruled Ceuta in Africa, bringing them within the scope of this study.
The only member of the dynasty proper to coin at Ceuta after 439 was the 6th, Idrīs II, with his son Muḥammad as heir. He struck only silver of poor alloy, like all his family, of whom Muḥammad I, Idrīs III, and al-Qāsim II were at war with him after 438. It was for this reason that he was often forced to take refuge at Ceuta, where his support was centered, though he also spent some time in prison there.
His dirhems are similar to those of the later Spanish Umayyads and the other petty kings in style and content. He assumed caliphal titles and epithets but did not mention his descent. The script is a thin degenerate Kūfī.
After the collapse of the dynasty in 449, Ceuta was held by a succession of non-royal adventurers culminating in the Barghawāṭah Berber Saqaut and his posterity. His coins, in an illegible stubby Kūfī script on silver so base it is usually termed copper, are nonetheless important. They are said by Vives to date from 455 to 467, but del Rivero, who is far from infallible, challenges all dates prior to 464. 462 does exist; for 455 and 456, doubt may be justified.
They are crowded with names, titles, and epithets. Saqaut is al-Manṣūr, al-Ma'ān, Bahā'-al-Daulah. He, or some person unknown, is al-imām, 'Abd-Allāh, amīr al-mu'minīn. His son al-'izz is al-ḥājib, the chancellor.
The tough, elderly ex-slave who assumed this welter of nomenclature died in battle against the Murābiṭ Yūsuf ibn-Tāshfīn, leaving al-'izz to continue the defense of Ceuta. This he managed for an incredible five additional years before being captured; by insolence he provoked Yūsuf into killing him untortured. His embattled tenure — 471–476 — is represented numismatically by a mintless, dateless base silver dirhem with the field inscriptions inside octagons.
Again he, or some unknown and unspecified person, is al-imām, 'Abd-Allāh, amīr al-mu'minīn. He is Ḍiyā'-al-Daulah, which is, like his father's Bahā'-al-Daulah, an epithet with an oriental flavor not found elsewhere in this study. And al-ḥājib is Saqaut, Ḍiyā'-al-Daulah too. Though the latter is generally presumed to be al-'Izz's father, no explanation has been offered for the change in epithets or for his appearance as chancellor following his undoubted death. My own conclusion is that a third generation is involved, with the younger Saqaut as heir to his father al-'Izz and sharing the same epithet. He is not mentioned by historians.
Of the other pre-Murābiṭ rulers of Morocco no coins survive dated after A.H. 439, unless some of the curious small gold coins ascribed by Brèthes to the Banū-Khazrūn of Sijilmāsah are that late. As noted in the corpus, these coins are not available for study, nor are published descriptions and plates adequate; there are probably many such coins to be unearthed by archaeologists and ethnologists in Morocco for the use of later generations of scholars.
Lamtūnah Berber rulers of the Murābiṭūn A.H. 448–541 (A.D. 1056–1147).
1 Abū-Bakr (g, s, c, A35e) ibn-'Umar (g, s, c, A35e) A.H. 448 (A84e) –480 (g, A35e) A.D. 1056 (A84e) –1087 (A84d) gold (for 'Abbāsids 26 and 27, not identified) 26–52, silver 888–890, copper 1161.
1A 'Alī (g) ibn-x (?) governor of Sijilmāsah about A.H. 459 (H) A.D. 1067 (H) gold (for 'Abbāsid 26, not identified) 53.
1B Ibrāhīm (g) ibn-Abī-Bakr (1; g) governor of Sijilmāsah A.H. 462 (g) –467 (g) A.D. 1070 (H) –1074 (H) gold (for 'Abbāsid 26, not identified) 54–57.
2 Yūsuf (g, s, B11, A35e) ibn-Tāshfīn (cousin of 1; g, s, B11, A35e) A.H. 480 (g, A35e) –500 (g, A36c) A.D. 1087 (A84d) –1106 (A36C):
Without heir A.H. 480 (g, A35e) –496 (A84d) A.D. 1087 (A84d) –1103 (A84d) gold (for 'Abbāsids 27 and 28, not identified) 58–120, silver 891–901.
With heir 'Alī (3; g, s, A35e) A.H. 496 (A84d) –500 (g, A36c) A.D. 1103 (A84d) –1106 (A36C) gold (for 'Abbāsid 28, not identified) 121–151, silver 902–904.
3 'Alī (g, e, s, c, A35e) ibn-Yūsuf (2; g, e, s, c, A35e) A.H. 500 (A36C) –537 (g, A35e) A. D. 1106 (A36C) –1143 (A36C):
Without heir A.H. 500 (A36C) –522 (g) A. D. 1106 (A36C) –1128 (no alternative) gold (for 'Abbāsids 28 and 29, not identified) 152–291, electrum 939, silver 905–938, 940–967, 970–972, anonymous silver 968, 969, copper 1162–1169.
With heir Sīr (3A; g, e, s, A51b) A.H. 522 (g) –533 (g) A.D. 1128 (no alternative) –1139 (H) gold (for 'Abbāsids 29–31, not identified) 292–361, electrum 991, 992, silver 973–990, 993, 994.
With heir Tāshfīn (4; g, s, A35e) A.H. 533 (g, A84d) –537 (g. A35e) A.D. 1139 (H) –1143 (A36C) gold (for 'Abbāsid 31, not identified) 362–403, silver 995–1017.
4 Tāshfīn (g, s, A35e) ibn-'Alī (3; g, s, A35e) A.H. 537 (g, A35e) –540 (g, A51c) A.D. 1143 (A84e) –1145 (A51C):
Without heir A.H. 537 (g, A35e) –538 (A91) A.D. 1143 (A84e) –1144 (A91) gold (for 'Abbāsid 31, not identified) 404–421, silver 1018–1033.
With heir Ibrāhīm (5; g, s, A35e) A.H. 538 (g. A91) –540 (g. A51c) A.D. 1144 (A91) –1145 (A51C) gold (for 'Abbāsid 31, not identified) 422–432, silver 1034–1038.
5 Ibrāhīm (A35e) ibn-Tāshfīn (4; A35e) A.H. 540 (A51C) –540 (H) A.D. 1145 (A51C) –1145 (H) no coins.
6 Isḥāq (g, s, A35e) ibn-'Alī (3; g, s, A35e) A.H. 540 (g) –541 (g, A35e) A.D. 1145 (H) –1147 (A35e) gold (for 'Abbāsid 31, not identified) 433–442, silver 1039–1052.
6A Yaḥyâ (g, A35e) ibn-Abī-Bakr ibn-'Alī (3; g, A35e), called al-Ṣaḥrāwī (A35e), rebel at Ceuta against Muwaḥḥids A.H. 542 (A35e) –543 (g, A84e) A.D. 1147 (H) –1148 (H) gold (for 'Abbāsid 31, not identified) 443.
6B Yaḥyâ (C11, A35e) ibn-'Alī (C11, A35e), called Ibn-Ghāniyah (A35e), Massūfah Berber governor of Granada A.H. 541 (A51C) –543 (C11, A35e) A.D. 1147 (A51C) –1148 (C11) gold (for 'Abbāsid 31, not identified, and the Banū-Tāshfīn) 446, silver (for the Banū- Tāshfīn) 1053–1056.
6C Maymūn (A35e) ibn-Badr (Codera) Lamtūnah Berber governor of Cordova until A.H. 549 (A35e) A. D. 1154 (H) gold (for 'Abbāsid 31, not identified, and the Banū-Tāshfīn) 445.
6D unidentified governor of Nūl Lamṭah about A.H. 542 (g) A. D. 1147 (H) anonymous gold (for 'Abbāsid 31, not identified) 444.
After the sparse coinage of their predecessors and contemporaries, the Murābiṭs provide a splendid contrast. Here we have available a rich and bountiful series generous in proper names, titles, mints, and dates.
None of this was to be expected of the puritanical sect established by the reformer 'Abd-Allāh ibn-YāSīn among the veiled (mulaththimūn) tribesmen of the Sahara. After the death, in battle against negroes of Ghana to the south, of the founder and of his skilled general Yaḥyâ ibn-'Umar, al-Lamtūnī, Yaḥyâ's brother Abū-Bakr assumed command of the Murābiṭ (outpost) army, and is generally considered to have been the first temporal ruler of the sect and the founder of the ruling dynasty.
Sijilmāsah, the first important city taken by the Murābiṭs, fell in A.H. 446; Abū-Bakr assumed command in 448; his first surviving dinar was struck there in 450. Yet the pattern established by this grave and uncultured desert chieftain in this remote Moroccan stronghold was followed without important alteration by his veiled successors ruling not only Morocco but all Moslem Spain, and was fully worthy of that prosperous and civilized land.
The coinage was based on the gold dinar, with a weight of about 4.2 grams and an average diameter of 25 millimeters. Over 1500 specimens are reported, with over 400 having recorded weights averaging 4.05 grams. Much of this was struck in Spain, through the raw gold doubtless was obtained from the negroes south of the Sahara, and was thus the first large quantity of gold struck in western Europe since Roman times. Spanish Christian gold was directly patterned on that of their Moslem foes.
Very little fractional gold is known: two half dinars (52, 210) and a single quarter dinar (91). Of more interest are the few electrum coins reported (939, 991, 992), the only instance in this study of the use of this alloy; I have not discovered the name applied to these electrum coins or their relative value.
A substantial amount and great variety of Murābiṭ silver exists. Denominations include both the old dirhem, the size of a dinar but varying in weight, and the new qirat, about 13 millimeters in diameter and averaging .95 gram, with halves, quarters, eighths, and even sixteenths thereof. Mints are often named, but more often not; the great assortment of types suggests widespread minting with considerable local autonomy.
Copper is restricted to a few imitation dinars and dirhems which may have been debased official issues but were probably contemporary forgeries.
Nearly half the known gold coins included in this survey are Murābiṭ, and nearly half the total number of specimens recorded. This prolific minting within less than a century must reflect an extraordinary prosperity, which had the usual effect of softening up the heirs of the warriors so that they fell easy prey to the next wave of hardy Berber invaders, the fanatical Muwaḥḥids.
Except for a few silver pieces in Naskhī, or Kūfī and Naskhī, the Murābiṭ coins are engraved in a plain Kūfī, somewhat coarse at the start but usually clear and elegant. The usual terse religious invocation precedes the name and title of the ruler and of his heir, if any, on the obverse field.
The reverse field is normally devoted to the 'Abbāsid caliph: al-imām, 'Abd-Allāh, amīr al-mu'minīn, sometimes al-'Abbāsī. The obverse margin is Koranic; the reverse contains the minting inscription with mint and date, an estimable custom from the historian's point of view. Because of this, there is little difficulty in attributing Murābiṭ gold, while the silver is almost equally straightforward.
Abū-Bakr, with the title al-amīr, struck dinars at Sijilmāsah from 450 to 480. The 450 pattern recurs for every succeeding year except three small clusters: 452–453, 459–460, and 464–466. In 452 a slightly different pattern was tried, but soon discarded. The second gap probably corresponds to the dinar (53) dated 45x, the last digit being punched out, struck by one 'Alī, who is otherwise completely unidentified; the assumption is that he was a relative or lieutenant left in command while Abū-Bakr led a military expedition southward. The same theory would account for the dinars (54–57) dated 462 to 466 or 467 and struck by al-amīr Ibrāhīm ibn-Abī-Bakr, obviously a son left in temporary command, though he is overlooked by the Arabic historians.
These historians say that in 453 Abū-Bakr turned Morocco over to his cousin and lieutenant Yūsuf ibn-Tāshfīn, devoting the remainder of his life to spreading Islam by militant methods among the negroes of the Senegal region. Yūsuf's 27-year tenure as viceroy, before Abū-Bakr's death in battle in 480, left no slightest numismatic traces — in direct contradiction of several Arabic chroniclers — though during this period he founded Marrakesh, conquered Fez and Ceuta in Morocco, took Tlemcen in Algeria, and defeated the Spanish Christians at Zallaca.
Again contrary to the evidence of the Arabic historians, when Yūsuf did assume power in 480 he did not adopt the title amīr al-muslimīn, for all his coins limit themselves simply to al-amīr.
Commencing with Sijilmāsah alone, Yūsuf slowly added other mints: Ceuta (484), Fez (484), Aghmāt (486), Cordova (486), Seville (489), Jativa (489), Marrakesh (490), San Lucar (491), Almeria (492), Granada (493), Tlemcen (494), Nūl (494), Malaga (494), Denia (495), Alcantara (496), and Baeza (497). Not all of these struck annually, but they turned out a substantial number of standardized dinars and a handful of silver.
Among the few innovations found on Yūsuf's dinars are mint-marks (often ك once ض) and the first instance of the substitution of عام for its synonym سنة year (112). Both of these novelties were to become very common on later Murābiṭ gold.
In 496 Yūsuf had his son 'Alī proclaimed heir apparent, and this event was reflected on half of the surviving issues of 497, while by 499 all the mints then striking had redesigned their dies to honor the heir. Apparently each mint was free to do this when and how it willed, to judge from the variety of solutions contrived; even mints using the mark ك thought by some to designate a common mint-master, followed no common course. A Sijilmāsah dinar (172) outdid itself by implying that 'Alī rather than Yūsuf was ruling, a change which actually occurred in 500, on the first day of which Yūsuf died at a very advanced age.
All coins of Yūsuf dated 500 (132, 140, 146, 147) are presumably posthumous issues from previously prepared dies; for convenience they are grouped with his regular coins.
The coinage as inherited by 'Alī might be characterized thus: mostly gold, of high quality and regularity, well engraved and well struck at almost every important city of Morocco and Andalusia, with considerable autonomy at each mint as regards selection and arrangement of legends on both gold and silver. During his tranquil reign of 37 years it flourished and proliferated abundantly. Chronological subdivisions are provided by the proclamation as heir apparent of his son Sīr in 522 and of his son Tāshfīn in 533 after Sīr's death.
His African mints in 500 were Aghmāt, Sijilmāsah, and Marrakesh, to which were added Fez (501), Nūl (501), Tlemcen (505), Salā (508), Banī-Tāwadā (513), and Ceuta and Meknes (dateless silver). Sijilmāsah, which had recognized him prematurely, continued to accord him only the family title al-amīr until 520, but the others used the sub-caliphal amīr al-muslimīn from 500.
Mints for dinars in Spain were Seville (from 510), where a slight rearrangement of the obverse face was made, and where a mint-master named Yāshir added his name to the coins after 519, Valencia (500–512), Algeciras (507–509), Denia (500–504), Jativa (500 only), Granada (from 501), where a new reverse margin was introduced in 519 and in 520 a special annotation treated in the following paragraph, Cordova (503 only), Loja (511 only), Malaga (500–506), Murcia (501–512), where oddly anonymous dirhems were also struck, and Almerica (from 506). It is noteworthy that only Seville, Granada, and Almeria were in operation as this period ended.
Granada's innovation of 520 was the insertion of the words "waznu qadīmu", former weight, outside the inner circle. This implication of a deficiency made good will not bear scrutiny; 30 Granada dinars struck between 501 and 520 average 3.97– grams, while 12 with the new claim average 3.94+; apparently this was merely bureaucracy at work, twelfth century model.
Several of the dinar mints also struck silver, as did Saragossa, Jerez, and Cuenca. Much of the mintless silver is also probably attributable to Spain; it is varied and well-executed, but does not require detailed comment.
The eleven years in which Sīr was heir, 522–533, found his name added by each mint as local option specified. Aghmāt, Sijilmāsah, Fez, Marrakesh, and Nūl Lamṭah continued to be the African dinar mints, with Ceuta and Tangier coining silver. Seville, with Yāshir as mint-master, Granada, and Almeria struck dinars in Spain; Murcia continued dirhems.
The final years 533–537, with Tāshfīn as heir, used the same five Moroccan dinar mints, with Tlemcen in western Algeria, while Ceuta still coined silver. Al-'Abbāsī was often added to the reverse field, and minor varieties proliferated. Only Seville and Almeria continued in Spain, where insurrection threatened, with silver from Jaen.
Thus over the long generation of 'Alī's reign the coinage remained fairly stable in appearance, weight, and legends, but the mints gradually closed and those which stayed open lost their fine judgment, changing styles rapidly and overcrowding fields and margins as if the insertion of an extra pious phrase afforded more in spiritual merit than it cost in artistic self-respect.
The same mints for gold that had served Tāshfīn as heir of 'Alī continued to serve him as ruler. His own dinars, especially those on which his son Ibrāhīm appears as heir, tend to be overcrowded in field and margin, and their style was changed more frequently than necessary. Codera made skillful use of the 540 Tlemcen dinar (406) to refute the Arabic historians' oft-repeated assertion that Tāshfīn's death occurred at Oran in Ramaḍān of 539. His silver is wholly mintless except for a Cordovan coin which must have been struck by the petty king Ḥamdīn ibn-Muḥammad.
No coins exist for Ibrāhīm's brief reign in 540.
Ḥamdīn must also have been responsible for two (441, 442) of the few dinars bearing Isḥāq's name; they were minted at Cordova in 540 and 541. Granada was revived as a dinar mint along with Seville, for Almeria had fallen to Christian assailants. Similarly, available mints in Morocco were limited to Aghmāt, Marrakesh, and Nūl Lamṭah, and the number of issues dropped sharply under heavy Muwaḥḥid pressure, though a good deal of mintless silver was coined.
The fall of Marrākush and execution of Isḥāq in 541 brought the main dynasty to its close, but Murābiṭ garrisons held out in several strongholds. The dinar (443) struck by al-Ṣaḥrāwī at Ceuta in 543 gives his genealogy, his sub-caliphal and extraordinary spiritual pretensions, and the true date of his surrender, often set at 542. The dinars (445, 446) and silver minted in memory of the Banū-Tāshfīn mark the continued resistance of Cordova and Granada.
Nūl Lamṭah, too, must have held out for a few months, as the anonymous dinar (444) indicates, but no record survives of the governor responsible.
The other petty rulers who struck coins in Spain either, like Ḥamdīn, just prior to 541, or between Murābiṭ and Muwaḥḥid rule, fall outside the scope of this study. It should not be forgotten that it is to this transitional period that the unique Jāmi'id (24a) and Ḥammādid (25) dinars belong, as well as the partisan Muwaḥḥid gold and silver struck in Africa and Spain.
The larger significance of the Murābiṭ coinage as historical documentation is evident when it is compared with the extreme paucity of their epigraphic and documentary remains and with the extraordinary meagerness of the historical sources concerning their supremacy. Ibn-Khaldūn, for example, devotes about one-fifth as much space to the Murābiṭs as to the Muwaḥḥids, and his colleagues do likewise, so that much of the information derivable from the legends on the gold fills a vacuum left by the historians.
Kūmiyah Berber rulers of the Muwaḥḥidūn A.H. 524–668 (A.D. 1130–1269).
0 al-Mahdī (g, s, c, A35e) Muḥammad (A35e) ibn-Tūmart (A35e) spiritual leader A.H. 515 (A35e) –522 (A35e) A.D. 1121 (A85C) –1128 (no alternative) no coins; mentioned posthumously on most Muwaḥḥid and Ḥafṣid coins.
interregnum between death of 0 and proclamation of 1 A.H. 522 (A35e) –524 (A35e) A.D. 1128 (no alternative) –1130 (A15).
1 abū-Muḥammad (g, s, B1, A51b) 'Abd-al-Mu'min (g, s, B1, A35e) ibn-'Alī (g, s, B1, A35e) A.H. 524 (A35e) –558 (A35e) A.D. 1130 (A15) –1163 (A35e):
Without heir A.H. 524 (A35e) –551 (C11) A.D. 1130 (A15) –1156 (C11) anonymous partisan gold 446a, gold 447–472, anonymous partisan silver 1057–1061, partisan silver 1062–1064, silver 1065–1074.
With heir abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, A35e) Muḥammad (1A; g, A35e) A.H. 551 (C11) –558 (A35e) A.D. 1156 (C11) –1163 (A84d) gold 473–480.
With heir abū-Ya'qūb (g, A35e) Yūsuf (2; g, A35e) A.H. 558 (A35e) –558 (A35e) A.D. 1163 (A84d) –1163 (A35e) gold (see 2 as ruler).
2 abū-Ya'qūb (g, B1, C2, A35e) Yūsuf I (g, C2, A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Mu'min (1; g, B1, A35e) A.H. 558 (A35e) –580 (A35e) A.D. 1163 (A84d) –1184 (A51C):
First series, as amīr A.H. 558 (A35e) –563 (A35e) A.D. 1163 (A35e) –1168 (A84d) gold 481–492.
Second series, as amīr al-mu'minīn A.H. 563 (A35e) –580 (A35e) A.D. 1168 (A84d) –1184 (A51C) gold 493–498.
2A Mazdara' (g, A84d) ibn-Ḥayyān (A51C) Ṣanhājah Berber rebel at Tāzā A.H. 559 (A84d) –559 (A84d) A.D. 1164 (H) –1164 (A84d) gold 499.
3 abū-Yūsuf (g, A35e) Ya'qūb (g, A35e) ibn-Yūsuf I (2; A35e) A.H. 580 (A35e) –595 (A35e) A.D. 1184 (A84d) –1199 (A35e):
Without heir A.H. 580 (A35e) –587 (A35e) A.D. 1184 (A84d) –1191 (H) gold 500–503.
With heir abū-'Abd-Allāh (s, A51c) Muḥammad (4; A35e) A.H. 587 (A35e) –595 (A35e) A.D. 1191 (H) –1199 (A35e) silver 1075.
4 abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, A51c) Muḥammad (g, A35e) ibn-Ya'qūb (3; A35e) A.H. 595 (A35e) –610 (A35e) A.D. 1199 (A35e) –1213 (A51c) gold 504–506.
5 abū-Ya'qūb (g, A85c) Yūsuf II (g, A35e) ibn-Muḥammad (4; A35e) A.H. 610 (A35e) –620 (A35e) A.D. 1213 (A51C) –1224 (A35e) gold 507–509.
6 abū-Muḥammad (A35e) 'Abd-al-Wāḥid I (A35e) ibn-Yūsuf I (2; A35e) A.H. 620 (A35e) –621 (A35e) A.D. 1224 (A35e) –1224 (A35e) (opposed during 621 by 7) no coins.
7 abū-Muḥammad (C2, A35e) 'Abd-Allāh (B1, C2, A35e) ibn-Ya'qūb (3; A35e) A.H. 621 (A84d) –624 (B1, A35e) A.D. 1224 (A84d) –1227 (B1, A35e) (opposed during 621 by 6 and during 624 by 9) gold 510.
7A abū-Muḥammad (A35e) 'Abd-Allāh (A35i) ibn-Muḥammad ibn-'Umar ibn-'Abd-al-Mu'min (1; A35e) rebel at Baeza A.H. 621 (A35e) –626 (A35e) A.D. 1224 (H) –1229 (H) no coins.
8 abū'l-'Ulâ (g, A35e) Idrīs I (g, A35e) ibn-Ya'qūb (3; g, A35e) A.H. 624 (A35e) –629 (A84d) A.D. 1227 (A84e) –1232 (A84d) (opposed 624–629 by 9):
First series, with al-Mahdī A.H. 624 (A35e) –627 (A84e) A.D. 1227 (A84e) –1230 (A84e) gold 511.
Second series, without al-Mahdī A.H. 627 (A84e) –629 (A84d) A.D. 1230 (A84e) –1232 (A84d) no coins.
9 abū-Zakarīyā' (g, A84d) Yaḥyâ (g, A35e) ibn-Muḥammad (4; A35e) A.H. 624 (A35e) –633 (A35e) A.D. 1227 (A84d) –1236 (A84d) (opposed during 624 by 7, 624–629 by 8, and 630–633 by 10) gold 512.
9A abū-Mūsâ (s, A35e) 'Imrān (s, A84d) ibn-Ya'qūb (3; A35e) rebel amīr at Ceuta A.H. 629 (A84d) –630 (A35e) A.D. 1232 (H) –1232 (D15) silver 1076, 1077.
10 abū-Muḥammad (g, A85c) 'Abd-al-Wāḥid II (g, A35e) ibn-Idrīs I (8; g, A35e) A.H. 630 (A35e) –640 (A35e) A.D. 1232 (A35e) –1242 (A84d) (opposed 630–633 by 9):
First series, without al-Mahdī A.H. 630 (A35e) –631 (H) A.D. 1232 (A35e) –1234 (H) gold 513, silver 1078–1084.
Second series, with al-Mahdī A.H. 631 (H) –640 (A35e) A.D. 1234 (H) –1242 (A84d) gold 514–517.
11 abū'l-Ḥasan (g, A35e) 'Alī (A35e) ibn-Idrīs I (8; g, A35e) A.H. 640 (A35e) –646 (A35e) A.D. 1242 (A84d) –1248 (A35e) gold 518–521.
12 abū-Ḥafṣ (g, A35e) 'Umar (B23, C19, A35e) ibn-Isḥāq ibn-Yūsuf I (2; g, C19, A35e) A.H. 646 (A35e) –665 (A35e) A.D. 1248 (A35e) –1266 (A84e) (opposed during 665 by 13) gold 522–536, gold medal M1.
13 abū'l-'Ulâ (g, A35e) Idrīs II (A35e) ibn-Muḥammad ibn-'Umar ibn-'Abd-al-Mu'min (1; g, A35e) A.H. 665 (A35e) –668 (A35e) A.D. 1266 (A84d) –1269 (A36C) (opposed during 665 by 12) gold 537–539.
2–13 and Ḥafṣids: anonymous silver 1085–1116, anonymous copper 1170, 1171.
The parallels between Murābiṭ and Muwaḥḥid history are striking. Each was a fanatically militant sect founded by a religious reformer in a remote section of Morocco, drawing its initial support from a previously unimportant group of tribes, sweeping irresistably over the strongly defended cities, and finally conquering all of Moslem Spain. Muḥammad ibn-Tūmart, called al-Mahdī, played 'Abd-Allāh ibn-YāSīn's role with a considerable difference; he was not a warrior-missionary like his prototype but a subtle theologian who wrote a book of unitarian anti-anthropomorphic doctrine. He recruited supporters among the Maṣmūdah Berbers of the high Atlas, while the first Murābiṭs had been Lamṭah and Lamtūnah Berbers of Ṣanhājah stock from the edge of the Sahara. His opposition was more unified and better organized than had been the case in the preceding century, and after overcoming it his generals struck eastward rather than southward.
Numismatically the contrast was complete and spectacular. The Murābiṭ gold had derived its style and weight standard from a long Moslem tradition ascending to the Umayyad caliphs of Damascus; this was deliberately repudiated by the Muwaḥḥids (unitarians). The new dinar had a diameter of 19–22 millimeters and a standard weight of 2.4 grams; 146 weighed specimens average 2.27. The metal remained excellent, as did the quality of engraving and minting.
A cursive Naskhī script replaced the traditional Kūfī. The field inscription was placed in a square inscribed in a circle, with the four segments available for additional legends instead of the former single margin. The new style, with only slight modifications, was retained by all the later dynasties considered in this study, so that A.H. 540 may be considered as a numismatic watershed. Double dinars as well as fractions were soon introduced to provide flexibility; the large coins served admirably to house the extended genealogical inscriptions and epithets on which the Muwaḥḥids laid so much importance. The range of their diameters is 27–32 millimeters; 275 weighed specimens average 4.55 grams.
The content of the legends underwent an equally drastic revision. The Mahdī's preeminence was added to the usual religious dogmas, while 'Abd-al-Mu'min and his successors with their names, titles, epithets, and genealogies gradually crowded all other phrases off the coins. Dates were never noted, and mints only occasionally, so that the gains for the historian are offset by these losses.
The most important point, and one which has never heretofore been adequately stressed, is the conscientious precision in terminology. A large proportion of the perfectly clear late Muwaḥḥid double dinars have been badly misread by competent scholars who nevertheless changed duals to plurals or made comparable errors. Lane-Poole, Lavoix, Vives, Prieto, and others analyzed these coins and corrected individual misreadings while perpetuating others because they did not apprehend this underlying principle, which may readily be confirmed from the coins or the plates.
In the silver as in the gold spectacular changes were introduced by 'Abd-al-Mu'min. After a few trial pieces he jettisoned the traditional style in favor of square silver in a cursive Naskhī script; his heirs developed this into the anonymous square dirhem which was struck for decades throughout North Africa and Andalusia in enormous quantities, and was counterfeited extensively by the Christians.
With occasional exceptions the remaining silver considered in this study, by whatever dynasty it was minted, is square with legends derived from the Muwaḥḥid pattern. Thus the net effect of the numismatic reforms introduced by one man and developed by his heirs was to last for over four centuries.
As was true for the Murābiṭs, the Muwaḥḥids left no copper coins except a few debased or fraudulent dirhems. Al-Marrākushī noted that gilded copper dinars were minted to ransom the sayyid 'Isâ ibn-'Abd-al-Mu'min from his Arab captors, but none has survived, and the anecdote may be apocryphal.
The first partisan issues, oddly inscribed gold (446a) and silver (1057–1064), soon gave way to a standardized coinage with a variety of African and Andalusian mints. The conquests of the Muwaḥḥids were promptly reflected on their dinars, possibly as a deliberate method of propaganda, possibly by opening mints to coin the captured gold and silver for paying the soldiers. Any late Zīrid and Ḥammādid coins may have been lost to posterity in this way, although a full assortment of late Murābiṭ coins survived.
'Abd-al-Mu'min used the caliphal title amīr al-mu'minīn on both gold and silver. Mint-names and mint-marks occur in various positions on his gold, most of which was struck in Africa. A preponderance of his silver, aside from the mintless variety, came from Spanish mint-towns, including Murcia, not captured until nine years after his death.
In 551 he made his son abū-Abd-Allāh Muḥammad his heir and added his name to the gold with the title al-amīr al-ajall. Though both of these events are recorded by reputable historians, the resulting series of dinars has usually been ascribed to the 4th Muwaḥḥid, of the same name, Silvestre de Sacy's correct attribution having been disregarded.
Just before his death in 558 'Abd-al-Mu'min chose another son, Yūsuf, as heir instead of the dissolute Muḥammad. It is impossible to distinguish any dinars on which Yūsuf may have appeared as heir from those of the early part of his own reign, during which he contented himself with the title al-amīr al-ajall. Seville is his only Spanish mint, both before and after his election as amīr al-mu'minīn in 563.
No silver bears Yūsuf's name or that of most of his successors, for it was at this period that the anonymous square dirhems were introduced. It is almost impossible to ascribe these coins to individual rulers, or even to dynasties, as the Ḥafṣids continued to strike them for an indeterminate period. Blancard's study on the European imitations enables them to be recognized with comparative ease by their confused engraving, while Bel and Farrugia de Candia have made valuable studies of these coins, but except for distinguishing those in ornamented Kūfī as definitely Ḥafṣid, it is still necessary to consider those in Naskhī or plain Kūfī as belonging to any of a number of Muwaḥḥids or Ḥafṣids.
During 559, early in Yūsuf's reign, Mazdara' ibn-Ḥayyān rebelled at Tāzā, struck gold — of which no specimen has been reported in modern collections —, and was suppressed.
Ya'qūb struck the first of the splendid series of double dinars, with his father and grandfather named on the reverse field and himself on the reverse segments. Some numismatists refer to these double dinars as dinars, but the correct value is established by the "quarter dinar" denomination specified on coin 446a, weighing 55 gram, about one eighth of the normal weight of the double dinars. An odd square silver piece (1075) may refer to his son Muḥammad as heir, but this attribution is questionable.
As caliph, Muḥammad struck double dinars quite unlike the series of dinars often erroneously ascribed to him. His conquest of the Baleares is reflected in the appearance of Majorca and Minorca as mints for anonymous silver.
His son Yūsuf II continued to add his name to those of his ancestors on the gold, but he was soon replaced by his great-uncle 'Abd-al-Wāḥid I, for whom no coins are known. The latter's nephew and successful opponent 'Abd-Allāh is assigned an undescribed dinar. The rebel al-Bayyāsī struck no coins which have survived. Coins of any of this group may be found in future excavations.
Idrīs I is said by the historians to have deleted al-Mahdī's name from the gold in 627, but his only surviving double dinar (511) must have preceded that event, as it is orthodox except for having six lines instead of five in each field. His nephew and opponent Yaḥyâ also has but a single known double dinar, while Idrīs' brother 'Imrān, who made himself independent at Ceuta, apparently coined only silver (1076, 1077) with the title al-amīr.
'Abd-al-Wāḥid II inherited his father's anti-Mahdī coinage and developed it in both gold and silver. His early gold praised the Koran instead of the Mahdī; his early silver was round and substituted his own epithet al-Rashīd for the Mahdī as imāmunā. Suggestions of a date appear on some of this silver, but clearer specimens must be found to determine whether the historical date for the restoration of al-Mahdī's name, 631, is confirmed or contradicted by the silver. The later gold coins show that this restoration actually did occur. One of these bears an unidentified mint misread by Prieto as Mālaqah (Malaga).
His brother 'Alī struck a few normal double dinars; he was succeeded by a distant cousin named 'Umar who minted a variety of gold. 'Umar's mints included Ceuta, Sijilmāsah, and an unidentified city, also misread by Prieto as Mālaqah. An interesting gold medal is owned and described by Brèthes.
The final Muwaḥḥid, another distant cousin named Idrīs II, struck a few more gold pieces to close out the numismatic history of this distinguished dynasty, since no coins are reported for the several Muwaḥḥid pretenders who arose after the Marīnid victory in 668.
Arab rulers of the Banū-Hūd of Murcia A.H. 625–668 (A.D. 1228–1269).
1 abū-'Abd-Allāh (notes to A84e) Muḥammad I (A35e) ibn-Yūsuf (A35e) A.H. 625 (A26) –635 (A35e) A.D. 1228 (A48a) –1238 (A48a) anonymous gold (for 'Abbāsid 36, not identified) 540, anonymous silver (for 'Abbāsid 36, not identified) 1117–1120.
1A abū'l-'Abbās (A26) Aḥmad (A35e) ibn-x (?), called al-Yānashtī (A35e), independent amīr of Ceuta A.H. 630 (A26) –635 (s, A35e) A.D. 1233 (A84e) –1238 (A84e) silver (for 'Abbāsid 36) 1121.
2, 3 no African coins.
3A abū'l-Qāsim (A35e) Ibrāhīm (notes to A80b) ibn-abī'l-'Abbās (A70b), called al-'Azafī (A35e), independent amīr of Ceuta A.H. 647 (A35e) –677 (H) A.D. 1249 (H) –1278 (notes to A80b) anonymous gold (for 'Abbāsid 37, not identified) 541.
4 no African coins.
The Hūdids, as one of the petty dynasties of Moslem Spain which arose on the ruins of the Muwaḥḥid empire, are excluded from this study except for their North African issues.
After the Muwaḥḥid amīr 'Imrān had declared himself independent at Ceuta in A.H. 629, he found himself unable to hold out, so in 630 he exchanged the town for a sinecure under Ibn-Hūd, who retained Ceuta for three months under the governorship of one al-Qāshtīnī. To this period may be ascribed a double dinar (540) and several square dirhems (1117–1120) on which references to the Mahdī and the Muwaḥḥids were replaced by generalized homage to the 'Abbāsid caliph, never individually specified. The approximate date of these coins is determined by the style, analogous to contemporary Muwaḥḥid pieces, and the attribution follows because Ibn-Hūd is the only ruler during this period who both controlled African territory and acknowledged 'Abbāsid suzerainty.
Later in 630 Ibn-Hūd's governor was expelled by the inhabitants, who gave the command to the amīr Aḥmad al-Yānashtī. This amīr kept power for five years, including a sea blockade by the Genoese, whom he bought off for a large ransom. To him must be attributed the round dirhem dated 635 (1121), which was struck in the name of the 'Abbāsid caliph abū-Ja'far, al-Mustanṣir-bi-Allāh.
Then Ceuta passed into Muwaḥḥid control until 643, and into Ḥafṣid vassaldom until 647, but for the next three decades it was again independent under the local amīr abū'l-Qāsim, al-'Azafī, who struck a double dinar (541) of Ḥafṣid type with pro-'Abbāsid legends at some time before 656, when the last 'Abbāsid caliph was killed by Hūlāgū during the sack of Baghdad. The date is established by the date of the Ḥafṣid coins from which it clearly derives; the attribution rests on the elimination of other possibilities for this date and 'Abbāsid recognition.
Maṣmūdah Berber rulers of the Banū-Ḥafṣ of Tunisia and eastern Algeria A.H. 627–982 (A.D. 1230–1574).
1 abū-Zakarīyā' (g, C18, A35e) Yaḥyâ I (g, B13, A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Wāḥid (g, B13, C18, A35e) A.H. 627 (A84e) –647 (A35e) A.D. 1230 (A84e) –1249 (A35e):
First series, Muwaḥḥid name A.H. 627 (A84e) –634 (A35e) A.D. 1230 (A84e) –1236 (D4) gold 542–544.
Second series, Muwaḥḥid and Ḥafṣid names A.H. 634 (A35e) –640 (A85C) A.D. 1236 (D4) –1242 (A85C) gold 545, 546.
Third series, Ḥafṣid name A.H. 640 (A85C) –647 (A35e) A.D. 1242 (A85C) –1249 (A35e) gold 547–552, partisan gold 553–556.
2 abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, C17, A35e) Muḥammad I (g, C15, A35e) ibn-Yaḥyâ I (1; g, C18, A35e) A.H. 647 (A35e) –675 (A35e) A.D. 1249 (A35e) –1277 (A35e):
First series, as amīr A.H. 647 (A35e) –650 (A85C) A.D. 1249 (A35e) –1253 (A85C) gold 557–561.
Second series, as amīr al-mu'minīn A.H. 650 (A85C) –675 (A35e) A.D. 1253 (A85C) –1277 (A35e) gold 562–566, copper 1172.
2–8 anonymous silver 1122, 1123.
3 abū-Zakarīyā' (g, C12, A85c) Yaḥyâ II (g, A35e) ibn-Muḥammad I (2; A35e) A.H. 675 (A35e) –678 (A35e) A.D. 1277 (A35e) –1279 (A35e) (opposed 677–678 by 4) gold 567, 568.
4 abū-Isḥāq (g, A35e) Ibrāhīm I (g, A35h) ibn-Yaḥyâ I (1; g, A35e) A.H. 677 (A85C) –681 (A35e) A.D. 1279 (A85C) –1283 (A35e) (opposed 677–678 by 3 and during 681 by 4A) gold 569.
4A Aḥmad (A35e) ibn-Marzūq (A35e), called Ibn-abī-'Umārah (A35e), impostor pretending to be abū'l-'Abbās (g) al-Faḍl (g, A35e) ibn-Yaḥyâ II (3; A35e) A.H. 681 (A35e) –683 (A35e) A.D. 1282 (A65) –1284 (A35e) (opposed during 681 by 4, 681–682 by 5, and during 683 by 6) gold 570.
5 abū-Fāris (A35e) 'Abd-al-'Azīz I (A35e) ibn-Ibrāhīm I (4; A35e) A.H. 681 (A35e) –682 (A35e) A.D. 1283 (A35e) –1283 (A35e) (opposed 681–682 by 4A) no coins.
6 abū-Ḥafṣ (g, B11, C12, A35e) 'Umar I (g, A35h) ibn-Yaḥyâ I (1; A35e) A.H. 683 (A35e) –694 (A35e) A.D. 1284 (A65) –1295 (A35e) (opposed during 683 by 4A and 683–694 by 6A) gold 571–573.
6A abū-Zakarīyā' (g, C12, A35e) Yaḥyâ (A35e) ibn-Ibrāhīm I (4; A35e) amīr at Bougie A.H. 683 (A35e) –700 (D4) A.D. 1284 (D4, D14) –1301 (D4) (opposed 683–694 by 6 and 694–700 by 7) gold 574–576.
7 abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, C12, A35e) Muḥammad II (g, C12, A35e) ibn-Yaḥyâ II (3; C12, A35e) A.H. 694 (A35e) –709 (A35e) A.D. 1295 (A35e) –1309 (A35e) (opposed 694–700 by 6A and 700–709 by 8) gold 577–579.
8 abū'l-Baqā' (g, A35e) Khālid I (g, C12, A35e) ibn-Yaḥyâ (6A; C12, A35e) A.H. 700 (D4) –711 (A35e) A.D. 1301 (D4) –1311 (A85C) (opposed 700–709 by 7, during 709 by 9, 710–711 by 10, and during 711 by 11):
First series, as amīr at Bougie A.H. 700 (D4) –709 (A35e) A.D. 1301 (D4) –1309 (A35e) no coins.
Second series, as amīr al-mu'minīn A.H. 709 (A35e) –711 (A35e) A.D. 1309 (A35e) –1311 (A85C) gold 580.
9 abū-Yaḥyâ (A35e) Abū-Bakr I (A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Raḥmān ibn-Abī-Bakr ibn-Yaḥyâ I (1; A35e) A.H. 709 (A35e) –709 (A35e) A.D. 1309 (A35e) –1309 (A35e) (opposed during 709 by 8) no coins.
10 abū-Yaḥyâ (g, C14, A35e) Abū-Bakr II (g, C14, A35E) ibn-Yaḥyâ (6A; C12, A35e) A.H. 710 (A35e) –747 (A35e) A.D. 1310 (A18b) –1346 (A35e) (opposed 710–711 by 8, 711–717 by 11, 717–723 by 12, 721–730 by 12A, 724–725 by 12B, and 729–732 by 12C):
First series, as amīr at Bougie and Constantine A.H. 710 (A35e) –718 (A85C) A.D. 1310 (A18b) –1318 (A85C) gold 581–583.
Second series, as amīr al-mu'minīn A.H. 718 (A85C) –747 (A35e) A.D. 1318 (A85C) –1346 (A35e) gold 584–591.
11 abū-Yaḥyâ (g, C2, A35e) Zakarīyā' I (g, C2, A35e) ibn-Aḥmad ibn-Muḥammad (brother of 1; C2, A35e) A.H. 711 (A35e) –717 (A35e) A.D. 1311 (A65) –1318 (A85C) (opposed during 711 by 8 and 711–717 by 10) gold 592, 593.
12 abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, A35e) Muḥammad III (g, A35e) ibn-Zakarīyā' I (11; A35e) A.H. 717 (A35e) –723 (A35e) A.D. 1317 (A35e) –1323 (no alternative) (opposed 717–723 by 10 and 721–723 by 12A) gold 594.
12A abū-'Abd-Allāh (A35e) Muḥammad (A35e) ibn-Abī-Bakr ibn-Mūsâ (cousin of 1; A35e) pretender A.H. 721 (A35e) –730 (A35e) A.D. 1321 (A35e) –1330 (A35e) (opposed 721–730 by 10, 721–723 by 12, 724–725 by 12B, and 729–730 by 12C) no coins.
12B abū-Isḥāq (A35e) Ibrāhīm (A35e) ibn-Abī-Bakr I (9; A35e) pretender A.H. 724 (D14) –725 (A35e) A.D. 1324 (D14) –1325 (A35e) (opposed 724–725 by 10 and 12A) no coins.
12C abū-Muḥammad (H) 'Abd-al-Wāḥid (A35e) ibn-Zakarīyā' I (11; A35e) pretender A.H. 729 (A35e) –732 (A35e) A.D. 1329 (H) –1332 (A35e) (opposed 729–732 by 10 and 729–730 by 12A) no coins.
13 abū-Ḥafṣ (g, A35e) 'Umar II (g, A35e) ibn-Abī-Bakr II (10; g, A35e) A.H. 747 (A35e) –748 (A35e) A.D. 1346 (A35e) –1347 (A85c) (opposed during 747 by 14) gold 595, 596.
14 abū'l-'Abbās (A35e) Aḥmad I (A35e) ibn-Abī-Bakr II (10; A35e) A.H. 747 (A35e) –747 (A35e) A.D. 1346 (A35e) –1346 (A35e) (opposed during 747 by 13) no coins.
interregnum under Marīnid 11 between death of 13 and independence of 15 A.H. 748 (A35e) –749 (A35e) A.D. 1347 (A85c) –1348 (D4, D14).
15 abū'l-'Abbās (g, A35e) al-Faḍl (g, A35e) ibn-Abī-Bakr II (10; g, A35e) A.H. 749 (A35e) –751 (A35e) A.D. 1348 (D4, D14) –1350 (A35e) (opposed 749–751 by 15A and 15B):
First series, at Bougie A.H. 749 (A35e) –749 (A35e) A.D. 1348 (D4, D14) –1349 (D14) gold 597, 598.
Second series, at Tunis A.H. 750 (A35e) –751 (A35e) A.D. 1350 (A85c) –1350 (A35e) gold 599, 600.
15A abū-Zayd (g, A35e) 'Abd-al-Raḥmān (g, A35e) ibn-Muḥammad ibn-Abī-Bakr II (10; A35e) amīr at Constantine A.H. 749 (A35e) –755 (A35e) A.D. 1348 (D4, D14) –1355 (D14) (opposed 749–751 by 15 and 751–755 by 16) gold 601.
15B abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, A35e) Muḥammad (g, A35e) ibn-Yaḥyâ ibn-Abī-Bakr II (10; g, A35e) amīr at Bougie A.H. 749 (A35e) –753 (A35e), 761 (A35e) –767 (A35e) A.D. 1348 (A35e) –1352 (D14), 1360 (D14) –1366 (A61b) (opposed 749–751 by 15 and 761–767 by 16 and 17):
First reign (see above) gold 602.
Second reign, Marīnid influence (see above) gold 603.
16 abū-Isḥāq (g, C5, A35e) Ibrāhīm II (g, C5, A35e) ibn-Abī-Bakr II (10; g, C5, A35e) A.H. 751 (A35e) –770 (A35e) A.D. 1350 (A35e) –1369 (A65) (opposed 751–755 by 15A, 761–767 by 15B, and 755–758, 761–770 by 17) gold 604–607.
17 abū'l-'Abbās (g, B20, C2, A35e) Aḥmad II (g, B20, C14, A35e) ibn-Muḥammad ibn-Abī-Bakr II (10; g, C14, A35e) A.H. 755 (A35e)-758 (A35e), 761 (A35e) –796 (A35e) A.D. 1354 (D14) –1357 (D4, D14), 1360 (A85C) –1394 (A35e) (opposed 761–767 by 15B, 755–758, 761–770 by 16, and 770–772 by 18):
First reign (see above) gold 608.
Second reign, Marīnid influence (see above) gold 609.
18 abū'l-Baqā' (A35e) Khālid II (A35e) ibn-Ibrāhīm II (16; A35e) A.H. 770 (A35e) –772 (A85c) A.D. 1369 (A65) –1370 (A85c) (opposed 770–772 by 17) no coins.
19 abū-Fāris (g, C2, A35e) 'Abd-al-'Aziz II (g, C2, A85c) ibn-Aḥmad II (17; g, C2, A35e) A.H. 796 (A35e) –837 (A85c) A.D. 1394 (A35e) –1434 (A85c) gold 610–625.
20 abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, A85c) Muḥammad IV (g, A85c) ibn-Muḥammad ibn-'Abd-al-'Azīz II (19, A85c) A.H. 837 (A85c) –839 (A85c) A.D. 1434 (A85c) –1435 (A85c) gold 626.
20A abū'l-Ḥasan (g, A85c) 'Alī (g, A85c) ibn-'Abd-al-'Azīz II (19; g, A85c) amīr at Bougie A.H. 839 (A85c) –856 (A85c) A.D. 1435 (A32) –1452 (D4) (opposed 839–856 by 21) gold 627.
21 abū-'Amr (g, C12, A85c) 'Uthmān (g, C2, A85c) ibn-Muḥammad ibn-'Abd-al-'Azīz II (19; C2, A85c) A.H.839 (A85c) –893 (A69) A.D. 1435 (A85c) –1488 (A69) (opposed 839–856 by 20A):
First series, Ḥafṣid style: gold 628–636.
Second series, Ḥafṣid style with 4-line reverse field: gold 637, 638.
Third series, Marīnid style with 4-line fields: gold 639, 640.
22 abū-Zakarīyā' (A85c) Yaḥyâ III (A85c) ibn-Muḥammad ibn-'Uthmān (21; A69) A.H. 893 (A69) –894 (A69) A.D. 1488 (A69) –1489 (A69) (opposed during 894 by 23) no coins.
23 abū-Muḥammad (H) 'Abd-al-Mu'min (A69) ibn-Ibrāhīm ibn-'Uthmān (21; A69) A.H. 894 (A69) –895 (D4) A.D. 1489 (A69) –1490 (D4) (opposed during 894 by 22) no coins.
24 abū-Yaḥyâ (D4) Zakarīyā' II (A69) ibn-Yaḥyâ III (22; A69) A.H. 895 (D4) –899 (A18a) A.D. 1490 (D4) –1494 (A18a) no coins.
25 abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, A18a) Muḥammad V (g, A18a) ibn-al-Ḥasan ibn-Muḥammad ibn-'Uthmān (21; A18a) A.H. 899 (A18a) –932 (A18a) A.D. 1494 (A18a) –1526 (A18a) gold 641–643.
26 abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, A18a) Muḥammad VI (g) ibn-Muḥammad V (25; g, A18a) A.H. 932 (A18a) –941 (D14), 942 (D14) –948 (D14) A.D. 1526 (A18a) –1534 (D14), 1535 (D14) –1542 (D14):
First reign, as amīr al-mu'minīn (see above) gold 644.
Second reign, as vassal of Charles I of Spain (see above) no coins.
interregnum under Khayr-al-Dīn and Turks between deposition and restoration of 26 A.H. 941 (D14) –942 (D14) A.D. 1534 (D14) –1535 (D14).
27 abū'l-'Abbās (c, A18a) Aḥmad III (s, c, A18a) ibn-Muḥammad VI (26; s) A.H. 948 (D14) –977 (D14) A.D. 1542 (D14) –1569 (D14) silver 1124–1132, copper 1173, 1174.
interregnum under Turks between deposition of 27 and installation of 28 A.H. 977 (D14) –981 (A32) A.D. 1569 (D14) –1573 (D14).
28 abū-'Abd-Allāh (A18a) Muḥammad VII (D14) ibn-Muḥammad VI (26; D14) vassal of Philip II of Spain A.H. 981 (A32) –982 (A32) A.D. 1573 (D14) –1574 (A32) no coins.
The Ḥafṣids claimed the spiritual and political succession from the Muwaḥḥids, and their coins were designed accordingly. Their double dinars, dinars, and smaller gold pieces followed the Muwaḥḥid standards, and surviving specimens average slightly better weight than those of their predecessors. By restricting the field inscriptions to three lines, they avoided over-crowding them; the script used was a cursive Naskhī or a highly ornamented Kūfī. Silver in the latter script is definitely Ḥafṣid; otherwise, their anonymous silver is very difficult to distinguish from that struck by the Muwaḥḥids.
The inscriptions on the gold almost invariably include, in the obverse field, one of several phrases in honor of the Mahdī; the sequence of these fields affords one of the best methods of dating these dateless gold pieces. The reverse field and segments normally give the current ruler's name, title, epithets, and condensed genealogy. Mints occur on many of these coins but dates are unknown until near the end of the dynasty, when they appear on the silver in the form of numerals, under Ottoman influence.
The power of the Ḥafṣids lasted for over three centuries, with minor interruptions by Marīnid invaders in the fourteenth century and major conflicts with Turks and Spanish in the sixteenth, at which time the legibility of the coins was seriously impaired.
The attribution of Ḥafṣid gold, though not as automatic as that of the Murābiṭ and Muwaḥḥid pieces, is seldom difficult, because of the sequence of obverse styles and scripts. Yaḥyâ I's gold falls into three series corresponding to the stages by which he passed from being a Muwaḥḥid governor to being an independent sovereign, though contenting himself with the title al-amīr al-ajall. In 627, when his suzerain Idrīs I renounced the unitarian doctrines of the Mahdī and removed him from the coins, Yaḥyâ seized the opportunity to disown this heresy and strike coins in the name of the Mahdī and 'Abd-al-Mu'min, friend of his grandfather abū-Ḥafṣ 'Umar, a virtual declaration of independence. In 634 he added his own name; in 640 he deleted that of 'Abd-al-Mu'min, completing the political separation from the Muwaḥḥids, but he and his heirs never repudiated the Mahdī or deleted his name from their money. Of particular importance are the coins struck for Yaḥyâ by vassals in Morocco (553, 554) and Spain (555, 556), as each can be linked with a particular event in his intricate maneuvering for power. Ceuta acknowledged him from 643 to 647, between the Muwaḥḥid domination and its freedom under al-'Azafī, whose gold is described with that of the Hūdids. Sijilmāsah under al-Khazrajī recognized his authority only in 640 and 641.
Seville sought his aid during its final siege by the Christians, while Granada recognized him briefly before Ibn-al-Aḥmar established independent Naṣrid rule there, to endure until A.D. 1492.
Muḥammad I,, the opponent of Louis IX of France in his fatal crusade, did not inherit his father's foreign holdings, but his prosperous home province was an ample heritage which he carefully strengthened, while developing commerce with Italy. His coins fall into two series, as he used the title al-amīr al-ajall until 650, when he adopted the Caliphal amīr al-mu'minīn, for which he secured international approval after the Mongol conquest of Baghdad in 656. It is on the latter series that the ornamented Kūfī script was introduced, possibly by exiles from Seville, who were very numerous and influential in Muḥammad's court.
The gold of his son Yaḥyâ II was patterned on his, but when Ibrāhīm I seized power he reverted to the earlier style and the title al-amīr al-ajall.
The impostor Ibn-abī-'Umārah, claiming to be al-Faḍl ibn-Yaḥyâ II, who had been murdered in prison, left a single double dinar (570), which has not heretofore been correctly ascribed. No coins can be attributed to his rival 'Abd-al-'Azīz I, whose reign lasted less than a year.
Several ornamented Kūfī coins were struck by 'Umar I and by his contemporary at Bougie, Yaḥyâ, who used the title al-amīr. A small group of double dinars in both scripts can safely be ascribed to Muḥammad II, and a single ornamented Kūfī one to his rival Khālid I, with no coins for the short reign of Abū-Bakr I.
During his long embattled tenure Abū-Bakr II struck a big group of gold coins, while his opponents Zakarīyā' I and Muḥammad III left a few with unusual obverse inscriptions. The three pretenders did not leave coins.
A double dinar belongs to 'Umar II, and the eighth dinar of Paris is probably his, but he murdered his brother Aḥmad I before the latter had a chance to mint gold. The Marīnid invasion caused by this event led to partition among al-Faḍl, 'Abd-al-Raḥmān, and Muḥammad, each of whom struck distinctive gold; the double dinar (603) struck by Muḥammad during his second reign after captivity among the Marīnids is particularly noteworthy for the Marīnid phraseology in the reverse segments.
A group of double dinars struck by Ibrāhīm II, including the last ornamented Kūfī gold piece, precedes two minted for his opponent Aḥmad II, the second of which (609) followed his Marīnid captivity, judging by its five-line fields. Khālid II's short reign left no numismatic records.
The long and prosperous reign of 'Abd-al-'Azīz II is reflected by his plentiful gold, in much of which the diameter is wrong for the denomination indicated by the legends and weight. One double dinar may be attributed to his successor Muḥammad IV, though this is not certain, and one to his son 'Alī at Bougie.
'Uthmān's long rule produced a quantity of gold, some of which, struck in Algeria, is unusual in the wording and arrangement of the legends and in the modified Kūfī script.
No coins are reported for his three ephemeral successors, while the gold assigned Muḥammad V is either partly illegible, the wrong size, or tentative. Muḥammad VI's single gold piece also has illegible segments; it was during his reign that the Turks and Spaniards fought each other for control of Tunis. It is apparent that the troubles which overwhelmed the Ḥafṣid state after 'Uthmān's death seriously affected both the quantity and the quality of the gold, which now ceased entirely.
For the long, turbulent reign of Aḥmad III no gold survives, but a quantity of dated silver showing Turkish influence has been found, and a few pieces of copper. No coins are reported for the final Ḥafṣid, Muḥammad VII, nor for the many independent Ḥafṣid amīrs or local Arab and Berber rebels.
This lengthy series of Ḥafṣid gold, with the final silver and copper pieces, is most useful in correcting existing lists of the Ḥafṣid rulers. Extensive revisions have been made in such points as nomenclature and relationships, following the excellent start made by Brunschvig and Farrugia de Candia.
Zanātah Berber rulers of the Banū-Ziyān (Banū-'Abd-al-Wād) of western Algeria A.H. 633–964 (A.D. 1236–1556).
1 abū-Yaḥyâ (B8, A81) Yaghmurāsan (B8, A35e) ibn-Ziyān (B8, A35e) A.H. 633 (A35e) –681 (A35e) A.D. 1236 (A81) –1283 (A35e) anonymous gold, Ḥafṣid style 645.
2 abū-Sa'īd (A81) 'Uthmān I (A35e) ibn-Yaghmurāsan (1; A35e) A.H. 681 (A35e) –703 (A35e) A.D. 1283 (A35e) –1304 (A81) no coins.
3 abū-Ziyān (A35e) Muḥammad I (A35e) ibn-'Uthmān I (2; A35e) A.H. 703 (A35e) –707 (A35e) A.D. 1304 (A81) –1308 (A35e) no coins.
4 abū-Ḥammū (C12, A35e) Mūsâ I (g, A35e) ibn-'Uthmān I (2; A35e) A.H. 707 (A35e) –718 (A35e) A.D. 1308 (A35e) –1318 (A35e) gold 646.
5 abū-Tāshfīn (B10, C12, A35e) 'Abd-al-Raḥmān I (g, C14, A35e) ibn-Mūsâ I (4; A35e) A.H. 718 (A35e) –737 (A35e) A.D. 1318 (A35e) –1337 (A35e) gold 647–649.
interregnum under Marīnid 11 between death of 5 and independence of 6 A.H. 737 (A35e) –749 (A35e) A.D. 1337 (A35e) –1348 (A35e).
6 abū-Sa'īd (A35e) 'Uthmān II (A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Raḥmān ibn-Yaḥyâ ibn-Yaghmurāsan (1; A35e) A.H. 749 (A35e) –753 (A35e) A.D. 1348 (A35e) –1352 (A35e) no coins.
7 abū-Thābit (A35e) al-Za'īm I (A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Raḥmān ibn-Yaḥyâ ibn-Yaghmurāsan (1; A35e) A.H. 753 (A35e) –753 (A35e) A.D. 1352 (A35e) –1352 (A75) no coins.
interregnum under Marīnids 12 and 13 between death of 7 and independence of 8 A.H. 753 (A35e) –760 (A35e) A.D. 1352 (A75) –1359 (A35e).
8 abū-Ḥammū (B8, A35e) Mūsâ II (g, B8, A35e) ibn-Yūsuf ibn-'Abd-al-Raḥmān ibn-Yaḥyâ ibn-Yaghmurāsan (1; B8, A35e) A.H. 760 (A35e) –791 (A35e) A.D. 1359 (A5a) –1389 (A35e) (opposed 762–779 by 8A and 788–791 by 9) gold 650, 651.
8A abū-Ziyān (A35e) Muḥammad (A35e) ibn-'Uthmān II (6; A35e) pretender A.H. 762 (A35e) –779 (A35e) A.D. 1360 (D14) –1377 (D14) (opposed 762–779 by 8) no coins.
9 abū-Tāshfīn (A35e) 'Abd-al-Raḥmān II (g, A35e) ibn-Mūsâ II (8; B8, A35e) A.H. 788 (A35e) –795 (A35e) A.D. 1387 (D14) –1393 (A35e) (opposed 788–791 by 8) gold 652.
10 abū-Thābit (A5c) al-Za'īm II (A5a) ibn-'Abd-al-Raḥmān II (9; A35e) A.H. 795 (A35e) –795 (A5a) A.D. 1393 (A35e) –1393 (A5a) no coins.
11 abū'l-Ḥajjāj (A8) Yūsuf (A35e) ibn-Mūsâ II (8; A35e) A.H. 795 (A5a) –796 (A35e) A.D. 1393 (A5a) –1394 (A75) no coins.
12 abū-Ziyān (A35e) Muḥammad II (g, A35e) ibn-Mūsâ II (8; A35e) A.H. 796 (A35e) –802 (A5a) A.D. 1394 (A75) –1399 (A5a) gold 653.
13 abū-Muḥammad (g, A75) 'Abd-Allāh I (g, A5a) ibn-Mūsâ II (8; A5a) A.H. 802 (A5a) –804 (A5a) A.D. 1399 (A5a) –1402 (A5a) gold 654.
14 abū-'Abd-Allāh (A75) Muḥammad III (g, B8, A5a) ibn-Mūsâ II (8; B8, A5a) A.H. 804 (A5a) –813 (B8, A75) A.D. 1402 (A5a) –1411 (B8, A75) gold 655–657.
15 abū-Tāshfīn (H) 'Abd-al-Raḥmān III (g, A75) ibn-Muḥammad III (14; A75) A.H. 813 (A75) –814 (A75) A.D. 1411 (A75) –1411 (A75) gold 658.
16 abū-x (?) al-Sa'īd (A75) ibn-Mūsâ II (8; A75) A.H. 814 (A75) –814 (A75) A.D. 1411 (A75) –1411 (A75) no coins.
17 abū-Mālik (B8) 'Abd-al-Wāḥid (g, B8, A85c) ibn-Mūsâ II (8; B8, A85c) A.H. 814 (A75) –827 (A75), 831 (A75) –833 (B8, A75) A.D. 1411 (A75) –1424 (A75), 1428 (A75) –1430 (B8, A75) gold 659–662.
18 abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, A75) Muḥammad IV (A85c) ibn-'Abd-al-Raḥmān II (9; A85C) A.H. 827 (A75) –831 (A75), 833 (A75) –834 (A75) A.D. 1424 (A75) –1428 (A75), 1430 (A75) –1431 (A75) gold 663, 664.
19 abū'l-'Abbās (g, B8, A85c) Aḥmad I (g, B8, A85c) ibn-Mūsâ II (8; A85c) A.H. 834 (A75) –866 (A75) A.D. 1431 (A75) –1462 (A75) gold 665–668.
20 abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, B8, A75) Muḥammad V (g, B8, A85c) ibn-Muḥammad ibn-al-Za'im II (10; A75) A.H. 866 (A75) –873 (D1) A.D. 1462 (A75) –1468 (D1) gold 669.
21 abū-Tāshfīn (D1) 'Abd-al-Raḥmān IV (H) ibn-Muḥammad V (20; D1) A.H. 873 (D1) –873 (D1) A.D. 1468 (D1) –1468 (D1) no coins.
22 abū-'Abd-Allāh (B8) Muḥammad VI (B8) ibn-Muḥammad V (20; D18) A.H. 873 (D1) –910 (D1) A.D. 1468 (D1) –1505 (D1) no coins.
23 abū-'Abd-Allāh (B8) Muḥammad VII (B8) ibn-Muḥammad VI (22; B8) A.H. 910 (D1) –922 (D1) A.D. 1505 (D1) –1516 (D1):
Independent A.H. 910 (D1) –918 (H) A.D. 1505 (D1) –1512 (D14) no coins.
Vassal of Ferdinand II of Aragon A.H. 918 (H) –922 (D1) A.D. 1512 (D14) –1516 (D1) no coins.
24 abū-Ziyān (D14) Aḥmad II (H) ibn-Muḥammad VI (22; D14) vassal of Ottoman Salīm I (9) A.H. 922 (D14) –922 (D14), 923 (D14) –924 (D14) A.D. 1516 (D14) –1516 (D14), 1517 (D14) –1518 (D14) (opposed 923–924 by 25) no coins.
25 abū-Ḥammū (D18) Mūsâ III (D18) ibn-Muḥammad V (20; D18) vassal of Charles I of Spain A.H. 922 (D14) –934 (D1) A.D. 1516 (D1) –1528 (D1) (opposed 923–924 by 24) no coins.
26 abū-Muḥammad (B8) 'Abd-Allāh II (g, B8) ibn-Muḥammad V (20; D18) A.H. 934 (D1) –947 (D1) A.D. 1528 (D1) –1540 (D1):
Vassal of Ottoman 10 A.H. 934 (D1) –942 (D14) A.D. 1528 (D1) –1535 (D14) gold 670.
Vassal of Charles I of Spain A.H. 942 (D14) –947 (D1) A.D. 1535 (D14) –1540 (D1) no coins.
27 abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, D14) Muḥammad VIII (g, D14) ibn-'Abd-Allāh II (26; D18) A.H. 947 (D14) –949 (D14), 949 (D1) –950 (D14) A.D. 1540 (D14) –1543 (H), 1543 (D1) –1543 (D14):
First reign, as vassal of Ottoman 10 (see above) gold 671.
Second reign (see above), as vassal of Charles I of Spain, no coins.
28 abū-Ziyān (D18) Aḥmad III (D18) ibn-'Abd-Allāh II (26; D18) vassal of Ottoman 10 A.H. 949 (D14) –949 (D1), 950 (D14) –957 (D1) A.D. 1543 (H) –1543 (D1), 1543 (D14) –1550 (D1) no coins.
29 abū-Muḥammad (g, D14) Ḥasan (g, D14) ibn-'Abd-Allāh II (26; D18) A.H. 957 (D1) –964 (D1) A.D. 1550 (D1) –1556 (D1) gold 672.
Crushed between their powerful neighbors, the Ḥafṣids and the Marīnids, the Ziyānids were frequently besieged or driven from their capital at Tlemcen into the mountains, and were occasionally overthrown, with subsequent interregnums, yet they managed to survive as a dynasty for well over three centuries, until the controversy between Turks and Spaniards was settled by the Ottoman conquest. During this span they also suffered an excessive amount of intra-dynastic rebellion, yet their capital prospered and a fair amount of gold was coined there.
Relatively few specimens of this Ziyānid gold are extant, and their attribution is made more difficult by the repetition of proper names in the family, but by correlation with Brosselard's epigraphic studies and with the historians of the earlier period, a reasonable certitude may be achieved. Thus the anonymous gold piece in Ḥafṣid style, identical except for mint with the contemporary gold of Morocco, is ascribed to Yaghmurāsan because at the period when it was struck he was master of Tlemcen, and because he, like his Marīnid contemporaries, was nominally a Ḥafṣid vassal.
No coins can be ascribed to 'Uthmān I and Muḥammad I, but the double dinars inscribed "mā aqrabu farju Allāh" surely belong to Mūsâ I and 'Abd-al-Raḥmān I, referring as they do to the unexpected lifting of the eight-year siege of Tlemcen at the death of the Marīnid Yūsuf.
Two of the most puzzling coins in the corpus (648, 649) are reluctantly inserted here, but I have been completely unable to account for the title amīr al-mu'minīn and the other anomalous features, or to read the last line of the reverse field, of which all reported versions are demonstrably wrong. The Algiers issue may be questionable but the Tlemcen coin does exist; it was struck by an 'Abd-al-Raḥmān with Caliphal pretensions; his name and title and the Tlemcen mint are perfectly clear but inexplicable.
For the brothers 'Uthmān II and al-Za'īm I, who ruled between the two Marīnid conquests, no gold is known to have survived, though 'Uthmān is said by Yaḥyâ Ibn-Khaldūn to have struck some.
Mūsâ II's long reign bore fruit in one double dinar and probably in one dinar, while a similar double dinar exists for 'Abd-al-Raḥmān II, if Brèthes' attempt to paint the name of Yaghmurāsan on the sole extant specimen has not misled me.
No coins exist for the short reigns of al-Za'īm II and Yūsuf, but Moyse reports a double dinar of Muḥammad II and the Paris specimen seems to fit 'Abd-Allāh I, though ascribed to Muḥammad V.
Three gold pieces are assignable to Muḥammad III by the epithet al-Wāthiq-bi-Allāh, and a Paris dinar tentatively to 'Abd-al-Raḥmān III, with no coins for al-Sa'īd, who ruled for less than a year.
An assortment of gold coins bears the name of 'Abd-al-Wāḥid, while similar coins can be attributed to his opponent Muḥammad IV. Aḥmad I left a group of gold pieces with his epithet al-Mu'taṣim-bi-Allāh, and a half dinar may belong to Muḥammad V or one of his namesakes.
No coins have been assigned to the next five rulers, whose reigns were very disturbed by Turkish-Spanish combats. To 'Abd-Allāh II and Muḥammad VIII can confidently be assigned the two double dinars (670, 671) which bear besides their names and titles that of amīr al-mu'minīn abū'l-Rabī' Sulaymān. An incredible amount of fruitless controversy among such experts as Lavoix, van Berchem, Prieto, and Fasmer has been fomented by these coins, which were obviously struck by these vassals of the Ottoman sultan Sulaymān, called the Magnificent by Europeans and the Lawgiver by his own people.
The fact that he did not actually bear the kunyah abū'l-Rabī' is no objection; all Sulaymāns in the occident used this name, and it was ascribed to him as unhesitatingly as abū-Ya'qūb to Yūsuf ibn-Tāshfīn or abū'l-Ḥasan to his son 'Alī by later historians, though as their gold shows the Murābiṭs, like the Ottomans, did not use names in abū-. In Tunisia, on the other hand, an inscription termed Sulayman abū'l-Futūḥ with equally little justification.
With this discussion permanently closed, it may be hoped, we may skip Aḥmad III, with no coins reported, for the final Ziyānid gold piece, a half dinar of Ḥasan.
The numismatic history of this dynasty is sketchy because of the scarcity of available specimens; it is possible that future archaeological finds will complete the representation of this family.
No silver and copper can be ascribed to the Ziyānids, although they must certainly have struck some silver during their lengthy control of western Algeria; Leo Africanus' assertion that at least the later rulers of this dynasty coined both silver and copper is probably correct, especially by analogy with the late Ḥafṣid pieces.
Zanātah Berber rulers of the Banū-Marīn of Morocco A.H. 592–869 (A.D. 1196–1465).
1 abū-Muḥammad (A92) 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq I (g, B4, C14, A35e) ibn-Maḥyū (A35e) A.H. 592 (A92) –614 (A35e) A.D. 1196 (A92) –1217 (A84e) no coins.
2 abū-Sa'īd (A35e) 'Uthmān I (A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Ḥaqq I (1; A35e) A.H. 614 (A35e) –638 (A92) A.D.1217 (A84e) –1240 (A92) no coins.
3 abū-Ma'rūf (A84d) Muḥammad I (A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Ḥaqq I (1; A35e) A.H. 638 (A92) –642 (A35e) A.D. 1240 (A92) –1244 (A84d) no coins.
4 abū-Yaḥyâ (A35e) Abū-Bakr (A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Ḥaqq I (1; A35e) A.H. 642 (A35e) –656 (A35e) A.D. 1244 (A84d) –1258 (no alternative) anonymous gold, Ḥafṣid style 673–712, anonymous silver 1133, 1134.
5 abū-Ḥafṣ (A5b) 'Umar (A35e) ibn-Abī-Bakr (4; A35e) A.H. 656 (A35e) –658 (A92) A.D. 1258 (no alternative) –1259 (A92) (opposed 656–658 by 6) no coins.
6 abū-Yūsuf (B4, C14, A35e) Ya'qūb (g, B4, C14, A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Ḥaqq I (1; g, B4, C14, A35e) A.H. 656 (A35e) –685 (A35e) A.D. 1258 (no alternative) –1286 (A35e) (opposed 656–658 by 5):
First series, Ḥafṣid style A.H. 656 (A35e) –668 (A35e) A.D. 1258 (no alternative) –1269 (A35e) anonymous gold (see 4).
Second series, Marīnid style A.H. 668 (A35e) –685 (A35e) A.D. 1269 (A35e) –1286 (A35e) gold 713, 714, anonymous silver 1135.
7 abū-Ya'qūb (B11, C12, A35e) Yūsuf (A35e) ibn-Ya'qūb (6; B24, A35e) A.H. 685 (A35e) –706 (B24, A35e) A.D. 1286 (A35e) –1307 (B24, A35e) anonymous gold 715–725, anonymous silver 1136–1140.
8 abū-Thābit (C12, A35e) 'Āmir (A35e) ibn-'Abd-Allāh ibn-Yūsuf (7; A84d) A.H. 706 (A35e) –708 (A35e) A.D. 1307 (A35e) –1308 (A35e) no coins.
9 abū'l-Rabī' (C12, A35e) Sulaymān (A35e) ibn-'Abd-Allāh ibn-Yūsuf (7; A84d) A.H. 708 (A35e) –710 (A35e) A.D. 1308 (A35e) –1310 (A35e) no coins.
10 abū-Sa'īd (g, B4, C14, A35e) 'Uthmān II (g, B4, A35e) ibn-Ya'qūb (6; B4, C14, A35e) A.H. 710 (A35e) –731 (A35e) A.D. 1310 (A35e) –1331 (A35e) (opposed 714–731 by 10A) gold 726–745.
10A abū-'Alī (g, B4, A35e) 'Umar (g, B4, A35e) ibn-'Uthmān II (10; A35e) amīr at Sijilmāsah A.H. 714 (A35e) –733 (A35e) A.D. 1315 (A84e) –1333 (D17) (opposed 714–731 by 10 and 731–733 by 11) no coins.
11 abū'l-Ḥasan (B4, C14, A35e) 'Alī (B4, A35e) ibn-'Uthmān II (10; B4, C14, A35e) A.H. 731 (A35e) –752 (B9, A35e) A.D. 1331 (A35e) –1351 (B9, A35e) (opposed 731–733 by 10A and 749–752 by 12):
First series, Marīnid inscriptions: anonymous gold 746–749, anonymous silver 1141–1146.
Second series, Marīnid and Naṣrid inscriptions A.H. 731 (A35e) –740 (A35e) A.D. 1331 (A35e) –1340 (A35e) anonymous gold 750–758.
Third series, Marīnid and Ziyānid inscriptions A.H. 737 (A35e) –752 (B9, A35e) A.D. 1337 (A35e) –1351 (B9, A35e) anonymous gold 759–768, anonymous silver 1147.
12 abū-'Inān (B4, C12, A35e) Fāris (g, B4, A35e) ibn-'Alī (11; B4, A35e) A.H. 749 (A35e) –759 (A35e) A.D. 1348 (A35e) –1358 (A35e) (opposed 749–752 by 11):
First series, Marīnid style: gold 769–777.
Second series, Ḥafṣid style: gold 778–786.
12A abū-Ziyān (A5b) Muḥammad (A5b) ibn-Fāris (12; A5b) pretender A.H. 759 (A5b) –759 (A5b) A.D. 1358 (A5b) –1358 (A5b) no coins.
13 abū-'Abd-Allāh (g) Muḥammad II (A35e) ibn-Fāris (12; A35e) A.H. 759 (A35e) –760 (A35e) A.D. 1358 (A35e) –1359 (A35e) gold 787.
14 abū-Sālim (B2, C14, A35e) Ibrāhīm (A35e) ibn-'Alī (11; B2, C14, A35e) A.H. 760 (A35e) –762 (A35e) A.D. 1359 (A35e) –1361 (A35e) gold 788, anonymous silver 1148.
15 abū-'Umar (A35e) Tāshfīn (A35e) ibn-'Alī (11; A35e) A.H. 762 (A35e) –763 (A35e) A.D. 1361 (A35e) –1361 (A35e) no coins.
16 abū-Muḥammad (A39a) 'Abd-al-Ḥalīm (A35e) ibn-'Umar (10A; A35e) A.H. 763 (A35e) –764 (A35e) A.D. 1361 (A5b) –1362 (A35e) (opposed 763–764 by 17) no coins.
17 abū-Ziyān (A35e) Muḥammad III (g, A35e) ibn-Ya'qūb ibn-'Alī (11; A35e) A.H.763 (A35e) –767 (A5b) A.D. 1361 (A35e) –1366 (A5b) (opposed 763–764 by 16 and 764–765 by 17A) gold 789–792.
17A abū-Mālik (g) 'Abd-al-Mu'min (g, A35e) ibn- 'Umar (10A; g, A35e) amīr at Sijilmāsah A.H.764 (D14) –765 (H) A.D. 1362 (D14) –1363 (H) (opposed 764–765 by 17) gold 793.
interregnum under vizir between death of 17 and accession of 18 A.H. 767 (A5b) –768 (A35e) A.D. 1366 (A5b) –1366 (A35e).
18 abū-Fāris (B4, A5b) 'Abd-al-'Azīz I (g, B4, A35e) ibn-'Alī (11; B4, A35e) A.H. 768 (A35e)-774 (A35e) A.D. 1366 (A35e) –1372 (A35e) gold 794–796.
19 abū-Ziyān (A5b) Muḥammad IV (g, A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-'Azīz I (18; A35e) A.H.774 (A35e) –776 (A35e) A.D. 1372 (A85c) –1374 (A35e) gold 797–799.
20 abū'l-'Abbās (g, C14, A35e) Aḥmad (g, s, A35e) ibn-Ibrāhīm (14; C14, A35e) A.H. 775 (A5b) –786 (A35e), 789 (A35e) –796 (A35e) A.D. 1373 (A5b) –1384 (A5b), 1387 (A35e) –1393 (A35e) (opposed 776–784 by 20A):
First series, without amīr al-muslimīn or Naṣrid inscription: gold 800–805.
Second series, without amīr al-muslimīn, with Naṣrid inscription: gold 806–809.
Third series, with amīr al-muslimīn, without Naṣrid inscription: gold 810–829, silver 1149.
Fourth series, with amīr al-muslimīn and Naṣrid inscription: gold 830.
20A abū-Zayd (A70b) 'Abd-al-Raḥmān (g, s, A35e) ibn-'Alī ibn-'Umar (10A; g, s, A35e) sayyid at Marrakesh A.H. 776 (A35e) –784 (A35e) A.D. 1374 (A70b) –1382 (A35e) (opposed 776–784 by 20) gold 831, 832, silver 1150.
21 abū-Fāris (g, A5b) Mūsâ (g, A35e) ibn-Fāris (12; A35e) A.H. 786 (A35e) –788 (A5b) A.D. 1384 (A35e) –1386 (A5b) gold 833, 834.
22 abū-Ziyān (A5b) Muḥammad V (g, A35e) ibn-Aḥmad (20; A35e) A.H. 788 (A5b) –788 (A35e) A.D. 1386 (A5b) –1386 (A35e) gold 835.
23 abū-Ziyān (A5b) Muḥammad VI (A35e) ibn-Muḥammad ibn-'Alī (11; A35e) A.H. 788 (A35e) –789 (A35e) A.D. 1386 (A35e) –1387 (A35e) no coins.
24 abū-Fāris (A35e) 'Abd-al-'Azīz II (g, A35e) ibn-Aḥmad (20; A35e) A.H. 796 (A35e) –799 (A5b) A.D. 1393 (A35e) –1396 (A5b):
First series, Marīnid style: gold 836–839.
Second series, Ḥafṣid style: gold 840–854.
25 abū-'Āmir (A5b) 'Abd-Allāh (g, A5b) ibn-Aḥmad (20; A5b) A.H. 799 (A5b) –800 (A5b) A.D. 1396 (A5b) –1398 (A5b) Ḥafṣid style gold 855–859.
26 abū-Sa'īd (B4, A5b) 'Uthmān III (g, C14, A5b) ibn-Aḥmad (20; C14, A5b) A.H. 800 (A5b) –823 (A74) A.D. 1398 (A5b) –1420 (A74) Ḥafṣid style gold 860–867.
27 abū-'Abd-Allāh (A74) Muḥammad VII (A32) ibn-'Abd-Allāh ibn-abī-Tarīq ibn-Fāris (12; H) A.H. 823 (A74) –830 (D6) A.D. 1420 (A74) –1427 (H) (opposed 823–830 by 28) no coins.
28 abū-Muḥammad (B4, A32) 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq II (s, B4, A85c) ibn-'Uthmān III (26; B4, A32) A.H.823 (D6, D9) –869 (A85c) A.D. 1420 (D6, D9) –1465 (A85c) (opposed 823–830 by 27) silver 1151, 1152.
The numismatic history of the Marīnids is essentially simple, but the necessary preliminary groundwork has never been done, so that all major collections contain more or less large groups of "unascribed Moorish gold". This anonymous gold can easily be divided into two portions by the number of lines in each field, and it is the three-line Ḥafṣid type which must be considered first.
No Marīnid gold bearing proper names in known for any ruler earlier than Ya'qūb, whose accession occurred in A.H. 656. The anonymous gold was not struck by the Ḥafṣids, as the Mahdī is not named and the mint towns were not under Ḥafṣid control, nor by the Ziyānids, by reason of the mints; there are no such objections to terming it Marīnid, which it obviously is. In style and legends it most closely resembles the earlier Ḥafṣid gold, especially as some of it is in ornamented Kūfi script corresponding to that used by the Ḥafṣids for a few decades starting about 650. The early Marīnids were nominal Ḥafṣid vassals; presumably this gold was struck by Abū-Bakr and Ya'qūb chiefly, but not entirely, before the final overthrow of the Muwaḥḥids in 668. It is likely, but less certain, that much of the anonymous silver with similar inscriptions was also struck by these two rulers.
Next come two gold pieces of Ya'qūb with his name and titles, probably struck after 668, and then another gap during the prosperous reign of his son Yūsuf. This can promptly be filled with a single fine series from the five-line group, as shown in the corpus, a group whose style and legends are intermediate between those of Ya'qūb and those of 'Uthmān II, and whose mints are plentiful but limited to Morocco. Anonymous silver bearing similar legends can also be assigned to Yūsuf. For 'Āmir and Sulaymān no coins are extant.
A substantial series of gold bears the name of 'Uthmān II, from several mints within Morocco, but none survives for his son and opponent 'Umar, amīr of Sijilmāsah, and none bearing the name of 'Uthmān's son and successor 'Alī, a pious but ambitious man who invaded Spain but was disastrously defeated by the Christians at Tarifa, conquered Algeria and Tunisia, was again disastrously defeated by Arabs near Kairouan, and was the victim of domestic rebellion, shipwreck, and exile.
To him belongs the balance of the anonymous gold, some of which bears the Naṣrid motto and was doubtless struck before his defeat at Tarifa in 740, and some of which bears the Ziyānid motto and was struck, after the conquest of Tlemcen in 737, at mints which include not only Fez and Sijilmāsah but Tlemcen, Algiers, Bougie, and Tunis. To these groups of gold exactly fitting the known facts of 'Alī's career may be added corresponding groups of anonymous silver.
His son and rival Fāris assumed the title of amīr al-mu'minīn, and a full series of gold displays it for mints which include Tlemcen and Bougie, again victims of Marīnid conquest. A parallel series of Ḥafṣid-type gold with three-line fields also bears Fāris' name and titles.
For the rulers who followed in quick succession a handful of gold survives: none for the pretender Muḥammad, one tentatively for Muḥammad II, one for Ibrāhīm if my reading of Brèthes' illegible specimen is correct, none for Tāshfīn, none for 'Abd-al-Ḥalīm, three or four for Muḥammad III, and one fine double dinar for the amīr 'Abd-al-Mu'min at Sijilmāsah.
'Abd-al-'Azīz I again conquered Tlemcen and left numismatic evidence of his achievement, with two other double dinars from Fez. Muḥammad IV minted three coins at Fez.
The only silver attributable to this troubled era is an anonymous piece ascribed to Ibrāhīm because of similarity to the gold which seems to bear his name.
For Aḥmad's bisected reign a large quantity of gold and a little silver is extant, while his rival at Marrakesh, 'Abd-al-Raḥmān, also minted both gold and silver.
Again rulers gained and lost power rapidly: Mūsâ two years, two issues; Muḥammad V less than a year, one double dinar; Muḥammad VI one year, no coins. In his three years 'Abd-al-'Azīz II struck four coins in Marīnid style and several in Ḥafṣid style, with an unexpected change to the three-line field. This was continued on a handful of gold by 'Abd-Allāh, who reigned only one year, and on a larger group by 'Uthmān III, who ruled until 823.
No coins exist for Muḥammad VII and no gold for 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq II, though one silver piece may definitely be ascribed to his violent reign and another tentatively.
This dynasty's numismatic history, then, can readily be understood by matching each group of anonymous gold and silver to its most likely originator on considerations of style, inscriptions, and mints. When this is done a steady development is made available for study instead of the jagged, gap-filled outlines heretofore published.
Considered as a whole, Marīnid gold of each denomination is somewhat broader than its Ḥafṣid equivalent but extant specimens average slightly lighter. 4.57 grams is the average weight of 182 double dinars and 2.26 grams of 51 dinars. The style is less attractive and the inscriptions less legible than those of all but the last Ḥafṣids, but they are not inferior to the Ziyānids'. The silver is adequately engraved and struck, but the general effect is one of steady decline from the high Muwaḥḥid standards.
Arab rulers of the Banū-Naṣr (Banū'l-Aḥmar) of Granada A.H. 629–887 (A.D.1232–1492)
1 abū-'Abd-Allāh (B14, C17) Muḥammad I (B14, C17, A35e) ibn-Yūsuf (B14, A84d) A.H. 629 (A84d) –671 (B14, A74) A.D. 1232 (D9) –1273 (B14) no African coins; gold struck as vassal of Ḥafṣid 1 556.
2 no African coins.
3 abū-'Abd-Allāh (B15, C17, A48a) Muḥammad III (C17, A35e) ibn-Muḥammad II (2; B15, C17, A35e) A.H. 701 (B14, A35e) –708 (B14, A35e) A.D. 1302 (B14, A35e) –1309 (B14, A35e) see below.
4 abū'l-Juyūsh (B14, A35e) Naṣr (B14, A35e) ibn-Muḥammad II (2; B14, A35e) A.H. 708 (B14, A35e) –713 (A48a) A.D. 1309 (B14, A48a) –1314 (A48a) see below.
5–7 no African coins.
8 abū-'Abd-Allāh (B15, A35e) Muḥammad V (g, B15, A35e) ibn-Yūsuf I (7; g, B15, A35e) A.H. 755 (A35e) –760 (A35e), 763 (A35e) –793 (A48a) A.D. 1354 (A35e) –1359 (A35e), 1362 (A35e) –1391 (D9, D14) gold 868.
3, 4, or 8 anonymous silver 1153.
9–21 no African coins.
The Naṣrids of Granada controlled Ceuta from A.H. 705 to 709 and from 786 to 789. The square silver (1153) bearing the name of this mint and their motto "wa-lā ghālibu illā Allāh" could belong to either of these periods, but similar silver reported for Fez must be tentatively rejected, as the Naṣrids never held secure control of the inland capital. If the Fez coins should be confirmed as correct, they might be ascribed to the Marīnid 'Alī, who struck gold bearing the Naṣrid insription; this would raise the question of whether he also struck the Ceuta coins.
The only Naṣrid gold reported from North Africa is a double dinar (868) minted at Ceuta by Muḥammad V, though the first Naṣrid ruler before declaring his independence struck a double dinar (556) at Granada for the Ḥafṣid Yaḥyâ I.
Except for the coins just discussed, the numismatic history of the Naṣrids falls outside the scope of this study.
Zanātah Berber riders of the Banū-Waṭṭās of Morocco A.H. 869–961 (A.D. 1465–1554).
1 abū-'Abd-Allāh (H) Muḥammad I (g, A29b) ibn-Yaḥyâ (A29b) A.H. 869 (D6) –910 (D6) A.D. 1465 (D6) –1504 (D6) gold 869.
2 abū-'Abd-Allāh (notes to A32) Muḥammad II (g, s, C6, A32) ibn-Muḥammad I (1; C6, A32) A.H. 910 (D6) –932 (A29b) A.D. 1504 (D6) –1525 (D6) gold 870, silver 1154.
3 abū'l-Ḥasan (A32) 'Alī (s, A29b) ibn-Muḥammad I (1; A32) A.H. 932 (A29b) –932 (A29b), 961 (A29b) –961 (A29b) A.D. 1525 (D6) –1526 (A29b), 1554 (A29b) –1554 (A29b) silver 1155.
4 abū'l-'Abbās (A29b) Aḥmad (s, C6, A32) ibn-Muḥammad II (2; C6, A29b) A.H. 932 (A29b) –952 (D6), 956 (D14) –957 (D14) A.D. 1526 (A29b) –1545 (D6), 1549 (D14) –1550 (D14) silver 1156.
5 abū-'Abd-Allāh (H) Muḥammad III (A32) ibn-Aḥmad (4; A32) A.H. 952 (A32) –956 (D14) A.D. 1545 (D6) –1549 (D14) no coins.
interregnum under Sharīfs between surrender of 4 and restoration of 3 A.H. 957 (D14) –961 (A29b) A.D. 1550 (D14) –1554 (A29b).
During the reign of the last Marīnid, 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq II, who came to the throne as a child, the vizirial power was held by several members of the Waṭṭāsid family, a few of whom survived a massacre arranged by 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq when he reached maturity. At his death they competed for power with the rising Sharīfs, and succeeded in controlling part of Morocco for nearly a century.
Very few coins are attributed to the Waṭṭāsids. A small series of silver in a thin Naskhī script, reported and illustrated by Brèthes, seems fairly safe because of the sequence of names; the few gold coins are less satisfactory. Studies by Massignon and Cour have established the names and dates of this obscure dynasty; it may be that further gold will be discovered.
Sulṭāns of the Osmanli Turks (Banū-'Uthmān) of Constantinople A.H. 699–1342. (A.D. 1299–1924).
1-9 no African coins.
10 Sulaymān I (g, B13) ibn-Salīm I (9; D18) A.H. 926 (D18) –974 (D18) A.D. 1520 (D18) –1566 (D18) specified on Ziyānid gold 670, 671.
11–37 excluded from this study.
The Ottoman Turks, who conquered Tunisia and Algeria from the Ḥafṣids and Ziyānids, are excluded from this study. An exception is made for the two gold pieces struck in the name of Sulaymān I by his Ziyānid vassals, and for a Ḥafṣid square dirhem (1102) counterstamped طْ.
The gold pieces show no Ottoman influence; the name abū'l-Rabī' prefixed to Sulaymān shows that no Ottoman had any part in designing them.
The counter-stamp is presumably an Ottoman validation of a current piece of Ḥafṣid silver.
struck in North Africa, or struck elsewhere by North African rulers, between A.H. 439 (A.D. 1047) and the Ottoman and Sharīfian conquests of the late tenth Moslem (16th) century.
Abbreviations (other than bibliographic) used in this corpus:
a | above |
b | beneath |
d | date |
F | field |
fig. | figure |
m | mint |
M | margin |
o | obverse |
p. | page |
pl. | plate |
R | reverse |
S | segment |
sp. | specimens |
v. | volume |
Bibliographic reference abbreviations are listed on pages 286–306.
GOLD
'Abbāsid Gold
struck in North Africa after A.H. 439 (A.D. 1047) in the name of the Sunnite khalīfahs, the Banū'l-'Abbās of Baghdād.
As the 'Abbāsids exercised no direct control over North Africa during this period, all coins bearing their name were actually struck by independent local rulers, and are therefore listed under the respective dynasties: Zīrid, Ḥammādid, Murābiṭ, and Hūdid.
Fāṭimid Gold
struck in North Africa after A.H. 439 (A.D. 1047) in the name of the Shī'ite imāms, the Banū-Fāṭimah of Cairo (al-Qāhirah).
As the Fāṭimids exercised no direct control over North Africa during this period, all coins bearing their name were actually struck by Zīrid rulers, and are therefore listed under the latter dynasty.
Zīrid Gold
struck in North Africa after A.H. 439 (A.D. 1047) by the Ṣanhājah Berber rulers of Tunisia, the Banū-Zīrī (or by their contemporaries in Tunisia) in Kūfī script.
abū-Tamīm al-Mu'izz ibn-Bādīs
A.H. 406–454
A.D. 1016–1062
Coins struck by the earlier Zīrids, and by al-Mu'izz prior to A.H. 439, are excluded from this corpus.
First (Shī'ite) series:
Struck in A.H. 439 and 440 in the name of the Fāṭimid imām
abū-Tamīm Ma'add ibn-'Alī
A.H. 427–487
A.D. 1036–1094
1. Ṣabrah – 439 – dinar. Plate I
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
علي ولي الله
RF الامام
المسنتصر بالله
امير المؤمنين
OM محمد رسول الله ارسله بالهدى ودبن الحق ليظهره على الدين كله ولو كره المشركون
RM (date)سنة (mint) بسم الله ضرب هذا الدينرب
BN III 337 (pl. IV): OM ends with المشر, mint given as Ṭabarīyah (corrected by Monchicourt).
F:Fatimites 165 (pl. IV): OM ends with كله; 166 (2 sp.): mint given as صبر (misprint).
2. Ṣabrah – 440 – dinar.
As 1.
F: Fatimites 166 note: d, m only. F: Fatimites II 44: OM ends with كله.
Second (Sunnite) series:
Struck anonymously by al-Mu'izz between A.H. 441 and 449 after his repudiation of Fāṭimid suzerainty.
3. al-Qayrawān – 441 – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
وحده لا شريك له
محمد رسول الله
RF ومن يبتغ غير
الاسلام دينا
فلن يقبل منه
OM ياايها النبي انا ارسلناك شاهدا مبشرا ونديرا وداعيا الى الله
RM (date) سنة (mint) بسم الله ضرب بمدينة عز الاسلام و
KM II 855 (pl. V). Welzl 12232, 12233 (2 sp.): illustrated in Schiepati (pl. II, no. 14). Soret:F 129 note. F: Fatimites 168. Farrugia: d, m only.
4. al-Qayrawān – 442 – dinar. Plate I
As 3.
F:Fatimites 169 (pl. IV), 170 (2 sp.): و b RF. Farrugia: d, m only.
5. al-Qayrawān – 442 – dinar.
As 3 except OM: ولقد كتبنا في الزبور بعد الذكر ان الارض يرثا عبادي الصاحون
Welzl 12234: illustrated in Schiepati (pl. II, no. 15).
6. al-Qayrawān – [44]3 – quarter dinar.
As 3 except OM, which ends at ودا.
KM II 856 (pl. V): d illegible, margins largely illegible. Soret: F 130: margins partly illegible.
F:Fatimites 171: d illegible, ونذيرا omitted from OM (misprint, corrected by letter).
7. al-Qayrawān – 444 – dinar.
As 3.
Schiepati 70 (pl. II, no. 1): d uncertain. F:Fatimites 171 note: d, m only. B 793 bis (p. 271): d, m only. F:Fatimites II 46.
8. al-Qayrawān – 445 – dinar.
As 3 except OM, which ends at ونذيرا and OF: الا اله الا الله
محمد
رسول الله
Schiepati 71 (pl. II, no. 2): d uncertain. F:Fatimites 171 note. F:Fatimites II 47: length of OM not specified.
9. al-Qayrawān – 446 – dinar.
OF الله
OM (inner) لا اله الا الله محمد رسول
OM (outer) as OM of 3.
RM (inner) ومن يبتغ غير الاسلام دينا فلن يقبل
RM (outer) as RM of 3.
F:Fatimites II 49.
RF منه
10. al-Qayrawān – 8/[4]46 – dinar.
As 3 except RM: بسم الله omitted, سنة preceded by غرة شعبان.
Ø 2106: description inaccurate, identified from impression furnished by Galster. F:Fatimites II 48.
11. al-Qayrawān – 448 – dinar.
As 3 except OM, which ends at وداعيا, and RM, which has errors in engraving.
Farrugia: و a RF.
12. Madīnat Safāqus – 449 – dinar.
OF as OF of 3.
OM as OM of 1.
RM as RM of 1 plus بركه.
Farrugia.
RF as RF of 3.
12a. al-Mahdīyah – 446 – dinar.
As 3 except RM: (date) سنة (mint) بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب ب.
Ø 2105: description inaccurate, identified from impression furnished by Galster.
13. al-Mahdīyah – 8/447 – dinar.
Not described; presumably as 3 except RM:
(date) في شعبان سنة (mint) بسم الله ضرب هذا الدينار
Casanova 1318:d, m only.
14. (mint?) – [4]4x – eighth dinar.
Apparently as 3.
BN II 934 (pl. IX): margins largely illegible, RF worn.
Third (Shī'ite) series:
Struck between A.H. 449 and 454 in the name of the Fāṭimid imām
abū-Tamīm Ma'add ibn-'Alī
A.H. 427–487
A.D. 1036–1094
following resumption of acknowledgment of Fāṭimid suzerainty.
15. al-Mahdīyah – 449 – dinar.
As 1 except RM:
(date) سنة(mint) بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضربهذا الدينر ب.
Farrugia.
16. al-Mahdīyah – 4/451 – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
وحده لا شريك له
محمد رسول الله
علي ولي الله
RF معد
الامام لبو تميم
المستنصر بالله
امير المؤمنين
OM as OM of 1 through المشر.
RM (date) في شهر الربيع سنة (mint) بسم الله ضرب هذا الدينرب.
Bergmann 17 (pl., no. 4: R only).
17. al-Mahdīyah – 453 – dinar.
May be as 15.
Blau:N 98: d, m only.
abū-Yaḥyâ Tamīm ibn-al-Mu'izz
A.H. 454–501
A.D. 1062–1108
Shī'ite series:
Struck between A.H. 454 and 459 in the name of the Fāṭimid imām
abū-Tamīm Ma'add ibn-'Alī
A.H. 427–487
A.D. 1036–1094
prior to final repudiation of Fāṭimid suzerainty.
18. al-Mahdīyah – 454 – dinar.
OF الامام معد
ابو تميم
RF المسنتصر بالله
امير المؤمنين
OM (inner)(لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله وعلي افضل الوصيين ووزير خير المر(سلين
OM (outer) as OM of 1.
RM (inner) دعا الامام معد لتوحيد الا اله الصمد
RM (outer) as RM of 1.
BN III 389: mint defective, al-Mahd only.
19. al-Mahdīyah – 455 – dinar. Plate I
As 18 except OM (inner) which ends at خير, and has علي instead of وعلي.
BM IV 166 (pl. II): ر b OF.
20. al-Mahdīyah – 455 – dinar. Plate I
OM (inner) لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله
OM (middle) وعلي افضل الوصيين ووزير خير المرسلين
OM (outer) as OM of 16.
RM (inner) المستنصر بالله امير المؤمنين
RM (middle) as RM (inner) of 18.
RM (outer) as RM of 1.
ANS; Miles 383 (pl. IV).
21. al-Mahdīyah – 456 – dinar.
Apparently as 20.
Balog.
22. al-Mahdīyah – 8/457 – dinar.
OF as RF of 18.
RF as OF of 18.
OM (inner) as OM (inner) of 19.
OM (outer) as OM of 1.
RM (inner) as RM (inner) of 18.
RM (outer) as RM of 16, with شعبان instead of الربيع.
BM IV 167: ر b OF.
23. al-Mahdīyah – 8/459 – dinar.
As 18 except RM (outer): as RM of 13.
F:Fatimites II 41: inner OM ends at خير.
No coins are reliably reported for the rest of Tamīm's reign, A.H. 460–501. Blau:N 101, ascribed to al-Mahdīyah for A.H. 480 without further description, is presumably misread; Blau:N 103, ascribed to al-Mahdīyah for an illegible date, is, because of the criss-cross design, almost certainly an issue of the Sicily (Ṣiqillīyah) mint.
abū-Ṭāhir Yaḥyâ ibn-Tamīm
A.H. 501–509
A.D. 1108–1116
No coins reported.
abū'l-Futūḥ 'Alī ibn-Yaḥyâ
A.H. 509–515
A.D. 1116–1121
No coins reported.
abū-Yaḥyâ al-Ḥasan ibn-'Alī
A.H. 515–543
A.D. 1121–1148
No coins reported.
No coins are reported for the local Arab and Berber rulers in Tunisia and Algeria — other than the Zīrids and Ḥammādids — in the interval between the Arab invasion of A.H. 443 (A.D. 1051) and the completion of the Muwaḥḥid conquest in A.H. 555 (A.D. 1160) with the following two exceptions.
Ḥammū ibn-Malīl
independent Barghawāṭah Berber governor of
Sfax (Safāqus)
A.H. 451–493
A.D. 1059–1100
24. Safāqus – 461 – anonymous dinar.
OF as OF of 3.
OM as OM of 1 through المشر.
RM as RM of 1.
Farrugia.
RF as RF of 3.
Rashīd ibn-Rashīd
independent Jāmi'id Arab governor of Gabes (Qābis)
A.H. 5xx–554
A.D. 115x–1159
Struck in the name of the 'Abbāsid khalīfah, who was not individually identified:
al-Muqtafī-li-amr-Allāh, abū-'Abd-'Allāh Muḥammad ibn-Aḥmad
A.H. 530–555
A.D. 1136–1160
24a. Qābis – 551 – dinar. Plate I
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامير الرشيد
بن رشيد
RF الامام
عبد
الله
امير الملؤمنين
OM ومن يبتغ غير الاسلام دينا فلن يقبل منه وهو في الاخرة من الخاسرين
RM (date) عام (mint) بسم الله الرحمن ضرب هذا الدينارب
S: Beyram 293 (pl. II): given as 552 Qādis (Cadiz) (disproved by plate), OF misread.
P:Miscelánea p. 128 (fig.) OF misread. This coin is termed "rashīdī" by Ibn-Khaldūn ( Kitāb al-'ibar , Būlāq edition, vol. VI, p. 167).
struck in North Africa after A.H. 439 (A.D. 1047)
by the Ṣanhājah Berber rulers of eastern Algeria, the Banū-Ḥammād in Kūfī script.
No Ḥammādid coins are reported for the period prior to A.H. 439.
al-Qā'id ibn-Ḥammād
A.H. 419–446
A.D. 1028–1055
No coins reported.
Muḥsan ibn-al-Qā'id
A.H. 446–447
A.D. 1055–1055
No coins reported.
Bulukkīn ibn-Muḥammad
A.H. 447–454
A.D. 1055–1062
No coins reported.
al-Nāṣir ibn-'Alannās
A.H. 454–481
A.D. 1062–1088
No coins reported.
al-Manṣūr ibn-Nāṣir
A.H. 481–498
A.D. 1088–1104
— (mint?) – (date?) – dinar.
OM (inner) as OM (inner) of 20.
OM (middle) as OM (middle) of 20.
OM (outer) illegible.
RM (inner) illegible.
RM (middle) as RM (inner) of 18.
RM (outer) illegible.
Beylie (fig. 74): not described; tentatively reconstructed from figure; attribution to this ruler not explained; apparently an illegible Fāṭimid dinar falling outside the scope of this corpus. Ibn-Khaldūn states that this ruler was the first Ḥammādid to mint coins.
Bādīs ibn-al-Manṣūr
A.H. 498–498
A.D. 1104–1105
No coins reported.
al-'Azīz ibn-al-Manṣūr
A.H. 498–515
A.D. 1105–1121
No coins reported.
Yaḥyâ ibn-al-'Azīz
A.H. 515–547
A.D. 1121–1152
Struck in the name of the 'Abbāsid khalīfah
al-Muqtafī-li-amr-Allāh, abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad ibn-Aḥmad
A.H. 530–555
A.D. 1136–1160
25. al-Nāṣirīyah – 543 – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله
يعتصم بحبل الله يحيى
بن العزيز بالله الامير المنصور
RF الامام ابو عبد الله
المقتفى لامر الله
امير المؤمنين العباسى
OM واتقوا يوما ترجعون فيه الى الله ثم توفى كل نفس ما كسبت وهم لا يظلمون
RM (date) سنة (mint) بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هذا الدينارب
This coin is not listed in any modern collection, and it is possible that no specimens have survived. It is, however, fully described (except for division into lines) by Ibn-Khaldūn (Kitāb al-'ibar, Būlāq edition, vol. VI, page 177). The purported illustration in de Beylie's appendix (fig. 6) is, like the other alleged coins from the same source, incredible, as de Beylie realized.
struck in North Africa after A.H. 439 (A.D. 1047) in the name of the Banū-Ḥammūd of Malaga (Mālaqah) or of their Barghawāṭah Berber governors.
No gold reported.
No coins are reported for the period following A.H. 439 for the petty pre-Murābiṭ Berber rulers in Morocco with the exception of Ḥammūdid silver and copper, to be described later, and a curious group of small gold coins — B 774–793 (pl. XII) — ascribed by Brèthes to the Banū-Khazrūn, who ruled Sijilmāsah until the Murābiṭ conquest of A.H. 446, and to their contemporaries. His readings are too tentative and fragmentary, and his plates too illegible, to permit intelligent discussion of these coins, although they clearly demand careful study and comment when they can be made available to scholars.
struck in North Africa and Spain by the Lamtūnah Berber rulers of the Murābiṭūn sect in Kīfī script.
Almost all Murābiṭ gold was struck in the name of the 'Abbāsid khalīfah, who was never individually identified, but was generically termed "al-imām, 'Abd Allāh, amīr al-muīminīn" and sometimes also "al-'Abbāsī".
Abū-Bakr ibn-'Umar
A.H. 448–480
A.D. 1056–1087
26. Sijilmāsah – 450 – dinar. Plate I
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامير ابو بكر
بن عمر
RF الامام
عبد
الله
امير المؤمنين
OM ومن يبتغ غير الاسلام دينا فلن يقبل منه وهو في الاخرة من الخاسرين
RM (date) سنة (mint) بسم الله ضرب هذا الدينارب.
V 1425 (AV). BN II 507 (pl. II): engraving errors. C:Decadencia p. 375, no. 1 (pl. I).
27. Sijilmāsah – 451 – dinar.
As 26.
V 1426 (AV). Rivero:M 97 (pl. II). Ø 2069: OM largely illegible.
28. Sijilmāsah – 452 – dinar. Plate I
OF لا اله الا
الله
محمد رسول
الله
RF الامام عبد
لله امير المؤمنين
والامير ابوبكر
نب عمر
OM as OM of 26.
RM as RM of 26.
S: Beyram 288 (pl. II). B 794 (pl. XIII): date given as 454 (disproved by plate.)
29. Sijilmāsah – 454? – dinar.
As 28.
B 795 (pl. XIII): date illegible in plate.
30. Sijilmāsah – 454? – dinar.
As 26.
Soret:F 131: date uncertain.
31. Sijilmāsah – 455 – dinar.
As 26.
B 796–802 (pl. XIII: 801; coin illustrated under no. 800 is 38) (7 sp.).
32. Sijilmāsah – 456 – dinar.
As 26.
V 1427. BN II 508 (pl. II). S: Beyram 287.
33. Sijilmāsah – 457 – dinar.
As 26.
V 1428. BM V 1 (pl. I): فمن for ومن in OM (misprint). B 803, 804 (2 sp.).
34. Sijilmāsah – 458 – dinar.
As 26.
B 805, 806 (2 sp).
35. Sijilmāsah – 461 – dinar.
As 26.
V 1429 (AV). KM II 563. Ø 2070.
7
36. Sijilmāsah – 462 – dinar.
As 26.
V 1430 (AV). BN II 509. Ø 2071.
37. Sijilmāsah – 463 – dinar.
As 26.
Welzl 12235. Ø 2072.
38. Sijilmāsah – 467 – dinar.
As 26.
V 1431 (AV). B 807 (pl. XIII, under no. 800).
39. Sijilmāsah – 468 – dinar.
As 26.
V 1432 (AV). BN II 510. Cerdá 350: d, m only. Spink (1902) 79532. Sotheby 379: d, m only. S: Michal II 453.
40. Sijilmāsah – 469 – dinar.
As 26.
V 1433 (AV). BN II 511. L:Calvert 45. Spink (1907) 30491: d, m only. B 808.
41. Sijilmāsah – 470 – dinar.
As 26.
S: Michael II 454, 455 (2 sp.). See also copper: 1161.
42. Sijilmāsah – 471 – dinar.
As 26.
HSA 13156: ضب for ضرب in RM (engraving error). V 1435 (AV). J:Mohammedan p. 267: date read as 491 but presumably this year since ruler is given as Abū-Bakr. S:White 2177. S:Judice II 3089. Sotheby 379: d, m only. S:Michael II 456, 457? (pl. II) (2 sp.?). S:Grantley 2158. S:Gotha 975 (pl. XI).
43. Sijilmāsah – 472 – dinar.
As 26.
ANS. V 1436 (AV). Adler: C 85 (pl. VI). S: Michael II 458. S:Grantley 2159.
44. Sijilmāsah – 473 – dinar.
As 26.
HSA 15796. V 1437 (AV). Spink (1902) 79531; d, m only. Sotheby 379: d, m only.
45. Sijilmāsah – 474 – dinar.
As 26.
V 1438 (AV, Campaner). B 809.
46. Sijilmāsah – [4]75 – dinar.
As 26.
V 1439 (AV). B 810.
47. Sijilmāsah – 476 – dinar.
As 26.
V 1439 bis (p. 393). BN II 512. B 811. Balog: engraving errors in RM.
48. Sijilmāsah – 477 – dinar.
As 26.
V 1440 (AV, 2 others). Cerdá 351: d, m only. B 812, 813 (2 sp.).
49. Sijilmāsah – 478 – dinar.
As 26.
V 1441 (AV, 1 other), 1442 (AV). BM V 2: الا for الاخرة in OM (engraving error). Markov: E
p. 90, no. 1: d, m only. B 814, 815 (2 sp.).
50. Sijilmāsah – 479 – dinar.
As 26.
L:Calvert 46. B 816.
51. Sijilmāsah – 480 – dinar.
As 26.
B 817.
52. (mint?) – (date?) – half dinar.
OF as OF of 26.
RF الامام
عبد الله
المومنين
OM illegible.
RM largely illegible.
B 818 (pl. XIII), 818 bis (2 sp.): description indicating no margins disproved by plate showing remains of margins rendered illegible by clipping.
'Alī ibn-?
governor of Sijilmāsah
probably about A.H. 459 (A.D. 1067)
53. Sijilmāsah – 45x – dinar. Plate I
As 26 except OF: لا اله الا
الله
محمد رسول الله
علي
B 821 (pl. XIII): last digit of date punched out, misread as 450.
Ibrāhīm ibn-Abī-Bakr
governor of Sijilmāsah
A.H. 462–467
A.D. 1070–1074
54. Sijilmāsah – 462 – dinar.
As 26 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامير ابراهيم
بن ابي بكر
V 1446. BM V 3 (pl. I: o only). BN II 514: ضر for ضرب in RM (engraving error). Marsden 350 (pl. XXI): ضرهذا for ضرب هذا in RM.
55. Sijilmāsah – 465 – dinar. Plate I
As 54.
V 1447. BN II 515 (pl. II).
7*
56. Sijilmāsah – 466 – dinar.
As 54.
V 1448 (AV).
57. Sijilmāsah – 467? – dinar.
As 54.
B 820 (pl. XIII): plate largely illegible, including date.
Yūsuf ibn-Tāshfīn
A.H. 480–500
A.D. 1087–1106
58. Aghmāt – 486 – dinar.
As 26 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامير يوسف بن
تاشفين
V 1465 (Merle). BM V 4, 5 (2 sp.); ك b RF. Bartholomaei 60. Calvo p. 191.
59. Aghmāt – 487 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1466 (AV). BN II 516: ك b RF. Soret:F 132: ك b RF. C:Decadencia p. 376, no. 2 (pl. I): ك b RF. B 836.
60. Aghmāt – 488 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1467 (AV). BN II 517 (pl. II): ك b RF. Weyl: G 1183: d, m only. Markov: E p. 90, no. 4: d, m only. B 837.
61. Aghmāt – 489 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1468 (AV). BM V 6 (pl. I): without ك. BN II 518: without ك. Markov: E p. 881 no. 4a: d, m only, Rivero: M 100 (pl. II): ك b RF.
62. Aghmāt – 490 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1469 (AH, AV 2 sp.). BN II 519: without ك. B 838.
63. Aghmāt – 590 (for 490) – dinar.
As 58; the erroneous date apparently represents an engraving error.
V 1470. BM V 7: ك b RF.
64. Aghmāt – 491 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1471 (PG, AV). BN II 520: ك b RF. L:Calvert 47: ك b RF. B 839.
65. Aghmāt – 492 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1472 (AV). BN II 521: ك b RF. Cunha II 1524. Markov: E p. 966, no. 4b: d, m only. J:Mohammedan p. 267: d, m only. Sotheby 380: d, m only. B 840.
66. Aghmāt – 493 – dinar. Plate I
As 58.
HSA 13173: ك b RF. V 1473 (AV, 1 other), 1474. BM X p. 3, no. 9f: ك b RF. BN II 522: ك b RF. Soret:F 133: ك b RF. Demaeght v. IX, p. 202 (fig.): ك b RF. Markov: E p. 90, no. 5: d, m only. S:White 2179: d, m only. Ø 2074: illegible letter b RF.
67. Aghmāt – 494 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1475 (AV). BN II 523: ك b RF. Höst: E and N 4 (pl. XXXIII): ك b RF. Weyl: G 1184: d, m only. Markov: E p. 90, no. 6: d, m only. Ø 2075.
68. Aghmāt – 495 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1476 (AV). BN II 524: ك b RF. Weyl: G 1185: d, m only. Markov: E p. 90, no. 7: d, m only.
69. Aghmāt – 496 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1477 (AV), 1478. BN II 525: ك b RF. Colson p. 241: d, m only.
70. Aghmāt – 497 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1479 (AV). B 841.
71. Aghmāt – 498 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1480 (PG, AV). B 842–847 (pl. XIII: 847) (6 sp.): ك b RF.
72. Tilimsān or Balansiyah – 494 – dinar.
As 58.
L:Calvert 48: mint , ك b RF. If date is correctly read, mint is presumably Tilimsān, as Balansiyah was not taken until 495.
73. Sabtah – 484 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1464 (AV, 1 other). MA 488. Cerdá 354: d, m only. Rivero: M 99 (pl. II) without ك.
74. Sijilmāsah – 480 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1449 (Howland): d, m in OM (misprint). BN II 527 (pl. III): without ك. Spink (1902) 79533. Sotheby 380: d, m only. B 822.
75. Sijilmāsah – 481 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1450 (AV). Weyl: G 1182: d, m only. Markov: E p. 90, no. 3: d, m only. Ø 2073. B 823, 824 (2 sp.).
76. Sijilmāsah – 482 – dinar.
As 58.
ANS: without ك. V 1451 (AV).
77. Sijilmāsah – 483 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1452 (FC, AV). D: Lorichs 4705. Cerdá 352: d, m only. Markov: E p. 880, no. 3a: d, m only. B 825 (coin illustrated under no. 825 in pl. XIII is 78).
78. Sijilmāsah – 484 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1453 (PG, AV). BM X p. 3, no. 3k: ⊃ (for ك?) b RF. BN II 528: ك b RF. Cerdá 353: d, m only. Colson p. 241: d, m only. B 825 bis (pl. XIII, under no. 825) ك b RF.
79. Sijilmāsah – 485 – dinar.
As 58.
HSA 13182: ك b RF. V 1454 (AV 2 sp., 2 others), 1455 (AV). BM X p. 3, no. 3m. ⊃ (for ك?) b RF. BN II 529: without ك. Cerdá 355: d, m only. Markov: E p. 880, no. 3b: d, m only. S: White 2178 (?): reference or date wrong.
80. Sijilmāsah – 486 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1456 (AV 2 sp.). Cerdá 356; d, m only. Zambaur II 267: without ك. B 826–828 (3 sp.).
81. Sijilmāsah – [4]87 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1457 (PG, AV, 1 other). B 829.
82. Sijilmāsah – 488 – dinar.
Presumably as 58.
Cerdá 357: d, m only.
83. Sijilmāsah – 490 – dinar.
As 58.
B 830.
84. Sijilmāsah – 491 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1458 (PG, AV 3 sp.). L: Khedivial p. 328: date read as 471 but presumably this year since Yūsuf is given as ruler, ك b RF.
85. Sijilmāsah – 493 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1459 (AV).
86. Sijilmāsah – 494 – dinar.
As 58.
Markov:E p. 881, no. 6a: d, m only. Ziya 2028. B 831, 832 (2 sp.).
87. Sijilmāsah – 495 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1460 (AV 2 sp.). BN II 530: without ك. B 833, 834 (2 sp.).
88. Sijilmāsah – 496 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1461 (Campaner). Weyl: G 1186: d, m only. Markov: E p. 90 no. 8: d, m only.
89. Sijilmāsah – 497 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1462 (AV). BN II 531: without ك. S:Gotha 976.
90. Sijilmāsah – 498 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1463 (AV).
91. Sijilmāsah – (no date) – quarter dinar: Kūfī and Naskhī script. Plate I
OF لا اله الا
الله
محمد رسول الله
(mint)
RF الامير
يوسف بن
تاشفين
No margins.
BN II 532 (pl. III), 533 (2 sp.): before mint (not visible in plate). D: Lorichs 4707: described as one third of a dinar in Naskhī script, may be this coin. S:White 2180: denomination only. B 849–852 (pl. XIII: 852) (4 sp.).
92. Madīnat Fās – 484 – dinar.
Presumably as 58.
Colson p. 241: d, m only. May be a specimen of 93 misread.
93. Madīnat Fās – 494 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1484 (AV).
94. Fās – 497 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1485 (AV): date faultily engraved, read as 499 but probably this year since 'Alī is not designated heir.
95. Madīnat Marrākush – 490 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1481 (AV 2 sp.). BM X p. 3, no. 7t (pl. XXI): without ك. Brooke p. 77 (pl. VI, no. 2): without ك.
96. Mad[īnat] Marrākush – 491 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1482. BM V 8: without ك. Marsden 351 (pl. XXI): without ك.
97. Marrākush – 4(9)1 – dinar.
As 58; date faulty, 9 omitted.
V 1483. BN II 534: without ك.
98. Nūl – 494 – dinar.
Presumably as 58.
Colson p. 241: d, m only.
— (mint?) – (date?) – dinar.
As 58.
B 848 (pl. XIII): ك b RF; this coin is a dinar with margins rendered illegible by clipping, not a half dinar as recorded.
— (mint?) – (date?) – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين
يوسف بن تاشفين
RF الامام
عبد الله
امير المؤمنين
العباسي
OM as OM of 26.
RM as RM of 26.
This coin, the inscriptions of which are reported by al-Maqrīzī, citing abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-al-Ḥalīm al-Gharnāṭī, has not been reported as existing in any modern collection; since the legends correspond to those of Murābiṭ coins struck several decades later, it can be confidently rejected as erroneous. Likewise coins, reported by several Moslem historians, with Yūsuf termed "amīr al-mu'minīn" are certainly non-existent.
Spanish mints.
99. Ishbīliyah – (4)89 – dinar.
Presumably as 58.
Yale.
100. Madīnat Ishbīliyah – [49]1 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1492 (AV): date partially illegible.
101. Madīnat Ishbīliyah – 493 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1493 (AV).
102. Ishbīliyah – 496 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1494 (PG).
103. Ishbīliyah – 497 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1495 (AV). BN II 535 (pl. III): ك b RF. Longpérier:D p. 429: d, m only. Rivero: E (pl. III, no. 1): ك b RF.
— Balansiyah or Tilimsān – 494 – dinar.
See 72.
104. Balansiyah – 496 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1503 (AV). Markov: E p. 881, no. 8a: d, m only.
105. Balansiyah – 497 – dinar.
Presumably as 58.
Longpérier:D p. 429: d, m only, 'Alī is not designated heir.
106. Bayyāsah – 497 – presumably a dinar.
Presumably as 58.
C:Çecas p. 343: d, m only; mint given as Bāyasah (error).
107. Dāniyah – 495 – dinar.
As 58 except that OM is followed by بسم الله.
KM II 565: without ك.
108. Sanlūkah – 491 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1491 (PG).
109. Shāṭibah – [4]89 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1490 (Andujar).
110. Gharnāṭah – 493 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1500 (AV), 1501 (Lahoz). Colson p. 241: d, m only.
111. Madīnat Qurṭubah – 486 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1486. BN II 540 (pl. III): without ك.
112. Madīnat Qurṭubah – 490 – dinar.
As 58 except RM, in which عام replaces ك.
V 1487 (PG).
113. Madīnat Qurṭubah – 492 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1488. BM V 9 (pl. I, R only): ض b RF.
114. Qurṭubah – 496 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1489 (PG). C:Tratado p. 196, no. 1 (pl. XX): without ك.
115. al-Qanṭarah or Qanṭarat al-Sayf – 496 – dinar.
Presumably as 58.
Colson p. 241: d, m only; mint given in Spanish, may be either of above forms in Arabic.
116. Madīnat Mālaqah – 494 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1502 (AV).
117. al-Marīyah – 492 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1496 (AV).
118. al-Marīyah – 494 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1497 (AV). BN II 543 (pl. III): without ك. Longpérier: D p. 429: d, m only. Rivero: M 101 (pl. II): without ك.
119. al-Marīyah – 495 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1498 (FC, AV).
120. Madīnat al-Marīyah – 495 – dinar.
As 58.
V 1499 (AV, Campaner). González p. 82 (fig. 18): without ك, mint uncertain.
With heir
'Alī ibn-Yūsuf
A.H. 496–500
A.D. 1103–1106
121. Aghmāt – 498 – dinar.
As 26 and 58 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامير يوسف بن
تاشفين الامير
علي
V 1524 (AV 2 sp.). BN II 526: الامير for الامير in fourth line of OF, ك b RF. B 859: ك b RF.
122. Aghmāt – 499 – dinar.
As 121.
V 1525 (AV).
— Sijilmāsah – 499 – dinar.
See 172.
123. Marrākush – 499 – dinar.
As 26 and 121 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامير يوسف بن تا
شفين والامير
علي
B 858 (pl. XIII): لحر (?) b RF.
124. Nūl – 497 – dinar.
Presumably as 121.
B 856: بكر (?) b RF.
Spanish mints.
125. Ishbīliyah – 498 – dinar.
As 121 except OF, top line of which is changed to الا اله الا الله.
B 857 ك: b presumably this OF, description incomplete.
126. Ishbīliyah – 499 – dinar.
As 125.
V 1526 (AV). Caballero p. 16: d, m only, ك b RF.
127. Balansiyah – 497 – dinar. Plate I
As 26 and 121 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامير علي بن الامير
يوسف بن تاشفين
V 1505 (PG, AV 2 sp., 1 other). BM X p. 4, no. 91: no letter b RF, ascribed to 'Alī. BN II 536 (pl. III): no letter 6 RF. KM II 564 (pl. III): no letter b RF.
128. Balansiyah – 498 – dinar.
As 127.
V 1506 (PG, AV 2 sp., 2 others). BN II 537: no letter b RF. Longpérier: D p. 429: d, m only.
129. Balansiyah – 498 – dinar.
As 127 except RM, from which سنة is omitted (engraving error).
V 1507 (AV, 2 others). MA 489: حس at end of RM. S: Ciscar 31 (pl. I): RM obscure in plate, no letter b RF. S: Gotha 977.
130. Balansiyah – 499 – dinar.
As 26 and 121 except OF:
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله الامير
يوسف بن تاشفين
الامير علي
V 1528 (FC, AV, 1 other). Colson p. 241: d, m only.
131. Balansiyah – 499 – dinar.
As 58 plus الامير علي b RF.
V 1516 (PG, AV).
132. Balansiyah – 500 (posthumous) – dinar.
As 131 plus حسبي الله at end of RM.
V 1517 (PG, AV 2 sp., 1 other). BM X p. 4, no. 9s: description inaccurate, ascribed to 'Alī, حسبن for حسبي in RM (engraving error). Colson p. 241: d, m only.
133. Dāniyah – 497 – dinar.
As 127.
V 1508. BN II 538: no letter b RF. Longpérier: D p. 429: d, m only. D: Lorichs 4706: d, m only.
Weyl:G 1188: d, m only. Markov: E p. 90, no. 10: d, m only.
134. Dāniyah – 498 – dinar.
As 127 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة.
V 1509 (AV). Longpérier: D p. 429: d, m only. Caballero p. 15, no. 2: ك b RF.
135. Dāniyah – 498 – dinar.
As 131.
V 1518 (PG). BN II 539: no letter b RF. C: Tratado p. 197, no. 4 (pl. XX): no letter b RF. Caballero p. 14, no. 1.
136. Dāniyah – 499 – dinar.
As 131 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة.
V 1519 (AV). Caballero p. 15: عام not specified.
137. Dāniyah – 499 – dinar.
As 121 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة.
V 1522 (UV, AV, 1 other), 1523 (AV).
138. Dāniyah – 499 – dinar.
As 123 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة.
Caballero p. 15, no. 3.
139. Dāniyah – 499 – dinar.
As 137 except OF:
ال اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامير يوسف بن تا
شفين الامير علي
V 1521 (García).
140. Madīnat Dāniyah – 500 (posthumous) – dinar.
As 131.
V 1520 (AV). Caballero p. 15, no. 4.
141. Shāṭibah – 497 – dinar.
As 127 except OF, first line of which is changed to: لا اله الا الله.
V 1504 (AV).
142. Shāṭibah – 498 – dinar.
May be as 141 or as 125 and 143.
Weyl:G 1189: d, m only.
143. Shāṭibah – 499 – dinar.
As 125.
V 1527 (AV).
144. Qurṭubah – 497 – dinar.
As 58 and 131 except RF: الامام عبد الله
امير المؤمنين
الامير علي
V 1510. BN II 541: س b RF. Longpérier: D p. 429: d, m only.
145. Qurṭubah – 498 – dinar.
As 144.
V 1511 (García).
146. Madīnat Mālaqah – 500 (posthumous) – dinar.
As 26 and 121 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامير يوسف ولي
عهده الامير
علي
V 1529 (1 other). BN II 542: وولي for ولي on OF (misprint), no letter b RF.
147. Mālaqah – 500 (posthumous) – dinar.
As 146 except RM, in which الرحمن الرحيم follows بسم الله.
V 1530 (AV). Longpérier: D p. 429: d, m only.
148. al-Marīyah – 497 – dinar.
As 58 and 131 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة, and RF:
الامير
الامام عبد
الله
امير المؤمنين
على
V 1512. BN II 544: no letter b RF. Longpérier: D p. 429: d, m only. Weyl: G 1187: d, m only. Markov: E p. 90, no. 9: d, m only.
149. al-Marīyah – 497 – dinar.
As 136.
V 1513 (AV).
150. al-Marīyah – 498 – dinar.
As 136.
V 1514 (PG, AV).
151. al-Marīyah – 499 – dinar.
As 136.
V 1515 (AV).
Yūsuf with 'Alī as heir; recapitulation of types. All coins as 58, standard type of Yūsuf, with following modifications (coins on which عام replaces سنة in RM are designated by *).
RF: على/امير المؤمنين/الله/الامام عبد/الامير: 148*.
RF: الامير علي/امير المؤمنين/الامام عبد الله: 144, 145.
الامير علي b RF: 131, 135, 136*, 140, 149*, 150*, 151*.
الامير علي b RF, حسبي الله at end of RM: 132.
Last 3 lines of OF: علي /تاشفين الامير / الامير يوسف بن: 121, 122, 124, 137*.
As preceding type with top line of OF: لا اله الا الله: 125, 126, 143.
Last 3 lines of OF: الامير علي/يوسف بن تاشفين/محمد رسول الله الامير: 130.
Last 3 lines of OF: علي/ شفين و الامير / الامير يوسف بن تا: 123, 138*.
Last 2 lines of OF: شفين الامير علي/ الامير يوسف بن تا: 139*.
Last 2 lines of OF: يوسف بن تاشفين/ الامير علي بن الامير: 127, 128, 133, 134*.
As preceding type but سنة omitted: 129.
As type of 127 with top line of OF: لا اله الا الله: 141, 142?.
Last 3 lines of OF: علي/عهده الامير/الامير يوسف ولي: 146.
As preceding type with الرحمن after بسم الله in RM: 147.
'Alī ibn- Yūsuf
A.H. 500–537
A.D. 1106–1143
See also posthumous dinars of Yūsuf: 132, 140, 146, 147.
152. Aghmāt – 500 – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين علي
ين يوسف
RF الامام
عبد
الله
امير المومنين
OM ومن يبتغ غير الاسلام دينا فلن يقبل منه وهو في الاخرة من الخاسرين
RM (date) سنة (mint) بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هذا الدينارب
V 1552 (AV). BM X p. 4, no. 9t: ك b RF. Colson p. 242: d, m only.
153. Aghmāt – 501 – dinar.
As 152 but الرحمن الرحيم omitted from RM.
V 1553 (AV). BM V 10: ك b RF. BN II 547: ك b RF. Marsden 352 (pl. XXI): ك b RF (given as ك, corrected from plate). Fraehn: O p. 26 (frontispiece of "Lexici Meninskiani" vol. IV).
154. Aghmāt – 502 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1554 (AV). Zambaur II 268: ك b RF.
155. Aghmāt – 503 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1555 (AV).
156. Aghmāt – 504 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1556 (AV). BN II 548: ك b RF.
157. Aghmāt – 505 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1557 (AV). Lisbon.
158. Aghmāt – 506 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1558 (PG, AV). MA 516. C: Monedas p. 381: d, m only. Balog: ك b RF.
159. Aghmāt – 507 – dinar.
As 153.
HSA 531: ك b RF. V 1559 (AV). BN II 549: ك b RF.
160. Aghmāt – 508 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1560 (AH, AV). Lagumina p. 100, no. 1: ك b RF, فمن for ومن in OM (misprint?).
Figanier 274: ك b OF (misprint لك corrected by letter).
161. Aghmāt – 509 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1561 (AV). B 866 (pl. XIII): ك b RF. Thorburn: OM illegible, ك b RF.
162. Aghmāt – 510 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1562 (AV 2 sp.). Markov: E p. 881, no. 12a: d, m only.
163. Aghmāt – 511 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1563 (AV), 1564 (AV), 1565 (AV). BM V 17 (pl. I): ك b RF. BN II 550: ك b RF. KM II 590: ك b RF.
164. Aghmāt – 512 – dinar.
As 153.
HSA 9174: ك b RF. S: Michael I 1668: ك b RF. B 872 bis: ك b RF, description incomplete.
165. Aghmāt – 513 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1566 (PG, AV).
166. Aghmāt – 514 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1567 (AV). BM X p. 4, no. 18t: ك b RF.
167. Aghmāt – 515 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1568 (AV). BM V 20: ك b RF.
168. Banī-Tāwadā – 513 – dinar.
As 153 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة.
Colson p. 242: d, m only. B 873 (pl. XIV): mint given as Talaveira (error), illegible letters b RF, date illegible in plate.
169. Tilimsān – 505 – dinar.
As 152.
Ø 2080.
170. Tilimsān – 511 – dinar.
As 168; هاذ for هذ in RM (engraving error).
V 1585. BM V 18: ك b RF. Marsden 354 (pl. XXI): ك b RF.
171. Madīnat Tilimsān – 511 – dinar.
As 168.
V 1584 (AV). Colson p. 242: d, m only.
172. Sijilmāsah – 499 – dinar. This coin, if correctly reported, was struck for 'Alī as heir before the death of Yūsuf.
As 153 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامير علي بن
يوسف
V 1545 (AV).
173. Sijilmāsah – 500 – dinar.
As 172.
V 1546 (AV). B 835: three letters after date, ascribed to Yūsuf, may be this coin misread.
174. Sijilmāsah – 502 – dinar.
As 172.
V 1547 (AV).
175. Sijilmāsah – 504 – dinar.
As 172.
S: Gotha 981 (pl. XI): no letter b RF.
176. Sijilmāsah – 505 – dinar.
As 172.
V 1548 (AV).
177. Sijilmāsah – 508 – dinar.
As 172.
V 1549 (AV).
178. Sijilmāsah – 511 – dinar.
Presumably as 172.
B 872: ك b RF, description inaccurate.
179. Sijilmāsah – 513 – dinar.
As 172.
V 1550 (AH).
180. Sijilmāsah – 518 – dinar.
As 172.
V 1551 (PG): date faulty (misprint?).
181. Sijilmāsah – 520 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1590 (AV).
182. Sijilmāsah – 521 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1591. BM X p. 5, no. 290: top line OF divided لا اله الا/ الله (error), no letter b RF.
183. Salā – 508 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1583 (AV).
184. Madīnat Fās – 501? – dinar.
As 152 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة.
V 1569: date uncertain. BM V 12: date uncertain, 5th line OF illegible, ك b RF.
185. Madīnat Fās – 508 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1570 (AV).
186. Madīnat Fās – 508 – dinar.
As 168.
V 1571 (AV). BN II 560: ك b RF.
187. Madīnat Fās – 509 – dinar.
As 168.
V 1572 (AV), 1573 (Codera Imp.).
188. Madīnat Fās – 511 – dinar.
Presumably as 168.
B 871: description incomplete.
189. Madīnat Fās – 512 – dinar.
As 168.
V 1574 (PG).
190. Madīnat Fās – 515? – dinar.
As 168.
V 1575 (García): date uncertain.
191. Madīnat Fās – 520 – dinar.
Presumably as 168.
Spink (1900) 63240, (1902) 79537 (2 sp.): d, m only. B 882: description incomplete.
192. Madīnat Fās – 521 – dinar.
As 168.
V 1576 (UV, PG, FC, AV 2 sp.). MA 517. Spink (1901) 68378: d, m (given as Fās) only.
193. Madīnat Fās – 522 – dinar.
Presumably as 168.
B 884: description incomplete.
194. Marrākush – 500 – dinar.
Probably as 152.
G p. 182: d, m only.
195. Marrākush – 510 – dinar.
Presumably as 168.
B 867: ك b RF, description incomplete.
196. Marrākush – 516 – dinar.
As 168.
V 1586 (AH, AV).
197. Marrākush – 518 – dinar.
As 168.
V 1587. MA 518.
198. Marrākush – 519 – dinar.
As 168.
V 1588 (PG).
199. Marrākush – 520 – dinar.
As 184.
B 880 (pl. XIII): ك b RF, description inaccurate. Seaby G992: d, m only.
200. Marrākush – 521 – dinar.
As 168.
V 1589. MA 519. D: García 6088.
201. Nūl – 501 – dinar.
As 152.
V 1577 (UV).
202. Nūl – 509 – dinar.
As 153.
Marçais p. 182 (pl. I): ك b RF, mint dubious, may be Aghmāt (161).
203. Nūl – 510 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1578. BN II 572 (pl. III): ك b RF.
204. Nūl – 511 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1579 (AV).
205. Nūl Lamṭah – 513 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1580 (AV). B 885: ك b RF, description incomplete, date given as 523, mint given as Nūl, may be this coin, as Sīr is apparently not designated heir.
206. Nūl Lamṭah – 515 – dinar.
Presumably as 153.
Weyl:G 1197: d, m only. Markov: E p. 90, no. 14: d, m only.
207. Nūl Lamṭah – 516 – dinar.
As 153.
KM II 628: ك b RF.
208. Nūl Lamṭah – 518 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1581 (UV).
209. Nūl Lamṭah – 522 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1582. MA 515. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. S: Gotha 980 (pl. XI): date uncertain, given as 523 (error), ك b RF.
210. (no mint) – (no date) – half dinar.
OF as OF of 152. RF as RF of 152.
No margins (this is not a clipped dinar).
Longpérier:D p. 430 not described. B 886 (pl. XIV): ك b RF; misread.
Spanish mints.
211. Ishbīliyah – 510 – dinar.
As 153 except OF, top line of which is divided الله لا اله الا.
B 868: description incomplete.
212. Ishbīliyah – 515 – dinar.
As 211.
V 1655 (PG), 1656 (AV). MA 521. Cerdá 365: d, m only. Figanier 275: لك b RF (confirmed by letter).
213. Ishbīliyah – 516 – dinar.
As 211.
V 1657 (UV, PG, AV 3 sp., 1 other). BN II 575: لك b RF. MA 522. KM II 582, 583 (pl. III) (2 sp.): لك b RF. Tychsen, O. p. 42. Dorn:A p. 401. Longpérier: D p. 430: d, m only. D: Lorichs 4710: d, m only. Cerdá 367: d, m only. L:Oriental p. 235: لك b RF, reported as 153 (error). Calvo (pl. XI, no. 5): mint given as al-Marīyah (disproved by plate), لك b RF. Figanier 276 (pl. V): plate shows لك b RF. Thorburn: d, m only.
214. Ishbīliyah – 516 – dinar.
As 211 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة.
HSA 7896: لك b RF. V 1658 (FC, AV 3 sp.). BN II 576: ل b RF (error for لك). MA 522 note. Tornberg p. 275, no. 1: المومنين for المسلمين (error), لك b RF. Fraehn: N p. 87, no. 2; لك b RF, description inaccurate. Dorn I p. 55, no. 7, 8 (2 sp.): لك b RF. Markov: T 183 (= Swedish Royal Museum 1123).
215. Ishbīliyah – 517 – dinar.
As 211.
ANS: لك b RF. V 1659 (PG 2 sp., FC, AV 2 sp.). BM V 22: لك b RF. MA 523. KM II 584: لك b RF. Longpérier: D p. 430: d, m only, with heir Tāshfīn (error). Fraehn: N p. 87, no. 4: لك b RF, description inaccurate. Cerdá 369: d, m only. Dorn I p. 56, no. 11: عام for سنة in RM (error?), لك b RF. Brosset col. 400; d, m only. Weyl: G 1202: d, m only. Markov: E p. 91, no. 19, 20 (2 sp.): d, m only. Spink (1898) 46650, (1901) 68380, (1902) 79534 (3 sp.): d, m only.
216. Ishbīliyah – 518 – dinar.
As 211.
HSA 13155: لك b RF. V 1660 (UV, AV 4 sp.). BM V 23: الخاسر for الخاسربن in OM, لك b RF. BN II 578: لك (read as لد) b RF. MA 524 (2 sp.). KM II 585: لك b RF. Cerdá 371: d, m only. Dorn I p. 56, no. 13: عام for سنة in RM (error?), لك b RF. Brosset col. 400: d, m only. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. Markov:E p. 91, no. 21: d, m only. S: Judice II 3092 (pl. II): لك b RF. Ø 2086: description inaccurate, لك b RF. B 876: لك b RF, description inaccurate. Figanier 100: لك b RF, mint and date incorrectly recorded.
217. Ishbīliyah – 518 – dinar.
As 211 but with سنة repeated in RM (engraving error).
HSA 13184: الخاسر for الخاسرين in OM, لك b RF. V 1661 (UV).
218. Ishbīliyah – 519 – dinar.
As 211 but with ياشر b RF.
HSA 9175. V 1662 (UV, PG, AV, 2 others). BM V 24, 25 (2 sp.). BN II 577: date given as 517 but probably this year as ياشر appears. MA 525. KM II 586. Cerdá 372: description incomplete. Dorn I p. 56, no. 15, 16 (2 sp.): عام for سنة in RM (error?), لك b RF (error?). Weyl: G 1204: d, m only. Markov:E is p. 91, no. 22, 23 (2 sp.): d, m only. L: Khedivial p. 329. B 878: description inaccurate.
219. Ishbīliyah – 520 – dinar.
As 218.
HSA 13154. V 1663 (UV, PG, AV 3 sp., 1 other), 1664 (AH, PG, AV): date faulty. BM V 16: date 510 but probably engraving error for this year as ياشر appears; 27 (2 sp.?). BN II 579. MA 526 (2 sp.). Cerdá 375: description incomplete. Spink (1098) 46651, (1901) 60379, (1902) 79536 (3 sp.). S: Judice II 3093. B 879 (pl. XIII).
220. Ishbīliyah – 521 – dinar. Plate I
As 218.
ANS. V 1665 (UV 2 sp., PG, AV 3 sp.). BM V 29 (pl. I). BN II 580. MA 527 (3 sp.). KM II 587: الخاسر for الخاسرين in OM. Condé p. 279 (pl. III, no. 5): several slight errors. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only; with heir Tāshfīn (error). Cerdá 378: description incomplete.
221. Ishbīliyah – 522 – dinar.
As 218 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة.
HSA 13205: د for ر in ياشر (engraving error?). V 1666 (PG, AV). MA 528: as 218, corrected by Vives. Cerdá 380: description incomplete.
— Ighranāṭah – 504–522 – dinars.
See 241–256.
222. Balansiyah – 500 – dinar.
As 152.
V 1592 (PG, AV, 2 others), 1593 (AV): حس at end of RM. MA 493. Fleischer p. 387 (pl.): لي after الامام in RF (error), no letter b RF. Sentenach (pl. XVI, no. 1): no letter b RF.
223. Balansiyah – 501 – dinar.
As 152.
V 1594 (AV).
224. Balansiyah – 504 – dinar.
As 152.
V 1595 (UV, AV, 1 other). BN II 581: no letter b RF. Colson p. 242 (4 sp.): d, m only. D: Lorichs 4709: d, m only. Bartholomaei 61. Cerdá 361: d, m only. Sotheby 381: d, m only. B 862 (pl. XIV): description inaccurate, no letter b RF.
225. Balansiyah – 505 – dinar.
As 152.
V 1596 (PG, AV, 1 other). BN II 582: no letter b RF. KM II 591: no letter b RF. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only. Colson p. 242 (4 sp.): d, m only.
226. Balansiyah – 508 – dinar.
As 152.
V 1597 (AV). BN II 583: س b RF. MA 494. D: García 6083: س b RF.
227. Balansiyah – 509 – dinar.
As 152.
V 1598. BN II 584 (pl. III): س b RF. Colson p. 242: d, m only.
228. Balansiyah – 512 – dinar.
As 184.
V 1599 (PG, AV). Longpérier:D p. 430 d, m only. Colson p. 242 (2 sp.): d, m only. D: García 6085: الرحمن الرحيم omitted from RM (error?). Cerdá 363: d, m only.
229. Madīnat Balansiyah – 512 – dinar.
As 168.
V 1600 (AV). MA 495. Colson p. 242 (2 sp.): d, m only.
230. al-Jazīrah – 507 – dinar.
As 153; هاذ for هذ in RM (engraving error).
V 1634 (UV, PG, AV). BN II 585 (pl. IV), 586 (2 sp.): ك b RF. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only. Colson p. 242 (15 sp.): d, m only. Caballero p. 16: d, m only, ك b RF. Markov:E p. 90, no. 12: d, m only. Rivero:M 105 (pl. II) ك b RF. Ø 2082: misread, identified from impression furnished by Galster.
231. al-Jazīrah – 507 – dinar.
As 168.
V 1635 (AV).
232. al-Jazīrah – 508 – dinar.
As 168.
V 1636 (AH, AV, 1 other). BN II 587: ك b RF. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only. Colson p. 242 (7 sp.): d, m only. Caballero p. 16: d, m only, ك b RF. Ø 2083: misread, identified from impression furnished by Galster. B 864 (pl. XIV): date read as 507 (corrected from plate), ك b RF, description incomplete.
233. al-Jazīrah – 509 – dinar.
Presumably as 168.
Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only. Weyl:G 1195: d, m only.
234. Madīnat Dāniyah – 500 – dinar.
As 172.
V 1544 (PG). B 860 (pl. XIII): no letter b RF, description incorrect.
235. Dāniyah. – 500 – dinar.
As 152.
V 1601 (AV 2 sp.). Condé p. 278 (pl. III, no. 4): slightly misread, no letter b RF. Longpérier:D p. 429: d, m only. L'Oriental p. 235: incorrectly described, no letter b RF. Caballero p. 17.
236. Dāniyah – 501 – dinar.
As 152.
V 1602 (AV). Caballero p. 17.
237. Dāniyah – 504 – dinar.
As 152.
V 1603 (AV). Caballero p. 17.
238. Madīnat Shāṭibah – 500 – dinar.
As 172 except OF, top line of which. is changed to لا اله الا الله.
V 1543. (Gracío).
239. Gharnāṭah – 501 – dinar.
As 152.
V 1606 (AV): اهذ for هذ in RM (misprint?). BN II 588: no letter b RF, mint given as غراناطة (misprint). Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only. Rivero: M 104 (pl. II).
240. Gharnāṭah – 502 – dinar.
As 152.
V 1607 (AV, 1 other). Weyl:G 1194: d, m only. Markov:E p. 90, no. 11: d, m only.
241. Ighranāṭah – 504 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1608 (AV). Colson p. 242: d, m only. B 861: description inaccurate.
242. Ighranāṭah – 508 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1609 (AV). Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only. Colson p. 242: d, m only.
243. Ighranāṭah – 509 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1610 (UV 2 sp., FC, AV 2 sp.). BN II 589: no letter b RF. KM II 594: mint given as Ighrānāṭah (error?), no letter b RF. Colson p. 242: d, m only. Cerdá 362: d, m only. Figanier 157: See also copper: 1163.
244. Ighranāṭah – 515 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1612 (AV). Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only. C:Monedas p.381: d, m only. B 874: ك b RF, description incomplete.
245. Ighranāṭah – 515 – dinar.
As 168.
V 1613 (AV). BM V 19: ما a OF, لك b RF. BN II 590: ما a OF, لك (given as لد) b RF. MA 496 (2 sp.).
246. Ighranāṭah – 516 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1614 (PG 2 sp., AV 2 sp.). BM V 21: ما a OF, لك b RF. BN II 591: ما a OF, لك b RF. MA 497 (2 sp.). KM II 595: ما a OF, لك b RF. Marsden 355 (pl. XXI): description inaccurate, plate shows ما a OF, لك RF. G p. 182: d, m only. Longpérier:D p. 430 d, m only, with name مالك. Fraehn: O p. 26: description incomplete, citing Aurivillius pl. IV, no. 7. Weyl:G 1199 (2 sp.): d, m only. Markov:E p. 90, no. 15; p. 91, no.16 (2 sp.): d, m only.
247. Ighranāṭah – 516 – dinar.
As 168.
HSA 10624: ما a OF, لك b RF. KM II 596: ما a OF, لك b RF. Dorn I p. 55, no. 4, 5, 6 (?) (3 sp.?): ما a OF, لك b RF.
248. Ighranāṭah – 517 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1615 (PG, AV 2 sp.). BN II 592: ما a OF, لك b RF. MA 498 (2 sp.). KM II 597: ما a OF, كل b RF. D: Lorichs 4711 d, m only. Cerdá 368: d, m only. Weyl:G 1201: d, m only. Markov:E p. 91 no. 18: d, m only.
249. Ighranāṭah – 517 – dinar.
As 168.
V 1616 (AV). Dorn I p. 55, no. 9, 10 (2 sp.): ما a OF, لك b RF.
250. Ighranāṭah – 518 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1617. MA 499.
251. Ighranāṭah – 519 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1618 (AH, UV 2 sp., PG, AV). MA 500. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. L:Calvert 49: لب b RF.
252. Ighranāṭah – 519 – dinar.
As 152 except RM: (date) عام (mint) بسم الله امر بضرب هذا الديناررفي.
V 1619 (AH 2 sp., 1 other). MA 501.
253. Ighranāṭah – 520 – dinar.
As 252.
V 1620 (UV, AV). KM II 598: لم b RF (reported as ornament). L: Khedivial p. 329. Ø 2087: description of RM inaccurate.
254 Ighranāṭah – 520 – dinar.
As 252 plus وزن a RF and قديم b RF (outside of inner circle).
V 1621 (AH, AV). MA 502. KM II 599 (pl. III): لم b RF (reported as ornament). Cerdá 374: description incomplete. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only.
255. Ighranāṭah – 521 – dinar.
As 254.
V 1622 (AV, 1 other). BN II 593 (pl. IV): لم (read as ل) b RF. MA 503. KM II 600; لم b RF (reported as ornament). C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. Weyl:G 1205: d, m only. Markov:E p. 91, no. 25: d, m only.
256. Ighranāṭah – 522 – dinar. Plate I
As 254.
V 1623 (PG, AV). BM V 32 (pl. I): لم (read on p. XXI as عمر) b RF. BN II 594: لم (read as ل) b RF. MA 504 (2 sp.). C:Tratado p. 198, no. 5 (pl. XX): لم b RF. B 883 (pl. XII): لم b RF.
257. Qurṭubah – 503 – dinar.
As 152 except OF, top line of which is changed to:لا اله الا الله.
V 1654 (PG). MA 520 (2 sp.). KM II 603: اح (read as اد) b RF. Rivero:E (pl. III, no. 4): اح b RF. González p. 96 (fig. 25): illegible letter b RF.
258. Laushah? – 511 – dinar.
As 153.
B 869 (pl. XIII): mint given as "EL OUAKHA (LOJA)", for which correct Arabic name is Laushah, plate shows الوشة (?), no letter b RF. This may be a poorly engraved specimen of 278.
259. Mālaqah – 500 – dinar.
As 152 or 184.
D:Lorichs 4708: d, m only. Ø 2078: مون b RF.
260. Mālaqah – 501 – dinar.
As 184.
V 1604 (AV). BN II 598 (pl. IV): ز b RF. Longpérier:D p.430: d, m only. Cerdá 360: d, m only.
261. Mālaqah – 502 – dinar.
Probably as 184.
Colson p. 242: d, m only.
262. Mālaqah – 506 – dinar.
As 153 except RM, in which في precedes سنة.
V 1605 (PG).
263. Mursiyah – 501 – dinar.
As 152.
V 1624 (UV, PG, AV, 1 other). BM V II: م outside o inner circle. KM II 606: م outside o inner circle. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only. Colson p. 242: d, m only.
264. Mursiyah – 502 – dinar.
As 152.
V 1625 (FC, AV 2 sp.). Colson p. 242: d, m only.
265. Mursiyah – 502 – dinar.
As 184.
KM II 607: ه a OF (error?), و b RF (error for م?).
266. Mursiyah – 503 – dinar.
As 152.
V 1626 (UV, AV, 1 other).
267. Mursiyah – 504 – dinar.
As 152.
V 1627 (PG, FC, AV 3 sp., 1 other). Colson p. 242: d, m only. Sotheby 380: d, m only. Ø 2079: no letter b RF.
268. Mursiyah – 505 – dinar.
As 152.
ANS: no letter b RF. V 1628 (AV, 2 others). BM V 13. no letter b RF. BN II 599 (pl. IV): no letter b RF. MA 505. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only Colson p. 242 (2 sp.): d, m only. Ø 2081: no letter b RF.
269. Mursiyah – 506 – dinar.
As 152.
V 1629 (PG, AV, 1 other). MA 506. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only.
270. Mursiyah – 508 – dinar.
As 184.
V 1630 (AV), 1631 (AV, 2 others). BN II 600: no letter b RF. Colson p. 242 (2 sp.): d, m only.
271. Mursiyah – 509 – dinar.
As 184.
V 1632 (UV, PG, 1 other). MA 507. Colson p. 242 (2 sp.): d, m only. Ø 2084. B 865 (coin illustrated under no. 865 in pl. XIII is 272): م b RF, description inaccurate.
272. Mursiyah – 512 – dinar.
As 184.
V 1633 (PG, FC, AV, 2 others). BM X p. 4, no. 18f: م b RF. C:Donativo 10. S:Gotha 978 (pl. XI): م b RF. B 870 (pl. XIII, under no. 865): م b RF (misread as و), description inaccurate.
273. al-Marīyah – 506 – dinar.
As 152.
V 1637 (Morales), 1638: الدير for الدينار in RM (engraving error). BM V 14: الدير for الدينار in RM, no letter b RF. Condé p. 281 (pl. IV, no. 4): misread, apparently this date. B 863: م (read as ام) b RF, description inaccurate.
274. al-Marīyah? – 507 – dinar.
As 153.
Soret:D 88: ك b RF, mint uncertain.
275. Madīnat al-Marīyah – 508 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1639. BM V 15: ح b RF. Marsden 353 (pl. XXI): ح b RF. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only.
276. Madīnat al-Marīyah – 509 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1640 (AV).
277. al-Marīyah – 510 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1641 (UV 2 sp., AV). MA 508. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only.
278. al-Marīyah – 511 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1642. MA 509. D: García 6084.
279. al-Marīyah – 512 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1643 (AV).
280. al-Marīyah – 513 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1644 (AV).
281. al-Marīyah – 514 – dinar.
As 168.
V 1645 (UV, PG, AV). BN II 601 (pl. IV): no letter b RF.
282. al-Marīyah – 515 – dinar.
As 153.
Adler:C 86 (pl. VI): م b RF. Thorburn.
283. al-Marīyah – 515 – dinar.
As 168.
HSA 7895, 13147 (2 sp.): م b RF. V 1646 (UV 2 sp., PG, FC, AV 2 sp.). BM X p. 5, no. 20d: م b RF. BN II 602: م b RF. MA 510 (5 sp.). KM II 608: م b RF. Fraehn: N p. 87, no. 1: at end of RM. Cerdá 364: d, m only. Dorn I p. 54, no. 1 p. 55, no. 2, 3 (3 sp.): م (read as مر) 6 RF. London p. 92 (2 sp.): date given as 525 but probably this year since Sīr is not designated heir. Weyl:G 1196: d, m only. L:Oriental p. 235. date given as 525 but Sīr not designated. Markov:E p. 90, no. 13: d, m only. S:Judice II 3091.
284. al-Marīyah – 516 – dinar.
As 168.
HSA 13165: م b RF, لن at end of RM. V 1647 (PG, AV): at end of RM. BN II 603, 604 (2 sp.): م b RF. MA 511. KM II 609: م b RF, س (?) at end of OM and of RM. Welzl 12236. Longpérieri:D p. 430. d, m only. Fraehn: B 13: م b RF. Cerdá 366: d, m only. Weyl:G 1198: d, m only. Spink (1898) 46649, (1901) 68381 (2 sp.): d, m only. S:White 2181: d, m only. Ø 2085: RM misread. B 875 (pl. XIII): م b RF. Lisbon.
285. al-Marīyah – 517 – dinar.
As 168.
V 1648 (UV, PG 2 sp., AV 3 sp.). BN II 605: م b RF. KM II 610: م b RF. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only. Fraehn: N p. 87, no. 3: م (read as مر) b RF. D: Lorichs 4712: d, m only. Dorn I p. 56, no. 12: م (read as مر) b RF. Weyli:G 1200: d, m only. Markov:E p. 91, no. 17: d, m only.
286. al-Marīyah – 518 – dinar.
As 168.
V 1649 (UV, AV 2 sp.). BN II 606: م b RF. MA 512. KM II 611: م – b RF. Dorn:A p. 401. Fraehn: N p. 87, no. 5: م (read as مر) b RF. Cerdá 370: d, m only. Dorn I p. 56, no. 14: م (read as م) b RF. B 877: description incomplete.
287. al-Marīyah – 519 – dinar.
As 168.
HSA 13148: م b RF, ه outside inner R circle. UM: م b RF. V 1650 (AH, PG, AV 2 sp.). BM V 26: م b RF. Weyl:G 1203: d, m only. Markov :E p. 91, no. 24: d, m only. Spink (1902) 79535: d, m only. S:Judice II 3096 (pl. II): date given as 529 (corrected from plate), م b RF, ه outside inner R circle.
288. Madīnat al-Marīyah – 520 – dinar.
Presumably as 168.
B 881: ك b RF, description incomplete.
289. al-Marīyah – 520 – dinar.
As 184.
V 1651 (UV, PG 2 sp., AV 2 sp.). BM V 28: م b RF. BN II 607: م b RF, ه outside inner R circle. MA 513 (2 sp.). Longpérier:A pl. LV, no. 8): م b RF. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only, with heir Tāshfīn (error). D. Lorichs 4713: d, m only. Cerdá 373: d, m only.
290. al-Marīyah – 521 – dinar.
As 153.
V 1652 (AH, PG, AV, 1 other). BN II 608: م b RF ه outside inner R circle. Tornberg p. 275, no. 2: المؤمنين for المسلمين in of (error), م (read as مر) b RF. Soret:F 134: م b RF. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only, with heir Tāshfīn (error). Fraehn: N p. 87, no. 6: م (read as مر) b RF, عام for سنة in RM (error?). Cerdá 377: d, m only. Dorn I p. 56, no. 17: م (read as مر) b RF, عام for سنة in RM (error?).
291. al-Marīyah – 522 – dinar.
As 168.
V 1653 (UV, PG, AV). BM V 31:م b RF, ه outside inner R circle. BN II 609: م b RF, ه outside circle. MA 514 (2 sp.). Cerdá 379: d, m only. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. Markov :E p. 881, no. 25a: d, m only. L: Khedivial p. 329:م b RF, ه outside circle.
'Alī without heir; recapitulation of types. All coins as 153, standard type of 'Alī, with following modifications (coins on which عام replaces سنة in RM are designated by *).
Standard: 153–167, 168*, 170*, 171*. 181–183, 185, 186–193*, 195–198*, 200*, 202–209, 229*, 230, 231–233* 241–244, 245*, 246, 247*, 248, 249*, 250, 251, 258, 274–280, 281*, 282, 283–287*, 288*?, 290, 291*.
Top line OF: لا اله الا/ الله: 211–213, 214*. 215, 216.
As preceding type with سنة repeated in RM: 217.
As type of 211 with ياشر b RF: 218–220, 221*.
With الرحمن الرحيم after بسم الله in RM: 152, 169, 184*, 194?, 199*, 201, 222–227, 228*, 235–237, 239, 240, 259?, 260*, 261*?, 263, 264, 265*, 266–269, 270–272*, 273, 289*.
As preceding type with top line OF لا اله الا الله: 257.
With في preceding سنة in RM: 262.
With RM: بسم الله امر بضرب هذا الدينار في: 252*, 253*.
As preceding type plus وزن قديم in RF: 254–256*.
Last 2 lines OF: يوسف/الامير على بن: 172–180, 234.
As preceding type with top line OF: لا اله الا الله: 238.
Without margins (half dinar): 210.
With heir
Sīr ibn-'Alī
A.H. 522–533
A.D. 1128–1139
292. Aghmāt – 523 – dinar.
Probably as 295.
B 901: d, m only.
293. Aghmāt – 527 – dinar.
Probably as 295.
B 914: d, m only, ك b RF.
294. Aghmāt – 528 – dinar.
Probably as 295.
B 921: d, m only, ك b RF.
295. Aghmāt – 529 – dinar.
As 153 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين علي بن
يوسف ولي عهده
الامير سير
V 1723 (UV 2 sp.). MA 564. Weyl:G 1207: d, m only. Markov:E p. 91, no. 26: d, m only.
B 924: d, m only, ك b RF
296. Aghmāt – 530 – dinar.
As 295.
HSA 15793: ك b RF. V 1724 (FC, AV). Cerdá 388: description incomplete. Markov:E p. 91, no. 27: d, m only.
297. Aghmāt – 531 – dinar.
As 295.
V 1725. BN II 551 (pl. III): ك b RF. Weyl:G 1208: d, m only. Markov:E p. 91, no. 30: d, m only. B 930: d, m only.
298. Aghmāt – 532? – dinar.
As 295.
V 1726 (UV): date uncertain.
299. Aghmāt – 533 – dinar.
As 295.
V 1727 (UV 3 sp.): date uncertain. B 957 (pl. xlv): ك b RF, Tāshfīn for Sīr (disproved by plate), description inaccurate.
300. Sijilmāsah – 523 – dinar.
As 153 and 295 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين علي بن يوسف
ولي عهده الامير
سير
V 1713 (UV).
301. Sijilmāsah – 524 – dinar.
As 300.
HSA 13166: no letter b RF. S:White 2182: d, m only.
302. Sijilmāsah – 525 – dinar.
As 300.
V 1714. BN II 554, 555 (2 sp.): no letter b RF.
303. Sijilmāsah – 526 – dinar.
As 300.
V 1715. BN II 556 (pl. III): no letter b RF. B 911:d, m only.
304. Sijilmāsah – 527 – dinar.
As 300.
V 1716. BN II 557: no letter b RF. KM II 592: no letter b RF.
305. Sijilmāsah – 528 – dinar.
As 300.
V 1717 (UV).
306. Sijilmāsah – 529? – dinar.
As 300.
V 1718 (UV): date uncertain.
307. Sijilmāsah – 530 – dinar.
As 300.
V 1719 (AV). B 929: d, m only.
308. Sijilmāsah – 531 – dinar.
As 300.
V 1720 (UV 2 sp.). B 935: d, m only.
309. Sijilmāsah – 532 – dinar.
As 300.
V 1721. BN II 558: no letter b RF. S: Judice II 3097. B 937: d, m only.
310. Sijilmāsah – 533 – dinar.
As 300.
V 1722 (PG, AV). KM II 593: no letter b RF.
311. Madīnat Fās – 524 – dinar.
As 295 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة
V 1728 (AV). B 905 (pl. XIV): ك b RF; plate not clear, may be 311a.
311a. Madīnat Fās – 524 – dinar.
As 311 but with يو shifted from 4th to end of 3rd line of OF.
BN II 561: ك b RF.
312. Madīnat Fās – 525 – dinar.
As 311.
V 1729 (UV 2 sp., PG, 1 other). B 907 (without Madīnat?), 908 (2 sp.?): ك b RF, description incomplete.
313. Madīnat Fās – 526 – dinar.
May be as 311 or as 314.
Sotheby 381: d, m only.
314. Madīnat Fās – 527 – dinar.
As 168 and 311 except OF:
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين علي
ولى عهده
الامير سير
V 1758 (UV 2 sp., PG, AV 2 sp.). MA 565 (3 sp.). C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. B 915: d, m only.
315. Madīnat Fās – 528 – dinar.
As 314.
V 1759 (UV, AV). MA 566. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. B 920: d, m only.
316. Madīnat Fās – 529 – dinar.
As 314.
V 1760 (AV). BN II 562: ك b RF. B 922: d, m only.
317. Madīnat Fās – 530 – dinar.
As 314.
V 1761 (UV, AV). MA 567. B 927: d, m only.
318. Madīnat Fās – 531 – dinar.
As 314.
V 1762 (UV, AV 2 sp.). BN II 563: ك b RF. Weyl:G 1210: d, m only. Markov:E p. 91, no. 28, 29 (2 sp.): d, m only. Ø 2101: RM incorrectly reported, Sīr misread as شين illegible letter b RF. B 932 (coin illustrated under no. 932 in pl. XIV is 319): d, m only.
319. Madīnat Fās – 532 – dinar.
As 314.
V 1763 (PG, AV 2 sp., 1 other). BN II 564: ك b RF C:Donativo 12. B 936 (pl. XIV, under no. 932): date given as 523 (misprint), ك b RF.
320. Madīnat Fās – 533 – dinar.
As 314.
V 1764 (PG). BM X p. 5, no. 39d: وولي for ولي on OF (engraving error?), ك b RF. B 938: d, m only.
321. Marrākush – 522 – dinar.
As 311.
V 1734 (PG). Soret:S 76. B 896 bis: ك b RF, description incomplete.
322. Marrākush – 523 – dinar.
As 311.
V 1735 (AV). BN II 569: ك b RF. MA 561. D: Lorichs 4714. B 899: ك b RF, description incomplete.
323. Marrākush – 524 – dinar.
As 311.
V 1736 (UV). KM II 604: ك b RF. Ø 2089: RM incorrectly described. B 904 (pl. XIV): ك b RF, description inaccurate, date illegible in plate.
324. Marrākush – 525 – dinar.
As 311.
HSA 13152: ك b RF V 1737 (UV, AV). MA 562. S:Judice II 3095. Rivero:M 108 (pl. III): ك b RF. B 906: ك b RF.
325. Marrākush – 527 – dinar.
As 311.
V 1738 (UV, AV). KM II 605: ك b RF. B 916: d, m only, ك b RF.
326. Marrākush – 528 – dinar.
As 311.
V 1739 (AV). B 918: d, m only, ك b RF.
327. Marrākush – 529 – dinar.
As 295.
V 1740. BM II 570: ك b RF. B 923: d, m only, ك b RF.
328. Marrākush – 530 – dinar.
May be as 295 or 311.
B 926: d, m only, ك b RF. B 895 with this date and mint is, from its numerical position, presumably a misprint for an undeterminable date. Lisbon: d, m only.
329. Marrākush – 531 – dinar.
As 311.
HSA 13131: ك b RF. B 934: d, m only, ك b RF.
330. Marrākush – 533 – dinar.
Presumably as 311.
B 940: d, m only.
— Nūl Lamṭah – 520 – dinar.
B 894: this date, with Sīr, is obviously a misprint.
331. Nūl Lamṭah – 522 – dinar.
As 153 and 295 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين علي
ولي عهده الامير
سير
B 898 (pl. XIV, under no. 897): ك b RF, description inaccurate.
332. Nūl Lamṭah – 523 – dinar.
As 153 and 295 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين علي بن
يوسف والامير
سير
V 1711 (UV). MA 553: الامير for والامير in fourth line of OF (error?). C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. B 897 (pl. XIV, under no. 898): ك b RF, description inaccurate.
333. Nūl Lamṭah – 524 – dinar.
May be as 295 or 332.
B 902. description incomplete.
334. Nūl Lamṭah – 525 – dinar.
As 295.
HSA 13153: ك b RF. V 1730 (PG, AV). S.Judice II 3094 (pl. II): ك b RF. B (pl. XIV, under no. 939, R only; o is 385): not described, ك b RF.
335. Nūl Lamṭah – 527 – dinar.
As 153 and 295 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين علي
بن يوسف والا
مير سير
V 1712 (AV). B 917: d, m only.
336. Nūl Lamṭah – [52]8 – dinar.
As 295.
V 1731 (UV): date partially illegible.
337. Nūl Lamṭah – 530 – dinar.
As 295.
V 1732 (PG, AV). MA 563. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. B 925: d, m only, ك b RF.
338. Nūl Lamṭah – 531 – dinar.
As 295.
V 1733 (PG, 1 other). BM V 38 (pl. I): الخا for الخاسرين in OM, ك b RF. BN II 573: ك b RF.
KM II 629: ك b RF. B 931 (pl. XIV): ك b RF.
338a. Nūl Lamṭah – 532 – dinar.
As 295.
Ø 2090: misread, identified from impression furnished by Galster.
338b. Nūl Lamṭah – 533 – dinar.
Presumably as 295.
Thorburn.
Spanish mints.
339. Ishbīliyah – 522 – dinar.
As 331, except RM, in which عام replaces سنة, and RF, under which ياشر occurs.
HSA 13185: د following ياشر. V 1754 (AH, AV, 1 other). BM V 30: د following ياشر Cerdá 381: description incomplete. B 896 (pl. XIV): د following ياشر description inaccurate.
340. Ishbīliyah – 523 – dinar.
As 295 plus ياشر b RF.
V 1755 (AV). KM II 588: سة for سنة in RM (engraving error). B 900: description incomplete.
341. Ishbīliyah – 524 – dinar.
Presumably as 340.
B 903: description incomplete.
342. Ishbīliyah – 525 – dinar.
As 340.
V 1756 (AV). BM V 36: د following ياشر Cerdá 383: description incomplete. B 910: description incomplete.
343. Ishbīliyah – 526 – dinar.
As 340.
V 1757 (AV). Cerdá 384: description incomplete.
344. Ighranāṭah – 523 – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله صلىالله
عليه امير المسلمين
علي بن يوسف
OM as OM of 152.
RM as RM of 252.
V 1710. BM V 33: لم (read on p. xxi as عمر) b RF.
RF الامام
عبد الله
امير المؤمنين
الامير سير
345. Ighranāṭah? – 524 – dinar.
Probably as 311.
Leite 22: description incomplete, ك b RF.
346. Ighranāṭah – 527 – dinar.
Probably as 344.
Cerdá 385: description incomplete.
347. al-Marīyah – 522 – dinar.
As 295 except OF, as OF of 311a.
V 1741 (PG, AV, 1 other): as 295 (error?). MA 554. Ø 2088: RM incorrectly described.
348. al-Marīyah – 522 – dinar.
As 311a.
KM II 612: ل at end of OM, م b RF, ه outside inner R circle. C: Tratado p. 200, no. 8 (pl. XX): م b RF, ه outside circle.
349. al-Marīyah – 523 – dinar.
As 347.
V 1742 (PG, AV): as 295 (error?). BM V 34: م b RF, ه outside circle. Marsden 356 (pl. XXI): م b RF, ه outside circle, description inaccurate. Longpérier:D p. 430 (2 sp.): d, m only. Markov:E p. 881, no. 25b: d, m only. L: Khedivial p. 329: م b RF, ه outside circle.
350. al-Marīyah – 524 – dinar.
As 347.
V 1743 (UV, PG, AV): as 295 (error?). BM V 35: م b RF, ه outside circle. MA 555 (2 sp.). KM II 613: ل at end of OM, م b RF, ه outside circle. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only, with heir Tāshfīn (error).
351. al-Marīyah – 525 – dinar.
As 347.
V 1744 (PG, AV 2 sp.): as 295 (error?). BN II 610: as 295, م b RF, ه outside circle. MA 556. KM II 614: م b RF, ه outside circle. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only, with heir Tāshfīn (error). Cerdá 382: description incomplete. Weyl:G 1206: d, m only. S:Karabaczek 863: wrong reference given. S:Dodgson 59: wrong reference given. B 909: م b RF, description incomplete.
352. al-Marīyah – 526 – dinar.
As 311.
V 1745 (PG, AV). MA 557: as 311a (error). KM II 615: م b RF, ه outside circle. D: Lorichs 4715. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. B 912 (pl. XIV): م b RF.
353. al-Marīyah – 527 – dinar.
As 295.
V 1746 (UV, PG, FC, AV). B 913: d, m only, م b RF.
354. al-Marīyah – 528 – dinar.
As 295.
V 1747 (UV, PG). BN II 611: م b RF, ه outside circle. KM II 616: م b RF, ه outside circle.
B 919: d, m only, م b RF.
355. al-Marīyah – 529 – dinar.
As 295.
V 1748 (PG, AV). MA 558: as 347 (error). Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only. Cerdá 386: description incomplete. Sotheby 382: d, m only.
356. al-Marīyah – 529 – dinar.
As 311.
V 1749 (AV). BN II 612: م b RF, ه outside circle. MA 558 note: as 311a (error). KM II 617: م b RF, ه outside circle. Cerdá 387: description incomplete. C:Donativo 11.
357. al-Marīyah – 530 – dinar.
As 311.
V 1750 (PG, AV 3 sp.). BM V 37: م b RF, ه outside circle. MA 559: as 311a (error). KM II 618: م b RF, ه outside circle; 619: م b RF (2 sp.). B 928: d, m only, م b RF.
358. al-Marīyah – 531 – dinar.
As 311.
V 1751 (PG, AV). BN II 613: م b RF. KM II 620: م b RF. Weyl:G 1209: d, m only. Markov:E p. 91, no. 31: d, m only. Spink (1898) 46652, (1901) 68383, (1902) 79538 (3 sp.). B 933: d, m only, م b RF.
359. al-Marīyah – 532 – dinar.
As 295, but with بن repeated before 5th line of OF (engraving error).
HSA 15795: م b RF. KM II 621: م b RF.
360. al-Marīyah – 532 – dinar.
As 311.
V 1752 (PG, AV 2 sp.). BN II 614: م b RF. MA 560: as 311a (error). C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. Spink (1898) 46653, (1901) 68382, (1902) 79539 (3 sp.).
361. al-Marīyah – 533 – dinar.
As 311.
V 1753 (AV). KM II 622: م b RF. Condé p. 280 (pl. IV, no. 3): م b RF, several slight errors.
Longpérier:D p. 430 d, m only.
'Alī with Sīr as heir; recapitulation of types. All coins as 153, standard type of 'Alī, with following modifications (coins on which عام replaces سنة in RM are designated by *).
Last 3 lines of OF: الامير سير/يوسف ولي عهده/امير المسلمين علي بن: 292–299, 311*, 312*, 313*?, 321–326*, 327, 328–330*, 333?, 334, 336–338b, 345*, 352*, 353–355, 356–358*, 360*, 361*.
As preceding type with ياشر b RF: 340–343.
As type of 292 with بن repeated before last line of OF: 359.
Last 3 lines of OF: الامير سير/سف ولي عهده/امير المسلمين علي بن يو: 311a*, 347, 348*, 349–351.
Last 3 lines of OF: سير / ولي عهده الامير/ امير المسلمين علي بن يوسف: 300–310.
Last 3 lines of OF: سير /ولي عهده الامير/ امير المسلمين علي: 331.
As preceding type with ياشر b RF: 339*.
Last 3 lines of OF: الامير سير/ولي عهده/ امير المسلمين علي: 314–320*.
Last 3 lines of OF: سير /يوسف والامير / امير المسلمين علي بن: 332.
Last 3 lines of OF: مير سير / بن يوسف والا/ امير المسلمين علي: 335.
Different OF and RM; RF: الامير ستر /امير المومنين / عبد الله/ الامام: 344*, 346*?.
With heir
Tāshfīn ibn-'Alī
A.H. 533–537
A.D. 1139–1143
362. Aghmāt – 533 – dinar.
As 153 and 295 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين علي بن
يوسف ولي عهده
الامير تاشفين
V 1790 (PG, AV, 1 other). D: Lorichs 4716: description incomplete. Markov:E p. 91, no. 32: d, m only. S: Gotha 979.
363. Aghmāt – 533 – dinar.
As 153 and 362 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين علي بن
يوسف والامير
تاشفين
V 1779. BM V 39: ك b RF. BN II 552: ك b RF.
364. Aghmāt – 535 – dinar.
As 363.
V 1780. MA 575. B 951: ك b RF, description inaccurate.
365. Aghmāt – 536 – dinar.
As 363.
V 1781 (AV). B 959: ك b RF, description inaccurate.
366. Madīnat Tilimsān – 534 – dinar.
OF as OF of 362.
OM as OM of 152 and 362 plus بسم الله
RM as RM of 168 and 311.
RF as RF of 152 and 362.
V 1800. BN II 553 (pl. III): ك b RF.
367. Madīnat Tilimsān – 535 – dinar.
As 366.
V 1801. BM V 43: ك b RF.
368. Madīnat Tilimsān – 536 – dinar.
As 366.
V 1802 (PG). MA 578.
369. Sijilmāsah – 533 – dinar.
As 153 and 362 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين على بن يوسف
ولي عهده الامير
تاشفين
HSA 13151: no letter b RF. V 1782 (AV). MA 576: date uncertain. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only.
370. Sijilmāsah – 534 – dinar.
As 362 or 369.
B 948: ك b RF, description incomplete.
371. Sijilmāsah – 535 – dinar.
As 362 but with يو shifted from 4th to end of 3rd line of OF.
V 1789: OF as OF of 362 (error). BN II 559: و after سف in 4th line of OF (error), no letter b RF.
372. Sijilmāsah – 536 – dinar.
Probably as 362 or 371.
B 961: description incomplete.
373. Madīnat Fās – 533 – dinar.
As 153 and 362 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة, and OF:
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين علي
ولي عهده الامير
تاشفين
V 1783 (PG?, 1 other).
374. Madīnat Fās – 534 – dinar.
As 373.
ANS: ك b RF. V 1784 (UV, PG, AV). BM V 42: ك b OF and b RF.
375. Fās – 534 – dinar.
As 362.
B 947: ك b RF.
376. Fās – 535 – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين علي
ولي عهده
اتاشفين
RF as RF of 152 and 362.
OM as OM of 152 and 362 plus صدق الله.
RM as RM of 184.
KM II 601: ك b RF.
377. Fās – 535 – dinar. Plate I
As 376: except RF: الامام
العباسي
عبد الله
امير المؤمنين
HSA 13134: ك b RF. V 1807 (PG, FC, AV). BM X p. 5, no. 42f (pl. XXI): ك b RF. BN II 565 pl. III): ك b RF. MA 579. Adler:C 87 (pl. VI): ك b RF. Cerdá 396 description incomplete. Weyl:G 1211: d, m only. Markov:E p. 91, no. 33: d, m only. B 949: ك b RF, description incomplete, RF as RF of 379 (error?).
378. Madīnat Fās – 536 – dinar.
OF لا اله الا
الله
محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين
يوسف ولي عهده
الامير تاشفين
RF الامام
عبد الله
العباسي
امير المومنين
OM as OM of 152 and 362 plus امنت بالله.
RM (date) عام (mint) بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم عونك بالله ضرب هذا الدينارب.
HSA 13132: ك b RF. V 1808 (PG, FC, AV, 1 other): والامير for الامير on OF (error?). BM V 45 (pl. I) ك b RF BN 11 566: ك b RF. KM II 602: ك b RF. C:Decadencia p. 381, no. 7 (pl. I): ك b RF. B 956 (pl. XIV): ك b RF, description inaccurate. Mateu I p. 482 (pl. XXXV, no. 1): ك b RF.
379. Madīnat Fās – 537 – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين علي ولي
عهده الامير
تاشفين
RF الامام
عبد الله
امير المؤمنين
العباسي
OM as OM of 152 and 362.
RM as RM of 184 and 376.
V 1809 (AV): OM as OM of 366 (error?). BN 11 508: ك b RF.
380. Marrākush – 533 – dinar.
As 362 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة.
V 1791 (UV, PG, AV). B 958 (coin illustrated under no. 958 in pl. XIV is 383): ك b RF, description inaccurate.
381. Marrākush – 534 – dinar.
As 380.
V 1792 (PG). BN II 571 (pl. III): ك b RF. Markov:E p. 881, no. 32a: d, m only.
382. Marrākush – 535 – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله صلى الله
عليه وسلم امير المسلمين
علي بن يوسف ولي عهده
الامير تاشفين
RF الامام
عبد
الله
امير المؤمنين العبا
سي
OM as OM of 366.
RM as RM of 184 and 376.
V 1803 (UV). B 950: ك b RF, description inaccurate.
383. Marrākush – 536 – dinar.
OF as OF of 382.
OM as OM of 152 and 362.
RM as RM of 152.
RF as RF of 382.
B 954 (pl. XIV, under no. 958): ك b RF, description inaccurate.
384. Marrākush – 537 – dinar.
As 382 except OM, as OM of 152 and 362.
V 1804: as 382 (error?). BM V 46: ك b RF.
385. Nūl Lamṭah – 533 – dinar.
Probably as 371.
B 939 (pl. XIV, o only; R is 334): not described.
386. Nūl Lamṭah – [5]33 – dinar.
As 362 except last line of OF: تاشفين.
V 1785. BM V 41: ك b RF.
387. Nūl Lamṭah – 534 – dinar.
As 362.
V 1793 (AV).
388. Nūl Lamṭah – 534 – dinar.
As 386.
V 1786 (PG, AV 2 sp.). J:Mohammedan p. 267: d, m only. Sotheby 381: d, m only. Rivero:M 109 (pl. III): ك b RF. Lisbon.
389. Nūl Lamṭah – 535 – dinar.
As 386.
V 1787 (UV 2 sp.). B 952: ك b RF, description inaccurate.
390. Nūl Lamṭah – 536 – dinar.
Probably as 386.
B 955: description incomplete.
391. Nūl Lamṭah – 537 – dinar.
As 362.
Soret:S 77 (pl. XV, no. 13: mint only): as 380 (error?). Figanier 277 (pl. V): ك b RF (given as لك, corrected from plate).
392. Nūl Lamṭah – 537 – dinar.
As 386.
V 1788 (PG). BN II 574: ك b RF. MA 577. B 962: description inaccurate.
Spanish mints.
393. Ishbīliyah – 535 – dinar.
Probably as 394.
B 953: illegible letter b RF, description incomplete.
394. Ishbīliyah – 536 – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله صلى
الله عليه وسلم تسليما
امير المسلمين علي ولي
عهده الامير تا
شفين
RF الامام
عبد
الله
امير المؤمنين
العباسى
OM as OM of 152 and 362.
RM (date) عام (mint) بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب ب.
V 1805 (PG, AV, 1 other): علي or ع b RF. BM X p. 6, no. 44d: ك b RF (confirmed by letter from John Walker).
395. Ishbīliyah – 537 – dinar.
As 394.
V 1806 (Howland): ع b RF. KM II 589 (pl. III): ع b RF, المسل for المسلمين in OF (engraving error).
396. al-Marīyah – 533 – dinar.
As 380.
V 1794 (PG, AV). BM V 40: م b RF. BN II 615: م b RF.
397. al-Marīyah – 534 – dinar.
As 362.
ANS: م b RF. V 1795 (PG, AV, 1 other). Cerdá 395: description incomplete. Sotheby 382: d, m only.
398. al-Marīyah – 534 – dinar.
As 371.
KM II 623: م b RF. Fraehn: B 14.
399. al-Marīyah – 534 – dinar.
As 380.
V 1796. BM X p. 5, no. 40f: م b RF.
400. al-Marīyah – 535 – dinar.
As 380.
V 1797 (PG 2 sp., AV 2 sp.). BN II 616: م b RF. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only.
400a. al-Marīyah – 535 – dinar.
As 371 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة.
BM V 44 م b RF. KM II 624, 625 (2 sp.): م b RF.
401. al-Marīyah – 536 – dinar.
As 380.
HSA 13133: م b RF. V 1798 (PG, AV 2 sp.). BN II 617: م b RF. Cerdá 397: description incomplete. B 960 (pl. XIV): م b RF, description inaccurate.
401a. al-Marīyah – 536 – dinar.
As 400a.
HSA 13197: م b RF.
402. al-Marīyah – 537 – dinar.
As 362.
V 1799 (PG 2 sp., AV). Longpérier:D p. 430 d, m only. Markov:E p. 881, no. 33a: d, m only. S: Beyram 289. Balog: d, m only.
402a. al-Marīyah – 537 – dinar.
As 371.
KM II 626, 627 (2 sp.): م b RF. C: Tratado p. 201, no. 11 (pl. XX): م b RF.
403. al-Marīyah – 537 – dinar.
As 400a.
BM X p. 6, no. 45m: م b RF.
'Alī with Tāshfīn as heir; recapitulation of types. All coins as 153, standard type of 'Alī, with following modifications (coins on which عام replaces سنة in RM are designated by *).
Last 3 lines of OF: تاشفين/يوفس والامير/امير المسلمين علي بن: 363–365.
Last 3 lines of OF: الامير تاشفين/يوسف ولي عهده/امير المسلمين علي بن: 362, 372?, 375, 380*, 381*, 387, 391, 396*, 397, 399*, 400*, 401*, 402.
As preceding type plus بسم الله at end of OM: 366–368*.
As type of 362 but with يو in 3rd line: 371, 385?, 398, 400a*, 401a*, 402a, 403*.
Last 3 lines of OF: تاشفين / ولي عهده الامير/امير المسلمين علي: 369, 370?.
As type of 362 with الامير omitted from last line of OF: 386, 388–390, 392.
Last 3 lines of OF: تاشفين /ولي عهده الامير /امير المسلمين علي: 373*, 374*.
Last 3 lines of OF: تاشفين /ولي عهده/امير المسلمين علي: 376* (margins with added words).
As preceding type except RF: امير المؤمنين /عبد الله/ العباسي /الامام: 377*
Different OF, OM, RM; RF:امير المؤمنين / العباسي /عبد الله/ الامام: 378*.
Different OF, OM, RM; RF: العباسي/ امير المؤمنين /عبد الله /الامام: 379*.
Different OF, RM; RF: العباسي /امير المؤمنين/ لله /عبد /الامام: 393–395*.
Different OF, OM, RM; RF: سي/ امير المومنين العبا/الله/عبد/ الامام: 382*, 383, 384*.
Tāshfīn ibn-'Alī
A.H. 537–540
A.D. 1143–1145
404. Aghmāt – 537 – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
صلى الله عليه وسلم
امير المسلمين تاشفين
بن علي بن يوسف
RF الامام
عبد
الله
امير المؤمنين العبا
سي
OM ومن يبتغ غير الاسلام دينا فلن يقبل منه وهو في الاخر من الخاسرين
RM (date) عام (mint) بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هدا الدينارب.
B 971 (coin illustrated under no. 971 in pl. XV is 422): ك b RF, description incomplete.
405. Aghmāt – 538 – dinar.
Probably as 404.
B 974: ك b RF, 983: with heir Ibrāhīm (error?) (2 sp.?): description inaccurate.
406. Madīnat Tilimsān – 540 – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين وناصر
الدين تاشفين
انب علي
RF الامام
عبد
الله العباسي
امير المومنين
Margins as on 404.
V 1865: error in engraving mint (misprint?). MA 593.
407. Sijilmāsah – 544 (presumably for 540) – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين
تاشفين بن علي
RF الامام
عبد
الله
امير المومنين
OM as OM 404.
RM (date) عام (mint) بسم الله ضرب هذا الدينارب.
V 1860. BM X p. 7, no. 70p.
408. Madīnat Fās – 537 – dinar.
OF ال اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
المسلمين تاشفين بن علي
بن يوسف بن تاشفين
RF الامام
عبد الله
العباسي
امير المومنين
Margins as on 404.
V 1853. BN II 567: ك b RF.
409. Madīnat Fās – 537 – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
المسلمين تاشفين بن
علي بت يوسف ين
تاشفين
RF as RF of 404.
OM as OM of 404 plus بسم الله.
RM as RM of 404.
V 1851. MA 588. OM without بسم الله, corrected by Vives.
410. Madīnat Fās – 538 – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
المسلمين تاشفين بن علي
ابن يوسف بن تا
شفين
RF الامام
عبد
الله امير
المؤمنين العبا
سي
OM as OM of 409.
RM as RM of 407.
V 1852 (PG, AV). BN II 638 (pl. IV): ك b RF. MA 589: RF and OM incorrectly described, corrected by Vives. S: Gotha 982. B 973 (pl. XV):ك b RF, description inaccurate. Figanier 278: OM without بسم الله (misprint, corrected by letter).
411. Marrākush – 537 – dinar.
As 404.
B 970 (pl. XV): ك b RF.
412. Marrākush – 538 – dinar.
As 404.
V 1857 (AV), 1858. BN II 640 (pl. IV): ك b RF.
413. Nūl Lamṭah – 537 – dinar.
As 407 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين تاشفين
بن علي
B 972: ك b RF.
414. Nūl Lamṭah – 538 – dinar.
As 413 except RM in which سنة replaces عام.
V 1854. BN II 641 (pl. IV): ك b RF. KM II 652: ك b RF. Höst: E and N 3 (pl.XXXIII): ك b RF.
Ø 2103: illegible letter b RF. B 975 (pl. XV): ك b RF, description inaccurate.
415. Nūl Lamṭah – 539 – dinar.
As 414.
V 1855. MA 591.
416. Nūl Lamṭah – 540 – dinar.
As 414.
V 1856 (AV).
Spanish mints.
417. Ishbīliyah – 538 – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله صلى
الله عليه وسلم تسليما
امير المسلمين تاشفين
بن علي بن يوسف
RF الامام
عبد
الله
امير المومنين
العباسي
Margins as on 404.
V 1859. BN II 642 (pl. IV): م to left and ح to right of العباسي in RF.
418. al-Marīyah – 538 – dinar.
As 407 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين وناصر
الدين تاشفين بن علي
بن يوسف
V 1861 (AV 2 sp., 2 others). BN II 643 (pl. IV): م b RF. KM II 649: م b RF. Longpéier:D p. 430: d, m only. B 976 (pl. XV): م b RF.
419. al-Marīyah – 538 – dinar.
As 418 except RM, in which سنة replaces عام.
V 1862 (PG). BN II 644: م b RF. KM II 648: م b RF.
420. al-Marīyah, – 539 – dinar.
As 418.
V 1863 (PG, AV). MA 590.
421. al-Marīyah – 539 – dinar.
As 419 except RM, in which الرحمن الرحيم follows بسم الله.
V 1864 (PG).
With heir
Ibrāhīm ibn-Tāshfīn
A.H. 538–540
A.D. 1144–1145
422. Aghmāt – 539 – dinar.
OF apparently as OF of 427.
OM as OM of 404.
RM as RM of 414.
RF as RF of 404.
B (pl. XV, under no. 971): not described, reconstructed from plate, OF not clear, ك b RF.
423. Aghmāt – 539 – dinar.
As 414 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله صلى الله
عليه امير المسلميت تاشفين
بن علي ولي عهده
الامير ابراهم
V 1866 (AV): RM wrongly reported.
424. Madīnat Sijilmāsah – 538? – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين تاشفين
بن علي ولي عهده
الامير ابراهيم
RF as RF of 417.
OM as OM of 404.
RM as RM of 407.
B 981: ك b RF.
425. Madīnat Fās – 539 – dinar.
OF as OF of 424.
OM as OM of 404.
RM as RM of 407.
RF as RF of 404.
V 1867: RM wrongly reported. BM V 68: ك b RF. B 982 (pl. XV): mint given as Fās and date as 538 (corrected from plate), ك b RF, عام omitted from RM (engraving error), description inaccurate.
426. Madīnat Fās – 539 – dinar.
As 425 except RF, as RF of 410.
BN II 639: ك b RF, عهد for عهده in fourth line of OF (engraving error).
427. Marrākush – 539 – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله صلى الله
عليه وسلم امير المسلمين
تاشفين علي بن يوسف
الامير ابراهيم
RF as RF of 404.
OM as OM of 409.
RM as RM of 404.
B 984 (pl. XV): date given as 537 (corrected from plate); 985 (2 sp.): ك b RF, description inaccurate.
428. Marrākush – 540 – dinar.
Probably as 427.
B 987: description incomplete.
429. Nūl Lamṭah – 539 – dinar.
Probably as 427.
B 986: description incomplete.
Spanish mints.
430. Ishbīliyah – 539 – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله صلى الله
عليه وسلم تسليما امير
المسلمين تاشفين بن علي ولي
عهده الامير ابراهيم
RF as RF of 417.
Margins as margins of 404, but with سنة replacing عام in RM.
V 1868 (PG, Gil). C: Tratado p. 203, no. 1 (pl. XXI): ع b RF.
430a. Ishbīliyah – 539 – dinar.
Apparently as 430 except OF, as OF of 424.
D: Lorichs 4717: description incomplete.
431. Ishbīliyah – 540 – dinar.
As 417 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله صلى الله
عليه وسلم تسليما امير
المسلمين تاشفين بن علي
ولي عهده الامير
ابرهيم
V 1869. BM V 70 (pl. 1): ك b RF.
432. al-Marīyah – 539 – dinar.
As 409 except RM, in which سنة replaces عام and OF:
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله امير
المسلمين وناصر الدين
تاشفين بن علي ولي عهده
الامير ابراهيم
V 1870 (AV, 2 others). BM V 69: ه of عهده shifted to start of last line of OF, ع b OF م, b RF. BN II 645–647 (3 sp.):ه of عهده omitted (error), ع b OF, م 6 RF. MA 592 (3 sp.): ع b OF, OM without بسم الله, corrected by Vives. KM II 650 (pl. III), 651 (2 sp.): ع b OF, OM without بسم الله (visible in plate), م b RF, المسلمين for المؤمنين in RF (error). Fraehn:B 15: ع b OF, م (read as مر) b RF. Sawaszkiewicz p. 204: d, m only. Longpérier: D p.431: d, m only. Markov:E p. 92, no. 43: d, m only. Rodgers 7981: ع b OF, description inaccurate. C: Decadencia p. 383, no. 8 (pl. I): ع b OF, م b RF. Ziya 2029 (pl. II): ع b OF, description inaccurate, plate illegible. Rivero:M III (pl. III): ع b OF, م b RF.
Ibrāhīm ibn-Tāshfin
A.H. 540–540
A.D. 1145–1145
No coins reported.
Isḥāq ibn-'Alī
A.H. 540–541
A.D. 1145–1147
433. Aghmāt – 540 – dinar.
As 425 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
صلى الله عليه وسلم
امير المسلمين اسحق
بن علي بن يوسف
B 995: ك b RF, description incomplete.
434. Marrākush – 540 – dinar.
As 433.
B 994: ك b RF, description inaccurate.
435. Marrākush – 541 – dinar.
As 433.
B 996 (pl. XV): ك b RF.
436. Nūl Lamṭah – 540 – dinar.
As 414 except OF, in which اسحاق replaces تاشفين.
B 993 (pl. xv): ك b RF, description incorrect.
Spanish mints.
437. Ishbīliyah – 541 – dinar.
As 417 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله صلى
الله عليه وسلم تسليما
امير المسلمين اسحاق
V 1892 (AV): الرحمن الرحيم not reported in RM (error?). KM II 656 (pl. III): ك b RF. Rivero:M 115 (pl. III): ك b RF.
438. Ighranāṭah – 540 – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين اسحاق
بن علي بن يوسف
RF as RF of 406.
OM as OM of 404.
RM as RM of 407, but with هذ الدينار badly confused in engraving.
V 1889. BN II 653 (pl. IV): ف (read as و) b OF, بكر (?) b RF. KM II 657: ف b OF, بكر (?) b RF.
439. Ighranāṭah – 540 – dinar. Plate I
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله صلى الله
عليه وسلم امير المسلمين
اسحاق بن علي بن يوسف
RF الامام
عبد
الله
امير المؤمنين العباسي
OM as OM of 404 plus صدق الله بسم الله.
RM as RM of 404.
HSA 13202: ف b OF, بكر (?) b RF. V 1890 (PG, AV). BN II 652 (pl. IV): ف (read as و) b OF, بكر (?) b RF, صدق الله omitted (visible on plate). KM II 658: ف b OF, بكر (?) b RF, صدق الله omitted (error?). S: Michael I 1669: ف b OF, بكر (?) b RF.
440. Ighranāṭah – 541 – dinar.
OF as OF of 439.
OM as OM of 404.
RM as RM of 407.
RF as RF of 439.
HSA 15794: ك b RF, RM largely illegible, date and mint uncertain. V 1891 (FC). Sawaszkiewicz p. 204: d, m only.
441. Qurṭubah – 540 – dinar struck presumably by Ḥamdīn ibn-Muḥammad.
As 417 and 437 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين اسحاق
بن علي ين يوسف
V 1888 (Codera Imp.).
442. Qurṭubah – 541 – dinar struck presumably by Ḥamdīn ibn-Muḥammad.
OF as OF of 437.
OM as OM of 409.
RM as RM of 421.
RF as RF of 417 and 437.
V 1893. BN II 654 (pl. V): ح b RF.
Murābiṭ partisans after A.H. 541 (A.D. 1147).
Many coins in Murābiṭ styles were struck after the downfall of the main dynasty at the death of Isḥāq; most of these were struck in Spain by local rulers and are therefore excluded from this corpus, but can be found in section 6a of Vives; those with North African mints, or with Spanish mints but struck in the name of the "Banī-Tāshfīn", follow.
Struck in North Africa.
443. Sabtah – 543 – dinar struck by a final Murābiṭ rebel against Muwaḥḥid rule, Yaḥyâ ibn-Abī-Bakr ibn-'Alī, called al-Ṣaḥrāwī.
As 404 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله المهدى
الذى يشرك النبي امير
المسلمين يحيى بن ابى بكر
بن علي بن يوسف
C:Familia p. 155.
— Sijilmāsah – 544 – dinar.
See 407.
444. Nūl Lamṭah – 542 – anonymous dinar struck by an unidentified governor.
As 153 and 436 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
صلى الله عليه
B 1004 (pl. XV): ك b RF, plate largely illegible.
Struck in Spain in the name of the Banī-Tāshfīn.
445. Madīnat Gharnāṭah – 545 – dinar struck by the Lamtūnah Berber governor Maymūn ibn-Badr, who surrendered in 549.
As 407 except OF: الله
لا اله الا
محمد رسول الله
اللهم ارحم امرا المسلمين
بني تاشفين
V 1979 (Codera Imp.).
446. Madīnat Qurṭubah – 542 – dinar struck by the Massūfah Berber governor Yaḥyâ ibn-'Alī, known as Ibn-Ghāniyah, who died in 543. Plate I
OF as OF of 445.
OM as OM of 404.
RM as RM of 153 and 414.
RF as RF of 406.
HSA 14169: لك b RF. V 1978 (AV, 2 others). BM V 81 (pl. I): لك b RF, اللهم ارحم misread as الامم برحم.
Coins struck by the descendants of Ibn-Ghāniyah during their reign in the Balearics are excluded from this corpus, and no coins are known to have been struck by them during their North African invasions in the later Muwaḥḥid and early Ḥafṣid periods.
struck in North Africa and Spain
by the Kūmiyah Berber rulers of
the Muwaḥḥidūn sect
in Naskhī script.
Debased gold struck by Muwaḥḥid partisans in North Africa before the downfall of the Murābiṭs in A.H. 541 (A.D. 1147), in the name of the Mahdī, Muḥammad ibn-Tūmart.
446a. (no mint) – quarter dinar: Kūfī script. Plate II
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامام الحق
RF الله ربنا
محمد رسولنا
المهدى امامنا
ربع الدينر
HSA 14156. S: Judice II 3105 (pl. II): 4th line of OF uncertain, 4th line of RF illegible.
abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-al-Mu'min ibn-'Alī
A.H. 524–558
A.D. 1130–1163
447. Bijāyah (b OF and b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 547. Plate II
OF لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
RF المهدى امام
الامة القائم
بامر الله
OS — صلى الله على محمد (left) — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم (top)
— الطاهرين (right) — واله الطيبين (bottom)
RS — المومن بن علي — ابو محمد عبد
— الحمد لله رب العالمين — امير المومنين
ANS.
448. Madīnat (a RF) Bijāyah. (b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 547.
As 447.
V 2056. P 1k. MA 663. B 1024.
449. Tadghah? (a RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.
As 447.
Bartholomaei 62: mint given as Bad'ah.
450. Tūnis (b OF and b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 554.
As 447.
J:Gold 2. Sotheby 384: m only.
451. Sabtah (b OF and b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 541.
As 447.
V 2055. P 1j. BM V 84 (pl. II). L:Inedited 10. Weyl:G 1218. S:White 2183. B 1027, 1028 (2 sp.).
452. Sabtah (b OF, a RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 541.
As 447.
S: Gotha 986 (pl. XII).
453. Sabtah (b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 541.
As 447.
ANS. V 2054 (PG). P 1i. BM V 85. Weyl:G 1219 (2 sp.). S: Karabaczek 914, 918? (2 sp.?).
C: Lebrija p. 564.
454. Salā (b OF and b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.
As 447.
P 10. B 1008 bis (pl. XVI, under no. 1008).
455. Salā (b OF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.
As 447.
V 2059. P 1n. BN II 711 (pl. VI). Markov:E p. 93, no. 1: m only. S: Michael I 1670. S: Gotha 985.
456. Fās (b OF and b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.
As 447.
V 2051. P 1e. BM X p. 8, no. 84d. L: Khedivial p. 329. S: Ciscar 34 (pl. I): mint illegible in plate. S: Comte 664. B 1011–1021 (11 sp.).
457. Fās (a OF, b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.
As 447.
J:Gold 3. B 1010 (pl. XVI, under no. 1010 bis): description inaccurate, mint illegible in plate.
458. Fās (b OF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.
As 447.
HSA 13192: ء b RF. V 2048 (PG, AV). P 1b. BN II 712. MA 661. Sotheby 383: m only. S: Judice II 3106: ع(?) b RF.
459. Fās (a OF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.
As 447.
V 2049. P 1c. MA 662. KM II 683 (pl. IV): بفارس for فاس a RF and وسلم at end of 4th OS (both disproved by plate). Thorburn.
460. Fās (b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.
As 447.
HSA 13191. V 2050 (AV 2 sp.). P 1d.
461. Madīnat (b RF) Fās (b OF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.
As 447.
P 1f.
462. Madīnat (a RF) Fās (b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.
As 447.
Vollers 13 (pl. I): عام for فاس b RF (disproved by plate).
463. Madīnat (a RF) Marrākush (b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 541.
As 447.
B 1022 (pl. XVI), 1023 (2 sp.): mint illegible in plate.
464. Miknāsah (b OF and b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.
As 447.
V 2053 (AV). P 1h. B 1025 (pl. XVI), 1026 (2 sp.): mint illegible in plate.
465. Miknāsah (b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.
As 447.
V 2052 (AV). P 1g. BN II 713 (pl. VI). KM II 684. Cerdá 420: description incomplete.
S: Ciscar 35.
466. (no mint) – dinar struck presumably after A.H. 540.
As 447.
ANS: س b RF. HSA 535, 7899, 10627, 13167, 13172, 13189 (6 sp.). V 2047 (AH, PG 12 sp., AV 7 sp.): لقلئم for القائم in RF (misprint). P 1a (pl. I). BM V 86, 87 (2 sp.). BN II 715: س b OF and b RF, 716 (2 sp.). MA 660, 664: س b OF and b RF (2 sp.). KM II 686–688 (3 sp.). Condé p. 285 (pl. III, no. 8): slightly misread. Welzl 12238. D: Garcia 6128. Cerdá 421: description incomplete. L: Muwaḥḥids p. 154, no. 1 (pl. VI) 2 (2 sp.). Weyl:G 1217: slight errors in OM and RF. Spink (1901) 68337: س b RF, 68338, 68339, (1902) 79540, 79541 (5 sp.): mintless, not described. J:Gold 1 (2 sp.). Sotheby 383 (2 sp.). Maguelonne p. 22 (fig. 2). S: Karabaczek 916. S: Castro 421. S: Gotha 987. Ø 2109. B 1033–1045 (13 sp.): mint-marks include س,ل,بر,م b OF, RF, or both. Rivero:E (pl. IV, no. 10). Lisbon.
467. (no mint) – half dinar.
OF as OF of 447.
RF المهدى
خليفة
OS — الرحمن الحيم — بسم الله
— خاتم النبيين — صلى الله على محمد
RS as RS of 447.
V 2060 (PG, AV, 2 others). P 2 (pl. I). BM V 88 (pl. II). BN II 717. S: Karabaczek 917. S: Beyram 371. S:Grantley 2160. B 1009 (pl. XVI): description inaccurate.
468. (no mint) – half dinar.
OF as OF of 447 and 467.
RF as RF of 467.
OS — الرحمن الرحيم — بسم الله
— محمد خاتم النبيين — صلى الله على
RS as RS of 447 and 467.
V 2060 note.
Spanish mints.
469. Ishbīliyha (b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 541.
As 447.
V 2057. P1 l. BM X p. 8, no. 85d: mint spelled Ishbiliyah. S: Karabaczek 915. Rivero:M 132 (pl. III).
470. Madīnat (a RF) Ishbīliyah (b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 541.
As 447.
HSA 10628?, 13190, 13193 (3 sp.?). V 2058 (PG 2 sp., AV 2 sp., 1 other). P 1m. BN II 714: لله for لله in 4th RS (misprint). Cerdá 419: Madīnat misread as Mursiyah, description incomplete. C: Tratado p. 221, no. 3 (pl. XXII). S: Judice II 3107. B 1031, 1032 (2 sp.).
471. Jayyān (location on coin not indicated) – dinar struck after A.H. 541.
Presumably as 447.
C:Çecas p. 343: m only, given as جاين (error), termed double dinar (error).
472. Madīnat (a OF) Qurṭubah (b OF) – dinar struck after A.H. 542.
As 447.
B 1029.
With heir
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad ibn-'Abd-al-Mu'min
A.H. 551–558
A.D. 1156–1163
473. Bijāyah – dinar.
OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
المهدى امام الامة
(mint)
RF القائم بامر الله
الخليفة ابو محمد
عبد المومن بن علي
امير المومنين
OS — اله واحد — والهكم
— الرحمن الرحيم — لا اله الا هو
RS — ابو عبد الله — الامير الاجل
— امير المومنين — محمد بن
V 2072 (AV). P 9d. Spink (1901) 68377, (1902) 79555 (2 sp.): m only, ascribed to 'Abd-Allāh. J:Gold 16 (2 sp.). Sotheby 389: m only, ascribed to "Abd-Mohammad". S: Michael I 1671. B 1148 (pl. XVI): description incomplete, mint illegible in plate.
474. Madīnat Bijāyah – dinar.
As 473.
B 1147: description incomplete.
475. Ribāṭ al-Fatḥ – dinar.
As 473.
V 2071 (AV): ربط for رباط (error). P 9b (pl. I): ربط for رباط (disproved by plate).
476. Fās – dinar.
As 473.
B 1150: description incomplete.
477. Madīnat Fās – dinar. Plate II
As 473.
HSA 7898. P 9c. Spink (1901) 68376, (1902) 79554 (2 sp.): m only, ascribed to 'Abd-Allāh. J:Gold 17 (2 sp.). Sotheby 389: m only, ascribed to "Abd-Mohammad".
478. Marrākush – dinar.
As 473.
HSA 13170. V 2070 (AV). P 9a. Cerdá 426: description incomplete. Spink (1901) 68374, 68375, (1902) 79553 (3 sp.): m only, ascribed to 'Abd-Allāh. J:Gold 18 (3 sp.). Sotheby 389 (2 sp.): m only, ascribed to "Abd-Mohammad". Rivero:M 135 (pl. III). B 1149 (pl. XVI): description incomplete, mint illegible in plate.
479. Madīnat Marrākush – dinar.
As 473.
HSA 13194. Leite 24: الاجل omitted from 1st RS (misprint?), الله وحده for اله واحد in 2nd OS (error). J:Gold 19. S: Judice II 3108 (pl. II): mint and RS illegible in plate.
480. (no mint) – dinar.
As 473.
Sacy p. 539: الاحد for الاجل in 1st RS (error). Maguelonne p. 22 (fig. l): misread.
With heir
abū-Ya'qūb Yūsuf ibn-'Abd-al-Mu'min
A.H. 558–558
A.D. 1163–1163
Since the coins struck while Yūsuf was heir are identical with those struck during the early part of his reign, they are listed under his own name as amīr: 481–492.
abū-Ya'qūb Yūsuf I ibn-'Abd-al-Mu'min
A.H. 558–580
A.D. 1163–1184
First series: as amīr
A.H. 558–563
A.D. 1163–1168
481. Bijāyah – dinar.
As 473 except RS:
— ابو يعقوب — الامير الاجل
— امير المومنين — يوسف بن
V 2064 (AV). P 3b. BN II 724 (pl. VI). Spink (1901) 68350. Sotheby 384: m only. B 1083, 1084 (2 sp.) (pl. XVI, unnumbered). Rivero:E (pl. IV, no. 11): mint uncertain.
482. Madīnat Bijāyah – dinar.
As 481.
Spink (1901) 68349. J:Gold 6.
483. Madīnat Tilimsān – dinar.
As 481.
J:Gold 7. Sotheby 385: m only.
484. Tūnis – dinar.
As 481.
Spink (1901) 68368, (1902) 79552 (2 sp.): m only. J:Gold 8 (2 sp.). Sotheby 385: m only.
485. Sijilmāsah – dinar.
As 481.
P 3d (p. 113). KM II 691. J:Gold 9. Sotheby 385: m only. B 1077. Mateu II 21 (pl. XVIII, no. 3).
486. Madīnat Fās – dinar.
As 481.
Spink (1901) 68340–68343, (1902) 79542, 79543 (6 sp.): m only. J:Gold 10 (5 sp.). Sotheby 387: m only.
487. Marrākush – dinar.
As 481.
Spink (1901) 68357–68363, (1902) 79548 (8 sp.): m only. J:Gold 11 (15 sp.). Sotheby 387 (3 sp.): m only.
488. Ḥaḍr Marrākush – dinar.
As 481.
P 3c (pl. I): حضرة for حضر (disproved by plate). Spink (1901) 68364–68367, (1902) 79549, 79550 (6 sp.): m only. J:Gold 12 (8 sp.). B 1078 (pl. XVI): ضرب for حضر b OF (error), Marrākush b RF (error?), illegible in plate.
489. Madīnat Marrākush – dinar.
As 481.
Spink (1901) 68354–68356, (1902) 79546, 79547 (5 sp.). J:Gold 13 (4 sp.). B 1079–1082 (4 sp.): Marrākush repeated b RF (error?).
490. Nūl Lamṭah? – dinar.
As 481.
Spink (1901) 68351–68353 (3 sp.): mint given as . J:Gold 14 (5 sp.): mint given as .
491. (no mint) – dinar.
As 481.
V 2063. P 3a. BM V 89 (pl. II: O only). BN 11 726–728 (3 sp.). KM 11 692. Condé p. 284 (pl. III, no. 7): misread, name of amīr uncertain. Sacy p. 534: الاحد for الاجل in 1st RS (error). L: Khedivial p. 329. Spink (1901) 68369–68372, (1902) 79551 (5 sp.): mintless, not described. J:Gold 4 (231 sp.). Sotheby 386 (5 sp.): mintless, not described. S: Karabaczek 919: misread. Spink (1917) 57100: mintless, not described. Codrington, H.: Ceylon 1. S: Gotha 988. Ø 2113. B 1085–1099 (15 sp.).
Spanish mint.
492. Ishbīliyah – dinar.
As 481.
J:Gold 5 (9 sp.). Sotheby 384: m only.
Second series: as amīr al-mu'minīn
A.H. 563–580
A.D. 1168–1184
493. Sabtah – dinar.
As 481 except 1st RS: – امير المومنين.
S:White 2185: reference uncertain, may be as 481.
494. Marrākush – dinar.
As 493.
HSA 10629. P 4b (pl. I).
495. (no mint) – dinar.
As 493.
ANS (2 sp.). HSA 10630, 13169, I3171, 13195 (4 sp.). V 2061 (AH, AV 4 sp.). P 4a. BM V 90–96 (pl. II: 92) (7 sp.). MA 670 (3 sp.). KM II 693. Castiglioni 244 (pl. X). Fraehn:R p. 623, no. 1. Sacy p. 540. D: García 6130. D: Lorichs 4721. Cerdá 424: description inadequate. L: Muwaḥḥids p. 157, no. 3 (pl. VI). Weyl:F 6494 (4 sp.). C: Tratado p. 222, no. 5 (pl. XXII). Weyl:G 1224. Lagumina p. 101, no. 1. Markov.E p. 93, no. 2: mintless, not described. L: Khedivial p. 329. S: Karabaczek 920. S: Beyram 290. S: Ciscar 36–38 (pl. I: 36) (3 sp.). S: Castro 422. C: Lebrija p. 564. Codrington, H.: Ceylon p. 158. Rivero:M 133 (pl. III). Spink (1933) 22476. Mateu II 20 (pl. XVIII, no. 2). Thorbum.
496. (no mint) – half dinar.
OF لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
RF المهدى
خليفة
الله
OS — ابو محمد — امير المومنين
— بن علي — عبد المومن
RS — ابويعقوب — امير المومنين
— امير المومنين — يوسف
UM. V 2065 (AV). P 5 (pl. I). Cerdá 425: description inadequate. B 1100 (pl. XVI), 1101 (2 sp.). Rivero:E (pl. IV, no. 13).
Spanish mints.
497. Ishbīliyah – dinar.
As 493.
HSA 13168. V 2062. P 4c. BN II 725 (pl. VI). D: Lorichs 4720. Spink (1901) 68344–68348, (1902) 79544, 79545 (7 sp.). S:White 2184.
498. Madīnat Ishbīliyah – dinar.
As 493.
Demaeght v. VIII, p. 245 (fig.): ب preceding mint (error?).
Mazdara 'ibn-Ḥayyān
rebel at Tāzā
A.H. 559–559
A.D. 1164–1164
499. (Tāzā?) – dinar?
OF مزدرع
الغريب
RF نضره الله
قريب
Ibn-Abī-Zar (... Rawḍ al-qirṭās, ed. Tornberg, p. 137, line 21) notes coins of this Ṣanhājah Berber rebel bearing the inscription noted, but does not specify metal or style, or divide the inscription into lines or even into obverse and reverse. As no specimens have been reported in modern collections, this reconstruction is tentative.
abū-Yūsuf Ya 'qūb ibn-Yūsuf I
A.H. 580–595
A.D. 1184–1199
500. Fās – double dinar.
OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
والحمد لله وحده
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
المهدىامام الامة
(mint)
RF القائم بامر الله الخليفة
ابو محمد عبد المومن بن
علي امير المومنين
امير المومنين ابو يعقوب
يوسف بن امير المومنين
OS — لا اله الا هو الرحمن الرحيم — والهكم اله واحد
— وما اوفيقي الا بالله — وما بكم من نعمة فمن الله
RS — ابو يوسف يعقوب — امير المومنين
— بن امير المومنين — بن امير المومنين
V 2067. P 6b. BM V 99.
501. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 500.
ANS (electrotype). HSA 13175. V 2066 (AV). P 6a (pl. I). BM V 100, 101 (2 sp.). BN II 729. Sacy p. 530 (pl.), p. 539 (2 sp.): OS slightly misread. Grotefend p. 242 (fig.): cross soldered over RF. L: Muwaḥḥids p. 158, no. 1: يكن for بكم in 3rd OS (error). Weyl:F 6495 (2 sp.): mintless, not described. Weyl:G 1225: description incomplete. Lagumina p. 102, no. 2. L: Khedivial p. 329: description uncertain, may be 502. Holu 749: بن omitted from 3rd RS (error). Spink (1901) 68373. J:Gold 15 (2 sp.). Dieulafoy p.57 (140 sp.): description inaccurate. Sotheby 388 (2 sp.): mintless, not described. S: Beyram 291: "variant", may be 502. Spink (1917) 57101: mintless, not described. Rivero:M 134 (pl. III). B 1103–1123 (21 sp.): description incomplete. Rivero:E (pl. IV, no. 12).
502. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 500 but with بن shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd line of RF.
BM V 102 (pl. II), 103 (2 sp.). KM II 694 (pl. IV), 695 (2 sp.). L: Muwaḥḥids p. 159, no. 2, 3 (pl. VI) (2 sp.): يكن for بكم in 3rd OS (error). S:White 2186. B 1102 (pl. XVI): description incomplete.
— (no mint) – dinar.
As 502 but with weight of dinar.
L: Muwaḥḥids p. 159, no. 4, 5 (2 sp.): it seems improbable that these coins were intended as dinars.
503. (no mint) – half dinar.
OF لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
RF المهدي خليفة
الله امير المومنين
ابو محمد بن علي
OS — ابو يوسف — امير المومنين
— الاميرين — يعقوب بن
RS as RS of 496.
V 2069: 3rd and 4th OS misread. P7: 4th OS misread. Weyl:G 1226: description incomplete.
With heir
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad ibn-Ya'qūb
A.H. 587–595
A.D. 1191–1199
No gold reported.
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad ibn-Ya'qūb
A.H. 595–610
A.D. 1199–1213
Dinars 473–480, usually ascribed to this khalīfah, were struck by 'Abd-al-Mu'min with heir Muḥammad.
504. Fās (b OF) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 500.
OS — ابو عبد الله محمد — امير المومنين
— الراشدين — بن الخلفا
RS as RS of 500.
RF as RF of 502.
P 8b (pl. I): mint obscure in plate. Mateu I p. 483 (pl. XXXVI, no. 8): given as 508 (disproved by plate), mint obscure in plate.
505. Fās (b RF) – double dinar.
As 504.
B 1124 (pl. XVI), 1125 (2 sp.): description incomplete, plate partly illegible, including mint.
506. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 504.
HSA 13181. V 2073 (AV). P 8a. BN II 732: ابن الخليفة for ين الخلفا in 3rd OS (engraving error), 2nd RS largely illegible. KM II 696. Sotheby 388: mintless, not described. Rivero:A p. 24, no. 11 (pl. IX). B 1126–1146 (21 sp.). González p. 106 (fig. 29).
abū-Ya'qūb Yūsuf II ibn-Muḥammad
A.H. 610–620
A.D. 1213–1224
507. Fās (b OF) – double dinar. Plate II
OF as OF of 500 and 504.
OS — ابو يعقوب — امير الومنين
— الراشدين — يوسف بن الخلفا
RS — يعقوب بن الخليفتين — امير المومنين ابو يوسف
— محمد بن اصرا المومنين — امير المومنين ابو عبد الله
RF as RF of 502 and 504.
V 2075: ابو omitted from 3rd RS (corrected by Prieto), امير for امرا in 4th RS (error). P 10b: امير for امرا in 4th RS (error). BN II 733 (pl. VI): ابو omitted from 3rd RS, امير for امرا in 4th RS (both corrected from plate).
508. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 507.
P 10a (pl. II): امير for امرا in 4th RS (disproved by plate). Sallet p. 147 (fig. 2). KM II 698: امير for امرا (error).
509. (no mint) – dinar.
OF as OF of 473 and 493.
OS — ابو يعقوب — امير المومنين
— الراشدين — بن الخلفا
RS as RS of 493.
RF as RF of 473 and 493.
P 11. BM V 97, 98 (pl. II) (2 sp.): ascribed to Yūsuf I. L: Muwaḥḥids p. 156, no. 1, p. 157, no. 2 (2 sp.): ascribed to Yūsuf I. L: Khedivial p. 329: ascribed to Yūsuf I. Rodgers 7982.
abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-al-Wāḥid I ibn-Yūsuf I
A.H. 620–621
A.D. 1224–1224
(opposed during 621 by 'Abd-Allāh).
No coins reported
abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-Allāh ibn-Ya'qūb
A.H. 621–624
A.D. 1224–1227
(opposed during 621 by 'Abd-al-Wāḥid I and during 624 by Yaḥyâ).
510. Marrākush – dinar.
Not described.
S:White 2187. Coins ascribed to this ruler by Spink were presumably struck by 'Abd-al-Mu'min with heir Muḥammad: 473, 477, 478.
abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-Allāh ibn-Muḥammad
rebel at Baeza (Bayyāsah)
A.H. 621–626
A.D. 1224–1229
No coins reported.
abū'l-'Ulâ Idrīs I ibn-Ya'qūb
A.H. 624–629
A.D. 1227–1232
(opposed 624–629 by Yaḥyâ).
First series: before suppression of al-Mahdī's name
A.H. 624–627
A.D. 1227–1230
511. (no mint) – double dinar. Plate II
OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
صلى الله على محمد واله
والحمد لله وحده
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
المهدى امام الامة
RF القائم بامر الله الخليفة
ابو محمد عبد المومن بن علي
امير المومنين ابو يعقوب
يوسف بن امير المومنين
امير المومنين ابو يوسف
يعقوب بن الخليفتين
OS — امير المومنين ابو العلى — المجاهد المامون
— بن الخليفتين اميري المومنين — ادريس بن المنصور المير المومنين
RS — محمد بن امرا المومنين — امير المومنين ابوعبد الله
— يوسف بن الخلفا الراشدين — امير المومنين ابو يعقوب
V 2076 (AV): امير for اميري in 4th OS (corrected by Prieto), امير for امرا in 2nd RS (error). P 13 (pl. II): امير for امرا (disproved by plate). BM V 106 (pl. II): امير for امرا (disproved by plate), الجاهد for المجاهد in 1st OS (error). B 1151 (pl. XVI): description incomplete, plate partly illegible.
Second series: after suppression of al-Mahdī's name
A.H. 627–629
A.D. 1230–1232
No coins reported.
abū-Zakarīyā' Yaḥyâ ibn-Muḥammad
A.H. 624–633
A.D. 1227–1236
(opposed during 624 by 'Abd-Allāh, 624–629 by Idrīs I, and 630–633 by 'Abd-al-Wāḥid II).
512. (no mint) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 500.
RF القائم بامر الله الخليفة ابو محمد
عبد المومن بن علي امير المومنين
امير المومنين ابو يعقوب يوسف
ابن الخليفة امير المومنين ابو يوسف
يعقوب بن الخليفتين
OS — ابو زكريا — امير المومنين
— الراشدين — يحيى ابن الخلفا
RS — محمد بن الخلفا — امير المومنين ابو عبد الله
— يوسف بن الخلفا — امير المومنين ابو يعقوب
P 12 (pl. II). Sawaszkiewicz p. 205: ruler only, may be this coin.
abū-Mūsâ 'Imrān ibn-Ya'qūb
rebel amīr at Sabtah
A.H. 629–630
A.D. 1232–1232
No gold reported.
abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-al-Wāḥid II ibn-Idrīs I
A.H. 630–640
A.D. 1232–1242
(opposed 630–633 by Yaḥyâ).
First series: before restoration of al-Mahdī's name
A.H. 630–631
A.D. 1232–1234
513. (no mint) – double dinar. Plate II
OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
صلى الله على محمد واله
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
القران حجة الله
RF الفام بامر الله الخليفة
ابو محمد عبد المومن بن علي
امير المومنين ابو يعقوب
امير المومنين ابويوسف
ابن الخلفا الراشدين
OS — ابو محمد عبد الواحد — امير المومنين الرشيد
— ابي العلى بن امير المومنين المنصور — بن امير المومنين المامون
RS — امير المومنين — المجاهد في سبيل الله
— ابن الخلفا الراشدين — المامون ابو العلى
P 14. Figanier 158 (pl.): حجا for حجة in last line of OF.
Second series: after restoration of al-Mahdī's name
A.H. 631–640
A.D. 1234–1242
514. Azammūr (b OF) – double dinar.
As 513 except last line of OF: الممهدى امام الامة.
B 1152: mint in 4th RS (error?), 1153 (2 sp.): description inaccurate.
515. Sabtah (b OF) – double dinar struck after A.H. 635.
As 514.
P 15b. B 1154: description inaccurate.
516. (mint?) – double dinar. Plate II
As 514.
P 15c (pl. II): mint given as Mālaqah (error), plate shows .
517. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 514.
V 2077 (Canovas). P 15a. BM V 107 (pl. II): اجاهد for المجاهد in 1st RS (error). BN II 734: المنصور omitted from 4th OS. Weyl:G 1227: description incomplete. B 1155 (pl. XVI): description inaccurate, plate largely illegible.
abū'l-Ḥasan 'Alī ibn-Idrīs I
A.H. 640–646
A.D. 1242–1248
518. Sabtah (location on coin not indicated) – double dinar struck, if mint is correctly identified, in A.H. 640 before revolt.
OF as OF 514.
RF القائم بامر الله الخليفة ابو محمد
عبد المومن بن علي امير المومنين
ابو يعقوب امير المومنين ابو يوسف
امير المومنين المجاهد في
سبيل الله المامون
OS — المعتضد بالله ابو الحسن — امير المومنين الاسعد
— ابن الخلفا الراشيد — ابن امير المومنين المامون
RS — امير المومنين الرشيد — ابو العلى بن الخلفا الراشدين
— ابن امير المومنين المامون — ابو محمد عبد الواحد
B 1157.
519. (no mint) – double dinar. Plate II
As 518.
V 2078: several errors. P 16 (pl. II). MA 672: several errors. Ø 2108: many errors, ascribed to 'Abd-al-Mu'min. B 1156 (pl. XVII): plate partly illegible.
520. (no mint) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 500.
امير المومنين المامون
OS المعتضد بالله — امير المومنين الاسعد
— ابن امير المومنين — ابو الحسن بن امير المومنين
RS ابن امير المومنين — امير المومنين الرشيد
— ابن الخلفا الراشدين — المامون ابي العلى
P 17:ابو for ابي in 3rd RS (error?).
RF as RF of 513 except last line:
521. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 520 but with بن علي shifted to the start of 3rd line of RF.
P 17 note: ابو for ابي in 3rd RS (error?).
abū-Ḥafṣ 'Umar ibn-Iṣhāq
A.H. 646–665
A.D. 1248–1266
(opposed during 665 by Idrīs II).
522. Sabtah – double dinar struck after A.H. 647.
OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
صلى الله على محمد
والحمد لله وحده
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
(mint)
RF المهدى امام الامة
القائم بامر الله
الخليفة الامام
ابو محمد عبد المومن
ابن علي امير المومنين
OS — الله ابو حفص بن الامير — امير المومنين المرتضى لامر
— ابن الخلفتين — الطاهر ابي ابرهيم
RS — ابو يعقوب — امير المومنين
— ابن الخليفة — يوسف
ANS. BM V 113.
523. Sabtah – double dinar struck after A.H. 647.
As 522 plus واله at end of 2nd line of OF.
P 18b: الحمد for والحمد in 3rd line of OF (error?).
524. Sabtah – double dinar struck after A.H. 647.
As 523 except OS:
— بالله المرتضى ابو حفص — امير المومنين المومن
— ابراهيم بن الخليفتين —ابن الامير الطاهر ابي
P 19c: several slight differences (errors?). BM V 112. B 1174–1184 (11 sp.): some of these specimens may have mint Madīnat Sabtah. Seco p. 469.
525. Madīnat Sabtah – double dinar struck after A.H. 647.
As 524.
V 2081 (AV): several slight differences (errors?). P 19b: several slight differences (errors?). BM V 108–111 (pl. 11: 108) (4 sp.). BN II 735. MA 674 (3 sp.). D: García 6135 (pl. XVI, no. 5, not pl. XV): ب before mint (disproved by plate). L: Muwaḥḥids p. 162, no. 1 (pl. VI), p. 163, no. 2–3 (3 sp.). L: Khedivial p. 329. B 1165, 1173 (pl. XVII both) (2 sp.). Mateu I p. 483 (pl. XXXVI, no. 9): given As 531 (disproved by plate).
526. Sabtah – dinar struck after A.H. 647.
OF as OF of 473.
OS — ابو حفص بن — امير المومنين
— ابي ابرهيم — الامير الطاهر
RS — يعقوب يوسف — امير المومنين ابو
— امير المومنين — ابن الخليفة
RF as RF of 473.
P 20c. BM X p. 9, no. 117d.
527. Madīnat Sabtah – dinar struck after A.H. 647.
As 526.
V 2084 (AV): ابن for ابي in 4th OS (error). P 20b (pl. III). B 1185–1188 (pl. XVII: 1185) (4 sp.). González p. 109 (fig. 31).
528. Sijilmāsah – double dinar.
As 524.
V 2082 (AV): several slight differences (errors?). P 19d: several slight differences (errors?). BM V 114. MA 675 (2 sp.). Rivero:M 136 (pl. III): misread slightly. B 1159–1164 (pl. XVII: 1159) (6 sp.).
529. Sijilmāsah – dinar.
As 526.
B 1166–1172 (pl. XVII: 1166) (7 sp.): description inaccurate.
530. (mint?) – double dinar. Plate II
As 524.
P 19e (pl. III): mint given as Mālaqah (error), plate shows الحمد؛ سعله for والحمد in 3rd line of OF (disproved by plate).
531. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 523.
V 2079 (AV): الحمد for والحمد in 3rd line of OF (error). P 18a (pl. II): الحمد for والحمد (disproved by plate). BM V 116.
532. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 523 but with OS divided differently:
— لامر الله ابو حفص بن — امير المومنين المرتضى
— ابرهيم ابن الخليفتين — الامير الطاهر ابي
V 2079 note: الحمد for والحمد in 3rd line of OF (error?). P 18 note: الحمد for والحمد (error?). BM V 117.
533. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 524.
V 2080 (AH, PG, AV 3 sp.): several slight differences (errors?). P 19a: several slight differences (errors?). BM V 115. BN II 736, 737 (2 sp.). MA 673 (II sp.). KM II 699:بو حف for ابو حفص in 2nd OS (engraving error). Tychsen, O.: Introductionis p. 49. Condé p. 285 (pl. IV, no. 1). Sacy p. 537. Soret:F 134 note. D: García 6136. D: Lorichs 4723. L: Muwaḥḥids p. 163, no. 4, 5 (2 sp.). C:Trutado p. 224, no. 4 (pl. XXII). Markov:E p. 93, no. 3: mintless, not described. Sotheby 390: mintless, not described. S: Karabaczek 921 (pl. II). S: Gotha 989. Ø 2114: engraving errors, 2115 (2 sp.). B 1189–1209 (21 sp.). Figanier 279 (pl.): OS slightly misread. Mateu I p. 483 (pl. XXXVI, no. 10). Seco p. 468 (pl. XXIII) (4 sp.).
534. (no mint) – dinar.
As 526.
V 2083 (PG, AV): ابن for ابي in 4th OS (error). P 20a. BM X p. 9, no. 117e, 117f (2 sp.). B 1210–1219 (coin illustrated under no. 1219 in pl. XVII is 536) (10 sp.). Thorburn.
535. (no mint) – dinar.
As 526 except RS:
— ابو يعقوب — امير المومنين
— امير المومنين — يوسف بن
HSA 13187. P 20 note. MA 676: الطاهرين for الطاهر in 3rd OS (error).
536. (no mint) – half dinar.
As 503 except OS:
— ابو حفص — امير المومنين
— ابي ابرهيم — بن الامير
V 2085 (PG, AV). P 21 (pl. III). BM X p. 8, no. 103k (pl. XXI): ascribed to Ya'qūb, apparently this coin with 2nd and 4th OS misread. BN II 738 (pl. VI): ابو omitted from 2nd RS (error). MA 677: OS misread. KM II 700 (pl. IV).D: García 6137–6139 (3 sp.). S: Gotha 990. B 1220, 1221 (pl. XVII, under no. 1219, 1220, 1221) (3 sp.): description incomplete, plate partly illegible.
See also medal of this ruler M1.
abū'l-'Ulâ Idrīs II ibn-Muḥammad
A.H. 665–668
A.D. 1266–1269
(opposed during 665 by 'Umar).
537. (no mint) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 523.
OS — بالله ابو العلى ابن — امير المومنين الواثق
— سيد ابي حفص بن الخليفة — سيد ابي عبد الله ابن
RS as RS of 522.
RF as RF of 522.
V 2086. BM V 118, 119 (2 sp.). L: Muwaḥḥids p. 164. no. 1 (pl. VI).
538. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 537 but with سيدنا for سيد in 3rd and 4th. OS.
V 2080 note. P 22. BM V 120 (pl. II). Sotheby 390. not described. B 1222–1225 (pl. XVII. under no. 1226 bis) (4 sp.): description incomplete. Thorburn.
539. (no mint) – half dinar.
As 503 and 536 except OS:
— الواثق — امير المومنين
— ابو العلى — المعتمد
V 2087 (PG). P 23 (pl. III). MA 678 (2 sp.). D: García 6140–6142 (3 sp.): 4th RS misread. Rivero:M 137 (pl. III). B 1226–1228 (pl. XVII: 1226) (3 sp.).
No coins are known to have been struck by the several Muwaḥḥid pretendess who arose in North Africa for decades after the downfall of the dynasty in A.H. 668 (A.D. 1269).
struck in North Africa by the Banū-Hūd of Murcia (Mursiyah) (or by their contemporaries) in Naskhī script.
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad I ibn-Yūsuf
A.H. 625–635
A.D. 1228–1238
Anonymous gold (Muwaḥḥid style) probably struck in A.H. 630, when this ruler controlled Sabtah for three months, in the name of the 'Abbāsid khalīfah, who was not individually identified:
al-Mustanṣir-bi-Allāh, abū-Ja'far al-Manṣūr ibn-Muḥammad
A.H. 623–640
A.D. 1226–1242
540. (no mint) – double dinar. Plate III
OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
صلى الله على محمد واله
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
RF القائم بامر الله
الخليفة الامام
العباسي امير المومنين
ابن الخلفا الرشدين
OS — الامام —الخليفة
— امير المومنين —العباسي
RS — اله واحد —والهكم
— الرحمن الرحيم —لا اله الا هو
P 63 (pl. VII). Weyl:G 1212 and S: Katabaczek 926: described as double dinars with legends in four lines, may be specimens of this coin.
Anonymous gold (Ḥafṣid style) probably struck at Sabtah between A.H. 647 and 656 by the independent amīr abu'l-Qāsim Ibrāhīm ibn-abī'l-'Abbās, al-'Azafī, in the name of the last 'Abbāsid khalīfah, who was not individually identified:
al-Musta'ṣim-bi-Allāh, abū-Aḥmad 'Abd-Allāh ibn-al-Manṣūr
A.H. 640–656
A.D. 1242–1258
541. (no mint) – double dinar. Plate III
OF الواحد الله
محمد رسول الله
العباسي امام الامة
RF الشكر لله
والمنة لله
والحول والقوة لله
OS — صلى الله على محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— تسليما — وعلى اله سلم
RS — امير المومنين — الخليفة
— ايدهم الله — ابن امير المومنين
P 62 (pl. VII): بالله for لله in 3rd line of RF, ايده for ايدهم in 4th RS (errors, corrected by Fasmer). D: García 6134 (pl. XVI, no 4): ascribed to Muwaḥḥid Idrīs I.
struck in North Africa and Spain by the Maṣmūdah Berber rulers of Tunisia and eastern Algeria, the Banū-Ḥafṣ in Naskhī or ornamented Kūfī script.
abū-Zakarīyā' Yaḥyâ I ibn-'Abd-al-Wādḥid
A.H. 627–647
A.D. 1230–1249
First series: with Muwaḥḥid name
A.H. 627–634
A.D. 1230–1236
542. Madīnat (a OF)? (b OF) – double dinar
OF الواحد الله
محمد رسول الله
المهدى خليفة الله
RF ابو محمد عبد المومن
بن على امير المومنين
الحمد لله رب العالمين
OS — صلى الله على محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الحيم
— لا اله الا هوت الرحمن الرحيم — والهكم اله واحد
RS — وما بكو من نعمة فمن الله — وما من اله الله
— وافوض امرى الى الله — وما تويفي الا بالله
B 1007 (pl. XVI): mint obscure in plate, read as Madīnat Fās (error?), ascribed to the Muwaḥḥid 'Abd-al-Mu'min.
543. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 542.
Prieto no. o (p. 112). KM II 685. B 1008 (coin illustrated under no. 1008 in pl. XVI is 454).
All ascribed to 'Abd-al-Mu'min.
544. (no mint) – half dinar with diameter of dinar. Attribution tentative.
OF لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
RF المهدى
خليفة
الله
OS — [?] — [بسم الله الرحمن [الرحيم
— [?] — [?]
RS — [?] — [بسم الله الرحمن [الرحيم
— [?] — [?]
BN II 1032, 1033 (2 sp.): segments largely illegible.
Second series: with both Muwaḥḥid and Ḥafṣid names
A.H. 634–640
A.D. 1236–1242
545. (no mint) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 542.
OS as OS of 542 except 2nd: — صلى الله على سيدنا محمد.
RS — ابو زكريا يحيى —الامير الاجل
— بن ابي حفص — بن ابي محمد
RF as RF of 542.
P 29. BN II 935: الله for هو in last OS (error).
546. (no mint) – dinar. Plate III
OF لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
RF المهدى امام
الامة القائم
بامر الله
OS — صلى الله على محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الحيم
— بن علي امير المومنين — ابو محمد عبد المومن
RS as RS of 545.
P 30 (pl. IV). BM V 159. B 1229 (pl. XVIII), 1230 (pl. XVIII: o only) (2 sp.): description incomplete, plates largely illegible.
Third series: with Ḥafṣid name only
A.H. 640–647
A.D. 1242–1249
547. Bijāyah (b OF) – double dinar.
As 545 except RF: الشكر لله
والمنة لله
والحول والقوة بالله
P 31b (pl. IV). B 1233 (pl. XVIII): mint b RF (disproved by plate).
548. Tilimsān (b OF) – double dinar struck probably in A.H. 640.
As 547.
P 31c (coin illustrated under no. 31c in pl. IV is 556). D:García 6641. Rivero:M 142 (pl. III): description inaccurate.
549. Jazā'ir (b OF) – double dinar.
As 547.
Soret:F 138: اله for لله in 1st and 2nd lines of RF (error), mint read as حرالد (?).
550. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 547.
P 31a. BN II 936 (pl. IX), 937 (2 sp.): الله for هو in 4th OS (disproved by plate). B 1231: description incomplete.
551. (no mint) – dinar.
As 546 except 3rd and 4th OS:
— وسلم اسليما — وعلى اله
ANS. P 32. BM V 158 (pl. III). BN II 938. KM II 857 (pl. V), 858 (2 sp.). Lavoix:H p. 260 (pl. CXCI, no. 1): termed quarter dinar. Chalon p. 389 (fig.): termed quarter dinar. Weyl:G 1228. S:White 2193. S: Karabaczek 867. Ziya 1764 (pl. II). S: Gotha 991. Ø 2116: incorrectly reported. F:Hafsites 1 (pl. I). B 1235 (pl. XVIII).
552. (no mint) – half dinar.
OF as OF of 544.
OS as RS of 545.
RS — وما بكم — امنت بالله
— فمن الله — من نعمة
RF as RF of 544.
P 33 (pl. IV). BN II 939 (pl. IX), 940 (2 sp.). KM II 859. Weyl:F 6498: wrong reference. Dorn II p. 65, no. 1. Spink (1933) 22477. F:Hafsites 1 note. B 1236 (pl. XVIII, o only; R belongs to an unidentified coin, illegible), 1237 (pl. XVIII): diameter of dinar (2 sp.).
— There is historical testimony that in A.H. 673 this ruler struck a few gold coins for gifts to courtiers in denominations of 2/5 and 1/5 of a dinar.
Ḥafṣid partisans in Morocco.
553. Sabtah (b OF) – double dinar struck between A.H. 643 and 647 by abū-'Alī ibn-Khalāṣ or his successor abū-Yaḥyâ ibn-Zakarīyā', called Ibn-al-Shahīd.
As 547.
P 31d. B 1234 (pl. XVIII): mint b RF (error), illegible in plate.
554. Sijilmāsah (b OF) – dinar (Muwaḥḥid style) struck in A.H. 640 or 641 by 'Abd-Allāh ibn-Zakarīyā', al-Khazrajī.
As 493 except OS, as RS of 545.
P p. 53.
Ḥafṣid partisans in Spain.
555. Ishbīliyah (b OF) – double dinar struck presumably by abū-Fāris ibn-Yūnus, cousin and representative of Yaḥyâ I A.H. 641–643, 644–646.
11
As 547, but without سيدنا in 2nd OS.
P 311 (pl. IV): ascribed to siege. Seco p. 469: mint illegible.
556. Gharnāṭah (b RF) – double dinar struck presumably by abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad ibn-Yūsui, called Ibn-al-Aḥmar, before A.H. 647, when he became independent as the first ruler of the Naṣrid dynasty. Plate III
As 547.
P 31e (pl. IV, under no. 31c, noted by Fasmer). B 1232 (pl. XVIII: R only).
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad I ibn-Yaḥyâ I
A.H. 647–675
A.D. 1249–1277
First series: as amīr
A.H. 647–650
A.D. 1249–1253
557. Bijāyah (b OF) – double dinar.
As 547 except RS:
— عبد الله محمد بن — الامير الاجل ابو
— ابي محمد بن ابي حفص — الامير ابي زكريابن
BN II 941 (pl. IX).
558. Bijāyah (b RF) – dinar.
As 551 except RS, as RS of 557.
B 1239 (pl. XVIII): plate shows reverse of 2 sp., no obverse, description inaccurate.
559. (no mint) – dinar.
As 558.
ANS: و of وسلم shifted to end of 3rd OS. BN II 943: و shifted to end of 3rd OS (not noticed by Lavoix; read by G. C. Miles). Lavoix:H p. 262 (pl. CXCII, no. I). Weyl:G 1229: description incomplete. L: Khedivial p. 329. S: Karabaczek 866. F:Hafsites 4(pl. I): و shifted to end of 3rd OS.
560. (no mint) – half dinar.
OF لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
RF زكريا بن
ابي محمد بن
ابي خفص
OS — المهدى — امنت بالله
— الله — خليفة
RS — جل ابو عبد — الامير الا
— الامير ابي — الله محمد بن
BM V 159a (pl. III). D. García 6645: description inaccurate. Ø 2117. F:Hafsites 4 note.
561. (no mint) – quarter dinar.
OF لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
RF ثقتي بالله
وحده عليه
توكلت
OS — الاجل — الامير
— الله محمد — ابو عبد
RS — ابي زكريا بن — بن الامير
— ابي حفص — ابي محمد بن
Soret:F 139: R obscure, misread. F:Hafsites 4 note.
Second series: as amīr al-mu'minin
A.H. 650–675
A.D. 1253–1277
562. Bijāyah (b RF) – double dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.
OF المهدى خليفة
الله الشكر لله
والحول والقوة بالله
RF ابو عبد الله
محمد بن المرا
الراشدين
OS — صلى الله على سيدنا — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— محمد رسول الله — محمد لا اله الا الله
RS — بالله المنصور — المستنصر
— امير المومنين — بفضل الله
S: Karabaczek 922 (pl. II). F:Hafsites 2 (pl. I). B 1238 (pl. XVIII).
563. Bijāyah (b OF) – dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.
OF المهدى
جليفة
الشكر لله
RF ابو عبد الله
بن الامرا
الراشدين
OS as OS of 562.
RS as RS of 562.
BN II 942 (pl. X): OF misread.
564. (no mint) – double dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.
As 562.
BM X p. 11, no. 160k (pl. XXI, R only), 160l (2 sp.): ascribed to Muḥammad II. BN II 946. D: García 6131: script not specified, ascribed to Muwaḥḥids. F:Hafsites 3. B 1240.
565. (no mint) – dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.
As 563.
Condé p. 286 (pl. III, no. 6). Cimino p. 220 (fig. 30, bottom: R only). Rivero:M 143 (pl. III) description inaccurate.
566. (no mint) – dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.
As 563 except RF, as RF of 562.
D: García 6132: script not specified, ascribed to Muwaḥḥids. B 1241. 566 may be 565 misread.
abū-Zakarīyā' Yaḥyâ II ibn-Muḥammad I
A.H. 675–678
A.D. 1277–1279
(opposed 677–678 by Ibrāhīm I).
567. (no mint) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 562.
RF ابو زكريا
يحيى بن الامرا
الراشدين
OS as OS of 562.
RS — المويد بفضل — الواثق بالله
— المومنين — الله امير
BM V 160 (pl. III). B 1242 (pl. XVIII).
11*
568. (no mint) – dinar.
OF as OF of 563.
OS as OS of 562 and 567.
RS as RS of 567.
RF as RF of 567.
B 1243 (pl. XVIII).
abū-Isḥāq Ibrāhīm I ibn-Yaḥyâ I
A.H. 677–681
A.D. 1279–1283
(opposed 677–678 by Yaḥyâ II and during 681 by Aḥmad ibn-Marzūq).
569. (no mint) – double dinar. Plate III
OF as OF of 542.
RF ابي زكريا يحيى
بن اني محمد
بن ابي حفص
OS as OS of 545.
RS — الامير الاجل ابو — المجاهد في سبيل الله
— بن الامير الاجل — اسحق ابراهيم
BN II 947 (pl. X): سيدنا omitted from 2nd OS (error). KM II 860. Tychsen, O. p. 128: misread. Lagumina p. 105, no. 2: الجاهد for المجاهد in 1st RS (error). B 1244, 1245 (pl. XVIII: both) (2 sp.): description incorrect.
Aḥmad ibn-Marzūq
called Ibn-abī-'Umarah
pretending to be
abū'l-'Abbās al-Faḍl ibn-Yaḥyâ II
A.H. 681–683
A.D. 1282–1284
(opposed during 681 by Ibrāhīm I, 681–682 by 'Abd-al-'Azīz I, and during 683 by 'Umar I).
570. Tūnis (b RF) – double dinar. Plate III
OF المهدى خليفة الله
الشكر لله
والحول والقوة بالله
RF الفضل
امير المومنين بن
امير المومنين
OS as OS of 562.
RS — القائم بحق الله — المنصور بفضل الله
— ابو العباس — امير المومنين
B 1252 (pl. XIX): wrongly ascribed.
abū-Fāris 'Abd-al-'Azīz I ibn-Ibrāhīm I
at Bijāyah
A.H. 681–682
A.D. 1283–1283
(opposed 681–682 by Aḥmad ibn-Marzūq).
No coins reported.
abū-Ḥafṣ 'Umar I ibn-Yaḥyâ I
A.H. 683–694
A.D. 1284–1295
(opposed during 683 by Aḥmad ibn-Marzūq and 683–694 by Yaḥyâ).
571. Bijāyah (b RF) – double dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.
Presumably as 572.
B 1248 bis: m only. If mint is correctly given, this coin must have been struck in A.H. 683 or 684, as 'Umar I lost Bijāyah to Yaḥyâ in 684.
572. Tūnis (b RF) – double dinar: ornamented Kūfī script. Plate III
OF as OF of 562.
RF ابو حفص
عمر بن الامرا
الراشدين
OS as OS of 562.
RS — بالله المويد — المستنصر
— امير المومنين — بنصر الله
BM X p. 11, no. 160d (pl. XXI). BN II 948 (pl. x), 949 (2, sp.). Longpérier: A (pl. LV, no. 9). D:García 6133: المنصور for المويد in 2nd RS (error?), بفضل for بنصر in 3rd RS (error?), mint misspelled, script not specified, ascribed to Muwaḥḥids. Lavoix:H p. 265 (pl. CXCI, no. 3): description inaccurate. S: Gotha 992 (pl. XII). F:Hafsites 5 (pl. I), 6 (2 sp.). B 1247–1249 (pl. XVIII: all; o and R of 1248 in plate belong to different specimens) (3 sp.): segments of 1249 clipped off.
573. Tūnis (b RF) – dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.
OF as of OF 563.
RF ابو حفص
بن الامرا
الراشدين
OS as OS of 562 and 572.
RS as RS of 572.
F:Hafsites 7: الاميرا for الامرا in RF (misprint).
abū-Zakarīyā' Yaḥyâ ibn-Ibrāhīm I
amīr at Bijāyah
A.H. 683–700
A.D. 1284–1301
(opposed 683–694 by 'Umar I and 694–700 by Muḥammad II).
574. Bijāyah (b RF) – double dinar struck after A.H. 684.
OF as OF of 542.
OS as OS of 545.
RS — الاحيا دين الله — الامير المنتخب
— الامرا الراشدين — ابو زكريا بن
RF as RF of 547.
F:Hafsites 8 (pl. I), 9 (2 sp.).
575. Bijāyah (b OF) – double dinar struck after A.H. 684: ornamented Kūfī script.
As 574 except OS:
— صلى الله على — بسم الله الرحمن الحيم
— واله وسلم تسليما — سيدنا محمد
B 1246 (pl. XVIII): والحمد for والمنة in RF (disproved by plate).
576. (no mint) – double dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.
As 575 (Fasmer I p. 213 reads لله for بالله in 3rd line of RF).
BN II 950 (pl. x): partly illegible, الحمد for والمنة in RF (illegible in plate). Lavoix:H p. 266 (pl. CXCII, no. 2): partly illegible, الحمد for والمنة in RF (disproved by plate).
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad II ibn-Yaḥyâ II
A.H. 694–709
A.D. 1295–1309
(opposed 694–700 by Yaḥyâ and 700–709 by Khālid I).
577. Tūnis (b RF) – double dinar.
As 562 except RF: ابو عبد الله محمد
بن امير المومنين
نب امير المومينين
F:Hafsites 10, 11 (pl. I) (2 sp.).
577a. Tūnis (b RF) – double dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.
As 577.
F:Hafsites 12 (pl. I), 13 (2 sp.): as 562 (error, corrected by letter).
578. Tūnis (b RF) – double dinar.
As 577 but with ابو shifted from top line of RF to end of 4th RS.
F:Hafsites 14.
579. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 578.
Lagumina p. 104, no. 1: segments partly illegible, ascribed to Muḥammad I.
abū'l-Baqā' Khālid I ibn-Yaḥyâ
A.H. 700–711
A.D.1301–1311
(opposed 700–709 by Muḥammad II, during 709 by Abū-Bakr I, 710–711 by Abū-Bakr II, and during 711 by Zakarīyā' I).
First series: as amīr at Bijāyah
A.H. 700–709
A.D. 1301–1309
No coins reported.
Second series: as amīr al-mu'minīn
A.H. 709–711
A.D. 1309–1311
580. (mint?) (b RF) – double dinar: ornamented Kūfī script. Plate III
OF as OF of 562.
RF ابو البقا خالد
ابن الامرا
الراشدين
OS as OS of 562.
RS — الله المنصور — الناصر لدين
— امير المومنين — بفصل الله
BN II 951 (pl. X): mint obscure in plate, given as Ṭarābulus (error).
abū-Yaḥyâ Abū-Bakr I ibn-'Abd-al-Raḥmān
A.H. 709–709
A.D. 1309–1309
(opposed during 709 by Khālid I).
No coins reported.
abū-Yaḥyâ Abū-Bakr II ibn-Yaḥyâ
A.H. 710–747
A.D. 1310–1346
(opposed 710–711 by Khālid I, 711–717 by Zakarīyā' I, 717–723 by Muḥammad III, 721–730 by Muḥammad ibn-Abī-Bakr, 724–725 by Ibrāhīm, and 729–732 by 'Abd-al-Wāḥid).
First series: as amīr at Bijāyah and Qusanṭīnah
A.H. 710–718
A.D. 1310–1318
581. Bijāyah (b RF) – double dinar.
Presumably as 582, though OS may differ.
Lagumina p. 106, no. 3: المقتدر for المويد in 3rd RS, ابن repeated before الراشدين in RF (errors?); OS dubious, given as:
— صلى الله على سيدنا محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— [?] — وعلى اله واصحبه
582. Qusanṭīnah (b RF) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 542.
RF ابويحيى ابوبكر
ابن الامرا
الرشدين
OS as OS of 575 but with واله omitted from 4th s.
RS — المتوكل على الله — الاميى الاجل
— بنصو الله — المويد
BN II 960 (pl. X): OS largely illegible, plate does not show امير المومنين reported at end of 4th RS.
— (no mint) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 544.
OS — صلى الله على يسن محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— والقوة بالله — الشكر والحول
RS — ماشت كل بقدر — ادين الله [?]
— بنصر الله انت المويد — الله المويد
RF as RF of 582.
Ziya 1765: probably a poor specimen of 581 or 582 misread.
583. (no mint) – dinar.
OF الشكر
المهدى
خليفة الله
RF ابوبكر
بن الامرا
الراشدين
OS as OS of 562.
RS — على الله — المتوكل
— ابو يحيى — المويد
F:Hafsites 30.
Second series: as amīr al-mu'minīn
A.H. 718–747
A.D. 1318–1346
584. Bijāyah (b OF and b RF) – double dinar.
OF الشكر لله
والحول والقوة بالله
المهدى خليفة الله
RF as RF of 582.
OS — صلى الله على سيدنا محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— محمد رسول الله — لا اله الا الله
RS — الله المويد — المتوكل على
— امير المومنين — بنصر الله
BN II 952 (pl. X), 955–957 (4 sp.). Lavoix:H p. 268 (pl. CXCI, no. 4): description incomplete.
585. Bijāyah (b OF) – double dinar.
As 584.
F:Hafsites 19.
585a. Bijāyah (b OF) – double dinar.
As 584 except RS, rotated counter-clockwise 90 degrees.
B 1250 (pl. XIX): description incomplete.
586. Bijāyah (b RF) – double dinar.
As 584.
BN II 953, 954 (2 sp.). KM II 863: اميرا for امير in 3rd RS, RS divided differently (errors?).
B 1251 (pl. XIX).
586a. Bijāyah (b RF) – double dinar.
As 585a.
F:Hafsites 20 (pl. II), 21 (2 sp.): mint above 3rd line of RF (disproved by plate), RS as RS of 584 (disproved by plate).
587. Qafṣah (b RF) – double dinar struck after capitulation in A.H. 735.
As 584, but with محمد shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd OS.
F:Hafsites 23 (pl. III): OS as OS of 584 (disproved by plate).
588. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 584.
BN II 958, 959 (2 sp.): ascribed to Bijāyah. Ø 2118 (pl. VI): المومن for المويد in 2nd RS (disproved by plate). F:Hafsites 24–29 (pl. III: 28) (6 sp.).
589. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 587.
Codrington, O. p. 6: الحول for والحول in OF (misprint?).
590. (no mint) – dinar.
OF as OF of 563.
OS as OS of 562 and 583.
RS — على الله امير — المتوكل
— ابو يحيى — المومنين
RF as RF of 583.
BM X p. 12, no. 160t (pl. XXI).
591. (no mint) – half dinar.
OF as OF of 560.
OS as OS of 560.
RS — المومنين — امير
— يحيى — ابو
RF as RF of 583.
BN II 961 (pl. X). F:Hafsites 31–35 (p1. III: 31) (5 sp.).
abū-Yaḥyâ Zakarīyā' I ibn-Aḥmad
A.H. 711–717
A.D. 1311–1318
(opposed during 711 by Khālid I and 711–717 by Abū-Bakr II).
592. (no mint) – double dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
المهدى خليفة الله
RF ابو يحيى زكريا
ابن الامرا
الراشدين
OS — والهداية من الله — المنة لله
— والتوكل على الله — والاستعانة بالله
RS — المنصور — القائم بامر الله
— امير المومنين — بفضل الله
F:Hafsites 16 (pl. II), 17 (2 sp.).
593. (no mint) – dinar.
OF محمد رسول الله
الله المهدى
خليفة الله
RF زكريا
ابن الامرا
الراشدين
OS — [?] — الملك لله
— [?] — [?]
RS — بامر الله — القائم
— المومنين — امير
F:Hafsites 18: OS largely illegible.
abū-'Abd-Allāh Moḥammad III ibn-Zakarīyā' I
A.H. 717–723
A.D. 1317–1323
(opposed 717–723 by Abū-Bakr II and 721–723 by Muḥammad ibn-Abī-Bakr).
594. (no mint) – double dinar.
OF الواحد الله
الحول والقوة بالله
المهدى امام الامة
RF ابو]عبد الله محمد]
ابن الامرا الراشدين
[ايده الله [تعلى
OS — [? الرحيم] — بسم الله الرحمن
— [?] — [?]
RS — [المجاهد المو [يد — [?]الامير
— [?] — [?]
BN II 980 (pl. XI): ascribed to Muḥammad V, partly illegible.
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad ibn-Abī-Bakr
pretender
A.H. 721–730
A.D. 1321–1330
(opposed 721–730 by Abū-Bakr II, 721–723 by Muḥammad III, 724–725 by Ibrāhīm, and 729–730 by 'Abd-al-Wāḥid).
No coins reported.
abū-Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn-Abī-Bakr I
pretender
A.H. 724–725
A.D. 1324–1325
(opposed 724–725 by Abū-Bakr II and Muḥammad ibn-Abī-Bakr).
No coins reported.
abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-al-Wāḥid ibn-Zukarīyā I
pretender
A.H. 729–732
A.D. 1329–1332
(opposed 729–732 by Abū-Bakr II and 729–730 by Muḥammad ibn-Abī-Bakr).
No coins reported.
abū-Ḥafṣ 'Umar II ibn-Abī-Bakr II
A.H. 747–748
A.D. 1346–1347
(opposed during 747 by Aḥmad I).
595. (no mint) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 584.
RF ابو حفص عمر
ابن امير المومنين
ابو يحيى ابو بكر
OS as OS of 562.
RS as RS of 580.
F:Hafsites 30 (pl. III): OS as OS of 584 (disproved by plate).
596. (no mint) – eighth dinar.
OF لا اله
الا الله
وحده
RF امير المو
منين ابو
حفص
No segment inscriptions.
BN II 962 (pl. X).
abū'l-'Abbās Aḥmad I ibn-Abi-Bdkr II
A.H. 747–747
A.D. 1346–1346
(opposed during 747 by 'Umar II).
No coins reported.
abū'l-'Abbās al-Faḍl ibn-Abī-Bakr II
A.H. 749–751
A.D. 1348–1350
(opposed 749–751 by 'Abd-al-Raḥmān and Muḥammad).
First series: as amīr al-mu'minīn at Bijāyah
A.H. 749–749
A.D. 1348–1349
597. Bijāyah (b RF) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 584.
RF ابو العباس الفضل
ابن امير المومنين
ابى يحيى ابي بكر
OS as OS of 562.
RS as RS of 584.
F:Hafsites 37 (pl. III)
598. Ṭarābulus (b OF) – double dinar.
As 597.
F:Hafsites 38 (pl. IV). B 1252 bis (p. 271): m only. Ashmolean.
Second series: as amīr al-mu'minīn at Tūnis
A.H. 750–751
A.D. 1350–1350
599. Tūnis (b RF) – double dinar struck in A.H. 750 or 751.
OF as OF of 584 and 597.
RF ابو العباس الفضل
امير المومنين
بن امير المومنين
OS as OS of 562 and 597.
RS — المويد بنصر الله — المتوكل علي الله
— بن امير المومنين — المير المومنين
B 1253: description of OS uncertain, بفضل for بنصر in 2nd RS (error?).
600. (no mint) – half dinar.
OF لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
RF الفضل
ابن امير
المومنين
OS — المهدى — العزة لله
— الله — جليفة
RS — المومنين — امير
— العباس — ابو
F:Hafsites 39.
abū-Zayd 'Abd-al-Raḥmān ibn-Muḥammad
amīr at Qusanṭīnah
A.H. 749–755
A.D. 1348–1355
(opposed 749–751 by al-Faḍl and 751–755 by Ibrāhīm II).
601. Qusanṭīnah (b RF) – double dinar.
OF الشكر لله
الحول والقوة بالله
المهدى خليفة الله
RF اوب زيد عبد
الرحمن بن الامرا
الراشدين
OS — صلى الله على سيدنا محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— وسلم تسليما — وعلى اله وصحابه
RS — [? المظفر بالله] — [?]
— [? المنصور بفضل الله] — [?]
Bigonet p. 97: RS largely illegible.
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad ibn-Yaḥyâ
amīr at Bijāyah
A.H. 749–753, 761–767
A.D. 1348–1352, 1360–1366
(opposed 749–751 by al-Faḍl, 761–767 by Ibrāhīm II, and 761–767 by Aḥmad II).
First reign:
A.H. 749–753
A.D. 1348–1352
602. (no mint) – double dinar.
OF as OF 601.
RF ابو عبد الله بن
يحيى بن امير المومنين
ابن الامرا الراشدين
OS as OS of 584.
RS — المويد بنصر — المستنصر بالله
— بفضل الله — الله المنصور
F:Hafsites 15 (pl. II): يحيى obscure in plate; ascribed to Muḥammad II.
Second reign: Marīnid influence
A.H. 761–767
A.D. 1360–1366
603. Madīnat (at end of 1st RS) Bijāyah (at start of 2nd RS) – double dinar. Plate III
OF الحمد لله و الشكر لله
ولا حول قوة الا بالله
المهدى خليفة الله
RF محمد امير المومنين
بن الامير ابي زكريا بن
ابي بكر امير المومنين
OS as OS of 562.
RS — المحروسة (mint) — ضرب بمدينة
— المستنصر — عن امر عبد الله
BN II 968 (pl. XI): بن in 4th RS (apparently disproved by plate), wrongly ascribed. Lavoix:H p. 270 (pl. CXCII, no. 4).
abū-Isḥāq Ibrāhīm II ibn-Abī-Bakr II
A.H. 751–770
A.D. 1350–1369
(opposed 751–755 by 'Abd-al-Raḥmān, 761–767 by Muḥammad, and 755–758, 761–770 by Aḥmad II).
604. Ṭarābulus (b OF) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 584.
RF ابو اسحاق ابراهيم
ابن امير المومنين
ابى يحيى ابي يكر
OS as OS of 562.
RS as RS of 562.
BN II 966 (pl. XI): بن before ابي بكر in 3rd line of RF (error?, blurred in plate), بالله at end of 1st RS (disproved by plate). F:Hafsites 41: ابو for ابي twice in 3rd line of RF, segments partly illegible.
605. Qafṣah (b OF) – double dinar.
As 604.
F.Hafsites 40 (pl. IV): ابو for ابي twice in 3rd line of RF, segments partly illegible.
606. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 604.
BM V 161 (pl. III): RS rotated counterclockwise 90 degrees (disproved by plate), ابو for ابي in middle of 3rd line of RF (plate seems to have ابو for ابي twice in 3rd line of RF). F:Hafsites 42: ابو for ابي twice in 3rd line of RF.
607. (no mint) – double dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.
As 604.
BN II 967: بن before ابي بكر in 3rd line of RF (error?).
abū'l-'Abbās Aḥmad II ibn-Muḥammad
A.H. 755–758, 761–796
A.D. 1354–1357, 1360–1394
(opposed 761–767 by Muḥammd, 755–758, 761–770 by Ibrāhīm II, and 770–772 by Khālid II).
First reign:
A.H. 755–758
A.D. 1354–1357
608. (no mint) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 584.
RF ابو العباس احمد
ابن الامرا
الراشدين
OS as OS of 562.
RS as RS of 584.
BN II 964 (pl. X), 965 (2 sp.): ascribed to al-Faḍl.
Second reign: Marīnid influence
A.H. 761–796
A.D. 1360–1394
609. (no mint) – double dinar. Plate III
OF الحمد لله والشكر
لله والحول والقوة
بالله وما النصر
الا من عند الله
المهدى خليفة الله
RF ابو العباس احمد
بن الامير (ابي) عبد
الله محمد بن امير
المومنين ابي بكر
ابن الامرا الراشدين
OS as OS of 562 and 608.
RS — المويد بنصر الله — المتوكل على الله
— امير المومنين — المنصور بفضل الله
BN II 963 (pl. X): ابي omitted from 2nd line of RF (engraving error), ascribed to al-Faḍl. Lavoix:H p. 269 (pl. CXCII, no. 3): ابي omitted.
abū'l-Baqā' Khālid II ibn-Ibrāhīm II
A.H. 770–772
A.D. 1369–1370
(opposed 770–772 by Aḥmad II).
No coins reported.
abū-Fāris 'Abd-al-'Azīz II ibn-Aḥmad II
A.H. 796–837
A.D. 1394–1434
610. Bijāyah (b RF) – double dinar with diameter of half dinar.
OF as OF of 584.
RF ابو فارس العزيز
ابن امير المومنين ابو
العباي احمد
OS as OS of 584.
RS — المويد بنصر الله — المتوكل على الله
— امير المومنين — المجاهد في سبيل الله
F:Hafsites 44 (pl. IV): segments illegible.
611. Biskirah? (b RF) – double dinar.
As 610 but with ابو shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd line of RF.
F:Hafsites 43 (pl. IV): mint uncertain in plate, which shows ابي for ابو in 3rd line of RF.
612. Tūnis (b RF) – double dinar.
As 610.
F:Hafsites 51 (pl. V).
613. Tūnis (b RF) – double dinar.
As 611.
BN II 969 (pl. XI): mint poorly engraved. Lavoix:H p. 271 (pl. CXCI, no. 5; not, as given, pl. CXCII, no. 3): description incomplete.
614. Tūnis (b RF) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 584 and 610.
OS — صلى الله على سيدنا — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— لا اله الا الله — محمد واله وسلم
RS — الله]المجاهد] — [المو]يد [بنصر]
— امير المومنين — في سبيل الله
RF as RF of 611.
BM V 162 (pl. III): 1st and 2nd RS misread.
615. Tūnis (b RF) – dinar
OF as OF of 583.
RF ابو فارس
عبد العزيز
امير المومنين
OS — اله واحد — والهكم
— الرحمن الرحيم — لا اله الا هو
RS — بنصر الله — المويد
— سبيل الله — المجاهد فى
BM V 163 (pl. III): الجاهد for المجاهد in 2nd RS (error). Marsden 360 (pl. XXI): misread, ascribed to Sharīfs.
616. al-Ḥāmmah (b RF) – double dinar.
As 611 except OS, as OS of 562.
F:Hafsites 45 (pl. IV): mint read as al-Ḥammah (disproved by plate), segments partly illegible.
617. Ṭarābulus (b RF) – double dinar with diameter of dinar.
As 611.
Cimino (fig. 31, lower left: R only) may be this coin; o not shown or described, RS largely illegible. F:Hafsites 49 (pl. V), 50 (2 sp.): segments largely illegible.
618. Qusanṭīnah (b RF) – double dinar with diameter of half dinar.
As 616.
BN II 970 (pl. XI): as 611 (apparently disproved by plate).
619. Qafṣah (b RF) – double dinar.
As 610.
F:Hafsites 46 (pl. IV): segments partly illegible, as 611 (disproved by plate).
620. Qafṣah (b RF) – dinar.
As 615, but with في shifted from 3rd to start of 4th RS.
F:Hafsites 47 (pl. V).
621. Mahdīyah? (b RF) – dinar.
As 615.
F:Hafsites 48 (pl. V): mint illegible in plate, segments largely illegible.
622. (no mint) – dinar.
As 615.
F:Hafsites 52: weight of double dinar; 53, 54 (3 sp.): بن added to end of 2nd line of RF of 53 and 54 (error?).
623. (no mint) – dinar with diameter of half dinar.
As 615.
BN II 971: segments largely illegible.
— (no mint) – dinar with diameter of half dinar.
As 615 except 2nd line of OF: والحول والقوة بالله.
BM V 164: 3rd line of OF and all segments illegible; may be a poor specimen of 623 misread.
624. (no mint) – half dinar with diameter of quarter dinar.
OF as OF of 583 and 615.
RF ابو فارس
عبد الع
زيز
Segments illegible.
F:Hafsites 55. B 1254 (pl. XIX): plate illegible.
625. (no mint) – half dinar.
OF as OF of 601.
OS apparently as OS of 615.
RS apparently as RS of 615.
RF as RF of 615.
Marsden 361 (pl. XXI): misread, clipped, ascribed to Sharīfs.
— (no mint) – half dinar with diameter of quarter dinar.
OF الشكر لله
والامركله لله
والحمد لله
RF ابو فارس
عبدا
لعزيز
Segments largely illegible.
BM V 165: probably a poor specimen of 625 misread.
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad IV ibn-Muḥammad
A.H. 837–839
A.D. 1434–1435
626. (no mint) – double dinar. Attribution tentative.
OF as OF of 584.
RF ابو عبد الله محمد
ابن الامرا
الراشدين
OS as OS of 562.
RS as RS of 572.
BN II 944: ascribed to Muḥammad I. Longpérier: A (pl. LV, no. 11). Lavoix:H p. 262 (pl. CXCI, no. 2): OS not given, reconstructed from plate, ascribed to Muḥammad I. Blancard p. 6 (fig.): OS misread, ascribed to Muḥammad I.
abū'l-Ḥasan 'Alī ibn-'Abd-al-'Azīz II
amīr at Bijāyah
A.H. 839–856
A.D. 1435–1452
(opposed 839–856 by 'Uthmān).
627. Bijāyah (b RF) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 584.
RF ابو الحسن علي
ابن امير المومنين
ابو فارس عبد العزيز
OS apparently as OS of 584.
RS illegible except 1st: — المتوكل على الله.
Soret:D 93 (pl. II, no. 12): OS tentatively reconstructed from plate; امير المومنين given for 4th RS illegible in plate, probably error.
abū-'Amr 'Uthmān ibn-Muḥammad
A.H. 839–893
A.D. 1435–1488
(opposed 839–856 by 'Alī).
First series: Ḥafṣid style
628. Tūzar (b RF) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 584.
RF ابو عمرو عثمان
امير المومنين ابن
الامراالراشدين
12
OS apparently as OS of 584.
RS illegible.
F:Hafsites 56 (pl. V): segments largely illegible.
629. Ṭarābulus (b RF) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 584 and 628.
OS — محمد رسول الله — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— صلى الله على محمد — لا اله الا الله
RS — الله الواثق — المتوكل على
— في سبيل الله — بالله المجاهد
RF as RF of 628.
BN II 975 (pl. XI): عمر for عمرو in top line of RF. F:Hafsites 57 (pl. V) segments illegible, diameter of half dinar.
630. Ṭarābulus? (b RF) – dinar.
OF as OF of 583.
RF ابو عمرو
عثمان امير
المومنين
OS illegible.
RS — على — المتوكل
— وحده — الله
BN II 976: segments largely illegible, mint uncertain, عمر for عمرو in top line of RF; 1st OS starts القائم,الامير in a RS (both tentative). F:Hafsites 58: 1st OS starts الامير (misprint الامر, corrected by letter), mint uncertain, diameter of a half dinar.
631. Qusanṭīnah (b RF) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 584 and 628.
OS as OS of 562.
RS — على الله — المتوكل
— في سبيل الله — المجاهد
RF as RF of 628.
B 1256 (pl. XIX): عمر for عمرو in top line of RF.
632. (no mint) – double dinar.
Presumably as 628.
BN II 977 (pl. XI): segments clipped off, عمر for عمرو in top line of RF, plate shows traces of mint. Sacy p. 541: segments illegible, size not indicated, slightly misread, ascribed to Marīnid.
633. (no mint) – double dinar.
Presumably as 628 except OF, as OF of 601.
Sacy p. 541: segments illegible, slightly misread, ascribed to Marīnid.
634. (no mint) – dinar with diameter of half dinar.
Presumably as 628.
BN II 978: segments illegible.
635. (no mint) – dinar.
OF as OF of 583 and 630.
RF ابو عمرو
عثمان
امير المومنين
Segments illegible.
F:Hafsites 60.
636. (no mint) – half dinar.
OF as OF of 583 and 630.
OS illegible.
RS as RS of 630.
RF as RF of 635.
F:Hafsites 59 (pl. V): OS starts الملك لله (not visible in plate).
Second series; Ḥafṣid style with 4-line RF
637. Jazā'ir (b RF) – double dinar: modified Kūfī script. Plate III
OF as OF of 584 and 628.
RF امير المومنين
الملك السلطان
ابو عمرو عثمان بن
الامرا الراشد بن
OS — [? حيم] — بسم الله الرحمن الر
— صلى الله على — محمد لا اله الا الله
RS — امير المومنين — المتوكل على الله
— المويد بنصر الله — المجاهد في سبيل الله
BN II 974 (pl. XI): segments partly illegible, عمر for عمرو in 3rd line of RF. KM II 861 (pl. V): segments partly illegible.
638. Jazā'ir (b RF) – double dinar: modified Kūfī script.
As 637 but with ابن shifted to start of 4th line of RF.
KM II 862: engraving errors, عمو for عمرو in 3rd line of RF. Weyl: F 6744 (pl. XLII) (2 sp.): apparently poor specimens of this coin misread.
Third series: Marīnid style with 4-line OF and RF
639. Tilimsān (b OF and b RF) – double dinar.
OF الحمد لله
الشكر لله
ولا حول ولاقوة
الابالله
RF عن امر عبد
الله امير المومنين
ابي عمر عثمان
ايده الله تعالى
Segments illegible.
B 1255 (pl. XIX): نصره for ايده in 4th line of RF (disproved by plate), 1st RS starts بسم الله.
640. Tanas (b OF and b RF) – double dinar.
OF الحمد لله
الشكر لله
الحول والقوة بالله
المهدى خليفة الله
RF عن امر عبد الله
امير المومنين
ابى عمر عثمان
ايده الله تعالى
OS — حمن الر — بسم الله الر
— على سيدنا محمد — حيم صلى الله
RS — الرحمن الر — بسم الله
— على سيدنا محمد — حيم صلى الله
BN II 972 (pl. XI): ابو for ابي in 3rd line of RF (plate seems to show لبي).
abū-Zakarīyā' Yaḥyâ III ibn-Muḥammad
A.H. 893–894
A.D. 1488–1489
(opposed during 894 by 'Abd-al-Mu'min).
No coins reported.
abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-al-Mu'min ibn-Ibrāhīm
A.H. 894–895
A.D. 1489–1490
(opposed during 894 by Yaḥyâ III).
No coins reported.
abū- Yaḥyâ Zakarīyā' II ibn-Yaḥyâ III
A.H. 895–899
A.D. 1490–1494
No coins reported.
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad V ibn-al-Ḥasan
A.H. 899–932
A.D. 1494–1526
641. (no mint) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 584.
RF [ابو عبد الله [محمد
[امير المومنين [بن
[الامرا [الراشدين
OS — [?] — [?]
— محمد رسول الله — لا اله الا الله
RS — [? الله] — المتوكل على
—الله [?] — [?]
BN II 979 (pl. XI): 4th RS given as لا اله الا الله (disproved by plate).
642. (no mint) – double dinar with diameter of dinar.
OF الشكر لله
الحول بالله
الامر كله لله
RF ابو عبد الله محمد
امير المومنين
ابن الامرا الراشدين
Segments illegible.
BN II 981; 3rd line of OF uncertain.
643. (no mint) – half dinar. Attribution tentative. Plate III
OF محمد امير
المومنين
RF ابو عبد
الله
No inscriptions in segments.
ANS. BN II 982 (pl. XL).
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad VI ibn-Muḥammad V
A.H. 932–941, 942–948
A.D. 1526–1534, 1535–1542
First reign: as amīr al-mu'minīn
A.H. 932–941
A.D. 1526–1534
644. (no mint) – double dinar. Plate III
OF as OF of 584.
RF ابو عبد الله محمد
الحسن امير المومنين
بن ابي عبد]الله محمد]
Segments illegible except 1st RS: — السلطان.
BN II 983 (pl. XI). Lavoix:H p. 274 (pl. CXCII, no. 5).
Second reign: as vassal of Charles I of Spain
A.H. 942–948
A.D. 1535–1542
No coins reported.
abū-'l-Abbās Aḥmad III ibn-Muḥammad VI
A.H. 948–977
A.D. 1542–1569
No gold reported.
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad VII ibn-Muḥammad VI
vassal of Philip II of Spain
A.H. 981–982
A.D. 1573–1574
No coins reported.
No coins are known to have been struck by the many independent Ḥafṣid amīrs who flourished between the death of 'Uthmān in A.H. 893 and the end of Ḥafṣid rule in A.H. 982, nor by local Arab and Berber rebels, while coins struck by the Ottoman sultans and their local Turkish allies, and those struck by Spanish and Portuguese rulers, are excluded from this corpus.
struck in North Africa by the Zanātah Berber rulers of western Algeria, the Banū-Ziyān in Naskhī script.
abū-Yaḥyâ Yaghmurāsan ibn-Ziyān
A.H. 633–681
A.D. 1236–1283
Anonymous gold (Ḥafṣid style) presumably struck by this ruler under nominal Ḥafṣid suzerainty after A.H. 640.
645. Tilimsān (b OF) – double dinar. Attribution tentative.
OF الواحد الله
محمد رسول الله
القران كلام الله
RF الشكر لله
والمنة لله
والحول والقوة بالله
OS — صلى الله على سيدنا محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— لا اله الا هو الرحمن الرحيم — والهكم اله واحد
RS — والظاهر والباطن — هو الاول والاخر
— شي عليم — وهو بكل
B 1346 (pl XXIV), ascribed to Marīnids.
abū-Sa'īd 'Uthmān I ibn-Yaghmurāsan
A.H. 681–703
A.D. 1283–1304
No coins reported.
abū-Ziyān Muḥammad I ibn-'Uthmān I
A.H. 703–707
A.D. 1304–1308
No coins reported.
abū-Ḥammū Mūsâ I ibn-'Uthmān I
A.H. 707–718
A.D. 1308–1318
646. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – double dinar. Plate IV
OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
صلى الله على محمد واله
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ما قرب فرح الله
RF عن امر عبد الله
موسي امير
المسلمين المتوكل
على رب العالمين
ايده الله ونصره
OS — واحد لا اله — والهكم اله
— الرحمن الرحيم — الا هو
RS — (mint) — ضرب بمدينة
— تعالى وامنها — حرسها الله
BN II 1010. Demaeght v. VII, p. 66 (fig.). Berchem p. 326, no. 1, 2 (2 sp.): اله shifted from 1st to start of 2nd RS (error?). B 1323 (pl. XXII, under no. 1322): ascribed to Marīnids, mint given as Madīnat Fās (error), segments illegible, apparently this coin misread; 1395 description inaccurate (2 sp.?).
abū-Tāshfīn 'Abd-al-Raḥmān I ibn-Mūsâ I
A.H. 718–737
A.D. 1318–1337
647. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – double dinar.
OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
صلى الله على محمد
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ما اقرب فرخ الله
RF عن امر عبد الله
المتوكل على الله
عبد الرحمن
امير المسلمين
ايده الله ونصره
OS — اله واحد — والهكم
— الرحمن الرحيم — لا اله الا هو
RS as RS of 646.
BN II 1012.
648. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – double dinar. Attribution very doubtful. Plate IV
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
ولا غالب الا الله
والامر كله لله
ولا قوة الا بالله
RF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
صلى الله على محمد واله
والحمد لله رب العالمين
والشكر لله على نعمته
يوم الدين[?]
OS — عبد الرحمان — امير المومنين
— الراشدين — ابن الخلفا
RS — (mint) — ضرب بمدينة
— للمسلمين — ابقاها الله تعالى
BM V 195 (pl. V): last line of RF starts والشكر الله (error), نعمة for نعمته in 4th line of RF (error). BN II 1011: last line of RF starts والشكر لله (error). Soret:F 137 (pl. II): segments slightly misread. Ø 2125: last line of RF starts وما اكبر الله (error). B 1396 (pl. XXV): last line of RF starts حمدا كترا الى (error), نعمة for نعمته in 4th line of RF (error). Thorburn.
649. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Jazā'ir (2nd RS) – double dinar. Attribution very doubtful.
As 648.
B 1396 bis.
abū-Sa'īd 'Uthmān II ibn-'Abd-al-Raḥhmān
A.H. 749–753
A.D. 1348–1352
No coins reported, though Yaḥyâ Ibn-Khaldūn says he struck gold.
abū-Thābit al-Za'īm I ibn-'Abd-al-Raḥmān
A.H. 753–753
A.D. 1352–1352
No coins reported.
abū-Ḥammū Mūsâ II ibn-Yūsuf
A.H. 760–791
A.D. 1359–1389
(opposed 762–779 by Muḥammad ibn-'Uthmān II and 788–791 by 'Abd-al-Raḥmān II).
650. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – double dinar. Plate IV
OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
صلى الله على محمد واله
والحمد لله وحده
الا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
RF عن امر عبد الله
موسى
امير المسلمين
المتوكل على
رب العالمين
OS as OS of 647.
RS as RS of 646.
BM V 194 (pl. V). Demaeght v. VII, p. 69 (fig.). Berchem p. 326, no. 3.
651. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – dinar. Attribution tentative.
OF لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
RF عبد الله
موسى
ايده الله
OS — ومابكم — ما شاالله
— فمن الله — من نعمة
RS as RS of 646.
Demaeght v. VII, p. 71 (fig.).
abū-Ziyān Muḥammad ibn-'Uthmān II
pretender
A.H. 762–779
A.D. 1360–1377
(opposed 762–779 by Mūsâ II).
No coins reported.
abū-Tāshfīn 'Abd-al-Raḥmān II ibn-Mūsâ II
A.H. 788–795
A.D. 1387–1393
(opposed 788–791 by Mūsâ II).
652. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 650.
RF عن امر عبد الله
عبد الرحمن
امير المسلمين
المتوكل على
رب العالمين
OS as OS of 647.
RS as RS of 646.
B 1394 (pl. XXV): description incomplete, division into lines and segments not indicated; tentatively reconstructed from partly illegible plate; name of ruler uncertain, ascribed to Yaghmurāsan.
abū-Thābit al-Za'īm II ibn-'Abd-al-Raḥmān II
A.H. 795–795
A.D. 1393–1393
No coins reported.
abū'l-Ḥajjāj Yūsyf ibn-Mūsâ II
A.H. 795–796
A.D. 1393–1394
No coins reported.
abū-Ziyān Muḥammad II ibn-Mūsâ II
A.H. 796–802
A.D. 1394–1399
653. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – double dinar.
OF ان الله يامر بالعدل
ولاحسان وايتا
ذى القربى وينهى عن
الفحشا والمنكر
والبغي
RF عن امر عبد الله
محمد الغني بالله
امير المسلمين المتو
كل على رب العالمين
ايده الله ونصره
OS illegible except 2nd: – صلى الله على.
RS as RS of 646.
Moyse 4: اعن for عن in top line of RF (misprint?).
abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-Allāh I ibn-Mūsâ II
A.H. 802–804
A.D. 1399–1402
654. Presumably Madīnat Tilimsān – double dinar.
OF ومن يتوكل على
الله فهو
حسبه ان الله
بالغ امره قد جعل
الله لكل شي قدرا
RF عن امر عبد الله
ابو محمد عبد الله
امير المسلمين
المتوكل على رب
العلمين ايده الله
Segments illegible.
BN II 1014 (pl. XII): ascribed to Muḥammad V, RF misread.
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad III ibn-Mūsâ II
A.H. 804–813
A.D. 1402–1411
655. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – double dinar. Plate IV
OF وعد الله الذين
امنوا منكم وعملو
الصالحات ليستخلفنهم
في الارض كما استخلف
الذين من قبلهم
RF عن امر عبد الله
الواثق بالله
محمد امير المسلمين
المتوكل على رب
العالمين ايده الله
OS — الرحمن الرحيم — بسم الله
— سيدنا محمد — صلى الله على
RS — (mint) — ضرب بمدينة
— الله تعالى — امنها
B 1326, 1327 (pl. XXII: both) (2 sp.): plate partly illegible, OS misread, ascribed to Marīnids.
656. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – double dinar.
OF وعد الله الذين امنوا
منكم وعملوا الصالحات
ليستخلفنهم فى الارض
كما اتخلف الذين
من قبلهم
RF عن امر عبد الله
محمد الواثق بالله
امير المسلمين
المتوكل على رب العالمين
ايده الله ونضره
OS — صلى الله على سيدنا — بسم الله الرحمن الحيم
— وسلم تسليما — محمد وعلى اله
RS as RS of 646.
Moyse 1: ومنها for وامنها in 4th RS (misprint?).
657. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – dinar.
OF يا ايها الذين
امنوا اطيعوا
الله واطيعوا
الرسول واولى
الامر منكم
RF عن امر عبد الله
محمد الواثق بالله
امير المسلمين
ايد الله امره
واعز نصره
OS — صلى الله على — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— ومسلم تسليما — محمد وعلى اله
RS as RS of 646.
Demaeght v. X, p. 229 (fig.): several slight errors.
abū-Tāshfīn 'Abd-al-Raḥmān III ibn-Muḥammad III
A.H. 813–814
A.D. 1411–1411
658. Tilimsān (in 2nd RS) – dinar. Attribution tentative
OF ومن يتق
الله يجعل له
مخرجا ويرزقه
من حيث لا يحتسب
RF عن امر عبد
الله المتوكل
على الله
[عبد الرحمان]
OS — الرحمن الرحيم — بسم الله
— على محمد — صلى الله
RS — (mint)ب — ضرب
— تعالى وامنها — حرسها الله
BN II 1016 (pl. XIII): 4th line of RF uncertain.
abū-? al-Sa'īd ibn-Mūsâ II
A.H. 814–814
A.D. 1411–1411
No coins reported.
abū-Mālik 'Abd-al-Wāḥid ibn-Mūsâ II
A.H. 814–827, 831–833
A.D. 1411–1424, 1428–1430
659. Madīnat (in 3rd RS) Tilimsān (4th RS) – double dinar.
OF ومن يتوكل على
الله فهو حسبه
ان الله بالغ امره
قد جعل الله
لكل شي قدرا
RF عن امر عبد الله
امير المسلمين
المتوكل على الله
عبد الواحد
ايده الله ونصره
OS — الرحيم صلى — بسم الله الرحمن
— و على اله — الله على محمد
RS — ضرب — بسم الله
— (mint) — بمدينة
D: Lorichs 4725: division into lines and segments not indicated, حمود for عبد الواحد (error).
660. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – double dinar. Plate IV
OF as OF of 659.
RF عن امر عبد الله
المتوكل على الله
عبد الواحد
امير المسلمين
ايده الله ونصره
OS — الرحيم صلى — بسم الله الرحمن
— محمد — الله على
RS as RS of 646.
HSA 10622.
661. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – double dinar.
As 660 except OS:
— الرحيم صلى الله على — بسم الله الرحمن
— وسلم تسليما — محمد وعلى اله
Moyse 2: الموكل for المتوكل in 2nd line of RF (misprint?). B 1397 (pl. XXV, unnumbered): description incomplete, plate partly illegible.
662. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 659.
RF as RF of 660.
OS — الرحيم وصلى الله — بسم الله الرحمن
— مولا نا محمد — على سيدناو
RS — (mint) — صرب بمدينة
— الله تعالى — حرسها
Demaeght v. X, p. 226 (fig.): several slight errors, ascribed to Muḥammad V.
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad IV ibn-'Abd-al-Raḥmān II
A.H. 827–831, 833–834
A.D. 1424–1428, 1430–1431
663. Madīnat (in 2nd RS) Tilimsān (3rd RS) – double dinar. Plate IV
OF as OF of 659.
RF عن امر عبد الله
المتوكل على الله
امير المسلمين
ابو عبد الله
ايده الله ونصره
OS as OS 655.
RS — بمدينة — ضرب
— حرسها الله — (mint)
Rivero: A p. 13, no. 2 (pl. V). Rivero: M 145 (pl. III): several slight errors. B 1399 (pl XXV): description incomplete, plate largely illegible.
664. Tilimsān (in 4th RS) – dinar.
OF ومن يتوكل
على الله فهو
حسبه ان
الله بالغ امره
RF عن امر عبد
الله المتوكل
على الله ابو
عبد الله
OS not given.
RS — الرحمن الر — بسم الله
— (mint)ب — حيم ضرب
Brosselard p. 111.
abū'l-'Abbās Aḥmad I ibn-Mūsâ II
A.H. 834–866
A.D. 1431–1462
665. Madīnat (in 2nd RS) Tilimsān (3rd RS) – double dinar.
OF اعتصمت با
لله من يعتصم با
لله فقد هدي
الى صراط
مستقيم
RF عن امر عبد الله
المعتصم بالله
ابي العباس احمد
امير المسلمين
ايده الله ونصره
OS illegible except 1st: — بسم الله الرحمن
RS as RS of 663.
Mareschal p. 309 (2 sp.).
— Madīnat (in 2nd RS)? –double dinar.
As 665 except RF عن امر عبد الله
احمد امير المسلمين
المعتصم بالله
نب امير المسلمين
[?] ابي
ايده الله ونصره
B 1398 bis: largely illegible, probably a poor specimen of 665 misread.
666. Madīnat (in 2nd RS) Tilimsān (3rd and 4th RS) – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الحمد لله
الشكر لله
RF عن امر عبد الله
المعتصم بالله
ابي العباس احمد
ايده الله ونصره
OS — من نعمة — ومابكم
— الله — فمن
RS — بمدينة — ضرب
— مسان — تل
B 1398 (p1. XXV): segments largely illegible in plate.
667. Presumably Madīnat Tilimsān – dinar. Plate IV
OF ومن يعتصم
بالله فقد
هدي الى صراط
مستقيم
RF عن امر عبد الله
اامعتصم بالله
امير المسلمين
ابى العباس احمد
OS illegible.
RS illegible except 4th, which ends in الله.
BN II 1013 (pl. XII): 4th line of RF ابي العبا حمد (engraving error).
668 Madīnat (in 2nd OS) Tilimsān (3rd OS) – half dinar.
OF لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
RF عبد الله
ابوالعباس
احمد
OS as RS of 663 and 665
RS — بكم — وما
— فمن الله — من نعمة
Mareschal p. 308 (4 sp.).
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad V ibn-Muḥammad
A.H. 866–873
A.D. 1462–1468
669. Madīnat (in 2nd OS) Tilimsān (3rd and 4th OS) – half dinar. Attribution tentative.
OF لا له الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
RF ابو عبد
الله محمد
نصره الله
OS — بمدينة — ضرب
— سان — تل
RS — الله — بسم
— الرحيم — الرحمن
BN II 1015 (pl. XIII): margins interchanged (error), mint largely illegible, ascribed to Muḥammad VI or VII.
abū-Tāshfīn 'Abd-al-Raḥmān IV ibn-Muḥammad V
A.H. 873–873
A.D. 1468–1468
No coins reported.
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad VI ibn-Muḥammad V
A.H. 873–910
A.D. 1468–1505
No coins reported.
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad VII ibn-Muḥammad VI
A.H. 910–922
A.D. 1505–1516
vassal of Ferdinand II of Aragon after A.H. 918 (A.D. 1512).
No coins reported.
abū-Ziyān Aḥmad II ibn-Muḥammad VI
vassal of Salīm I (Ottoman)
A.H. 922–922, 923–924
A.D. 1516–1516, 1517–1518
(opposed 923–924 by Mūsâ III).
No coins reported.
abū-Ḥammū Mūsâ III ibn-Muḥammad V
vassal of Charles I of Spain
A.H. 922–934
A.D. 1516–1528.
(opposed 923–924 by Aḥmad II).
No coins reported.
abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-Allāh II ibn-Muḥammad V
A.H 934–947
A.D. 1528–1540
vassal of Sulaymān I (Ottoman)
A.H 934–942
A.D. 1528–1535
Struck in the name of the Ottoman sulṭān
Sulaymān I ibn-Salīm I
A.H. 926–974
A.D. 1520–1566
670. Madīnat (in 2nd RS) (mint in 3rd RS illegible, presumably Tilimsān) – double dinar.
OF عن امر عبد الله
المتوكل على الله
امير المسلمين
عبد الله ايده
الله ونصره
RF بسم الله الرحمن الحيم
عن امر عبد الله
امير المومنين
ابي الربيع سليمن
ايده الله ونصره
OS apparently as OS of 655.
RS — بمدينة — طبع
— حرسها]الله] — (mint)
BN II 987: segments partly illegible, ابو for ابي in 4th line of RF (error), ascribed to Sulaymān the Marīnid. L:Khedivial p. 329: segments partly illegible, ascribed to Sulaymān the Marīnid. Ascribed by Prieto (p. 86) to an unidentified vassal of the Ziyānids.
vassal of Charles I of Spain
A.H. 942–947
A.D. 1535–1540
No coins reported.
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammd VIII ibn-'Abd-Allāh II
A.H 947–949, 949–950
A.D. 1540–1543, 1543–1543
vassal of Sulaymān I (Ottoman)
A.H. 947–949
A.D. 1540–1543
Struck in the name of the Ottoman sulṭān
Sulaymān I ibn-Salīm I
A.H. 926–974
A.D. 1520–1566
671. Madīnat (in 2nd RS) Tilimsān (3rd RS) – double dinar. Plate IV
OF عن امر عبد الله
المتوكل على الله
امير المسلمين
ابي عبد الله محمد
ايده الله ونصره
OS as OS of 655.
RS as RS of 670.
RF as RF of 670.
BN II 986 (pl. XII): ابو for ابي in 4th line of OF and of RF (disproved by plate), ascribed to Sulaymān the Marīnid. Ascribed by Prieto as 670.
vassal of Charles I of Spain
A.H. 949–950
A.D. 1543–1543
No coins reported.
abū-Ziyān Aḥmad III ibn-'Abd-Allāh II
vassal of Sulaymān I (Ottoman)
A.H. 949–949 950–957
A.D. 1543–1543. 1543–1550
No coins reported.
abū-Muḥammad Ḥasan ibn-'Abd-Allāh II
A.H. 957–964
A.D. 1550–1556
672. Madīnat (in 2nd RS) Tilimsān (3rd and 4th RS) – half dinar.
OF as OF of 669.
RF ابو محمد
حسن
ايده الله
OS as RS of 669.
RS as OS of 669.
Moyse 3: ابي for ابو in top line of RF (misprint?).
No coins are known to have been struck by local Arab and Berber rulers, while coins struck by the Ottoman sultans and their local Turkish allies, and those struck by Spanish and Portuguese rulers, are excluded from this corpus.
struck in North Africa by the Zanātah Berber rulers of Morocco, the Banū-Marīn in Naskhī or ornamented Kūfī script.
The Marīnids from time to time controlled areas of varying extent in Spain, but no coins with Spanish mints are reported for this dynasty.
abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq I ibn-Maḥyū
A.H. 592–614
A.D. 1196–1217
No coins reported.
abū-Sa'īd 'Uthmān I ibn-'Abd-al-Ḥaqq I
A.H. 614–638
A.D. 1217–1240
No coins reported.
abū-Ma'rūf Muḥammad I ibn-'Abd-al-Ḥaqq I
A.H. 638–642
A.D. 1240–1244
No coins reported.
abū-Yaḥyâ Abū-Bakr ibn-'Abd-al-Ḥaqq I
A.H. 642–656
A.D. 1244–1258
Anonymous gold (Ḥafṣid style) presumably struck by this ruler and his successor under nominal Ḥafṣid suzerainty, chiefly before the conquest of Marrākush in A.H. 668 (A.D. 1269). Mint names appear beneath OF unless otherwise specified.
673. Tūnis? – dinar.
OF لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
OS — صل الله على سيدنا محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— سلم تسليم — وعلى اله و
RS — الامن عند الله — وماالنصر
— الحكيم — العزيز
F:Hafsites 66. This mint seems improbable, historically, although Farrugia affirms its correctness by letter.
RF الملك
والحمد
والشكر
674. Sabtah? – double dinar.
OF الواحد الله
محمد رسول الله
القران كلام الله
OS — صلى الله على سيدنا محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— لا اله الا هو الرحمن الرحيم — والهكم اله واحد
RS — والظاهر والباطن — هو الاول والاخر
— شي عليم — وهو بكل
Höst:E and N 1 (pl. XXXIII): no mint given, plate seems to indicate this mint, without Madīnat.
RF الشكر لله
والمنة لله
والحول والقوة بالله
675. Madīnat Sabtah – double dinar.
As 674.
P 34c (pl. IV). D:García 6657. B 1347 (pl. XXIV).
676. Madīnat Sabtah – dinar.
As 673 except 2nd OS: — صلى الله علىمحمد
P 38c: الناصر for النصر in 1st RS (error).
677. Madīnat Sabtah – dinar.
As 676 except RF: الحمد لله
والملك لله
والشكر لله
P 38d: الناصر for النصر in 1st RS (error).
678. Sijilmāsah – double dinar. Plate IV
As 674.
P 34d. BM V 215 (pl. V), 216 (2 sp.). BN II 1019, 1020 (2 sp.): probably this coin with OS misread. Soret:F 135. Weyl: G 1215. S:Karabaczek 924. B 1349, 1352–1355 (pl. XXIV: 1352–1355; coin illustrated under no. 1349 in pl. XXIII is H 10) (5 sp.).
679. Sijilmāsah – double dinar: ornamented Kūfi script. Plate IV
OF as RF of 673.
RF العظيم لله
والقدرة لله
ولا قوة الا بالله
OS — صلى الله على سيدنا — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— محمد رسول الله — محمد لا اله الا الله
RS — اله واحد — والهكم
— الرحمن الرحيم — لا اله الا هو
B 1356 (pl. XXIV), 1357 (pl. XXIII, under no. 1381; coin illustrated under no. 1357 in pl. XXIV is 680), 1380 (pl. XXIII): description inaccurate (3 sp.).
680. Sijilmāsah – dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.
OF as RF of 673.
OS — الرحيم صلى — بسم الله الرحمن
— محمد واله — الله على سيدنا
RS as RS of 679.
B 1380 bis (pl. XXIV, under no. 1357; coin illustrated under no. 1380 bis is 691): description inaccurate.
RF العظيم لله
والشكر لله
ولا قوة الا بالله
681. Sijilmāsah – dinar.
As 677, but with و shifted from 3rd to start of 4th OS.
P 38e: الناصر for النصر in 1st RS (error), OS as 677 (error?). BM X p. 30, no. 224a.
— Sijilmāsah (in an OS) – dinar.
OF and RF (identical) لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
لا حول ولا قوة الا بالله
OS starts: (mint) صرب ب
RS — من الله — نصر
— قريب — وفتح
B 1371: description uncertain. This coin must be rejected, or possibly classed with the hybrid gold.
682. Fās – double dinar.
As 674.
ANS. P 34b. BM V 217, 218 (2 sp.). BN II 1023. Höst: E and N 2 (pl. XXXIII): apparently this mint. Soret:F 135 note. Lavoix:H p. 273 (pl. CXCI, no. 6): slightly misread. B 1341, 1342, 1342 bis (pl. XXIV, under no. 1358, 1359, coins illustrated under no. 1341, 1342 in pl. XXIII are 721) (3 sp.). Thorburn.
683. Madīnat (b RF) Fās (b OF) – double dinar.
As 674,
KM II 868.
684. Fās – double dinar.
As 674 except RF: الحمد لله
الشكر لله
لا قوة الا بالله
BM V 221.
685. Fās – double dinar.
OF as OF of 674.
OS as OS of 681.
RS as RS of 673.
P 35: الناصر for النصر in 1st RS (error).
RF as RF of 684.
686. Fās – double dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.
As 679.
B 1379 (pl. XXIII).
687. Fās – dinar.
As 676.
P 38b: الناصر for النصر in 1st rs (error). BN II 1024: و shifted from 3rd to start of 4th RS (error?).
688. Fās – half dinar.
OF as OF of 673.
OS — الله — حسبي
— الوكيل — ونعم
RS — من الله — نصر
— قريب — وفتح
B 1376 (pl. XXIV): description inaccurate, plate partly illegible.
RF التوكل
على لله
العظيمة لله
689. Marrākush – double dinar struck presumably in, or shortly after, A.H. 668.
As 674.
P 34e. BM V 219. B 1348: description incomplete.
— Madīnat Marrākush (in OS) – dinar.
OF الحمد لله
رب
العالمين
RF وفتح
قريب
OS (mint) ب [?]
RS نصر من الله
B 1368, 1369 (2 sp.): description incomplete. This coin and its mint must be considered dubious.
690. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 674.
P 34a. BM V 220. BN II 1030, 1031 (2 sp.). D: García 6658: description uncertain. Fraehn: N p. 88, no. 4. Sotheby 395. S: Karabaczek 923: description incomplete. S: Gotha 995 (pl. XII). Ø 2119–2121 (3 sp.). F: Hafsites 67, 68 (2 sp.). B 1298 (pl. XXI), 1299? (pl. XXI): both ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz with mint given as Madīnat Marrākush (disproved by plate), segments largely illegible; 1360 (3 sp.?).
691. (no mint) – double dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمدرسول الله
الامر كله لله
OS as OS of 681 plus وصليه at end of 3rd.
RS — بيده الملك — تبارك الذي
— شي قدير — وهو على كل
P 37 (pl. V). B 1381 (pl. XXIV, under no. 1380 bis; coin illustrated under no. 1381 in pl. XXIII is 679): OS uncertain.
RF الملك لله
محمد رسول الله
الامر كله لله
691a. (no mint) – double dinar?
As 679, but without و at start of 2nd line of OF.
Tychsen, O. p. 127: RS misread.
692. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 679 except RS, in which محمد is shifted from 3rd to end of 2nd s.
P 36. BM V 222 (pl. V).
693. (no mint) – double dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.
As 679.
P 36 note: RS as RS of 692 (error?). BN II 1028, 1029 (2 sp.): description of RS uncertain.
B 1383 (pl. XXIV; coin illustrated under no. 1383 in pl. XXIII is half of 694 and half of 698): description inaccurate.
694. (no mint) – dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.
As 680.
B 1384 (pl. XXIII, under no. 1382 top half and no. 1383 top half): description inaccurate, والقدرة for والشكر in 2nd line of RF (error).
695. (no mint) – dinar. Plate IV
As 676.
P 38a (pl. V): الناصر for النصر in 1st RS (error). BM V 224. L: Khedivial p. 330. F:Hafsites 69.
B 1373 (pl. XXIV, under no. 1372 and 1373) (2 sp. illustrated, though only 1 recorded).
696. (no mint) – dinar.
As 681.
BM X p. 30, no. 224b.
RF as RF of 684.
697. (no mint) – dinar.
OF as OF of 673.
OS as RS of 679.
RS as RS of 673, but with الله shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd s.
P 39: الناصر for النصر in 1st RS (error). BM X p. 30, no. 224c: الله for لله in top line of RF (misprint). B 1372 (coin illustrated under no. 1372 in pl. XXIV is 695).
RF as RF of 684.
698. (no mint) – dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.
OF as OF of 673.
RF الحمد
لله رب
العالمين
OS — الرحمن الرحيم — بسم الله
— على محمد — صلى الله
RS — ان يشا الله ان — وما تشاون الا
— عليما حكيما — الله كان
B 1382 (pl. XXIII, under no. 1382 bottom half and no. 1383 bottom half).
699. (no mint) – dinar.
OF وما توفيقي
الا بالله
عليه توكلت
Segments illegible.
BM X p. 32, no. 224g: هو for من in 2nd line of RF (error, corrected by John Walker).
RFالله ربي
من توكل
[عليه[؟
700. (no mint) – half dinar. Plate IV
As 688.
P 40 (pl. V). BN II 1036–1038 (3 sp.). L: Khedivial p. 330.
701. (no mint) – half dinar.
OF as OF of 673.
OS — بكم — وما
— فمن الله — من نعمة
RS as RS of 688.
P 41: ومن for وما in 1st OS (misprint). BN II 1035.
RF التوكل
على الله
العزة لله
702. (no mint) – half dinar.
OF as OF of 673.
OS — صلى الله — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— محمد — على
RS — الله — نصر من
— قرييب — وفتح
P 42. BN II 1034 (pl. XIII).
RF ومابكم
من نعمة
فمن الله
703. (no mint) – half dinar.
OF as OF of 673.
OS — صلى الله — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— وعلى الله — على محمد
RS as RS of 688.
BM X p. 32, no. 224p (pl. XXIII), 224q (2 sp.). Dorn II p. 66, no. 2 (pl. I): OS misread, partly illegible. B 1374 (pl. XXIV): diameter of quarter dinar, OS uncertain. Fasmer I p. 212 suggests that these coins are specimens of 702 misread; the plate in Brèthes disproves this.
RF as RF of 702.
704. (no mint) – half dinar: ornamented. Kūfī script.
OF امنت
بالله
OS — لله — الشكر
— لله — العظيم
RS as RS of 688.
BN II 1039: OS not described. B 1385: diameter of quarter dinar, division into lines and segments not indicated.
RF يوكلت
على الله
705. (no mint) – half dinar with diameter of quarter dinar.
OF نصر
من الله
No segments.
B 1375: division into lines and segments not indicated.
RF وفتح
قرييب
706. (no mint) – quarter dinar. Plate IV
OF الله
حسبي
No segments.
HSA 13174. P43 (pl. V). BN II 1041: diameter of eighth dinar. Condé (pl. III, no. 9). S: Gotha 996. Ø 2130: RF read differently (error?, impression furnished by Galster appears to be this coin). F: Hafsites 70. B 1377 (coin illustrated under no. 1377 in pl. XXIV is 708).
RF الله
الحافظ
707. (no mint) – quarter dinar.
OF بالله
اصنت
No segments.
B 1378.
RF الله
الحافظ
708. (no mint) – quarter dinar.
OF الله
حسبي
No segments.
B 1378 bis (pl. XXIV, under no. 1377).
RF بالله
امنت
709. (no mint) – quarter dinar with diameter of eighth dinar.
OF امنت
No segments.
P 44. BN II 1040.
RF بالله
710. (no mint) – quarter dinar.
OF على الله
تو
كلت
No segments.
F: Hafsites 72 (8 sp.).
RF وبشر
المو
منين
711. (no mint) – eighth dinar.
OF as OF of 710.
No segments.
F: Hafsites 73 (45 sp.).
RF وبشر
المومنين
712. (no mint) – eighth dinar.
OF امنت بالله
عليه
توكلت
No segments.
F: Hafsites 71.
RF as RF of 710.
abū-Ḥafṣ 'Umar ibn-Abī-Bakr
A.H. 656–658
A.D. 1258–1259
(opposed 656–658 by Ya'qūb ).
No coins reported.
abū-Yūsuf Ya'qūb ibn-'Abd-al-Ḥaqq I
A.H. 656–685
A.D. 1258–1286
(opposed 656–658 by 'Umar).
See also anonymous gold (Ḥafṣid style) listed under Abū-Bakr 673–712 but struck presumably by both rulers, chiefly before A.H. 668.
713. (no mint) – double dinar.
OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
صلى الله على محمد
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامر كله لله
OS — اله واحد لا — والهكم
— الرحمن الرحيم — اله الا هو
RS as RS of 674.
B 1274 (pl. XX), 1274 bis, 1274 ter (3 sp.): بالله for لله in 2nd line of RF (disproved by plate).
RF امير المسلمين وناصر
الدين القائم لله
باعلا دين الحق
عبد الله يعقوب
ابن عبد الحق
714. (no mint) – dinar. Plate V
OF as OF of 713, but without 5th line.
OS as RS of 679.
RS — والعظمة لله — الملك
— والحول والقوة بالله — والقدرة لله
P 67 (pl. VIII). Fasmer reads لله for بالله in 4th RS.
RF امير المسلمين
القائم لله باعلا
دين الحق عبد الله
يعقوب بن عبد الحق
abū-Ya'qūb Yūsuf ibn-Ya'qūb
A.H. 685–706
A.D. 1286–1307
Anonymous gold struck presumably by this ruler.
715. Sabtah (b OF) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 713.
OS as RS of 674.
RS as RS of 679.
P 45d, and note: الناصر for النصر in 4th line of RF (error), description incomplete. BM V 204: الله for اله in 2nd RS (engraving error). BN II 1018. KM II 866. B 1366: الله for اله in 2nd RS (engraving error); 1366 bis (pl. XXIII: both) (2 sp.).
RF الملك لله وحده
لا قوة الا بالله
العظمة لله
وما نصر الا من عند الله
العزيز الحكيم
715a. Ḥaḍrat Sabtah (b OF) – double dinar.
As 715.
S: Karabaczek 925 حضرة misread as ضرب ب
716. Madīnat Sabtah (b OF) – double dinar.
As 715.
P45e, and note: الناصر for النصر in 4th line of RF (error), description incomplete. BM V 201–203 (3 Sp.). KM II 865 (pl. V): slight engraving errors. D: García 6647: description inadequate. Weyl: G 1214.
717. Sijilmāsah (b OF) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 713 and 715, plus واله at end of 2nd line.
OS — اله واحد لا اله — والهكم
— الرحمن الرحيم — الا هو
RS as RS of 674 and OS of 715.
P 45c (pl. V): الناصر for النصر in 4th line of RF, OS as RS of 679 and 715 (both disproved by plate). D: García 6646: description inaccurate.
RF as RF of 715.
718. Sijilmāsah (b OF) – double dinar.
As 717 but with طن of والباطن shifted from 3rd to start of 4th RS, and with اله shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd OS.
BM V 196.
719. Fās (b OF) – double dinar.
As 717.
P 45b: الناصر for النصر in 4th line of RF, OS as RS of 679 and 715 (both errors). BM V 199: اله shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd OS (error).
720. Fās (b OF) – double dinar.
As 715 but with margins interchanged.
BN II 1022.
721. Fās (b OF) – double dinar.
As 720 but with لا shifted from 3rd to end of 2nd OS.
BM V 197, 198 (2 sp.). B 1367 (pl. XXIII, under no. 1341 and 1342) (2 sp. illustrated, though only 1 recorded).
722. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 715.
P 45a, and note: الناصر for النصر in 4th line of RF (error), description incomplete. BM V 204a.
723. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 715 but with طن of والباطن shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd OS, and لا from 3rd to end of 2nd RS.
BN II 1027.
724. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 721.
Anderson.
725. (no mint) – double dinar. Plate V
As 717 but with اله shifted from 2nd to end of 1st OS.
P 45a: الناصر for النصر in 4th line of RF (error), OS as RS of 679 and 716 (error?). BM V 200 (pl. V).
— (no mint) – double dinar.
As 725 except 5th line of OF: القران كلام الله
B 1361: 3rd and 4th lines of RF not described. This coin is probably a poor specimen of 725 misread.
abū-Thābit 'Āmir ibn-'Abd-Allāh
A.H. 706–708
A.D. 1307–1308
No coins reported.
abū'l-Rabī' Sulaymān ibn-'Abd-Allāh
A.H. 708–710
A.D. 1308–1310
No coins reported. Coins frequently ascribed to this ruler are listed under the later Ziyānid rulers: 670, 671.
abu-Sa'īd 'Uthmān II ibn-Ya'qūb
A.H. 710–731
A.D. 1310–1331
(opposed 714–731 by 'Umar ).
726. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Azammūr (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
صلى الله على محمد واله
الحمد لله وحده
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
RF امنها الله (mint)
عن امر عبد الله
ابي سعيد عثمان
امير المسلمين
ايده الله ونصره
OS as RS of 674.
RS — والهكم اله واحد — ضرب بمدينة
— الرحمن الرحيم — لا اله الا هو
P 70c. BM X p. 13, no. 165f: والحمد for الحمد in 3rd line of OF.
727. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sabtah (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
As 726.
P 70b (pl. VIII). B 1282; description incomplete.
728. Madīnat (in 1st line of RF) Sijilmāsah (in 2nd line of RF) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 726.
OS and RS (identical) as RS of 679.
P 68. BN II 988 (pl. XII).
RF صرب بمدينة
عن (mint)
امر عبد الله ابي
سعيد عثمان
ايده الله ونصره
729. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (2nd RS) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 726.
OS as RS of 679 and 728.
RS — (mint) — ضرب بمدينة
—[لأ تعالى[بمنه — حرسها]الله]
P 73. BM X p. 14, no. 165h: RS partly illegible, والحمد for الحمد in 3rd line of OF (error?).
RF عن امر عبد الله
المستنصر بالله
ابي سعيد عثمان
امير المسلمين
ايده الله ونصره
730. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (2nd RS) – double dinar.
As 729 except OS, as OS of 726 and RS of 674.
P 72.
731. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (2nd RS) – double dinar.
As 730 except 2nd line of RF: ابن الخلفا الرشدين and RS:
— (mint) — ضرب بمدينة
— [الله [بمنه — حرسها
P 74 (pl. VIII): RS given as RS of 729 (corrected from plate, partly by Fasmer I p. 215), mint illegible on plate.
732. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
As 726 except OS, as RS of 679 and 728.
P 71b. BM X p. 14, no. 165g (pl. XXI): 1st RS not described (legible on plate), والحمد for الحمد in 3rd line of OF (disproved by plate). S:White 2189.
733. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
As 726, but with RS shifted clockwise 90 degrees.
B 1275 (pl. XX): description inaccurate, reconstructed from plate.
734. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (2nd RS) – dinar.
OF لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
الحمد لله
OS as RS of 697.
RS as RS of 731.
B 1277 (pl. XX): m only, reconstructed from plate, 4th RS partly illegible.
RF عن امر عبد
الله ابي سعيد
عثمان امير
المسلمين
735. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
As 728 except RF:
(mint) ضرب بمدينة
عن امر عبد الله
ابي سعيد عثمان
امتر المسلمين
ايده الله ونصره
BM X p. 15, no. 165k: والحمد for الحمد in 3rd line of OF (error?).
736. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar. Plate V
As 735 except OS, as RS of 674 and OS of 726.
HSA 10623. P 69 (pl. VIII). BM X p. 15, no. 165m (pl. XXI): والحمد for الحمد in 3rd line of OF (disproved by plate). BN II 989 (pl. XII). Spink (1902) 79556.
737. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
As 735 except RS, as RS of 674 and OS of 726.
B 1279 (pl. XX): description incomplete, reconstructed from plate.
738. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
As 732.
P 71a. BM X p. 14, no. 165i: والحمد for الحمد in 3rd line of of (error?). 1st RS not described (correct reading given by John Walker).
739. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
As 726.
P 70a. BM X p. 15, no. 165l: والحمد for الحمد in 3rd line of OF (error?). BN II 990 (pl. XII).
Dombay p. 789: OS not described, divisions not indicated. B 1276 (pl. XX): reconstructed from plate.
740. Madīnat (in 1st OS and 1st RS) Fās (in 1st line of OF and of RF) – double dinar.
Both sides as reverse of 739, presumably by an error in striking.
BM X p. 15, no. 165n.
741. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
OF as OF 726, but without واله at end of 2nd line.
OS as RS of 674 and OS of 726.
RS — والهكم اله — ضرب بمدينة
— الرحمن الرحيم — واحد لا اله الا هو
B 1280 (pl. XX): ascribed to date of death, description incomplete, reconstructed from plate.
RF as RF of 726 except 5th line: رحمه
742. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd RS) dinar.
OF as OF of 734.
OS as RS of 697 and OS of 734.
RS — امنها (mint) — ضرب بمدينة
— عن امر — الله
BM X p. 16, no. 165x (pl. XXI): RS partly illegible. Dombay p. 788: بمنه added to 3rd RS (error?), divisions not indicated. B 1328: تعالى for عن امر in 4th RS (error?), ascribed to 'Uthmān III.
RF عبد الله
ابي سعيد
عثمان امير
المسلمين
743. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd RS) – dinar.
OF as OF of 734.
OS as RS of 697 and OS of 734.
RS — حر (mint) — ضرب بمدينة
— بمنه عن — سها الله
P 76: الا at end of 1st OS (error?). BN II 991: الا at end of 1st OS (error?). Demaeght v. X, p. 232 (fig.): 4th RS illegible. B 1278 (pl. XX): m only, reconstructed from plate.
RF as RF of 742 plus امر at start of top line.
744. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Marrākush (2nd RS) – dinar.
OF as OF of 734.
OS as RS of 697 and OS of 734.
RS — (mint) — ضرب بمدينة
— عن امر — امنها الله
P 75. BM X p. 16, no. 165y: mint uncertain.
RF عبد الله
ابي سعيد
عثمان ايده
الله ونصره
— Madīnat Marrākush (in R?) – half dinar.
OF as OF of 673.
OS — من عند الله — وما النصر الا
— الحكيم — العزيز
RS not described.
B 1281: division into lines and segments not indicated; as no reason is given for the ascription to 'Uthmān II, this coin must be tentatively rejected.
RF not described.
745. (mint?) – half dinar.
OF لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
Segments illegible.
B 1273 (pl. XX): description inaccurate, ascribed to 'Uthmān I, 1329: 'Uthmān omitted (error?), ascribed to 'Uthmān III (2 sp.?).
RF عبد الله
ابو سعيد
عثمان
abū-'Alī 'Umar ibn-'Uthmān II
amīr at Sijilmāsah
A.H. 714–733
A.D. 1315–1333
(opposed 714–731 by 'Uthmān II and 731–733 by 'Alī).
No coins reported.
abū'l-Ḥasan 'Alī ibn-'Uthmān II
A.H. 731–752
A.D. 1331–1351
(opposed 731–733 by 'Umar and 749–752 by Fāris).
First series: anonymous
746. Madīnat (in 1st OS) Azammūr (2nd OS, spelt Azamwār) – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول
الله لا قوة
الا بالله
OS — (mint) — ضرب بمدينة
— الله تعالى — حرسها
RS — اله واحد — والهكم
— الرحمن الرحيم — لا اله الا هو
P 52. BM X p. 31, no. 224d.
RF الحمد لله
ولا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
747. Madīnat (in 1st OS) Azammūr (2nd OS, spelt al-Zamwār) – dinar. Plate V*
OF as OF of 746.
OS as OS of 746.
RS as RS of 746.
P 54: OF divided differently (error?). BM X p. 32, no. 224f (pl. XIII, under no. 224e).
RF الحمد لله وحده
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
748. Madīnat (in 1st OS) Azammūr (2nd OS, spelt al-Zamwār) – dinar.
As 747 except OF: لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
لا قوة لا بالله
P 53. BM X p. 31, no. 224e (coin illustrated under no. 224e in pl. XXIII is 747): الله for لله in 1st line of RF (disproved by plate).
749. (no mint) – double dinar.
OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
صلى الله على محمد واله
والحمد لله وحده
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
OS — والظاهر والباطن — هو الاول والاخر
— شي عليم — وهو بكل
RS as RS of 746.
P 47 (pl. VI).
RF الملك لله
والحمد لله
والمنة لله
والعزة لله
والشكر لله
Second series: anonymous with Naṣrid inscription
لا غالب الا الله
Struck probably before the defeat at Tarifa in A.H. 740 (A.D. 1340).
750. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (2nd RS) – double dinar.
OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
صلى الله على محمد
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامر كله لله
OS as RS of 746.
RS as OS of 746.
P 48 note: description incomplete, termed hybrid. BM V 210. Moyse p. 501.
RF الشكر لله
والمنة لله
والعظمة لله
ولا غالب الا الله
ولامر كله لله
751. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (2nd RS) – double dinar.
As 750 except OF: بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
BM V 209.
صلى الله على محمد
والحمد لله وحده
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
752. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (2nd RS) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 749.
OS as RS of 746.
RS as OS of 746.
P 48c. Moyse p. 500.
RF as RF of 750.
753. Fās (b RF) – double dinar. Plate V
As 752 except RS, as OS of 749.
P 48a. BM V 205–207 (pl. V: 205) (3 sp.): OS wrongly reported.
754. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (2nd RS) – double dinar.
As 752 except RS:
— (mint) — ضرب بمدينة
— تعالى وامنها — حرسها الله
P 48b (pl. VI). BM V 208.
755. Fās (b RF) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 749.
OS as RS of 746.
RS as OS of 749.
P 46 (pl. V).
RF الحمد لله
الشكر لله
العزة لله
لا غالب الا الله
الامر كله لله
756. Fās (b OF) – dinar.
OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
لا اله ا لا الله
محمد رسول الله
القران كلام الله
OS — الا من عند — وما النضر
— الحكيم — الله العزيز
RS — من يشا — والله يهدى
— مستقيم — الى صراط
P 50b: الناصر for النصر in 1st OS (error). B 1358, 1359 (coins illustrated under no. 1358 and 1359 in pl. XXIV are 682) (2 sp.). This coin may be 756a misread.
RF الحافظ الله
لا غالب الا الله
الحول والقوة لله
نعم القادر الله
756a. Fās (b OF) – dinar.
As 756 but with الله shifted from 3rd to end of 2nd OS.
Ø 2126: misread, RS illegible. B 1343, 1344 (pl. XXIII: both) (2 sp.): description inaccurate, reconstructed from plate.
757. (no mint) – dinar.
As 756.
P 50a (pl. VI): الناصر for النصر in 1st OS (error). BM X p. 29, no. 223d (pl. XXIII). B 1363: description inaccurate.
758. (no mint) – half dinar with diameter of dinar.
OF as OF of 756.
OS — صلى اله على سيدنا محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— محمد رسول الله — لا اله الا الله
RS as OS of 756.
P 51: الناصر for النصر in 1st RS (error). BM X p. 30, no. 223e.
RF الحافظ الله
نعم القادر الله
لا غالب الا الله
الامر كله لله
Third series: anonymous with Ziyānid inscription
ماأقرب فرج الله
Struck presumably after the conquest of Tilimsān in A.H. 737 (A.D. 1337).
759. Ḥaḍrat Bijāyah (b OF) – double dinar struck in A.H. 748 or 749.
OF الواحد الله
محمد رسول الله
القران كلام الله
نعم القادر الله
ما اقرب فرج الله
OS — صلى الله على سيدنا محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— لا اله الا هو الرحمن الرحيم — والهكم اله واحد
RS as OS of 749.
F. Hafsites 63: ب before mint. B 1340 (pl. XXIII): description incomplete, mint given as Manṣūrīyah (error), apparently this mint, plate largely illegible.
RF الشكر لله
والمنة لله
والحمد لله
والعظمة لله
والحول والقوة بالله
760. Madīnat Tilimsān (b OF) – double dinar struck between A.H. 737 and 749. Plate V
As 759.
HSA 13180: ب before mint.
761. Tūnis (b OF) – double dinar struck in A.H. 748 or 749.
As 759.
L: Calvert 52.
762. Ḥaḍrat Tūnis (b RF) – double dinar struck in A.H. 748 or 749.
As 759.
F: Hafsites 64, 65 (2 sp.): ب before mint.
763. Jazā'ir (b RF) – double dinar struck between A.H. 748 and 750.
As 759.
B 1345.
764. Sijilmāsah (b OF) – double dinar.
As 759.
B 1350. 1351 (2 sp.) (pl. XXIII: 1351, obverse only, reproduced twice; coin illustrated under no. 1350 is hybrid, not described): description inaccurate.
765. Sijilmāsah (b OF and in 4th RS) – double dinar.
As 759 except 3rd and 4th RS:
— (mint) ضرب ب — وهو بكل شي عليم
P 49d. BN II 1021: والامر لله instead of والقوة بالله in 5th line of RF (error?).
766. Sijilmāsah (in 4th RS) – double dinar.
As 765 but with لله for بالله in 5th line of RF.
P 49c (pl. VI). BM V 214. KM II 867.
767. Madīnat Fās (b OF) – double dinar.
As 759.
ANS. P 49b. BM V 211–213 (3 sp.): 5th line of OF misread. BN II 1025, 1026 (2 sp.): والامر لله for والقوة بالله in 5th line of RF (error?). Sotheby 395.
768. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 759.
P 49a. BM V 213a: 5th line of OF misread. B 1362: 4th line of RF misread.
abū-'Inān Fāris ibn-'Alī
A.H. 749–759
A.D. 1348–1358
(opposed 749–752 by 'Alī).
First series: Marīnid style
769. Bijāyah (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar struck after A.H. 753.
OF as OF of 749.
OS as RS of 746.
RS as OS of 749.
P 77f: RF incorrectly divided. B 1287, 1288 (pl. XXI) (2 sp.): description incomplete, reconstructed from plate.
RF (mint) ضرب ب
عن امر عبد الله
فارس امير
المومنين المتوكل
على رب العالمين
770. Madīnat (in 1st line of RF) Tilimsān (in 2nd line of RF) – double dinar struck after conquest in A.H. 753.
OF as OF of 751.
OS as RS of 746 and OS of 769.
RS as OS of 749 and RS of 769.
P 77d and note. BM V 187. Spink (1901) 68388: m only. S:White 2192. B 1294 (pl. XXI): description inaccurate.
RF ضرب بمدينة
عن امر عبد (mint)
الله فارس امير
المومنين المتوكل
على رب العالمين
771. Sijilmāsah (in 1st and 2nd lines of RF, divided سجلما /سة) – double dinar.
As 770, without Madīnat in 1st line of RF.
P 77c and note. BN II 1003. B 1290 (pl. XXI; coin illustrated under no. 1290 in pl. XX is 776): description inaccurate.
772. Madīnat (in 1st line of RF) Sijilmāsah (in 2nd line of RF) – double dinar.
As 769 except RF: ضرب بمدينة
عن (mint)
امر عبد الله فارس
امر المومنين المتوكل
على رب العالمين
P77b: RF incorrectly divided. BM V 186. BN II 1004: without واله in 2nd line of OF (error?) Demaeght v. VII, p. 134 (fig.).
773. Madīnat (in 1st line of RF) Sijilmāsah (in 2nd line of RF) – double dinar.
As 772 except OS, identical witn RS.
B 1291 (pl. XXI): description incorrect.
774. Madīnat (in 1st line of RF) Fās (in 2nd line of RF) – double dinar.
As 770.
P 77a and note. BN II 1007, 1008 (2 sp.). Spink (1902) 79561.
775. Madīnat (in 1st line of RF) Fās (in 2nd line of RF) – double dinar. Plate V
As 770 except OF, as OF of 749 and 769.
P 77a (pl. VIII). BM V 183–185 (pl. IV: 184) (3 sp.). Soret.F 136 (pl. II): العلن for العالمين in 5th line of RF (engraving error), ascription by Fraehn. Demaeght v. VII, p. 133 (fig.). Rivero:M 144 (pl, III). B 1289 (pl. XXI, under left no. 1289; coin illustrated under right no. 1289 is 783): description inaccurate.
776. Madīnat (in 1st line of RF) Marrākush (in 2nd line of RF) – double dinar.
As 775.
P 77e. Madīnat omitted (error?). B 1292 (pl. XX, under no. 1290; coin illustrated under no. 1292 in pl. XXI is 785): description incomplete, reconstructed from plate.
777. Marrākush (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
As 769 except RF:
Demaeght v. VII, p. 135 (fig.).
(mint) ضرب ب
عن امر عبد الله
فارس امير المومنبن
المتوكل
على رب العالمين
Second series: Ḥafṣid style
778. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Brjāyah (2nd RS) – double dinar struck after A.H. 753. Plate V
OF الا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
والتوكل على الله
OS as RS of 746 and OS of 769.
RS as OS of 746.
P 79d. BM V 193 (pl. IV): والمتوكل for والتوكل in 3rd line of OF (disproved by plate).
This misreading is common to all published descriptions of all coins in this series.
RF عبد الله المتوكل
على الله
امير المومنين ايده الله
779. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (2nd RS) – double dinar.
As 778.
P 79c. BM V 191. BN II 1005, 1006 (2 sp.). Thorburn: mint uncertain.
780. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (2nd RS) – dinar.
OF لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
OS as RS of 746 and OS of 769.
RS as OS of 746 and RS of 778.
P 80.
RF عبد الله فارس
امير المومنين
ايده الله
781. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (2nd RS) – dinar.
As 780 except OS:
— وما بكم — نصر من الله
— فمن الله — من نعمة
P 80 note. BM X p. 24, no. 193k (pl. XXII), 193l (2 sp.).
782. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (2nd RS) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 778.
OS as OS of 759.
RS as RS of 754.
BM V 190. BN II 1009. Dombay p. 790: فارس omitted (error?), slightly misread, division into lines and segments not indicated.
RF as RF of 778.
783. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (2nd RS) – double dinar.
As 782 except OS, as OS of 749 and RS of 769.
B 1286 (pl. XXI, under right no. 1289): description incomplete, reconstructed from plate.
784. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (2nd RS) – double dinar.
As 778.
P 79a. BM V 189.
785. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Marrākush (2nd RS) – double dinar.
As 778.
P 79b (pl. IX). BM V 192. S: Gotha 994. B (pl. XXI, under no. 1292): not described, reconstructed from plate.
786. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Marrākush (2nd RS) – dinar.
Apparently as 780.
B 1293 (pl. XXI): description inaccurate, segmenss largely illegible in plate.
— (no mint) – half dinar?
OF as OF of 780.
RF لمولانا
ابي عنان
المريني
No segments.
Dombay p. 791: division into lines not indicated; must be tentatively rejected because of improbable reverse inscription.
abū-Ziyān Muḥammad ibn-Fāris pretender
A.H. 759–759
A.D. 1358–1358
No coins reported.
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad II ibn-Fāris
A.H. 759–760
A.D. 1358–1359
787. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd RS) – double dinar. Attribution tentative.
OF قل لن يصيبنا الا
ما كتب الله لنا
هو مولا نا وعلى
الله فليتوكل
المومنون قل هل تربصون
OS — صلى الله على — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— [اله وصحته و[سلم — سيدنا محمد وعلى
RS — حرسها (mint) — ضرب بمدينة
— بمنه وكرمه — الله تعالى
RF عن امر عبد الله
المتوكل على الله
الملك الرشيد
ابي عبد الله محمد
السعيد نصره الله
P 88: ابو for ابي in 4th line of RF (error), ascribed to Muḥammad IV. BM X p. 19, no. 171t (pl. XXII): ابن for ابي in 4th line of RF (error), 5th line of OF partly illegible, ascribed to al-Rashīd ibn-al-Sa'īd.
abū-Sālim Ibrāhām ibn-'Alī
A.H. 760–762
A.D. 1359–1361
788. Madīnat (in 1st RS)? (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar. Plate V
OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
حسبي الله لا
اله الا هو عليه
توكلت وهو رب
العرش العظيم
OS — سيدنا محمد — صلى الله على
— [تسليما] —[وعلى[اله وسلم
RS — والهكم اله واحد — ضرب بمدينة
— الرحمن الرحيم — الا اله الا هو
RF عن امر عبد (mint)
[الله المستع[ين
[بالله ابي [سالم
امير المسلمين
ايده الله ونصره
B 1295 (pl. XXI): description incomplete, reconstructed from plate, 3rd and 4th OS and 2nd and 3rd lines of RF largely illegible, mint given as Madīnat Fās (error), wrongly ascribed.
abū-'Umar Tāshfīn ibn-'Alī
A.H. 762–763
A.D. 1361–1361
No coins reported.
abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-al-Ḥalīm ibn-'Umar
A.H. 763–764
A.D. 1361–1362
(opposed 763–764 by Muḥammad III).
No coins reported.
abū-Ziyān Muḥammad III ibn-Ya'qūb
A.H. 763–767
A.D. 1361–1366
(opposed 763–764 by 'Abd-al-Ḥalīm and 764–765 by 'Abd-al-Mu'min).
789. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Salā (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.
OF من ذنبك وما تاخر
ويتم نعمنهوا عليك
و يهديك صراطا
مستقيما وينصرك
الله نصرا عزيزا
OS — صلى الله على محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— ليغفر لك الله ما تقدم — انافتحا لك فتحا مبينا
RS as RS of 787.
P 87 (pl. IX) نعمتة for نعمتهوا in 2nd line of OF (disproved by plate), ascribed to Muḥammad IV. BM X p. 17, no. 169p (pl. XXII).
RF عن امر عبد الله
المتوكل على الله
امير المسلمين
محمد السعيد
ايده الله ونصره
790. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.
OF الله ما تقدم من ذنبك
وما تاخر ويتم نعمتهوا
عليك ويهديك
صراط مستقيما
وينصرك الله نصرا عزيزا
OS — صلى الله على محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— مبينا ليغفر لك — انا فتحنا لك فتحا
RS as RS of 787 and 789.
B 1307, 1308 (pl. XXII: both) (2 sp.): plate partly illegible, ascribed to Muḥammad IV.
RF as RF of 789.
791. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.
As 790, but with امنها for حرسها in 2nd RS.
B 1309 (pl. XXII): plate largely illegible, ascribed to Muḥammad IV.
792. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās? (in 2nd RS) – dinar. Attribution tentative.
OF لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
RF عن امر عبد الله
المتوكل على الله
محمد السعيد
نصره الله
Segments illegible except for mint in RS preceded by ضرب ب
B 1310 (pl. XXII: plate largely illegible, ascribed to Muḥammad IV.
abū-Mālik 'Abd-al-Mu'min ibn-'Umar
amīr at Sijilmāsah
A.H. 764–765
A.D. 1362–1363
(opposed 764–765 by Muḥammad III).
793. Madīnat Sijilmāsah (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar. Plate V
OF as OF of 749.
RF (mint) ضرب بمدينة
عن امر عبد الله امير
المسلمين ابو ما
OS as RS of 746.
RS legible but unintelligible.
P 81: اني for ابو in 5th line of RF (error). BM X p. 27, no. 193ee (pl. XXII).
لك عبد المومن ابن
امير المسلمين ابو علي عمب
abū-Fāris 'Abd-al-'Azīz I ibn-'Alī
A.H. 768–774
A.D. 1366–1372
794. Madīnat Tilimsān (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar struck after conquest in A.H. 772.
OF as OF of 749.
OS as RS of 746.
RS as OS of 749.
P 82b. BM V 168. B 1304 (pl. XXI).
RF (mint) ضرب بمدينة
عن امر عبد الله امير
المسلمين عبد العزيز
ابن الخلفا الراشدين
ايده الله ونصره
795. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
As 794.
P 82a. BM V 167 (pl. IV, R only): الا له for اله in 2nd OS (engraving error). S:White 2190: الا له for اله in 2nd OS. B 1304 bis.
796. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
As 794, but with ابن shifted from 4th to end of 3rd line of RF.
BN II 993. Spink (1902) 79557.
abū-Ziyān Muḥammad IV ibn-'Abd-al-'Azīz I
A.H. 774–776
A.D. 1372–1374
797. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
As 794 except RF:
P 86. BM V 170. BN II 998. Metropolitan 103204.
(mint) ضرب بمدينة
عن امر عبد الله امير
المسلمين محمد السعيد
ابن الخافا الراشدين
ايده الله ونصره
798. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
As 797, but with لا shifted from 3rd to end of 2nd OS.
BM V 171 (pl. IV).
799. Madīnat (in 1st line of RF) Fās (in 2nd line of RF) – dinar.
OF الحمد لله
لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
RF ضرب بمدينة
عن امر (mint)
عبد الله محمد
السعيد
OS as RS of 746.
RS — الا من عند الله — وما التصر
— الحكيم — العزيز
P 89. BM X p. 18, no. 171f (pl. XXII).
abū'l-'Abbās Aḥmad ibn-Ibrāhīm
A.H. 775–786, 789–796
A.D. 1373–1384, 1387–1393
(opposed. 776–784 by 'Abd-al-Raḥmān).
First series: without amīr al-muslimīn
800. Madīnat (in 1st line of RF) Azammūr (in 2nd line of RF, spelt al-Zamwār) – dinar.
OF الحمد لله
لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
OS — اله واحد — والهكمك
— الرحمن الرحيم — لا اله الا هو
RS —الامن عند — وما النصر
— الحكيم — الله العزيز
P 99. BM X p. 21, no. 181f.
RF ضرب بمدينة
عن (mint)
امر عبد الله
احمد ايده الله
801. Madīnat (in 1st line of RF) Fās (in 2nd line of RF) – dinar.
OF الحمد لله
ولا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
OS as OS of 800.
RS — الامن عند الله — وماالنصر
— الحكيم — العزيز
P 100: OF as OF of 800 (error?). BM X. p. 21, no. 181g.
RF ضرب بمدينة
عن امر(mint)
عبد الله احمد
المستنصر بالله
802. Marrākush (in 1st RS) – double dinar.
OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
صلى الله على محمد واله
والحمد لله وحده
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
OS as OS of 800.
RS — عن امر عبد الله — (mint) ضرب ب
— بالله احمد — المستنصر
P 96.
RF الملك لله
والحمد لله وحده
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامر كله لله
803. Madīnat (in 2nd RS)? (3rd RS) – half dinar.
OF لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
OS — من الله — نصر
— قريب — وفتح
RS — بمدينة — ضرب
— حرسها الله — (mint)
P 103. BM X p. 23, no. 181p: mint illegible.
RF عن امر عبد
الله احمد
ايده الله
804. (no mint) – half dinar.
Both sides as obverse of 803, presumably by an error in striking.
BM X p. 23, no. 181s, 181t (2 sp.).
805. (no mint?) – half dinar.
OF as OF of 803.
OS as OS of 803.
RS illegible.
BM X p. 23, no. 181q.
RF [?] احمد
المستنصر
نصره الله
Second series: without amīr al-muslimīn, with Naṣrid inscription
ولا غالب الا الله
806. Sijilmāsah (in 1st and 2nd RS, divided سجاما/سة) – double dinar. Plate V
OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
صلى الله على محمد
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامر كله لله
OS as OS of 800.
RS – عن (mint, continued) – (mint) ضرب ب
— الله احمد — امرعبد
HSA 13176.
RF الشكر لله
والمنة لله
والعظمة لله
ولا غالب الا الله
والامر كله لله
807. Marrākush (in 1st RS) – double dinar.
As 802 except RF:
الملك لله
والحمد لله
والمنة لله
والعزة لله
ولا غالب الا الله
P 97.
808. Marrākush (4th RS) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 802.
OS — والظاهر والباطن — هو الاول والاخر
— شي عليم — وهو ركل
RS — مولا نا المستنصر — عن امر
— (mint) — بالله احمد\
RF as RF of 807 except 1st line: الشكر لله.
B 1316: description uncertain, division into lines and segments not indicated.
809. (no mint) – double dinar.
As 806 except RS:
—المس]تنصر] — عبد الله
— مولانا احمد — بالله
Moyse p. 503.
Third series: with amīr al-muslimīn
— A double dinar is ascribed to this ruler with date 788, and is said to be of the type of BM V 68 (a Murābiṭ dinar dated 539) by the following: S:Judice III 6950: Spink 33305. As the reference is wrong and the date extremely unlikely, this coin must be tentatively rejected.
810. Madīnat Azammūr (in 1st line of RF, spelt Azamwār) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 802.
OS — اله واحد لا — ولهكم
— الرحمن الرحيم — اله الا هو
RS — خر والظاهر — هو الاول والا
— بكل شي عليم — رالباطن وهو
P 94c: segments incorrectly divided, Madīnat omitted (error). BM V 178. B 1314 (pl XXII): description incomplete, plate partly illegible.
RF (mint) ضرب بمدينة
من امر عبد الله
المستنصر بالله
احمد امير المسلمين
ابن الخلفا الراشدين
811. Madīnat (in 2nd RS) Azammūr (3rd RS) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 802.
RF عن امر عبد الله
المستنصر بالله
احمد امير المسلمين
ابن الخلفا الراشدين
ايده الله ونصره
OS as OS of 800.
RS as RS of 803.
P 95 note. BM V 172 (pl. IV): الله for لله in 3rd line of OF (engraving error).
812. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Azammūr (2nd RS, spelt al-Zammūr) – double dinar.
As 811 except RS:
— (mint) — ضرب بمدينة
— الله تعالى — حرسها
BM V 173.
813. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Azammūr (2nd RS, spelt al-Zamwār) – double dinar.
As 812, but with لا shifted from 3rd to end of 2nd OS.
BM V 177.
814. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Azammūr (2nd RS, spelt al-Zamwār) – double dinar.
As 812.
P 95 note (pl. X). BM V 174 (pl. IV, R only), 175 (2 sp.). BN II 999.
815. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Azammūr (2nd RS, spelt Azamwār) – double dinar.
As 811 except RS:
— (mint) — ضرب بمدينة
— تعالى وامنها — حرسها الله
P 95.
816. Madīnat (in 1st RS), Azammūr (2nd RS, spelt Azamwār) – double dinar.
As 815 except 5th line of RF: ايده الله تعالى
P 95 note. BM V 176.
817. Madīnat (in 2nd RS) Azammūr (3rd RS, spelt Azammū) – dinar.
OF as OF of 801.
OS as OS of 800.
RS as RS of 803.
P 101: و omitted from 2nd line of OF (error?). BM X p. 20, no. 181d: حرصها for حرسها in. 4th RS (engraving error). S:White 2191 (pl. I): description incomplete, plate obscure.
Sotheby 393: m only. Thorburn: engraving errors.
RF عن امر عبد
الله المستنصر
بالله احمد
امير المسلمين
818. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Taṭwān (2nd RS) – double dinar.
Presumably as 812.
B 1315: description incomplete, spelling of mint not given.
819. Madīnat Sabtah (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 802.
OS as OS of 808.
RS as OS of 800.
B 1312: description of OF uncertain, division into lines and segments not indicated.
RF as RF of 810 except 5th line: ايده الله نصره.
820. Madīnat Sabtah (in RS) – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
والحمد لله
لا قوة الا بالله
OS as OS of 803.
RS illegible except mint.
B 1313 (pl. XXII): plate partly illegible.
RF عن امر عبد
الله احمد
امير المسلمين
ايده الله ونصره
821. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
As 819 except RS:
— واحد لا اله — والهكم اله
— الرحيم — الاهو الرحمن
BN II 1000: RS as OS of 800 (error?). Rivero: A p. 13, no. 1 (pl. V): OS obscure in plate.
822. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
As 821, but with طن of والباطن shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd OS.
HSA 13179. P 93 (pl. IX): segments incorrectly divided (corrected from plate by Fasmer I P. 215).
823. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
As 810 except 2nd line of OF: صلى الله على محمد.
BM V 179 (pl. IV, R only). BM X p. 20, no. 176a: description inadequate, corrected by John Walker. S: Gotha 993.
824. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 823, but without و at start of 3rd line.
OS as OS of 800.
RS as OS of 808.
Demaeght v. VII, p. 238.
RF as RF of 810.
825. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 802.
OS as OS of 800.
RS as OS of 808.
HSA 13177. P 94a: RF as RF of 810 (error). BM V 180. BN II 1001. B 1311 (pl XXII): description incomplete, reconstructed from partly illegible plate. Thorburn: apparently this coin.
RF (mint) ضرب بمدينة
عن امر عبد الله
المستنصر بالله
احمد امير المسلمين ابن
الخلفا لراشين
826. Madīnat Fās? (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
As 825 except OS, as OS of 810.
Metropolitan 103203: mint uncertain.
827. Madīnat Fās? (in 1st RS) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 806.
OS — والاخر والظا — هو الاول
— بكل شي عليم — هر والباطن وهو
RS — والهكم اله واحد — (mint) ضرب بمدينة
— الرحمن الرحيم — لا اله الا هو
BN II 992 (pl. XII): mint uncertain, OS incorrectly divided, RF misread.
RF عن امر عبد الله
المستنصر بالله
ابى العباس احمد
امير المسلمين
ايده الله ونصره
828. Fās (in 2nd RS – dinar.
OF الحمد لله وحده
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
OS as OS of 800.
RS (mint) ب — ضرب
— الله — حرسها
P 98. BM X p. 22, no. 181k: ب omitted from 2nd RS (engraving error).
RF عن امر عبد الله
المستنصر بالله
احمد امير المسلمين
829. Marrākush (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 823.
OS as OS of 808.
RS as OS of 800.
P 94b: OF as OF of 802 (error?). BM V 181 termed barbarous.
Fourth series: with amīr al-muslimīn and Naṣrid inscription
لا غالب الا الله
830. Madīnat (in 2nd RS Marrākush (3rd RS) – dinar.
OF لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
لا غالب الا الله
OS as OS of 800.
RS as RS of 803.
P 102. BM X p. 22, no. 181i.
RF عن امر عبد الله
المستنصر
بالله احمد
امير المسلمين
abū-Zayd 'Abd-al-Raḥmān ibn-'Alī
sayyid at Marrākush
A.H. 776–784
A.D. 1374–1382
(opposed 776–784 by Aḥmad).
831. Marrākush (in 4th RS) – double dinar. Plate V
OF يرزقه من
حيث لايحتسب
ومن يتوكل على
الله فهو حسبه
ان الله بالغ امره
OS — صلى الله علىمحمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— يجعل له مخرجا — ومن يتق الله
RS — بالله وافوض امري — وما توفيقي الا
— (mint) بالعباد — الى الله ان الله بصير
P 90 (pl. IX) بمنن for بمنة in 5th line of RF (misprint).
RF الله ولى من توكل
عليه ونصر من يقضى
امره السيد عبد الرحمن
ابن على اعانه الله
ونصر بمنة يمينه
832. Marrākush (4th RS) – dinar.
OF الا بالله
عليه توكلت
واليه انيب
OS — وفتح قريب — نصر من الله
— وما توفيقى — وبشر المومنين
RS illegible except for mint.
P 91: all but 4th OS illegible. BN II 1002 (pl. XII): 3rd OS not described, RS misread, mint uncertain. B 1317, 1318 (pl. XXII: both) (2 sp.); RS misread, mint uncertain.
RF السيد عبد
الرحمن ابن
على ايده الله
abū-Fāris Mūsâ ibn-Fāris
A.H. 786–788
A.D. 1384–1386
833. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar. Plate VI
OF as OF of 802.
OS as OS of 800.
RS as OS of 808.
P 105. BM V 182 (pl. IV): موسى misread as اسحق (?). B 1322 (coin illustrated under no. 1322 in pl. XXII is 646).
RF (mint) ضرب بمدينة
عن امر عبد الله
ابي كل على الله
امير المسلمين
المتوكل على الله
834. Madīnat (in 2nd RS) Fās (3rd RS) – dinar.
OF لا اله الا
لله محمد
رسول الله
الحمد لله
OS as OS of 800 and 833.
RS — بمدينة — ضرب
— امنها الله — (mint)
B 1324 (pl. XXII) المومنين for المسلمين 2nd line of RF (disproved by plate), OF and RS uncertain.
RF عن امر عبد
الله امير المسلمين
موسى المتو
كل على الله
abū-Ziyān Muḥammad V ibn-Aḥmad
A.H. 788–788
A.D. 1386–1386
835. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
OF not described.
OS not described.
RS as OS of 808.
B 1325. division into lines and segments not indicated. Seaby G993: mint and ruler only.
RF (mint) ضرب بمدينة
عن امر عبد الله
المنتصر بالله
محمد امير المسلمين
بن الخلفا الراشدين
abū-Ziyān Muḥammad VI ibn-Muḥammad
A.H. 788–789
A.D. 1386–1387
No coins reported.
abū-Fāris 'Abd-al-'Azīz II ibn-Aḥmad
A.H. 796–799
A.D. 1393–1396
First series: Marīnid style
836. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 802.
OS as OS of 808.
RS as OS of 800.
P 83: ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I.
RF (mint) ضرب بمدينة
عن امر عبد الله
المستنصر بالله
عبد العزيز ايده
الله تعالى ونصره
837. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Marrākush (2nd RS) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 823.
OS as OS of 808 and 836.
RS — (mint) — ضرب بمدينة
— عبد العزيز — عن امر مولا نا
B 1296 (coin illustrated under no. 1296 in pl. XXI is 845): ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I, division into lines and segments not indicated, السيد for مولانا in 3rd RS (error?).
RF الملك لله
والمنة لله
ولا اله الا الله
ولاغالب الا الله
الامر كله لله
838. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Marrākush (in 2nd RS) – double dinar. Plate VI
OF as OF of 823 and 837.
OS as OS of 800 and RS of 836.
RS — عن (mint) — ضرب بمدينة
— عبد العزيز — امر مولانا
P 84: ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I. BM V 166 (pl. IV): ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I. B 1297 (pl. XXI): description inaccurate ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I.
RF الملك لله
والحمد لله
والعزة لله
والمنة لله
والشكر لله
839. Madīnat (in 1st line of RF) Marrākush (2nd line of RF) – double dinar.
OF probably as OF of 802 and 836.
OS as OS of 800 and RS of 836.
RS as OS of 808 and 836.
B 1305: ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I, OF uncertain, division into lines and segments not indicated.
RF ضرب بمدينة
(mint)
عن امر عبد الله
امير المومنين
عبد العزيز
Second series: Ḥafṣid style
840. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Azammūr (in 2nd RS, spelt al-Zammūr) – double dinar.
OF الحمد لله
والمنة لله
ولا قوة الا بالله
OS — صلى اللهعلى سيدنا — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— وسلم تسليما — محمد واله وصحبه
RS — حرسها (mint) —ضرب بمدينة
— بمنه عن امر — الله تعالى
BM X p. 33, no. 226b (pl. XXIII): و omitted from 2nd and 3rd lines of OF (disproved by plate).
RF عبد الله
المسنتصر بالله
عبد العزيز
841. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Azammūr (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.
As 840 except 3rd and 4th OS:
— صحبه وسلم تسليما — محمد وعلى اله و
P 106b: صحبته for صحبه in 4th OS (misprint?).
842. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Azammūr (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.
As 841, but without و on 2nd and 3rd lines of OF.
B 1301 (pl. XXI, under no. 1300): segments partly illegible, ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I.
843. Madīnat Sijilmāsah (in RS) – dinar.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
والحمد لله
Segments illegible except mint.
B 1301 bis: division into lines and segments not indicated, ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I.
RF as RF of 840.
844. Sijilmāsah (b OF) – half dinar.
OF لا اله الا
الله
محمد رسول الله
No segments, as field inscriptions fill coin.
B 1303 (pl. XXI): description inaccurate, reconstructed from partly illegible plate, ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I.
RF as RF of 840.
845. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd RS) – double dinar. Plate VI
As 841.
P 106a (pl. X): صحبته for صحبه in 4th OS (misprint?, obscure in plate). B 1300 (pl. XXI, under no. 1296; coin illustrated under no. 1300 is 842): OS uncertain, ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I.
846. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (2nd RS) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 840, but without و at start RF as RF of 840.
of 2nd line.
OS — صلى الله على سيد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— وسلم تسليما — نا محمد
RS — (mint) — ضرب بمدينة
— بمنه عن امر — حرسها الله
BN II 994: ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I.
847. Madīnat (in 1st RS) [Fās] (2nd RS) — double dinar.
As 846, but without و on 3rd line of OF.
BM V 226: segments largely illegible, including mint.
848. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd RS) – dinar.
OF لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
OS — صلى الله على — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— وسلم تسليما — سيدنا محمد
RS — حرسها (mint) — ضرب بمدينة
— عن امر — الله بمنه
P 107. BN II 995, 996 (2 sp.): ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I, محمد added to 2nd RS (misprint?).
RF as RF of 840.
849. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd RS) – dinar.
As 848 except 3rd and 4th OS:
— اله وسلم تسليما — سيدنا محمد و
BM V 225.
850. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Marrākush (2nd RS) – dinar.
OF as OF of 848.
OS — عند الله — وما النصر الا من
— الحكيم — العزيز
RS — (mint) — ضرب بمدينة
— الله تعالى — حرسها
P 85: ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I. B 1297 bis: description uncertain, ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I.
RF عن امر امولا نا
عبد العزيز
نصر ه الله
851. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Marrākush (2nd RS) – dinar.
As 850 except OS, as RS 800.
B 1302 (pl. XXI): ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I.
852. (mint?) – dinar. Plate VI
Apparently as 850.
BN II 997 (pl XII): ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I, segments largely illegible. Weyl: G 1230: description incomplete.
853. (mint?) – half dinar. Plate VI
OF as OF of 848.
Segments illegible.
BM V 169 (pl. IV): ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I, traces of mint b RF.
RF عبد العزيز
امير المومنين
ايده الله
— (mint?) – half dinar.
OF as OF of 848.
OS as OS of 848.
RS illegible.
B 1306: division into lines not indicated. Inscription is so improbable that this coin must be tentatively rejected.
RF عبد العزيز
خليفة
الله
854. (no mint) – dinar.
OF as OF of 848.
OS — الا]من عند] — [وما النصر]
— الحكيم — الله العزيز
RS — بالله [?] —[?] امير
— بالله — المستنصر
KM II 864: segments partly illegible.
RF عبد العزيز
ايده الله
ونصره
abū-'Āmir 'Abd-Allāh ibn-Aḥmad
A.H. 799–800
A.D. 1396–1398
Ḥafṣid style
855. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Azammūr (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 842.
OS — صلى الله على — بسم الله الرحمن الحيم
— اله وسلم تسليما — سيدنا محمد وعلى
RS as RS of 840.
P 110c.
RF عبد الله
المستنصر بالله
عبد الله
856. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Azammūr (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.
As 855, but with سها of حرسها shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd RS, and تعالى from 3rd to start of 4th RS.
BM X p. 25, no. 193v: segments partly illegible.
857. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.
As 855.
P 110b.
858. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd RS) – double dinar. Plate VI
As 855 except OF, as OF of 840.
BM X p. 25, no. 193t (pl. XXII): as 855 (disproved by plate). B 1283 (pl. XX): segments obscure, mint illegible in plate, wrongly ascribed.
859. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.
As 855.
P 110a (pl. X).
abū-Sa'īd 'Uthmān III ibn-Aḥmad
A.H. 800–823
A.D. 1398–1420
Ḥafṣid style
860. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sabtah (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 842.
OS as OS of 855.
RS as RS of 840.
HSA 9173: segments partly illegible. P 109: OS incorrectly divided. BM X p. 26, no. 193cc (pl. XXII): RS partly illegible.
RF عبد الله
المستنصر بالله
عثمان ايده الله
861. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 840.
OS — صلى الله على سيدنا — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— وسلم تسليما — محمد وعلى اله
RS as RS of 840 and 860.
P 108b (pl. X). B 1272 (pl. XX): description uncertain, plate largely illegible, ascribed to 'Uthmān I.
RF عبد الله عثمان
امير المسلمين
ايدهالله
862. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (in 2nd RS) – double dinar: modified Kūfī script.
As 861.
B 1271 (pl. XX): description uncertain, plate largely illegible, ascribed to 'Uthmān I, o and R illustrated belong to different specimens.
863. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (2nd RS) – double dinar.
OF as OF of 842 and 860.
OS as OS of 861.
RF as RF of 861.
RS as RS of 846.
BM X p. 26, no. 193aa, 193bb: termed barbarous (2 sp.).
864. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd. RS) – double dinar.
As 861.
P 108a. B 1284 (pl. XX): description inaccurate and uncertain, plate partly illegible, wrongly ascribed.
865. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd RS) – double dinar. Plate VI
As 861 except OS:
— صلى الله على سيد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
— وسلم تسليما — نا محمد واله
BN II 984 (pl. XII), 985 (2 sp.): ascribed to 'Uthmān I.
866. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Marrākush (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.
As 861.
P 108c.
867. (no mint) – half dinar.
OF as OF of 848.
OS and RS (identical):
— كله — الامر
— وحده — لله
RF عثمان
امير المومنين
ايده الله
Soret:B 111: ascribed to 'Uthmān II.
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad VII ibn-'Abd-Allāh
A.H. 823–830
A.D. 1420–1427
(opposed 823–830 by 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq II).
No coins reported.
abū-Muḥmmad 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq II ibn-'Uthmān II
A.H. 823–869
A.D. 1420–1465
(opposed 823–830 by Muḥammad VII).
No gold reported.
* |
Mistakenly numbered as 746 on plate.
|
struck in North Africa by the Banū-Naṣr of Granada (Gharnāṭah) in Naskhī script.
The Naṣrids controlled Sabtah from A.H. 705 to 709 and from 786 to 789.
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad I ibn-Yūsuf
A.H. 629–671
A.D. 1232–1273
This ruler struck no coins in Africa. The only coin struck by him which falls within the scope of this survey is one bearing the name of his Ḥafṣid suzerain before he declared his independence in A.H. 647, and it is therefore listed with Ḥafṣid coins: 556.
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad III ibn-Muḥammad II
A.H. 701–708
A.D. 1302–1309
No African gold reported.
abū'l-Juyūsh Naṣr ibn-Muḥammad II
A.H. 708–713
A.D. 1309–1314
No African gold reported.
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad V ibn-Yūsuf I
A.H. 755–760, 763–793
A.D. 1354–1359, 1362–1391
Struck between A.H. 786 and 789.
868. Madīnat (in 2nd OS) Sabtah (3rd OS) – double dinar. Plate VI
OF يا ايها الذين
امنوا اصبروا
وصابروا وربطوا
واتقوا الله
لعلكم تفلحون
OS — بمدينة — طبع
— حرسها الله — (mint)
RS — ولا غالب الا الله — ولا غالب الا الله
— ولا غالب الا الله — ولا غالب الا الله
P:Granadina p. 8 (pl. I).
RF الامير عبد الله
الغني بالله محمد
ابن يوسف بن
اسماعيل بن نصر
اعانة الله ونصره
struck in North Africa by the Zanātah Berber rulers of Morocco, the Banu-Waṭṭās in Naskhī script.
abū-Zakarīyā' Yaḥyâ I ibn-Ziyān
regent for 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq II (Marīnid)
A.H. 823–852
A.D. 1420–1448
No coins reported.
abū'l-Ḥasan 'Alī I ibn-Yūtsuf
regent for 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq II (Marīnid)
A.H. 852–863
A.D. 1448–1458
No coins reported.
abū-Zakarīyā' Yaḥyâ II ibn-Yaḥyâ I
regent for 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq II (Marīnid)
A.H. 863–863
A.D. 1458–1459
No coins reported.
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad I ibn-Yaḥyâ I
A.H. 869–910
A.D. 1465–1504
869. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Azammūr (2nd RS) – dinar. Attribution tentative.
OF illegible.
OS illegible.
RS — (mint) — ضرب بمدينة
— عن امر — حرسها الله
B 1387 (pl. XXV: R only): plate largely illegible.
RF عبد الله
محمد
السعيد
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad II ibn-Muḥammad I
A.H. 910–932
A.D. 1504–1525
— Fās (position on coin not indicated) – (denomination not indicated).
Not described.
Spink 33306: m only. This unsupported ascription cannot be considered probable.
870. (mint?) – dinar. Attribution tentative. Plate VI
OF الحمد لله
رب
العلمين
Margins illegible.
BM X p. 28, no. 193ff (pl. XXIII): الله for لله in 1st line of OF (misprint).
RF محمد
امير
المسلمين
abū'l-Ḥasan 'Alī II ibn-Muḥammad I
A.H. 932–932, 961–961
A.D. 1525–1526, 1554–1554
No gold reported.
abū'l-'Abbās Aḥmad ibn-Muḥammad II
A.H. 932–952, 956–957
A.D. 1526–1545, 1549–1550
— Madīnat Azammūr (position on coin not indicated) – (denomination not indicated).
Not described.
Spink 33307: m only. This unsupported ascription cannot be considered probable.
abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad III ibn-Aḥmad
A.H. 952–956
A.D. 1545–1549
No coins reported.
Coins struck by the Sharīfian rivals and successors of the Waṭṭasids, and those struck by Spanish and Portuguese rulers, are excluded from this corpus.
struck in North Africa before the Ottoman conquest in the name of the Turkish sulṭāns, the Banū-'Uthmān of Istanbul (al-Qusṭanṭīnah).
Ottoman coins in general fall outside the scope of this corpus. The only exceptions to this rule are two gold coins struck in the name of the Ottoman sulṭān by the later Ziyānid rulers, which are therefore listed under the latter dynasty: 670, 671.
in which an obverse and a reverse not intended for use together are accidentally or fraudulently combined.
Muwaḥḥid style
H1. Obverse of 750; reverse of 500.
V 2068: ascribed to Ya'qūb. P recognized as hybrid.
H2. Obverse of 750; reverse of 502.
MA 671: ascribed to Ya'qūb.
H3. Obverse like 506, but with الخليفة for الخلفا in 3rd OS; reverse of 522. Plate VI
V 2074: الخلفا for الخليفة in 3rd OS (error), ascribed to Muḥammad. P recognized as hybrid. BM V 104 (pl. II). BN II 730, 731 (2 sp.). KM II 697 (pl. IV). D: Lorichs 4722. L: Muwaḥḥids p. 161, no. 2 (pl. VI): 3rd RS misread, corrected from plate. Cimino p. 220 (fig. 30, top).
H4. Obverse like 506, but with الخليفتين for الخلفا in 3rd OS; reverse of 522.
BM V 105: termed barbarous. L: Muwaḥḥids p. 160, no. 1.
H5. Obverse like 508; reverse like 522.
MA 679: RS illegible, OS legible through يوسف.
Ḥafṣid style
H6. Obverse of 589; reverse of 564 but in Naskhī script.
BN II 945. Lavoix:H p. 264: description incomplete.
H7. Obverse like 546; reverse as 590 with mint Qusanṭīnah.
F: Hafsites 22 (pl. II): OS illegible. Farrugia states by letter that this is not a hybrid.
H8. Obverse like 546; reverse of 640.
BN II 973: segments largely illegible, ابو for ابى in 3rd line of RF (error?).
Marīnid style
H9. As 674 except OF, which is identical with RF.
P 34 note. BM V 223. Weyl: G 1213.
H10. OF as OF of 751. RF as RF of 806 except 1st line: الملك لله.
OS and RS (identica) as RS of 750 but with امها for حرسها in 3rd segment.
B 1370 (pl. XXIII, under no. 1349): partly illegible.
H11. OF as OF of 751. RF as RF of 759. Plate VI
OS as OS of 746 with mint Sijilmāsah.
RS as RS of 765.
B (pl. XXIII, under no. 1350): not described.
H12. Obverse of 768; reverse of 771.
P 78. BM V 188: 5th line of RF misread.
H13. Obverse like 828; reverse of 800.
P 99 note: termed hybrid. BM X p. 20, no. 181e (pl. XXII). Thorburn.
H14. Obverse of 799; reverse like 828.
BM X p. 21, no. 181h.
— BN II 1017 (pl. XIII) and 1121 are contemporary imitations or counterfeits. Similar specimens are found in the HSA collection: 10621, 13206. Plate VI
The only gold medal known appertaining to these dynasties was struck by the Muwaḥḥid khalīfah
abū-Ḥafṣ 'Umar ibn-Isḥāq
A.H. 646–665
A.D. 1248–1266
M1. (no mint) – twenty-one dinar weight (49.4 grams); 65 millimeters in diameter, 1 millimeter thick. Plate II
OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
صلى الله على سيدنا ومولانا
محمد وعلى اله وصحبه
الاكرمين لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
OS — المرنضى لا مره امير المومنين ابو حفص — الخليفة الامام المومن بالله تعالى
— ابراهيم بن سيدينا الخليفتين — ابن سيدنا الامير الطاهر ابى
RS — المومنين ابو يعقوب — الخليفة الامام امير
— امير المومنين — ابن الخليفة الامام
B 1158 (plate on cover, title page, and half-title page for chapter VIII).
RF المهدى امام الامة
القائم بامر الله تعلى
الخليفة الامام امير
المومنين ابو محمد
عبد المومن ابن على
'Abbāsid Silver
struck in North Africa after A.H. 439 (A.D. 1047) in the name of the Sunnite khalīfahs, the Banū'l-'Abbās of Baghdād.
As the 'Abbāsids exercised no direct control over North Africa during this period, all silver bearing their name was actually struck by Hūdid rulers, and is therefore listed under the latter dynasty.
struck in North Africa after A.H 439 (A.D. 1047) in the name of the Shī'ite imāms, the Banū-Fāṭimah of Cairo (al-Qāhirah).
None reported.
struck in North Africa after A.H. 439 (A.D. 1047) by the Ṣanhājah Berber rulers of Tunisia, the Banū-Zīrī in Kūfī script.
abū-Tamīm al-Mu'izz ibn-Bādīs
A.H. 406–454
A.D. 1016–1062
Sunnite series:
Struck anonymously by al-Mu'izz between A.H. 441 and 449 after his repudiation of Fāṭimid suzerainty.
871. (mint?) – (date?) – half dirhem.
OF (as OF of 3)
لا اله الا الله
وحده لا شريك له
محمد رسول الله
Margins illegible.
F:Fatimites 172 (pl. IV): of illegible in plate.
RF (as RF of 3)
ومن يبتغ غير
الاسلام دينا
فاين يقبل منه
No silver is reported for other Zīrid rulers or rebels.
struck in North Africa after A.H. 439 (A.D. 1047) by the Ṣanhājah Berber rulers of eastern Algeria, the Banū-Ḥammād.
None reported.
struck in North Africa after A.H. 439 (A.D. 1047) in the name of the Banū-Ḥammūd of Malaga (Mālaqah) or of their Barghawāṭah Berber governors in Kūfī script.
These rulers and their virtually independent governors controlled Sabtah and the surrounding territory until the Murābiṭ conquest in A.H. 476.
Idrīs II ibn-Yaḥyâ I
A.H. 434–446
A.D. 1043–1055
(opposed 438–444 by Muḥammad I, 444–445 by Idrīs III, and 445–446 by al-Qāsim II).
With heir
Muḥammad ibn-Idrīs II
A.H. 439–446
A.D. 1047–1055
872. Sabtah – (4)39 – dirhem.
OF لا اله الا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
OM (date) سنة (mint) بسم الله ضرب هدذا الدرهم ب
RM محمد رسول الله ارسله بالهدى ودين الحق لظهره على
P:Reyes 94a: العلى for العالى in 3rd line of RF (error), base silver.
RF الامير
الامام ادريس
العالى بالله
امير المومنين
محمد
873. Madīnat Sabtah – (4)40? – dirhem.
As 872.
V 834 (AV): date and mint uncertain, P:Reyes 94b: date incomplete, base silver.
874. Madīnat Sabtah – (44)1 – dirhem. Plate VII
As 872.
V 835 (Cabré). C:Estudio p. 462, no. 1 (pl. II). P:Reyes 94c (pl. IV): base silver.
874a. Madīnat Sabtah – 441 – dirhem.
As 872 but without الامير محمد in 1st and 5th lines of RF.
S:Judice II 3081.
875. Madīnat Sabtah – (44)2 – dirhem.
As 872 except RM, which ends at الحق and 1st line of RF: ولى العهد.
V 836 (FC); date uncertain. Guillén p. 421 (pl. II, no. 16): mint illegible in plate, copper (error for base silver?). P:Reyes 95a: العلى for العالى in 3rd line of RF, base silver.
876. Sabtah – (44)3 – dirhem.
As 875.
P:Reyes 95b: base silver.
877. Madīnat Sabtah – (44)4 – dirhem.
As 875.
V 837 (AH). C:Estudio p. 462, no. 2 (pl. II). P:Reyes 95c: base silver.
878. Madīnat Sabtah – (44)6? – dirhem.
As 875.
V 838 (PG): date uncertain, rejected by Rivero: M p. 104.
879. Madīnat Sabtah – (44)x – dirhem.
As 875.
V 839 (PG, AV). P:Reyes 95d: base silver.
No silver with North African mint is reported for other late Ḥammūdid rulers.
Saqaut ibn-Muḥammad
governor at Sabtah
A.H. 453–471
A.D. 1061–1078
With heir
al-'Izz ibn-Saqaut
A.H. 453–471
A.D. 1061–1078
880. Madīnat Sabtah – (45)5? – dirhem.
OF المنصور
الا اله الا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
المعان
سقوت
OM as OM of 872.
RM as RM of 872, but ending with ليظهره.
V 874 (AV). Rivero: M p. 104 says this coin does not exist.
RF احاجب
الامام
عبد الله
امير المومنين
بها الدولة
العز
881. Madīnat Sabtah – (45)6? – dirhem.
As 880.
V 875 (AV): date uncertain. Rivero: M p. 104 says this coin does not exist.
882. Madīnat Sabtah – (4)62? – dirhem.
As 880.
V 876 (AV): date uncertain. Rivero: M p. 104 says this coin does not exist. See also copper: 1157.
883. Madīnat Sabtah – (4)64 – dirhem. Plate VII
As 880.
HSA 14217: date uncertain, base silver. V 877 (FC, AV 3 sp.). P:Reyes 126a (pl. V): base silver. See also copper: 1158.
884. Madīnat Sabtah – (4)65 – dirhem.
As 880.
V 878 (PG 2 sp., AV 2 sp.). P:Reyes 126b: base silver. See also copper: 1159.
885. Madīnat Sabtah – (4)66 – dirhem.
As 880.
V 879 (FC?, AV 3 sp.). P:Reyes 126c: base silver.
— Madīnat Sabtah – (4)66 – dirhem.
As 880, but with 5th line of RF: المنصور بالله 6th line: ايو يحيى.
BM IX p. 145, no. 155g: base silver. Probably a poor specimen of 885 misread.
886. Madīnat Sabtah – (4)67 – dirhem.
As 880.
V 880 (PG 2 sp., FC, AV 6 sp.). P:Reyes 126d: base silver. See also copper: 1160.
al-'Izz ibn-Saqaut
governor at Sabtah
A.H. 471–476
A.D. 1078–1083
With heir
Saqaut ibn-al-'Izz
A.H. 471–476
A.D. 1078–1083
887. (no mint) – (no date) – dirhem. Plate VII
OF (in octagon) الحاجب
لا اله الا الله
وحده لا شريك له
ضياو الدولة
سقوت
RF (in octagon) ضياو الدولة
الامام
عبد الله
امير المومنين
العز
OM and RM (identical) as RM of 880.
HSA 14218: partly illegible, base silver. V 881 (FC). P:Reyes 127: 1st line of RF partly illegible, base silver.
struck in North Africa and Spain by the Lamtūnah Berber rulers of the Murābiṭūn sect in Kūfī or Naskhī script.
Abū-Bakr ibn-'Umar
A.H. 448–480
A.D. 1056–1087
888. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat. Plate VII
OF لا اله الا
الله
محمد رسول الله
RF الامير
ابو بكر
بن عمر
No margins.
V 1443 (PG 2 sp., AV). BN II 513 (pl. II): plate shows traces of margin. MA 486. Rivero: M 98 (pl. II). B 819 (pl. XIII): plate shows traces of margin.
889. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.
OF لا ا]له الا الله]
محم]د رسول]
ا]لله]
No margins.
V 1444 3rd line of RF largely illegible. MA 487: 3rd line of RF largely illegible. V:Indicación p. 518 calls this a half qirat struck with the die of a qirat and notes a 4-line OF, though descriptions indicate a 3-line OF.
RF as RF of 888.
890. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.
OF blank.
No margins.
V 1445 (PG).
RF as RF of 888.
Yūsuf ibn-Tāshfīn
A.H. 480–500
A.D. 1087–1106
891. Fās (divided فا/س) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 888.
RF (mint)
الامير يوسف
بن تاشفين
(mint, continued)
No margins.
V 1534. MA 491. D: García 6081. B 855 (pl. XIII): mint misread.
892. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 888 and 891.
No margins.
D: García 6082. B 853, 854 (2 sp.).
RF الامير يوسف
بن تاشفين
893. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
No margins.
ANS. V 1538 (AV 3 sp.). Dombay p. 786: division into lines not indicated.
RF as RF of 892.
894. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat. Plate VII
OF as OF of 888 and 891.
No margins.
ANS. HSA 13733. V 1535 (PG 14 sp., FC, AV 8 sp.). BN II 546. MA 490 (4 sp.). KM II 572–581 (10 sp.). Condé p. 295: الامام for الامير in 1st line of RF (error). C: Tratado p. 196, no. 2 (pl. XX): س b RF. S:Judice II 3090. Ø 2076, 2077 (pl. VI) (2 sp.).
RF الامير
يوسف بن
تاشفين
895. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 889.
No margins.
V 1536 (PG 9 sp., AV). BN II 545. KM II 566–570 (pl. III: 566) (5 sp.). Soret: B 109.
RF as RF of 894.
896. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 893.
No margins.
V 1537 (AV). KM II 571. Rivero: M 102 (pl. II). Rivero: E (pl. III, no. 2).
RF as RF of 894.
897. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
As 896, but with an illegible word b OF, another a RF.
Thorburn.
898. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.
OF blank.
RF الامير
يوسف
No margins.
V 1539 (PG 2 sp.).
899. (no mint) – (no date) – quarter qirat.
OF blank.
No margins.
V 1540 (PG).
RF يوسف
Spanish mint.
900. Sanlūkah – (no date?) – qirat.
OF ابن تاشفين
OM لا له الا الله محمد رسول الله ارسله بالهدى
RM (?) سنة (mint) بسم الله ضرب هذا الدرهم ب
V 1531 (AV): no date, سنه uncertain.
RF حسبي الله
الامير يوسف
901. Sanlūkah – (no date) – half qirat.
OF as OF of 900.
OM as OM 900.
RM (mint) بسم الله ضرب هذا الدرهم ب
V 1532 (AV).
RF الامير يوسف
With heir
'Alī ibn-Yūsuf
A.H. 496–500
A.D. 1103–1106
902. Mad[īnat]? – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
RF الامير
يوسف والا
مير على
OM محمد رسول الله ارسله بالهدى ودين الحق
RM as RM of 901.
V 1542: mint uncertain. MA 492. mint uncertain.
902a. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول
No margins.
Dombay p. 781: division into lines not indicated.
RF الامير يوسف بن
تاشفين والامير علي
903. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامير علي
No margins.
V 1541 (PG 2 sp., AV). C: Tratado p. 197, no. 3 (pl. XX).
RF as RF of 894.
Spanish mint.
904. Qurṭubah – (no date) – qirat. Plate VII
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
سعد
No margins.
V 1533 (AV). Rivero: M 103 (pl. II). Rivero: E (pl. III, no. 3).
RF الامير يوسف
الامير علي
(mint)
'Alī ibn-Yūsuf
A.H. 500–537
A.D. 1106–1143
905. Sabtah – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول
الله
No margins.
V 1684 (PG 2 sp., FC, AV). BN II 618. MA 544. D: García 6104: 3-line OF (error).
RF امير المسلمين
علي بن يوسف
(mint)
906. Miknāsah – (no date) – qirat. Plate VII
OF as OF of 905.
RF على
امير المسلمين
وناصر الدين
Semicircle b RF: (mint). No other margins.
ANS. V 1707. MA 552: semicircle not indicated, mint misspelled. D: García 6105: 3-line OF, ناصر for وناصر in 3rd line of RF (errors). B 889 (pl. XIV, under no. 989): OF partly illegible in plate; 891 (pl. XIV): RF largely illegible in plate (2 sp.?).
907. Miknāsah – (no date) – half qirat.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسو ل الله
(?) بن كوكب
No OM.
RM (mint) بسم الله ضرب هذا الدرهم ب
V 1673 (AV): 3rd line of OF read بن كوكعر (?).
RF امير
المسلمين
على
908. (no mint?) – (no date?) – dirhem.
OF لا اله لا
الله وحده
لا شريك له
Margins, if any, illegible.
V 1835. fragment. MA 535: fragment. P:Reyes 444d: base silver, fragments.
RF محمد رسول الله
امير المسلمين
علي بن يوسف
909. (no mint?) – (no date?) – dirhem.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
Margins, if any, illegible.
V 1844 (AV).
RF امير المسلمين
على بن يو سف
910. (no mint?) – (no date?) – dirhem.
OF as OF of 909.
Margins, if any, illegible.
V 1842 (AV 2 sp.). See also copper: 1168.
RF امير
المسلمين
علي بن يوسف
911. (mint?) – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا
[الله محمد]
[رسول الله]
No margins.
MA 587: OF largely illegible; illegible word (mint?) b RF.
RF as RF of 910.
912. (no mint) – 506 – qirat.
OF as OF of 909.
No OM.
RM (date) ضرب هذ الدرهم سنة
V 1674 (AV): بالاندلس (?) for الدرهم in RM (error).
RF as RF of 909.
913. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 888.
No margins.
V 1697 (AV).
RF الامير علي
ابن امير
المسلمين
914. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول
الله
No margins.
V 1689 (AV).
RF الامير علي
ابن الامير
يوسف
915. (no mini) – (no date)– qirat.
OF as OF of 914.
No margins.
V 1686. MA 529 (1 complete specimen, 1 fragment).
RF الامير
علي بن
يوسف
916. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 914.
No margins.
V 1688 (AV).
RF الامير علي
ابن يوسف
917. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 914.
No margins.
V 1687 (PG, AV). MA 530.
RF على
الامير
ابن يوسف
918. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF الله
لا اله الا
محمد رسول
الله
No margins.
V 1695 MA 543: س b RF.
RF علي
امير المسلمين
بن يوسف
919. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF الله
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول
No margins.
B 887 (pl. XIV): description inaccurate.
RF as RF of 909.
920. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
No margins.
Müller p. 59.
RF as RF of 909.
921. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 909.
No margins.
V 1694 (AV 2 sp.). D:García 6113: base silver. Ø 2093: description inadequate.
RF as RF of 909.
922. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 914.
No margins.
V 1696 (FC, AV 2 sp.). MA 540 (2 sp.): not noted by Vives. Soret:D 90. Ø 2097: description incomplete. Pedersen 229 (pl. XCVII).
RF امير
المسلمين علي
بن يوسف
923. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
No margins.
V 1699 (AV). MA 539 (3 sp.).
RF as RF of 922.
924. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 914.
No margins.
V 1700 (PG). L: Khedivial p. 329.
RF بسم الله
امير
المسلمين
علي بن يوسف
925. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 905.
No margins.
V 1704 (AV). MA 546 (2 sp.).
RF ايد الله
امير المسلمين
علي بن يوسف
926. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat. Plate VII
OF محمد
رسول الله
Semicircle a OF لا اله الا الله
No other margins.
ANS: ك to left and ل to right of علي in RF. V 1703 (PG, FC, AV sp.). MA 545: semicircle not indicated.
RF الله
ايد
امير
المسلمين
على
927. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 923.
No margins.
V 1701 (PG 10 sp., FC, AV 5 sp.). BM V 49 (pl. I). BN II 621, 622 (2 sp.). MA 548 (7 sp.). K.M II 630, 631 (2 sp.). Condé p. 291: misread. D:García 6106–6108 (5 sp.): description inaccurate. C: Tratado p. 199, no. 6 (pl. XX). Ø 2099: الله above وعلي (misprint); impression furnished by Galster shows د to left and ا to right of على in RF. B 893 (pl. XIV): description inaccurate. Pedersen 230, 231 (pl. XCVII) (2 sp.): د to left and ا to right of علي in RF. Figanier 183 (2 sp.). Thorburn: د to left and ا to right of علي in RF.
RF الله ولى
امير
المسلمين
علي
928. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 905.
No margins.
ANS: ك b RF. UM: illegible letter b RF. V 1708 (PG, AV 3 sp.). MA 551 (2 sp.). Condé p. 280 (pl. III, no. 11): misread, ك b RF. Münter 306: identified by Galster. Ø 2095, 2096: ك (read as د b RF (2 sp.): description inaccurate. B 886 bis: ك b RF. Thorburn: ك b RF.
RF امير المسلمين
وناصر الدين
على بن يوسف
929. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 914
No margins.
B 888 (pl. XIV): س b RF, description inaccurate; 892? (pl. XIV): description inaccurate, OF illegible in plate (2 sp.?).
RF as RF of 928.
930. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 920.
No margins.
V 1709 (AV).
RF علي
امير المسلمين
وناصر الدين
ابن يوسف
931. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا
الله
عليه
Semicircle a OF (?) صلوات الله
Semicircle b OF (?) محمدعبد الله ورسول
No other margins.
BM X p. 6, no. 47a: description not clear
RF as RF of 928.
932. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF محمد
لا اله الا الله
رسول الله
Semicircle a RF المسلمين
No other margins.
V 1702. MA 547 (4 sp.): امير omitted from RF (misprint?), semicircle not indicated.
RF علي
امير
نصره الله
933. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 918.
No margins.
V 1698 (PG 2 sp.). BN II 619: مالك uncertain.
RF علي
امير
المسلمين
مالك
934. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.
OF blank.
No margins.
V 1690 (PG, AV 4 sp.).
RF الامير
علي
935. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.
OF ornament.
No margins.
V 1705 (Campaner). Not listed in v:Indicación
RF الله
ايد
علي
936. (no mint) – (no date) – quarter qirat.
OF blank.
No margins.
V 1691 (FC, AV): RF not described. V:Indicación p. 518 terms this a quarter qirat struck with the die of a half qirat.
RF as RF of 934.
937. (no mint) – (no date) – eighth qirat.
OF blank.
No margins.
V 1693 (PG, AV). Not listed in V:Indicación.
938. (no mint) – (no date) – eighth qirat.
RF على
RF as RF of 938.
No margins.
OF ح
V 1692 (PG, AV 5 sp.). MA 531: ج for ح in OF.
electrum
939. (no mint) – (no date) – denomination unknown.
OF لا اله الا
الله وحده
RF as RF of 909.
No margins.
V 1845 (AV 2 sp.). MA 538.D:García 6112. P:Reyes 449. Ø 2091: 1/3 gold and 2/3 copper instead of electrum (according to letter from G. Galster). See also copper: 1169.
Spanish mints.
940. Ishbīliyah – (no date) – qirat.
OF الله
حسبي
(mint)
OM لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله وعبده
No RM.
V 1678. MA 549. Rivero: E (pl. III, no. 8, not no. 10, as given).
RF as RF of 907.
941. Ishbīliyah – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 918.
Semicircle b OF صلوات الله عليه وعلى اله
Semicircle a RF يستعين
Semicircle b RF (mint)
No other margins.
V 1675 (pG): واله for وعلى اله b OF (error?). BM V 48. C: Tratado p. 199, no. 7 (pl. XX).
RF بالله
امير
المسلمين
علي
942. Ishbīliyah – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الاالله
صلوات الله
عليه
Semicircle b OF محمد عبده ورسوله
Semicircle a RF يستعين
Semicircle b RF (mint)
No other margins.
V 1676(AV 2 sp.).
RF as RF of 941.
943. Ishbīliyah – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 942.
Inverted semicircle b OF محمد عبد الله ورسوله
Semicircle a RF يستعين
Semicircle b RF (mint)
No other margins.
V 1677 (AV): عبده for عبد الله b OF (error?). BM V 47 (pl. l). C:Decadencia p. 379, no. 5 (pl. l): عبده for عبد الله b OF (disproved by plate). Rivero: E (pl. III, no. 6).
RF as RF of 941.
944. Ishbīliyah – (no date) – half qirat.
OF blank.
RF على
امير
المسلمين
(mint)
No margins.
V 1679 (AV). Not listed in V:Indicación.
945. Ishbīliyah – (no date) – half qirat.
OF blank.
No margins.
V 1680. MA 533; ب before mint.
RF على
(mint)
946. Ishbīliyah – (no date) – quarter qirat.
OF blank.
No margins.
V 1681. MA 534.
— Ighranāṭah – 519–520 and no date – dirhems.
See 951–953.
RF (mint)
علي
947. Balansiyah – 503 – dirhem.
OF as OF of 908.
OM محمد رسول الله ارسله بالهدى ودين الحق ليظهره على الدين كله ولو كره المشركون
RM (date) سنة (mint) بسم الله ضرب هذا الدرهم ب
V 1832 (PG). P:Reyes 444a: base silver.
RF as RF of 908.
948. Saraqusṭah – 504 – dirhem.
As 947.
V 1833 (AV). P:Reyes 444b (pl. XVI): base silver.
949. Saraqusṭah – 509 – dirhem.
OF as OF of 909.
OM as OM of 947.
RM as RM of 947.
V 1837 (AV): RM partly illegible. P:Reyes 446a: base silver. See also copper: 1162.
RF as RF of 909.
950. Sharīsh – (no date?) – qirat?
Not described.
C:Çecas p. 375: m only.
951. Ighranāṭah – 519 – dirhem.
OF as OF of 923.
OM as OM of 947 through الدين.
RM as RM of 947.
ANS: ل b RF. V 1839 (PG 2 sp., FC, AV). P:Reyes 450a: base silver.
RF as RF of 907.
952. Ighranāṭah – 520 – dirhem.
As 951 except RM, on which عام replaces سنة.
V 1840 (AV). D:García 6086. Sotheby 382: d, m only. P:Reyes 450b (pl. XVI): ل b RF, base silver. Rivero:E (pl. III, no. 9, not no. 8 as given): plate partly illegible. Thorburn: لد (?) b RF, base silver. See also copper: 1164.
953. Ighranāṭah – (no date) – dirhem. Plate VII
OF لا اله الا
الله محمد رسول
الله
RF as RF of 928.
OM (with flat top) بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم وما توفيقى الا بالله عليه يوكلت
RM (with flat top) (mint) بسم الله الرحمن الحيم ضرب هذ الدرهم ب
ANS: ع a RF. HSA 14147. S:Judice II 3098 (pl. II).
954. Madīnat Gharnāṭah – (no date) – dirhem.
As 949 except RM: (mint)بسم الله ضرب هذا الدرهم ب.
D: García 6109: ع and ornament b OF.
955. Madīnat Gharnāṭah – (no date) – dirhem.
OF as OF of 914.
RF as RF of 909.
OM ربنا عليك توكلنا واليك انبنا واليك المصير
RM as RM of 954.
P: Reyes 448: base silver.
956. Madīnat Gharnāṭah – (no date) – dirhem.
As 955 except OF, as OF of 909.
V 1843 (PG 6 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 2 sp.). D: García 6110: m only. P: Reyes 446c: base silver.
Ø 2092: OM illegible. See also copper: 1165.
957. Madīnat Gharnāṭah – (no date) – dirhem.
OF as OF of 909.
OM as OM of 955.
RM as RM of 954.
RF as RF of 910.
V 1841 (AV 2 sp.). D: García 6111: description inadequate. P: Reyes 447: base silver. Rivero:M 110 (pl. III): base silver, margins partly illegible. See also copper: 1166.
958. Qurṭubah – 502 – qirat: Kūfī and Naskhī script.
OF: Naskhī بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
لا اله الاالله
محمد رسول الله
RF: Kūfī امير المسلمين
علي
(mint)
No OM.
RM: Kūfī (date) بسم الله ضرب هذ لدرهم عام.
V 1667 (PG, AV). C: Decadencia p. 376, no. 3 (pl. I). Rivero:E (pl. III, no. 7, not no. 9, as given): plate largely illegible.
959. Qurṭubah – 505 – qirat.
OF as OF of 923.
RF علي
الامير
(mint)
No OM.
RM (date) بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب في سنة
V 1669 (AV). Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only.
960. Qurṭubah – 505 – qirat.
As 959 but without في in RM.
V 1670 (AV).
961. Qurṭubah. – 505 – Qirat.
As 959 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة.
V 1668 (AV). C: Decadencia p. 377, no. 4 (Pl. I).
962. Qurṭubah – 506 – qirat.
As 961.
V 1671 (AV).
963. Qurṭubah – 507 – qirat.
As 959, 960, or 961.
V 1672: RM uncertain. MA 532: RM uncertain.
964. Qurṭubah – (no date) – qirat.
As 921, with mint b OF.
V 1682 (Delgado).
965. Qurtubah – (no date) – qirat. Plate VII
OF لا اله الا
الله
وحده لا شريك له
RF as RF of 928, with mint b RF.
Up right side of OF محمد
Across top of OF عبده
Down left side of OF ورسوله
In cartouche a RF الله نصره (Naskhī script)
No other margins.
V 1706: وحد for وحده in 3rd line of OF (error?), one-line cartouche (error). MA 550 (2 sp.). C: Decadencia p. 380, no. b (pl. I). Zambaur I 66 (pl. I). Rivero:M 106 (pl. II) وحد for وحده in 3rd line of OF (disproved by plate). Rivero:E (pl. III, no. 5).
966. [Q]ūnkah – 506 – dirhem.
As 947.
V 1834 (AV): RM uncertain. P: Reyes 444c: base silver.
967. Mālaqah – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 918.
RF الامير
علي بن يوسف
(mint)
No margins.
V 1683 (AV).
968. Madīnat Mursiyah – 502 – dirhem (anonymous). Plate VII
OF as OF of 939.
RF محمد
رسوله وعبده
OM و من يبتغ غير الاسلام دينا فلن من وهو في الاخرة من الخاسرين
RM (date) سنة (mint) بسم الله ضرب هذ الدرهم ب
V 1830 (FC, AV). P: Reyes 443a (pl. XVI): base silver.
969. Madīnat Mursiyah – 503 – dirhem (anonymous).
As 968.
V 1831 (PG, AV). P: Reyes 443b: base silver.
970. Madīnat Mursiyah – 508 – dirhem.
OF as OF of 914.
OM as OM of 947.
RM as RM of 947.
RF as RF of 918.
V 1836 (PG, FC, AV 2 sp.). See also copper: 1167.
971. Madīnat Mursiyah – 508 – dirhem.
As 970 except OM, which starts with ارسله and ends with مشرك (sic, pointed out by Fasmer II p. 224).
P: Reyes 445 (pl. XVI): base silver. Rivero:E p. 14 fig. b.
972. Madīnat Mursiyah – 511 – dirhem.
As 949 except RM, on which عام replaces سنة.
V 1838 (PG). P: Reyes 446b: as 949 (error?), base silver.
With heir
Sīr ibn-ʿAlī
A.H. 522–533
A.D. 1128–1139
973. Sabtah – (no date) – qirat
OF لا اله الا
الله
محمد رسول الله
(mint)
RF امير المسلمين
على بن يوسف
ولي عهده سير
No margins.
V 1778 (PG 4 sp., AV 3 sp.). MA 573 (2 sp.): عهد for عهده in 3rd line of RF (misprint?).
974. Ṭanjah – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا له الا
الله محمد رسول
الله
(mint)
RF بسم الله
امير المسلمين
علي والامير
سير
No margins.
V 1765 (Domeck).
975. (no mint?) – (no date?) – dirhem.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
RF امير المسلمين
علي بن يوفس ولي
عهده الامير
سير
Margins, if any, illegible.
V 1848 (AV). Cerdá 389: description inadequate.
976. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF الله
لا اله الا
محمد رسول
الله
RFعلي
امير
المسلمين
والامير
سير
No margins.
ANS (3 sp.). HSA 15905, 27807, 27808 (3 sp.). V 1768 (PG 13 sp., FC, AV 5 sp.). BM V 53. BN II 624–627 (4 sp.). MA 568 (15 sp.). KM II 633, 634 (2 sp.). D: García 6093–6095 (5 sp.): without و on 4th line of RF (error?). C: Tratado p. 201, no. 9 (pl. XX). S: Castro 413. Pedersen 232. Nasir 39 (pl. I).
977. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
لامير سير
RF امير
المسلمين علي
ابن يوسف
No margins.
V 1767 (AV). Ø 2100: description uncertain, identified from impression furnished by Galster.
978. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 977.
RF ولي الله
امير المسلمين
علي بن يوسف
No margins.
V 1772. D: García 6091. Script not indicated, may be Naskhī.
979. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat: Naskhī script.
OFلا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامير سير
RF ولي الله
امير المسلمين
علي بن يوسف
No margins.
V 1771 (PG, AV): script not indicated. BN II 623: المؤمنين for المسلمين in 2nd line of RF (error).
980. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول
الله الامير سير
RF نصر الله
امير المسلمين
علي بن يوسف
No margins.
V 1773 (AV). Script not indicated, may be Naskhī.
981. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 977.
RF امير
المسلمين
وناصر الدين
علي ين يوسف
No margins.
D: García 6092. Weyl:G 1192 (3 sp.). B 941 (pl. XIV), 942 (pl. XIV), 944?, 945? (4 sp.?): description incomplete, plates partly illegible.
982. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 979.
RF as RF of 981.
No margins.
ANS. HSA 13734–13736, 13908–13914 (10 sp.). V 1775 (PG 14 sp., FC 6 sp., AV 3 sp.). BM V 52. BN II 628–630 (3 sp.); 632: differs in ornamentation. MA 572 (4 sp.). KM II 635. S: Judice II 3099 (3 sp.). S: Ciscar 32. S: Castro 413. Pedersen 233 (pl. XCVII); 235: differs in ornamentation. Lisbon. Thorburn.
983. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat. Plate VII
OF as OF of 979.
RF امير المسلمين
وناصر الدين
علي بن يوسف
No Margins.
ANS. HSA 13915: ط b RF; 13916 (2 sp.). V 1774 (PG 15 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 4 sp.). BM V 50 (pl. I), 51 (2 sp.). BN II 631: ك b RF. MA 571 (6 sp.). KM II 636–638 (3 sp.). Dombay p. 783: سيدي for سير in last line of OF (error), division into lines not indicated. D: García 6088a, 6089 (3 sp.): without و in 2nd line of RF (error). C: Tratado p. 201, no. 10 (pl. XX): ك b RF. Weyl:G 1193. Lopes 17. S: Judice II 3099. S: Castro 413. Ø 2094, 2098 (2 sp.). Pedersen 234. Nasir 41 (pl. I). Lisbon. Thorburn.
984. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد
رسول الله الا
مير سير
RF as RF of 983.
No margins.
V 1776 (AV).
985. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامير
سير
RF امير
المسلمين
ماصرالدين
علي
No margins.
Soret:D 89: ح a RF. B 946: description inaccurate, ج a RF.
986. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
As 985 except 1st line of OF: لا اله الا الله
Thorburn:ج a RF.
987. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 975.
RF امير المسلمين
وناصر الدين
علي والامير
سير
No margins.
V 1777 (AV).
988. (no mint) – (no date) half qirat.
OF ornament.
RFعلي
الامير
سير
No margins.
V 1685: سال (?) forسير in RF, corrected by Vives; 1770 (PG 4 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 5 sp.).
BN II 620: سال (?) for سيرin RF (error). MA 569, 570 (6 sp.). KM II 632 (pl. III). Condé (pl. III, no. 14): may be this coin, plate obscue.
989. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.
OF blank.
RF بسم الله
الامير علي الا
مير سير
No margins.
HSA 13919, 13922, 13923 (3 sp.?): all doubtful. V 1766 (AV).
990. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.
OF blank.
RF علي
امير المسلمين
الامير سير
No margins.
V 1769 (AV).
electrum
991. (no mint) – (no date) – denomination unknown.
OF لا اله الا
الله وحده
RF امير المسلمين علي
ولي عهده الامير
سير
No margins.
V 1849 (AV 2 sp.). MA 574: RF partly illegible. P: Reyes 453.
992. (no mint) – (no date) – denomination unknown.
OF as OF of 991.
RF علي
امير المسلمين
ولي عهده الامير
سير
No margins.
V 1850 (AV 2 sp.). D: García 6097. P: Reyes 454.
Spanish mint.
993. Madīnat Mursiyah – 525 – dirhem. Plate VII
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول
الله
RF as RF of 975.
OM as OM of 947.
RM as RM of 947.
V 1846 (PG, AV): 2nd line of OF inaccurately reported, date uncertain. P: Reyes 451 (pl. XVI): base silver.
994. Mursiyah – 526 – dirhem.
As 993 except OF, as OF of 975.
V 1847 (PG, AV). P: Reyes 452 (fig.): base silver.
With heir
Tāshfīn ibn-ʿAlī
A.H. 533–537
A.D. 1139–1143
995. Sabtah – (no date) – half qirat.
OF blank.
RF علي
امير المسلمين
والامير تاشفين
(mint)
No margins.
V 1811 (AV 2 sp.).
996. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 975.
RF امير المسلمين
علي والاميرنا
شفين
No margins.
V 1812 (AV 2 Sp.).
997. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامير تاشفين
RF as RF of 979.
No margins.
V 1820 (PG 3 sp., AV 3 sp.). BM V 59. BN II 633. MA 583. Nasir 38 (pl. I).
998. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 997.
RF امير المسلمين
وناصر الدين علي
بن يوسف
No margins.
HSA 14154. V 1825 (AV). S: Judice II 3100.
999. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 997.
RF as RF of 983.
No margins.
HSA 13737: ك b RF. V 1824 (PG 6 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 5 sp.). BM V 56, 57 (2 sp.): ل b RF. MA 582: not noted by Vives. KM II 642, 643 (2 sp.): ك b RF. Castiglioni 239 (pl. X): 3-line OF (disproved by plate), ك b RF. S: Castro 415. B 963–965 (pl. XIV: 963, 965), 968, 969 (5 sp.). ك b RF. Nasir 40 (pl. I).
1000. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامير تاشفين
RF as RF of 983.
No margins.
V 1823 (PG?). MA 581 (2 sp.). Condé p. 290: presumably this coin misread. Münter 307: identified by Galster. D: García 6099–6101 (3 sp.): description uncertain. Zambaur:W 85. Ø 2102: description uncertain, identified from impression furnished by Galster.
1001. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat: Naskhī script. Plate VII
OF as OF of 1000.
RF as RF of 981.
No margins.
HSA 13917, 13918 (2 sp.). V 1822 (PG 9 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 3 sp.). BM V 60–62 (pl. I: 60) (3 sp.). BN II 635. MA 580 (3 sp.). KM II 644 (pl. III): الا placed above اله in 1st line of OF. Condé p. 289: presumably this coin misread. D: García 6098: without و in 3rd line of RF (error). Lisbon.
1002. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF الله
لا اله الا
محمد رسول
الله الامير
تاشفين
RF as RF of 981.
No margins.
BN II 634. MA 584. KM II 645. Figanier 184.
1003. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
As 1002, but without و in 3rd line of RF.
HSA 13740. V 1826 (PG 7 sp., FC 4 sp., AV 3 sp.). BM V 58. S: Judice II 3101. S: Castro 415. B 966: description incomplete.
1004. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat. Plate VII
OF. لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الاميرتا
شفين
RF as RF of 985.
No margins.
ANS (4 sp.): ج a RF. HSA 13738: ج a RF. V 1827 (PG 9 sp., FC 3 sp., AV 3 sp.). BM V 54, 55 (2 sp.): ج a RF. BM X p. 6, no. 55d: ج a RF. BN II 636, 637 (2 sp.): ج a RF. MA 585 (4 sp.): ج a RF. KM II 639–641 (3 sp.): ج a RF. D: García 6103: description incomplete, ح a RF. C: Tratado p. 202, no. 12 (pl. XX): ج a RF. Weyl:G 1191 (2 sp.): ج a RF. Lopes 18. S: Judice II 3101. S: Castro 415. Thorburn: ج a RF.
1005. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول
الله
RF امير المسلمين
وناصرالدين علي
والامير تاشفين
No margins.
V 1828 (AV 2 sp.).
1006. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 975.
RF as RF of 1005.
No margins.
V 1829 (AV).
1007. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 975.
RF امير المسلمين
علي بن يوسف
ولي عهده تاشفين
No margins.
Welzl 12237.
1008. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 973.
RF علي
امير المسلمين
ول عهده
تاشفين
No margins.
V 1816 (PG, AV).
1009. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.
OF ornament.
RF الامير علي
الامير تا
شفين
No margins.
V 1815 (PG 3 sp., FC 3 sp., AV 3 sp.). S: Castro 414.
1010. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.
OF blank.
RF امير
المسلمين علي
الامير تاشفين
No margins.
V 1813 (PG, AV 2 sp.).
1011. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.
OF as OF of 976.
RF الله ينصر
امير المسلمين علي
الامير تاشفين
No margins.
V 1821 (AV): top line of RF misread, corrected p. 552. V:Indicación p. 518 calls this a half qirat struck with the die of a qirat.
1012. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.
OF ornament.
RF علي
الامير
ولي عهده تا
شفين
No margins.
V 1817 (PG, AV 3 sp.). Script not indicated, may be Naskhī.
1013. (no mint) – (no date) – quarter qirat.
OF blank.
RF علي
الامير
تاشفين
No margins.
HSA 13921. V 1814 (PG, FC). Rivero:M 107 (pl. II): ornament on OF. Rivero:E (pl. III, no. 16): ornament on OF.
1014. (no mint) – (no date) – quarter qirat: Naskhī script.
OF as OF of 975.
RF as RF of 1012.
No margins.
HSA 13920, 13924 (2 sp.). V 1818 (PG 2 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 4 sp.): script not indicated. MA 586: script not indicated.
1015. (no mint) – (no date) – quarter qirat: Naskhī script.
OF as OF of 975.
RF الامير علي
ولي عهده تا
شفين
No margins.
BM V 63–65 (pl. I: 63) (3 sp.).
1016. (no mint) – (no date) – sixteenth qirat.
OF blank.
RF as RF of 1015.
No margins.
V 1819 (AV 3 sp.). Script not indicated, may be Naskhī.
Spanish mints.
1016a. Ishbīliyah – (no date) – qirat?
Not described.
Cerdá 400.
1016b. Ishbīliyah – (no date) – half qirat?
Not described, except that OF has no legend.
Cerdá 401.
1017. Jayyān – 536 – dirhem. Plate VII
OF لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
سعد
RF as RF of 983.
(in tiny letters)
OM بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ولي العهد الامير تاشفين
RM (date) عام (mint) بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هذا الدرهم
ANS: سعد not visible. V 1810 (AV). Cerdá 398: description incomplete. Rivero:M 109 bis (fig. on p. XI). Rivero:E p. 14, fig. a.
Tāshfīn ibn-ʿAlī
A.H. 537–540
A.D. 1143–1145
— (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامير تاشفين
RF الامام عبد الله
العباسي
امير المؤمين
No margins.
B 979: division into lines not indicated. This is the only Murābiṭ silver reported to have been struck in the name of the ʿAbbāsid khalīfah; it must be considered very dubious.
1018. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول
الله
RF امير المسلمين
تاشفين
No margins.
V 1872 (Codera).
1019. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول
الله
RF امير المسلمين
تاشفين بن علي
No margins.
V 1871 (AV). MA 594. B 978: description incomplete.
1020. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat
OF as OF of 1019.
RF امير المسلمين
وناصر الدين
تاشفين بن علي
No margins.
V 1887 (AV): termed dirhem. B 980 (pl. XV).
1021. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
RF as RF of 1020.
No margins.
V 1881 (PG 2 sp.).
1022. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat: Naskhī script. Plate VII
OF as OF of 1021.
RF امير
المسلمين
تاصر الدين
تاشفين
بن علي
No margins.
HSA 13739, 15911, 15912, (3 sp.). V 1882 (PG 2 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 4 sp.): script not indicated. BM V 73 (pl. I), 74 (2 sp.). MA 596: script not indicated, وناصر for ناصر in 3rd line of RF (error?). S: judice II 3102. Thorburn.
1023. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF بسم الله
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول
الله
RF علي
امير
المسلمين
ناصرالدين
تاشفين
بن
No margins.
V 1883 (AV). Script not indicated, may be Naskhī.
1024. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.
OF ornament.
RF الامير
تاشفين
No margins.
V 1878 (PG, AV 6 sp.): termed eighth qirat (error). MA 599. KM II 655. As a half qirat, this coin does not fit into the table in V:Indicación p. 519.
1025. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.
OF ornament.
RF امير
المسامين
تاشفين
No margins.
V 1877 (PG, AV 3 sp.). MA 597 (2 sp.). Rivero:M 113 (pl. III). B 977 (pl. XV). Rivero:E (pl. III, no. 17).
1026. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.
OF ornament.
RF امير المسلمين
تاشفين
بن علي
No margins.
V 1873 (PG, AV): عل بن for بن عليin 3rd line of RF (misprint?). MA 595 (4 sp.).
1027. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.
OF الله ولي
امير المسامين
RF الامير تاشفين
No margins.
ANS. Does not fit into the table in V:Indicación p. 519.
1028. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.
Variant of 1025.
S: Castro 416: described as an unpublished variant of V 1877.
1029. (no mint) – (no date) – quarter qirat.
OF as OF of 1021.
RF as RF of 1026.
No margins.
V 1874 (PG, AV 6 sp.). BM V 75.
1030. (no mint) – (no date) – quarter qirat.
OF and RF (identical) as RF of 1026.
No margins.
V 1875: termed hybrid in V:Indicación p. 519; it was apparently struck in error, and was recorded by Codera.
1031. (no mint) – (no date) – eighth qirat.
OF blank.
RF علي
تاشفين
بن
No margins.
V 1879 (AV).
1032. (no mint) – (no date) – eighth qirat.
OF الامير
RF تا
شفين
No margins.
HSA 15910, 15913–15915 (4 sp.). V 1880 (PG 6 sp., FC 4 sp., AV 5 sp.). BM V 76 (pl. I), 77 (2 sp.). BN II 648–650 (3 sp.). MA 598 (25 sp., of which Vives noted 5). C: Tratado p. 203, no 2 (pl. XXI). Rivero:M 114 (pl. III).
1033. (no mint) – (no date) – sixteenth qirat.
OF blank.
RF as RF of 1018.
No margins.
V 1876 (AV).
With heir
Ibrāhīm ibn-Tāshfīn
A.H. 538–540
A.D. 1144–1145
1034. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامير ابراهيم
RF as RF of 1020.
No margins.
BN II 651: عم a RF. B 988 (pl. XV): no letters a RF.
1035. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
As 1034 except 1st line of OF: لا اله الا الله
ANS: ع م a RF. HSA 15909, 15917, 15918, 15920, (4 sp.): ع م a RF. V 1885 (PG 6 sp., FC 4 sp., AV 4 sp.). BM V 71 (pl. I), 72 (2 sp.): ع م a RF. MA 600 (5 sp.): ابرهيم for ابراهيم in 4th line of OF (misprint?). Soret:R 3. C: Tratado p. 204, no. 3 (pl. XXI): ع م a RF. S: Castro 416. B 991: ع م b RF; 992: ع م a RF (pl. XV: both) (2 sp.). Figanier 187 (pl.): ابرهيم for ابراهيم 4th line of OF (disproved by plate).
1036. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat. Plate VII
As 1035 but with ابرهيم for ابراهيم in 4th line of OF, and without و in 2nd line of RF. HSA 15916, 15919 (2 sp.). KM II 653 (pl. III). D: García 6114. Kivero:M 112 (pl. III). B 989, 990, 990 bis, 990 ter (pl. XV: all) (4 sp.).
1037. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.
OF ابرهيم
RF as RF of 1024.
No margins.
V 1886 (AV). KM II 654. Longpérier:D p. 431: description incomplete.
Spanish mint.
1038. Qurṭubah (divided طبة / قر) – (no date) – quarter qirat, struck presumably by Ḥamdīn ibn-Muḥammad.
OF (mint, continued)
الامير ابرا
(mint) هيم
RF as RF of 1025.
No margins.
V 1884 (AV 2 sp.). V:Indicación p. 518 gives ابر for ابرا in 2nd line of OF.
Isḥāq ibn-ʿAlī
A.H. 540–541
A.D. 1145–1147
1039. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 1019.
RF امير المسلمين
وناصرالدين
اسحاق بن علي
No margins.
V 1895 (PG 5 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 3 sp.). Höst:E and N 12 (pl. XXXIII). B 1000 (pl. XV): ك b RF.
1040. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
As 1039, but without و in 2nd line of RF.
HSA 15921, 15922 (2 sp.): no letter b RF. BN II 657, 658 (2 sp.). MA 602. KM II 659, 660 (2 sp.). Condé p. 291: this is the coin described, not that illustrated. D: García 6116, 6117 (2 sp.): 3-line OF (error). Rivero:M 116 (pl. III): no letter b RF. B 999 (pl. XV), 1001 (2 sp.). Thorburn.
1041. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat. Plate VII
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
RF المسلمين
امير
ناصر الدين
اسحاق بن علي
No margins.
HSA 13741, 15923 (2 sp.). V 1896 (PG 3 sp., FC, AV 2 sp.): و at start of 3rd line of RF (error?). BM V 78 (pl. I), 79 (2 sp.). BN II 656. MA 603 (4 sp.): with و (error?). KM II 662. Condé p. 291 (pl. III, no. 10): apparently this coin misread; differently misread on p. 279. Marsden 348 (pl. XX): apparently this coin misread, attributed to Ḥammūdids (corrected by Codera: Errores p. 16, and by Fraehn:O p. 25). D: García 6118 (2 sp.): description uncertain. C: Tratado p. 204, no. 4 (pl. XXI). S: Judice II 3103a.
1042. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 1019.
RF as RF of 1041, with و at start of 3rd line.
No margins.
V 1897 (AV).
1043. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF as OF of 1018.
RF اسحاق
امير المسلمين
ناصر الدين
ابن علي
No margins.
V 1901. D: García 6119, 6120 (2 sp.).
1044. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
As 1043, but with و at end of 2nd line of RF.
Ø 2104: description uncertain, impression furnished by Galster appears identical with 1045.
1045. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF الله
لا اله الا
محمد رسول
الله
RF as RF of 1043.
No margins.
V 1900 (Cumano). KM II 661. S: Castro 417. B 1002 (pl. XV).
1046. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا الله
[محمد[رسول الله
الاميرا
سحاق
RF بن
امير
المسلمين
ناصر الدين
علي
No margins.
Soret:D 91. Soret:B 110.
1047. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.
OF ابم علي
RF الامير
اسحاق
No margins
V 1902 (PG): termed qirat, corrected on p. 552. KM II 664. Condé p. 291 misread.
1048. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.
OF ابن
علي
RF امير
المسلمين
اسحاق
No margins
KM II 663 (pl. III). Does not fit into the table in V:Indicación p. 519.
1049. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.
OF ornament.
RF as RF of 1048.
No margins.
V 1898 (AV). MA 604. KM II 665 (pl. III). Rivero:E (pl. III, no. 18).
1050. (no mint) – (no date) – quarter qirat.
OF ornament.
RF as RF of 1048.
No margins.
V 1899 (AV). C: Decadencia p. 385, no. 9 (pl. I). Rivero:E (pl. III, no. 19).
1051. (no mint) – (no date) – eighth qirat.
OF امير
المسلمين
RF اسحاق
No margins.
B 1003 (pl. XV): same specimen shown twice in plate, illegible.
Spanish mint.
1052. Qurṭubah – (no date) – qirat: Naskhī script; struck presumably by Ḥamdīn ibn-Muḥammad or by Ibn-Ghāniyah. Plate VII
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
(mint)
RF امير
المسلمين
ناصر الدين اسحاق
بن علي
No margins.
ANS. HSA 14155. V 1894 (PG 2 sp., AV 4 sp.): و at start of 3rd line of RF (error?). BM V 80. BN II 655. MA 601 (2 sp.): with و (error?). Longpérier:D p. 431 (several sp.): m only. C: Tratado p. 205, no. 5 (pl. XXI). Sotheby 382: m only; with date 541 (error?). S: Judice II 3103. Rivero:M 117 (pl. III): with و (disproved by plate). B 997, 998 (pl. XV: both) (2 sp): with و (disproved by plate).
— Mālaqah – (no date) – qirat?
Sawaszkiewicz p. 204 apparently refers to silver of this mint and ruler, but too vaguely to be accepted.
Murābiṭ. partisans after A.H. 541 (A.D. 1147)
Many coins in Murābiṭ styles were struck after the downfall of the main dynasty at the death of Isḥāq; most of these were struck in Spain by local rulers and are therefore excluded from this corpus, but can be found in section 6a of Vives; mintless coins struck in Spain in the name of the “Banī-Tāshfīn” follow.
1053. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد
رسول الله
RF اللهم ارحم
امرا المسلمين
بني تاشفين
No margins.
V 1980 (AV). MA 611. Script not indicated; probably Kūfī obverse and Naskhī reverse.
1054. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF: Kūfī script الله
لا اله الا
محمد رسول الله
RF as RF of 1053: Naskhī script.
No margins.
V 1981 (AV): script not indicated. C: Decadencia p. 391, no. 15 (pl. II): لك b OF.
1055. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.
OF and RF (identical) as RF of 1053: presumably Naskhī script.
No margins.
V 1982 (Cumano): apparently an error in striking.
1056. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.
OF: Naskhī script ارحم
اللهم
امرا المسلمين
RF: Kūfī script بني
تاشفين
No margins.
V 1983: script not indicated. MA 612. C Monedas p. 381. C.Decadencia p. 391, no. 16 (pl. II): لك b RF.
Muwaḥḥid Silver
struck in North Africa and Spain by the Kūmiyah Berber rulers of the Muwaḥḥidūn sect in Naskhī or Kūfī script.
Silver struck by Muwaḥḥid partisans in North Africa and Spain before the downfall of the Murābiṭs in A.H. 541 (A.D. 1147).
Struck in North Africa in the name of the Mahdī Muḥammad ibn-Tūmart about A.H. 540 (A.D. 1145).
1057. Sabtah – qirat: Kūfī script?
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
(mint)
RF الله
مهدي الدين
الذي بشر به
رسول
V 2017 (AV).
1058. Sabtah – qirat: Kūfī script?
OF as OF of 1057.
RF الله ربنا
ومحمد نبينا
والمهدى اما
منا
V 2018 (AV).
1059. (no mint) – qirat: Kūfī script?
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامام
RF الله ربنا
محمد رسولنا
المهدى اما
منا
V 2014 (AV) Lisbon.
1060. (no mint) – qirat: Kūfī script.
OF الله
لا اله الا
محمد رسول الله
الامام عبد
الله
RF الله
ربنا
محمد رسولنا
المهدى امامنا
V 2016 (AV). C: Tratado p. 225, no. 6 (pl. XXII).
1061. (no mint) – half qirat: Kūfī script?
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامام الحق
RF as RF of 1059.
V 2015 (AV): 4th line of OF uncertain. May be an unusually debased specimen of 446a misread. Lisbon has a partly illegible variant.
Struck in Spain in the name of abū-Muḥmmad ʿAbd-al-Muʾmin ibn-ʿAlī about A.H. 540 (A.D. 1145).
1062. (no mint) – qirat. Plate VII
OF الله ربنا
ومحمد نبينا
والمهدى
امامنا
RF امير المؤمنين
عبد المؤمن
ابن علي
HSA 14168. V 2043 (PG 4 sp., AV, 1 other). MA 659 (2 sp.): without و in 3rd line of OF (corrected by Vives). Rivero:E (pl. III, no. 10).
1062a. (no mint) – dirhem.
As 1062; legends in square, segments ornamented.
V 2045 (AV).
1063. (no mint) – qirat.
As 1062, but with رسولنا for نبينا in 2nd line of OF; و omitted from 2nd and 3rd lines of OF. BN II 721–723 (3 sp.). Condé p. 289.
1064. (no mint) – half qirat.
OF ornament.
RF عبد المؤمنم
ابم علي
V 2044. MA 658.
abū-Muḥammad ʿAbd-al-Muʾmin ibn-ʿAlī
A.H. 524–558
A.D. 1130–1163
1065. Fās (b RF) – square half-dirhem struck after A.H. 540.
OF الحمد لله
رب
العالمين
RF ابو محمد عبد
المؤمن
بن علي امير المؤمين
Weyl:F 6493.
1066. (no mint) – round dirhem. Plate VII
As 1065; legends in square, segments ornamented.
V 2046 (AH 2 sp., AV 2 sp.). P 26 (pl. iii): ascribed (p. 32) to Idrīs I. BM V 88a (pl. II). BM X, p. 10, no. 88b, 88c? (cut square) (2 sp.?). BN II 718, 719 (2 sp.). MA 665 (4 sp., of which Vives noted 2): termed half dirhem (error). KM II 689. Weyl:G 1221. S: Castro 420. Bel p. 18. Rivero:M 131 (pl. III) Ø 2110. B 1046–1049 (pl. XVI: 1046) (4 sp.). Rivero:E (pl. IV, no. 8). Thorburn.
1067. (no mint) – square dirhem.
As 1065.
B 1050 (pl. XVI).
1068. (no mint) – square half dirhem. Plate VII
As 1065.
ANS. HSA 13906, 14164 (2 sp.). V 2113 (AH 2 sp., PG 10 sp., FC, AV 12 sp.). P 25a. BN II 720. MA 666 (90 sp., of which Vives noted 16). KM II 690: gold instead of silver (misprint). Adler:C 89 (pl. VI). Moura 2 (fig.). D: García 6129. Cerdá 423: description incomplete. Leite 23. S: Judice II 3126. S: Castro 420. Bel p. 14 (fig. 2, 3). Ø 2111, 2112 (2 sp.). B 1051–1054 (pl. XVI: 1051) (4 sp.). Figanier 169 (2 sp.). Lisbon. Thorburn.
1069. (no mint) – square quarter dirhem.
As 1065.
MA 667 (not noted by Vives).
Spanish mints.
1070. Ishbīliyah (b RF) – square half dirhem struck after A.H. 541
As 1065.
V 2116. P 25d. MA 669.
1071. Jayyān (b RF) – square half dirhem struck after A.H. 541.
As 1065.
V 2114 (PG). P 25b. C: Tratado p. 220, no. 2 (pl. XXII).
1072. Gharnāṭah (b RF) – square half dirhem struck after A.H. 549.
As 1065.
P 25f (pl. III).
— Suhal? – square half dirhem.
As 1065.
Zambaur II 269: mint uncertain, above instead of beneath RF. This mint is unidentified, and because of its position is probably merely an ornament on a specimen of 1068.
1073. Mālaqah (b RF) – square half dirhem struck after A.H. 548.
As 1065.
V 2115. P 25c. MA 668.
1074. Mursiyah (b RF) – square half dirhem (posthumous) struck after A.H. 567.
As 1065.
V 2117 (AV 3 sp.). P 25e. Cerdá 422: m only. S: Judice II 3127.
abū-Yūsuf Yaʿqūb ibn-Yūsuf I
A.H. 580–595
A.D. 1184–1199
— (no mint) – denomination not specified.
Nor described.
Sawaszkiewicz p. 205, no. 25 (2 sp.). This unsupported ascription must be considered dubious.
With heir
abū-ʿAbd-Allāh Muḥammad ibn-Yaʿqūb
A.H. 587–595
A.D. 1191–1199
1075. (no mint) – square half dirhem. Attribution doubtful. Plate VII
OF وما بكم من
نعمة فمن الله
حسبي الله
وحده
RF ولي العهد
الامير ابو عبد
الله بن الامرا
V 2127. P 28 (pl. III). MA 708.
abū-Mūsâ ʿImrān ibn-Yaʿqūb
rebel amīr at Sabtah
A.H. 629–630
A.D. 1232–1232
1076. (no mint) – square dirhem. Plate VII
OF لا اله الا الله>
محمد رسول الله
الامر كله لله
RF الامير الوميد بالله
ابومومسى عمران
ابن الامرا الارشين
P 27 (pl. III): 3rd line of OF given as لا قوة الا بالله (disproved by plate). MA 707. Fasmer I 3.
1077. (no mint) – square dirhem.
As 1076 except 3rd line of OF: لا قوة الا بالله
V 2121 (AV). May be 1076 misread.
abū-Muḥammad ʿAbd-al-Wāḥid II ibn-Idrīs I
A.H. 630–640
A.D. 1232–1242
Struck before restoration of al-Mahdī's name
A.H. 630–631
A.D. 1232–1234
1078. Ribāṭ (in 4th OS and 2nd RS) al-Fatḥ (in 1st OS and 3rd RS) – (date?) – qirat.
OF لا حول ولا
قوة الا
بالله
RF الله ربنا
محمد رسولنا
الرشيد امامنا
OS — [?] عام — (mint, continued)
— (mint) ب — ضرب
RS — (mint) ب — ضرب
— [?] عام — (mint, continued)
KM II 698a: segments worn, no date?, OS as RS (error?).
1079. Sijilmāsah (in 4th and 1st OS and 2nd and 3rd RS; divided سجل\ماسة – (date?) – qirat.
As 1078.
L: Johnston p. 169 (2 sp.): m only, date obscure. Thorburn: date uncertain, read as ه.
1080. Ḥaḍrat (in 4th OS and 2nd RS) Fās (in 1st OS and 3rd RS) – (date?)–qirat. Plate VII
As 1078.
KM II 698b, 698c (2 sp.): OS as RS (error?). Fraehn:R p. 624, no. 3: largely illegible, mint uncertain, ستما in RS (error?). Soret :D 92: المهدى for الرشيد in 3rd line of RF (error?), segments largely illegible. Weyl:F 6496: not described, mint given as Fās; probably this coin. L: Bodleian 319: wrongly recorded, apparently this coin, segments largely illegible, RS as OS?. Thorburn.
1081. Ḥaḍrat (in 4th OS and 2nd RS) Fās (in 1st OS and 3rd RS) – (date?) – qirat.
As 1078 except 3rd line of RF: الرشيد
امامنا
Adler:C 90 (pl. VI): segments largely illegible, ستماة in 2nd RS (error?), may be another specimen of 1080.
1082. Marrākush. (in 4th and 1st OS and 2nd and 3rd RS; division not specified) – (date?) – qirat.
As 1078.
Geitlin p. 234: segments uncertain, may be a poor specimen of 1083.
1083. Ḥaḍrat (in 4th OS and 2nd RS) Marrākush (in 1st OS and 3rd RS) – (date?) – qirat.
As 1078.
Markov: E p. 921, no. 2a: not described, mint given as Marrākush; corrected by Fasmer I 1, with description.
1084. (mint?) – (date?) – qirat.
OF as OF of 1078.
RF ربنا الله
محمد رسول الله
الرشيد بالله
Segments illegible.
L:Calivert 50, 51 (2 sp.).
— (mint Fās?) – (date?) – qirat. see Plate VII
As 1084 except 1st line of RF: الله ربنا.
L: Bodleian 319, 320? (2 sp.?). Apparently a misreading of poor additional specimens of 1080, according to photographs furnished by J. G. Milne.
Anonymous silver
struck presumably by all Muwaḥḥid rulers except ʿAbd-al-Muʾmin and by several early Ḥafṣid rulers.
1085. Bijāyah (b OF) – square dirhem. Plate VII
OF لا اله الا الله
الامر كله لله
لا قوة الا بالله
RF الله ربنا
وحمد ربنا
المهدى امامنا
ANS. HSA 13886. V 2100 (AH, PG 5 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 3 sp.). P 24ba. BM V 121 (pl. III). BN II 739. MA 689 (29 sp., of which Vives noted 12). KM II 701–703 (pl. IV: 701), 723? (4 sp.?). L: Muwaḥḥids p. 165. Zambaur:W 86. S: Judice II 3120. Bel p. 25 (fig. 9, 10). Ø 2145. B 1056, 1056 bis (pl. XVII: both) (2 sp.).
1086. Tilimsān (b OF and b RF) – square dirhem struck before A.H. 640.
As 1085.
V 2102 (FC). P 24bc. MA 696.
1087. Tilimsān (b OF) – square dirhem struck before A.H. 640. Plate VII
As 1085.
HSA 13882,13887, (2 sp.). V 2101 (AH 3 sp., PG4 sp., FC, AV 9 sp.). P 24bb. BM V 122–124 (pl. III: 123) (3 sp.). BN II 740, 741 (2 sp.). MA 697 (35 sp., of which Vives noted 10): mint misspelled. KM II 704, L: Muwaḥḥids p. 165 (pl. VI) (2 sp.). L: Khedivial p. 329. S: Judice II 3121 (2 sp.). Boneschi 32 (pl). Bel p. 22 (fig. 6, 7, 8). B 1055 (pl. XVII).
1088. Tūnis (b OF) – square dirhem. Plate VII
As 1085.
ANS. V 2103 (AV 2 sp.). P 24bd. BN II 742, 743 (2 sp.). 694. KM II 724: mint uncertain.
Adler:M p. 169 (fig. on p. 98): description inaccurate. Castiglioni 241. Krehl p. 36, no. 1. L: Muwaḥḥids p. 165. Markov:E p. 93, no. 4, p. 921 no. 4a (2 sp.). Rivero:M 140 (pl. III, under no. 141). Bel p. 25 (fig. 11, 12). F:Hafsites 75, 76 (pl. V: both) (2 sp.). Ø 2141, 2142 (2 sp.). B 1257–1259 (pl. XIX: all) (3 sp.).
1088a. Tūnis (b RF) – square dirhem.
As 1085.
ANS (2 sp.). KM II 705.
1089. Tīn Mallal? (b OF) – square dirhem.
As 1085.
Bel p. 25 (3 sp.) (fig. 9, 10): mint uncertain, given as Tin Mallal.
1090. Jarbah (b RF) – square dirhem. Plate VII
As 1085.
B 1263 (pl. XIX).
1091. al-Jazāʾir (b OF) – square dirhem. Plate VII
As 1085.
ANS.
1092. Ribāṭ al-Fatḥ (b OF) – square dirhem.
As 1085.
HSA 13857: mint uncertain. V 2104 (PG, AV): ربط for رباط (error). P 24be: ربط for رباط (error). MA 695 (5 sp.): ربط for رباط (error). Bel p. 28 (fig. 13). Cottevieille p. 214 (pl. VIII). B 1063 (pl. XVII).
1093. Sabtah (b OF) – square dirhem.
As 1085.
ANS (2 sp.). HSA 13884: mint uncertain. V 2105 (AH 4 sp., PG 4 sp., FC, AV 11 sp.). P 24bf. BM V 129 (pl. III). BN II 744, 745 (2 sp.,). MA 690 (74 sp., of which Vives noted 12). KM II 708–710(3 sp.). D: García 6150. Cerdá 430: m only. L: Muwaḥḥids p. 165. S:White 2188 (2sp.). S: Beyram 292b (2sp.). S: Castro 423: mint uncertain. Belp. 23 (fig. 9, 10). Ø 2152.
1094. Sijilmāsah (b OF) – square dirhem.
As 1085.
V 2106 (AH 2 sp., AV 4 sp.). P 24bg. MA 693 (8 sp., of which Vives noted 2). Bel p. 25 (fig. 11).
1095. Fās (b OF and b RF) – square dirhem.
As 1085.
ANS. V 2108 (AV). P 24bi. S: Judice II 3123.
1096. Fās (b OF) – square dirhem.
As 1085.
ANS (4 sp.?): mint uncertain on 1 sp. HSA (15 sp.?): mint uncertain on 1 sp. UM. V 2107 (AH 9 sp., PG 9 sp., FC 3 sp., AV 20 sp.), 2111: mint misread as بارس (?). P 24bh. BM V 130–133 (pl. III: 130) (4 sp.). BM X p. 10, no. 133a, 133b (2 sp.). BN 11 746–748 (3 sp.). MA 691 (116 sp., of which Vives noted 20), 698: mint misread باس as (?)(9 sp.), 699: mint misread as بارس (?). KM II 711–178 (8 sp.). Tychsen, O. p. 123. Schiepati 72. Castiglioni 240. Welzl 12240. D.García 6145–6148 (12 sp.). Fraehn:N p. 88, no. 2a. D:Lorichs 4850 (2 sp.): m only. Cerdá 427: m only. L: Muwaḥḥids p. 165. Weyl:F 6491 (4 sp.). Markov:E p. 93, no. 5. S:White 2188. S: Judice II 3122 (6 sp.). S: Beyram 292c. S: Castro 423. Bel p. 19 (fig. 4, 5, 6). Ø 2144, 2146, 2149, 2150 (4 sp.). B 1057 (pl. XVII.). Lisbon. see also copper: 1170.
1097. Fās (b OF) – square dirhem. Plate VII
OF as OF of 1085, with mint, RF as OF of 1085, without mint.
HSA 13812. Presumably an error in striking.
— Maḥad? (b OF) – square dirhem.
As 1085.
V 2112. MA 700. This mint is unidentified, and is probably either misread or poorly engraved.
1098. Marrākush (b OF) – square dirhem.
As 1085.
ANS: mint uncertain. HSA 13817?, 14160 (2 sp.?). V 2109 (AH 2 sp., AV 3 sp.). P 24bj. BM V 134 (pl. III). MA 692 (4 sp.). Welzl 12239. S: Judice II 3124. Ø 2148: mint uncertain. B 1058 (pl. XVII): mint illegible in plate.
1099. Miknāsah (b OF) – square dirhem.
As 1085.
V 2110 (AV). P 24bk. D: García 6149. Rivero:M 141 (pl. III, O only, under no. 140). Bel p. 25 (fig. 11, 12).
1100. (Nūl) Lamṭah? (b OF) – square dirhem.
As 1085.
S:Judicc II 3125 (pl. II, R only): mint uncertain.
1100a. (no mint) – square double dirhem.
As 1085.
KM II 727.
1101. (no mint) – square dirhem. Plate VIII
As 1085.
ANS (20 sp.). HSA (101 sp., of which 1 — no. 10632 — is gilded). UM. V 2088 (AH 63 sp., PG 42 sp., FC 23 sp., AV 15 sp.). P 24a. BM V 141–157, 147a (pl. III: 144, 145) (18 sp.). BN II 758–766 (9 sp.). MA 680 (4689 sp., of which Vives noted 60). KM II 728–773 (46 sp.). And additional specimens too numerous and scattered to list. Many of these coins are contemporary European imitations (millares) with intentionally distorted engraving of the words محمد,الله, and المهدى. A few specimens (termed Ḥafṣid by Farrugia) have horizontal rules between lines of the inscriptions. See also copper: 1171.
1102. (no mint) – square dirhem. Plate VIII
As 1085 counterstamped on OF ط (for طيب).
F: Dragut 13 (pl. II): clipped so that much of legend is missing; probably Ḥafṣid counterstamped by Turks.
1103. (no mint) – square dirhem: Kūfī script. Plate VIII
As 1085.
ANS (3 sp.). HSA (11 sp.). BM V 136–139 (pl. III: 136) (4 sp.). BN II 757. KM II 774–776 (3 sp.). Condé p. 283 (pl. V, no. 2). L: Bodleian 321. Lagumina p. 103, no. 4. Zambaur:W 87. S: Judice II 3113 (2 sp.). Vollers 14 (pl. I). S: Castro 423. Bel p. 40 (fig. 20, 22). B 1060 (pl. XVII). Script is not specified by, among others, V(ives), P(rieto), or MA, so some coins listed as 1101 may belong here.
1103a. (no mint) – square dirhem: Naskhī and Kūfī script.
As 1085 OF in Kūfī script, RF in Naskhī script.
Bel p. 41 (frg. 20, 22).
— (no mint) – square dirhem. Plate VIII
As 1085, with الغر لله b OF.
B 1266, 1267 (2 sp.) (pl. XIX): 4th line of OF doubtful, illegible in plate. This is probably a coin with mint b OF, misread.
1104. (no mint) – square dirhem. Plate VIII
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الامر كله لله
RF as RF of 1085.
Bel p. 11 (fig. 1).
1105. (no mint) – square half dirhem.
OF as OF of 1065.
RF as RF of 1085.
Bel p. 17 (fig. 2).
Spanish mints.
1106. Ishbīliyah (b OF) – square dirhem.
As 1085.
HSA 13805?, 14161? (2 sp.?): mint uncertain. V 2089 (PG 2 sp., FC, AV 6 sp.). P 24cb. BM X p. 10, no. 120k. BN II 749. MA 681 (35 sp., of which Vives noted 11). KM II 700a. Dombay p. 782. D: García 6143–6144 (3 sp.). Cerdá 429: m only. S:Judice II 3116. Bel p. 32. B 1071 (pl. XVII).
1107. Balansiyah (b OF) – square dirhem.
As 1085.
HSA 14157?, 14158? (2 sp.?): mint uncertain. V 2090 (PG, AV 2 sp.). P 24cc (pl. III).
BN II 750. MA 682 (2 sp.). S: Judice II 3117 (2 sp.). B 1064 (pl. XVII).
— Bayyāsah (location on coin not specified) – square dirhem.
This mint is listed by Vazquez Queipo III: 536 note, but has not been identified on surviving coins and must be considered dubious.
1108. Jayyān (b OF) – square dirhem.
As 1085.
V 2091 (AV). P 24cd. BN II 751, 752 (2 sp.). MA 683 (2 sp., not 3 as in Vives). B 1065 (pl. XVII).
1109. Dāniyah (b OF) – square dirhem.
As 1085.
V 2099 (Vilá). P 24ca. BM V 127 (pl. III), 128 (2 sp.).
1110. Sharīsh (b OF) – square dirhem.
As 1085.
V 2098 (AV 3 sp.). P 24ck. MA 688 (7 sp.). Rivero:M 139 (pl. III).
1111. Gharnāṭah (b OF) – square dirhem.
As 1085.
HSA 13852: mint uncertain. V 2097 (AH, PG 3 sp., FC, AV 3 sp.). P 24cj. MA 687 (7 sp., of which Vives noted 3). B 1070 (pl. XVII).
1112. Qurṭubah (b OF) – square dirhem.
As 1085.
ANS. HSA 14162, 14163 (2 sp.). V 2092 (PG 3 sp., AV 3 sp.). P 24ce. MA 684 (12 sp., of which Vives noted 7). C: Tratado p. 219, no. 7 (pl. XXII). S: Judice II 3118 (2 sp.). Bel p. 29 (fig. 14, 15). B 1069 (pl. XVII): mint illegible in plate.
1113. Mālaqah (b OF) – square dirhem.
As 1085.
V 2095 (AH 2 sp., PG 3 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 5 sp.). P 24ch. MA 685 (20 sp., of which Vives noted 4). Guillén p. 426 (fig.). Calvo p. 192 (pl. XI, no. 8). Bel p. 29 (fig. 14).
1114. Mānurqah (b OF) – square dirhem struck after A.H. 599.
As 1085.
V 2094 (PG, FC, AV). P 24cg. Campaner:N and M 7 (pl. I). Rivero:M 138 (pl. III, O only): mint illegible in plate.
1115. Mursiyah (b OF) – square dirhem struck after A.H. 567.
As 1085.
HSA 13858, 13885 (2 sp.). V 2096 (PG 4 sp., FC, AV 7 sp.). P 24ci. BM V 135 (pl. III). BN II 753, 754 (2 sp.). MA 686 (25 sp., of which Vives noted 12). KM II 720–722: م omitted from mint in 722 (3 sp.). Tychsen, O. p. 123 (pl. II, no. 27). Dombay p. 782. Cerdá 428: m only. S: Judice II 3119 (3 sp.). Bel p. 29 (fig. 14, 15), Ø 2151: mint uncertain. B 1068 (pl. XVII): mint illegible in plate. Lisbon.
1116. Mayūrqah (b OF) – square dirhem struck after A.H. 599.
As 1085.
V 2093 (PG 2 sp., FC, AV). P 24cf. D:Lorichs 4849: m only. Campaner:N and M 6 (pl. I). Bel p. 29 (fig. 14). B 1066 (pl. XVII): mint illegible in plate. Lisbon.
— B 1072–1076 (pl. XVII: 1072–1074) are silver amulets with religious inscriptions, not coins. Plate VIII
Hūdid Silver
struck in North Africa by the Banū-Hūd of Murcia (Mursiyah) (or by their contemporaries) in Naskhī script.
abū-ʿAbd-Allāh Muḥammad I ibn-Yūsuf
A.H. 625–635
A.D. 1228–1238
Anonymous silver (Muwaḥḥid style) probably struck in A.H. 630, when this ruler controlled Sabtah for three months, in the name of the ʿAbbāsid khalīfah, who was not individually identified:
al-Mustanṣir-bi-Allāh, abū-Jaʿfar al-Manṣūr ibn-Muḥammad
A.H. 623–640
A.D. 1226–1242
1117. Sabtah (b OF)– square dirhem. Plate VIII
OF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
المرر كله لله
RF الله ربنا
محمد رسولنا
العباسي امامنا
P 65b (pl. VII, under no. 64b). Bel p. 52 (fig. 28).
1118. (no mint) – square dirhem.
As 1117.
P 65a. Bel p. 50 (fig. 27).
1119. (no mint) – square dirhem. Plate VIII
OF لا اله الا الله
الامر كله لله
لا قوة الا بالله
RF as RF of 1117.
HSA 13808: مر (?) b OF. P 64 (pl. VII, under no. 66). MA 702 (4 sp.). B 1062 (pl. XVII, R only), 1365 bis (2 sp.).
1120. (no mint) – square dirhem. Plate VIII
As 1119 except 2nd line of OF: محمد رسول الله.
V 2129 (AH 2 sp., AV). P 66 (pl. VII, under no. 65): vestiges of a mint in plate noted by Fasmer I p. 215.
Anonymous silver (Hūdid style) struck at Sabtah in A.H. 635 by the independent amīr abūʾl-ʿAbbās Aḥmad al-Yānashtī, in the name of the ʿAbbāsid khalīfah
al-Mustanṣir-bi-Allāh, abū-Jaʿfar al-Manṣūr ibn-Muḥammad
A.H. 623–640
A.D. 1226–1242
1121. Sabtah – 635 (divided 6/35) – dirhem. Plate VIII
OF الخليفة
المام المستنصر
بالله ابى جعفر
امير المؤمنين
RF (mint) ضرب ب
المحروسة عام
(date)
(date, continued)
No margins.
Soret:F 171: ابو for ابي in 3rd line of OF (error), date divided ثلا ث\ين (error?), attributed to ʿImrān. Soret:K p. 556 (fig. 7): ابو for ابي in 3rd line of OF (error), date divided ثلا ث\ين (error?), correctly attributed. B 427 (pl. IX): attributed to Hūdids. The reference in C: Tratado p. 228 to Sabtah as a Hūdid mint may refer to this coin, to 1117, or to an unreported coin.
Ḥafṣid Silver
struck in North Africa by the Maṣmūdah. Berber rulers of Tunisia and eastern Algeria, the Banū-Ḥafṣ in Naskhī or ornamented Kūfī script.
Anonymous silver struck presumabyy by several Ḥafṣid rulers between A.H. 650 and 711 (A.D. 1253 and 1311), to which should be added many specimens of Muwaḥḥid-style dirhems 1085–1088a, 1090, 1091, 1101–1105, struck over a somewhat longer period and indistinguishable from their Muwaḥḥid prototypes.
1122. Tūnis (b RF) – square dirhem: ornamented Kūfī script.
As 1085.
BM V 125 (pl. XIII), 126 (2 sp.). KM II 706, 707 (2 sp.): apparently this script. Weyl:F 6492: probably this script. L Muwaḥḥids p. 165 (pl. VI). Ø 2143. F:Hafsites 74 (pl. V). Script is not specified by Vives, Prieto, or MA, so some coins listed as 1088 probably belong here.
1123. (no mint) – square dirhem: ornamented Kūfi script. Plate VIII
As 1085.
ANS (2 sp.). HSA 13775, 13776 (2 sp.). BM V 140 (pl. XIII). BN II 755, 756 (2 sp.). S: Judice II 3114 (2 sp.). Bel p. 42 (fig. 24). Ø 2139, 2140 (2 sp.). B 1059 (pl. XVII), 1269 (2 sp.). Script is not specified by Vives, Prieto, or MA, so some coins listed as 1101 probably belong here.
abūʾl-ʿAbbās Aḥmad III ibn-Muḥammad VI
A.H. 948–977
A.D. 1542–1569
1124. Tūnis – (9)52 (in figures: ٥٢) – square dirhem.
OF ومن يتوكلى على
الله فهو حسبه
ان الله بالغ امره
RF عن امر مولانا
السلطان احمد عز
نصره ضرب سنة
(date)
(mint)
F:Somâ p.55 (5sp.).
18
1125. Tūnis – (9)54 (in figures: ٥٤) – square dirhem.
As 1124.
F:Somâ p. 55 (11 sp.).
1126. Tūnis – (9)55 (in figures: ٥٥) – square dirhem.
As 1124.
F:Somâ p. 56 (8 sp.).
1127. Tūnis – (9)56 (in figures: ٥٦) – square double dirhem. Plate VIII
OF لا اله الا الله محمد
رسول الله الامر
كله لله قوة الا
بالله المهدى خليفة الله
RFعن امر عزة عبد الله المتوكل
على الله مولانا
السلطان احمد عز
(date) سنة
(mint) نصره ضرب في
F:Somâ p. 56 (pl.): RF emendations confirmed by letter.
1128. Tūnis – (9)58 (in figures: ٥٨)– square dirhem.
As 1124.
F:Somâ p. 56 (11 sp.).
1129. Tūnis – (date?, in figures) – square dirhem. Plate VIII
As 1124.
ANS. F:Somâ p. 56 (pl.) 23 sp.).
1130. Tūnis – 961 (in figures: ٩٦١) – square dirhem.
OF [لا اله الا الله]
محمد رسول الله
نصرتنا بالله
(mint)
RF احمد سلطان
ابن الحسن
(date) عز نصره
Monchicourt p. 306: illustrated in vol. V, fig. 14; OF clipped.
1131. Tūnis? – 962 (in figures: ٩٦٢) – square half dirhem?
Not described, illegible on plate.
Monchicourt in vol. V, fig. 14 (R only).
1132. Tūnis – 964 (in figures: presumably ٩٦٤) – square dirhem.
As 1130
Monchicourt p. 306.
Ziyānid Silver
struck in North Africa by the Zanātah Berber rulers of western Algeria, the Banū-Ziyān in Naskhī script.
None reliably reported. Silver with Ziyānid inscriptions was probably struck by Marīnid rulers, and is therefore listed under that dynasty: 1147. Leo Africanus asserts that the later Ziyānids struck both silver and copper, and by analogy with the later Ḥafṣids this is probably correct, but such coins have not yet been recognized, if indeed any survive.
Marīnid Silver
struck in North Africa by the Zanātah Berber rulers of Morocco, the Banū-Marīn in Naskhī script.
abū-Yaḥyâ Abū-Bakr ibn-ʿAbd-al-Ḥaqq I
A.H. 642–656
A.D. 1244–1258
Anonymous silver struck presumably by this ruler and his successor, chiefly before the conquest of Marrākush in A.H. 668 (A.D. 1269).
1133. (no mint) – square half dirhem.
OF لا اله الا
الله محمد
رسول الله
RFوما بكم
من نعمة
فمن الله
V 2211 (AV).
1134. (no mint) – square quarter dirhem.
OF as OF of 1133.
RF الله نصر
من توكل
عليه
P 60: ناصر for نصر in 1st line of RF (error?).
abū-Yūsuf Yaʿqūb ibn-ʿAbd-al-Ḥaqq I
A.H. 656–685
A.D. 1258–1286
Anonymous silver struck presumably by this ruler. See also anonymous silver listed under Abū-Bakr 1133, 1134 but struck presumably by both rulers, chiefly before A.H. 668.
— (no mint) – square dirhem.
OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
صلى الله على محمد واله
لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
[?]
RF لا اله الا الله
محمد رسول الله
الله خير حافظا
وهو ارحم الراحمين
ولله الحق وله الملك
Ø 2131: الا for اله in 3rd line of OF (this and other misspellings visible on impression furnished by Galster). Because of its errors and duplicated inscriptions this coin must be considered doubtful.
1135. (no mint) – square half dirhem. Plate VIII
OF الحمد لله
رب
العالمين
RF الله خبر
حافظا وهو
ارحم الراحمين
V 2128. P 59 (pl. VII). MA 704.
abū-Yaʿqūb Yūsuf ibn-Yaʿqūb
A.H. 685–706
A.D. 1286–1307
Anonymous silver struck presumably by this ruler.
1136. Sabtah – square quarter dirhem.
OF الامر كله
لله وحده
(mint)
RF لا قوة الا
بالله
B 1365 ter.
1137. (no mint) – square half dirhem. Plate VIII
OF as OF of 1135.
RF الامر كله
لله لاقوة
الا بالله
V 2118 (PG, AV 2 sp.). P 58 (pl. VII). BM V 157a (pl. III). BN II 767. MA 703 (3 sp.). Bel p. 17 (fig. 2). B 1265 (pl. XIX): description incomplete.
1138. (no mint) – square quarter dirhem.
As 1136.
P 61. B p. 180. Mateu III 44 (pl. XVIII, no. 12): OF misread, corrected from plate.
1139. (no mint) – square quarter dirhem.
OF as OF of 1135.
RF وما النصر
الامن
عند الله
V 2213 (AV). Mateu III 44 (pl. XVIII, no. 16–18) (4 sp.).
1140. (no mint) – square eighth dirhem.
As 1139
V 2214 (AV 2 sp.).
abūʾl-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn-ʿUthmān II
A.H. 731–752
A.D. 1331–1351
First series: anonymous
1141. Sabtah – square half dirhem.
OF لا اله الا الله
الامر كله لله
لا قوة الا بالله
(mint)
RF الله ربنا
محمد رسولنا
القران امامنا
Ø 2154. B p. 180 (7 sp.).
1142. Sijilmāsah – square dirhem. Plate VIII
As 1141.
HSA 13813.
1143. Sijilmāsah – square half dirhem.
As 1141.
P 55b (pl. VI). Bel p. 44 (fig. 25, 26). B p. 180 (8 sp.).
1144. Fās – square half dirhem.
As 1141.
ANS: mint uncertain. KM II 719, 726? (2sp.?). Ø 2155: mint uncertain. B p. 180 (100 sp.)
1145. (no mint) – square dirhem.
As 1141.
B 1364, 1365 (pl. XXIV) (337 sp.?).
1146. (no mint) – square half dirhem.
As 1141.
V 2130 (PG 2 sp., AV 2 sp.). P 55a. KM II 777, 778, 779? (3 sp.?). Höst:E and N 14 (pl. XXXIII). Adler:C 91. Tychsen, O. p. 124. Tychsen, T. p. 93. Moura 3 (fig.). S: Castro 425 (4 sp.). Ø 2153.
Second series: anonymous with Naṣrid inscription
ولا عالب إلا الله
See silver ascribed to Naṣrids – 1153 and succeeding rejected coins —, which may have been struck by this ruler.
Third series: anonymous with Ziyānid inscription
ما قرب فرج الله
Struck after the conquest of Tilimsān in A.H. 737 (A.D. 1337).
1147. Tilimsān – square dirhem struck before A.H. 749. Plate VIII
As 1141 except 3rd line of OF: ما قرب فرج الله.
P 56 (pl. VI). Ø 2156: OF largely illegible.
abū-Sālim Ibrāhīm ibn-ʿAlī
A.H. 760–762
A.D. 1359–1361
Anonymous silver struck presumably by this ruler.
1148. (no mint) – square half dirhem. Plate VIII
OF as OF of 1135.
RF استعين
بالله
نعم المعين
P 57 (pl. VII).
abūʾl-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn-Ibrāhīm
A.H. 775–786, 789–796
A.D. 1373–1384, 1387–1393
1149. (no mint) – square half dirhem. Attribution tentative. Plate VIII
OF as OF of 1135.
RF عبد الله
احمد امير
المسلمين
V 2126 (AV): المؤمنين for المسلمبن in 3rd line of RF (termed error by Prieto and Fasmer). P 104 (pl. X). S: Beyram 294. This coin differs from 1156 only in style.
abū-Zayd ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān ibn-ʿAlī
sayyid at Marrākush
A.H. 776–784
A.D. 1374–1382
1150. (no mint) – square dirhem. Plate VIII
OF as OF of 1141.
RF المتوكل على
الله عبد
الرحمن بن علي
P 92 (pl. IX).
— (no mint) – square dirhem.
As 1150 except 2nd line of OF: محمد رسول الله.
V 2124 (PG). Probably a poor specimen of 1150 misread.
abū-Muḥammad ʿAbd-al-Ḥaqq II ibn-ʿUthmān III
A.H. 823–869
A.D. 1420–1465
1151. (no mint) – square dirhem.
OF as OF of 1135.
RF عبد الحق
امير
المسلمين
B p. 178: division into lines not indicated. The coins illustrated in Brèthes pl. XXII under no. 1319 and 1320, ascribed to ʿAbd-a-Raḥmān for mints Fās and Miknāsah, appear to be almost illegible varieties of this coin in two quite different styles, with 1320 left the obverse of which 1319 left is the reverse, and 1320 right the obverse of which 1319 right is the reverse.
1152. (no mint) – square dirhem. Attribution tentative.
OF ربنا افتح بينا وبين
قومنا بالحق وانت
خير الفاتحين
RF عن امر الحق
امير المسلمين
ايده الله ونصره
B p. 172: division into lines not indicated; ascribed to ʿAbd-al-Ḥaqq I.
Naṣrid Silver
struck in North Africa
by the Banū-Naṣr
of Granada (Gharnāṭah).
The Naṣrids controlled Sabtah from A.H. 705 to 709 and from 786 to 789. The anonymous silver struck there, identical except for mint with much of their Spanish silver, may belong to either or both of these periods, and hence to any or all of the following three rulers.
abū-ʿAbd-Allāh Muḥammad III ibn-Muḥammad II
A.H. 701–708
A.D. 1302–1309
abūʾl-Juyūsh Naṣr ibn-Muḥammad II
A.H. 708–713
A.D. 1309–1314
abū-ʿAbd-Allāh Muḥammad V ibn-Yūsuf I
A.H. 755–760, 763–793
A.D. 1354–1359, 1362–1391
1153. Sabtah – square quarter dirhem. Plate VIII
OF as OF of 1133.
RF ولا غالب
الا الله
(mint)
V 2199 (PG 3 sp., AV 6 sp.). BN II 822 (pl. VI). Figanier 166 (2 sp.). Mateu III 44 (pl. XVIII, no. 8, 9) (16 sp.). Thorburn: و not legible in 1st line of RF.
— Fās – square half dirhem.
As 1153 with تع at end of 2nd line of RF.
P 59 ter (p. 113). Naṣrids never controlled Fās, so this coin must either be erroneously reported or be a Marīnid issue, struck perhaps by ʿAlī, who struck gold with Naṣrid legends.
— Fās – square half dirhem.
OF as OF of 1141.
RF as RF of preceding rejected coin.
P 59 bis (p. 113). The same note applies to this coin.
Waṭṭāsid Silver
struck in North Africa by the Zanātah Berber rulers of Morocco, the Banū-Waṭṭās in Naskhī script.
abū-ʿAbd-Allāh Muḥammad II ibn-Muḥammad I
A.H. 910–932
A.D. 1504–1525
1154. (no mint) – square dirhem. Plate VIII
OF الحمد لله
رب
العالمين
RF عبد الله
محمد امير
المسلمين
B 1388 (pl. XXV).
abūʾl-Ḥasan ʿAlī II ibn-Muḥammad I
A.H. 932–932, 961–961
A.D. 1525–1526, 1554–1554
1155. (no mint) – square dirhem struck presumably in A.H. 932. Plate VIII
OF المتوكل
على رب
العالمين
RF عبد الله
علي امير
المسلمين
B 1392, 1393 (pl. XXV: both) (2 sp.).
abūʾl-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn-Muḥammad II
A.H. 932–952, 956–957
A.D. 1526–1545, 1549–1550
1156. (no mint) – square dirhem. Plate VIII
OF as OF of 1154.
RF عبد الله
احمد امير
المسلمين
Höst 15 (pl. XXXIII). B 1389–1391 (pl. XXV: all) (3 sp.): 1391 is clipped.
Ottoman Silver
struck in North Africa before the Ottoman conquest in the name of the Turkish sulṭāns, the Banū-ʿUthmān of Istanbul (al-Qusṭanṭīnah).
None reported which would come within the scope of this corpus, though the طْ counterstamped on coin 1102 may be Ottoman.
COPPER
ʿ Abbāsid Copper
None reported which would come within the scope of this corpus.
Fāṭimid Copper
None reported which would come within the scope of this corpus.
Zīrid Copper
None reported.
Ḥammādid Copper
None reported.
Ḥammūdid Copper
struck in North Africa after A.H. 439 (A.D. 1047) in the name of the Banū-Ḥammūd of Malaga (Mālaqah) or of their Barghawāṭah Berber governors in Kūfī script.
Saqaut ibn-Muḥammad
governor at Sabtah
A.H. 453–471
A.D. 1061–1078
With heir
al-ʿIzz ibn-Saqaut
A.H. 453–471
A.D. 1061–1078
1157. Madīnat Sabtah – (4)62 – pseudo-dirhem.
As 882.
BN II 503 (pl. II): المعاز for المعان in 5th line of OF (error). MA 356: date uncertain, slightly misread. D: García 6076: several slight errors.
1158. Madīnat Sabtah – (4)64 – pseudo-dirhem.
As 883.
BN II 504 (pl. II): المعاز for المعان of (error).
1159. Madīnat Sabtah – (4)65 – pseudo-dirhem.
As 884.
BN II 505, 506? (2 sp.?): المعاز for المعان in OF, without امير المؤمنين on RF.
1160. Madīnat Sabtah – (4)67 – pseudo-dirhem.
As 886.
MA 357. D: García 6077. Cerdá 278? largely illegible.
Murābiṭ Copper
struck in North Africa and Spain by the Lamtūnah Berber rulers of the Murābiṭun sect in Kūfū script.
Abū-Bakr ibn-ʿUmar
A.H. 448–480
A.D. 1056–1087
1161. Sijilmāsah – 470? – pseudo-dinar.
As 41.
V 1434: date uncertain. MA 485: date given as 460? (corrected by Vives).
ʿAlī ibn-Yūsuf
A.H. 500–537
A.D. 1106-1143
1162. Saraqusṭah – [50]9 – pseudo-dirhem.
As 949.
MA 541.
1163. Ighranāṭah – 509 – pseudo-dinar.
As 243.
V 1611 (AV).
1164. Ighranāṭah – 520 – pseudo-dirhem.
As 952.
BN II 595, 596 (2 sp.): د (?) b RF. KM II 647: ل (?) b RF, date illegible. Tychsen, O. p. 120: mint illegible, probably this coin. Cerdá 376: d, m only.
1165. Madinat Gharnāṭah – (no date) – pseudo-dirhem.
As 956.
ANS: ى a OF and RF, ع b OF and RF. BM V 66: ى a OF and RF, ع b OF and RF; 67 (2 sp.). KM II 646 (pl. III): ى a OF and RF, ع b OF and RF. MA 542 (2 sp.): OM misread, corrected by Vives. Tychsen, O. p. 120: mint given as al-Andalus (error), probably this coin.
1166. Madīnat Gharnāṭah – (no date) – pseudo-dirhem.
As 957.
MA 537.
1167. [Madīnat Mursiyah] – [508] – pseudo-dirhem.
As 970.
MA 536: margins illegible, probably this coin.
1168. Madīnat? – 5xx – pseudo-dirhem.
As 910.
BN II 597.
1169. (no mint) – (no date) – denomination not specified. Plate VIII
As 939 (electrum).
HSA 547: fragment. Fraehn:V 12: not described. Fraehn:N p. 279, no. 7.
Muwaḥḥid Copper
struck in North Africa by the Kūmiyah Berber rulers of the Muwaḥḥidūn sect in Naskhī script.
— None of the gilded copper dinars, reported by al-Marrākushī as minted to ransom ʿAbd-al-Muʾmin's son ʿIsâ from his Arab captors, has been reported in any modern collection; the anecdote may be apocryphal.
Anonymous.
1170. Fās – square pseudo-dirhem.
As 1096.
KM II 780.
1171. (no mint) – square pseudo-dirhem.
As 1101.
Blau:O 247a.
Hūdid Copper
None reported.
Ḥafṣid Copper
struck in North Africa by the Maṣmūdah Berber rulers of Tunisia and eastern Algeria, the Banū-Ḥafṣ in Naskhī script.
abū-ʿAbd-Allāh Muḥammad I ibn-Yaḥyâ I
A.H. 647–675
A.D. 1249–1277
1172. Copper struck by this ruler is mentioned, but not described, by Ibn-Khaldūn (Kitāb al-ʿibar, Būlāq edition, vol. VI, p. 288). Al-Zarkashī (Taʾrikh al-daulatayn …, Tūnis ed., p. 29) ascribes it to A.H. 660 (A.D. 1261). It has not been identified in any modern collection.
abūʾl-ʿAbbās Aḥmad III ibn-Muḥammad VI
A.H. 948–977
A.D. 1542–1569
1173. Tūnis (b OF) – fels. Plate VIII
OF بامر
الله
RF ابو العباس
احمد عز نصره
F:Hafsites 61 (pl. v).
1174. Tūnis – fels.
OF [عز]
نصره ضرب
(mint) ب
RF ابو
العباس
احمد
F:Hafsites 62.
— B 1270 (pl. XIX) is a copper ornament, not a coin. The 3 fels noted by Babelon (p. LXXI) as very common have not been identified. Plate VIII
Ziyāid Copper
None reported, except by Leo Africanus (see under Ziyānid silver).
Marīnid Copper
struck in North Africa by the Zanātah Berber rulers of Morocco, the Banū-Marīn.
None reliably reported. The following dated felses, ascribed to this dynasty, are apparently Sharīfian coins misread:
Weyl:F 6497: date given as 678, probably 978.
Ø 2122: date given as 780, probably 980.
B 1321: date given as 690, probably 990.
The same is probably true of the 3 specimens noted at Jena by Vollers p. 5.
Naṣrid Copper
None reported struck in North Africa.
Waṭṭāsid Copper
None reported.
Ottoman Copper
None reported which would come within the scope of this corpus.
All the sources of coins noted in the corpus are here listed in alphabetical order of the abbreviations by which they are indicated. In addition to published books and articles, the list includes the collections in America to which I have had access, letters from scholars abroad, and a few selected coin-dealers' auction catalogues. Relevant numismatic literature from which no coins are derived are separately listed in the numismatic reference bibliography.
The sequence of the arrangement of references in the corpus is as follows: first, coins which I have personally examined, including the collections of the American Numismatic Society, The Hispanic Society of America, the University (of Pennsylvania) Museum, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art; second, previous partial compilations, including Vives (Monedas de las dinastías arábigo-españolas) and Prieto (La reforma numismática de los Almohades); third, the four great public collections in Europe, those of the British Museum (catalogued by Lane-Poole, abbreviated to BM), of the Bibliothèque Nationale (catalogued by Lavoix, BN), of the Museo Arquéologico National (catalogued by Rada, MA), and of the Königliche Museen (catalogued by Nützel, KM); fourth, all other published material in chronological order, including dealers' catalogues; and finally, unpublished specimens which I have not personally examined.
Following each entry will be found a summary by dynasty and metal of the coins derived from it for this corpus; each dynasty is indicated by the first three letters of its name (except the Ḥammādids, spelled out to avoid confusion with the Ḥammūdids,) each metal is represented by its initial letter. The figure to the left of a slanting line or standing alone indicates different identifiable issues; the figure to the right of a slanting line indicates additional specimens recorded, whether duplicates, rejected coins, or inadequately described coins which cannot be identified.
In addition to the sources of coins reported in the numismatic bibliography, the following works are useful for reference; they are listed alphabetically by author. No attempt has been made to include every outlying reference consulted during the preparation of this study.
This bibliography is a list of all non-numismatic sources of the historical information, and specifically of the personal names and relationships, the place-names, and the dates used in preparing the text and corpus. It is divided into four portions: the medieval Arabic historians (that is, historians of any nationality writing in the Arabic language), from whom the vast majority of the information has been obtained; the modern compilations of medieval Arabic inscriptions on buildings, tombstones, textiles, and other surviving physical objects; the modern compilations of medieval Arabic and European letters, treaties, and other documents; and the most important of the innumerable modern historians and commentators.
Within each of these four divisions the works are arranged alphabetically by author or compiler, and to each work is prefixed an index number by which it is designated in the lists of rulers inserted at the start of each chapter on the coinage of individual dynasties.
These works are alphabetized under the name by which the author is usually known, disregarding such prefixes as al-, Abū-, and Ibn-. Editions which I have not personally consulted are included for the sake of utility, but are enclosed within parentheses. Those which I have used have naturally varied greatly in importance, from Ibn-Khaldūn and other basic historians through Yāqūt and other geographers down to travellers and eastern chroniclers who may have confirmed a single date or the spelling of a place-name. Abbreviations used in this division of the index include: ed(ited by), ex(cerpts), tr(anslated by), and w(ith) n(otes), as well as the usual p(age), v(olume), etc. Within an author heading different works, and different editions and translations of the same work, are listed chronologically.
In this section are included the modern compilations of non-numismatic and non-documentary medieval Arabic inscriptions; the large majority occur on tombstones or buildings, but some are also found on textiles and other artifacts. The works are alphabetized under the name of the compiler.
In this section are included the published medieval and modern collections of documents dating from the late medieval period; they include chiefly treaties between the North African Moslems and the Christians of Spain, France, and Italy, and letters from the Moslem rulers to both Moslem and Christian contemporaries. The works are alphabetized under the name of the compiler.
Unlike the three previous sections of the historical reference bibliography, this section is highly selective rather than relatively comprehensive. Only the outstandingly useful reference works and monographs prepared by modern historians are listed here, alphabetically by author.
The categories of coins are listed in the same order as in the corpus; within each category the sources are listed alphabetically by abbreviation, followed by the numbers of the coins derived from each source and by a notation in parentheses of the number of additional specimens recorded, whether duplicates, rejected coins, or inadequately described coins which cannot be indentified.
ZĪRID GOLD:
ANS: 20.
B(rèthes): 7.
Balog: 21.
Bergmann: 16.
Blau: N(achlese): 17 (+2).
BM IV: 19, 22.
BN II: 14.
BN III: 1, 18.
Casanova: 13.
F(arrugia): Fatimites: 1–4, 6–8 (+2).
F(arrugia): Fatimites II: 2, 7–10, 23.
Farrugia: 3, 4, 11, 12, 15, 24.
Ibn-Khaldūn: 24a.
KM II: 3, 6.
Miles: 20.
Ø(strup): 10, 12a.
P(rieto): Miscelánea: 24a.
S(chulman): Beyram: 24a.
Schiepati: 3, 5, 7, 8.
Soret: F(raehn): 3, 6.
Vollers (+2).
Welzl: 3, 5 (+1).
ḤAMMĀDID GOLD:
(de) Beylie (+1).
Ibn-Khaldūn: 25.
MURĀBIṬ GOLD:
Adler: C(ollectio): 43, 282, 377.
ANS: 43, 76, 215, 220, 268, 374, 397.
B(rèthes): 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 38, 40, 45–53, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 86, 87, 91, 121, 123–125, 161, 164, 168, 173, 178, 188, 191, 193, 195, 199, 205, 210, 211, 216, 218, 219, 224, 232, 234, 241, 244, 256, 258, 271–273, 284, 286, 288, 292–295, 297, 299, 303, 307–309, 311, 312, 314–335, 337–342, 351–354, 357, 358, 364, 365, 370, 372, 375, 377, 378, 380, 382, 383, 385, 389, 390, 392, 393, 401, 404, 405, 410, 411, 413, 414, 418, 422, 424, 425, 427–429, 433–436, 444 (+30).
Balog: 47, 158, 402.
Bartholomaei: 58, 224.
BM V: 33, 49, 54, 58, 61, 63, 96, 113, 153, 163, 167, 170, 184, 215, 216, 218–220, 245, 246, 256, 263, 268, 273, 275, 287, 289, 291, 338, 339, 342, 344, 349, 350, 357, 363, 367, 374, 378, 384, 386, 396, 400a, 425, 431, 432, 446 (+3).
BM X: 66, 78, 79, 95, 127, 132, 152, 166, 182, 272, 283, 320, 377, 394, 399, 403, 407.
BN II: 26, 32, 36, 39, 40, 47, 54, 55, 59–62, 64–69, 74, 78, 79, 87, 89, 91, 97, 103, 111, 118, 121, 127, 128, 133, 135, 144, 146, 148, 153, 156, 159, 163, 186, 203, 213, 214, 216, 218–220, 224–227, 230, 232, 239, 243, 245, 246, 248, 255, 256, 260, 268, 270, 281, 283–286, 289–291, 297, 302–304, 309, 311a, 316, 318, 319, 322, 327, 338, 351, 354, 356, 358, 360, 363, 366, 371, 377–379, 381, 392, 396, 400, 401, 408, 410, 412, 414, 417–419, 426, 432, 438, 439, 442 (+6).
Brooke: 95.
Brosset: 215, 216 (+1).
C(odera): Çecas: 106.
C(odera): Decadencia: 26, 59, 378, 432.
C(odera): Donativo: 272, 319, 356.
C(odera): Familia: 443.
C(odera): Monedas: 158, 209, 216, 244, 251, 254, 255, 277, 291, 314, 315, 332, 337, 352, 360, 369.
C(odera): Tratado: 114, 135, 256, 348, 402a, 430.
Caballero: 126, 134–136, 138, 140, 230, 232, 235–237.
Calvo: 58, 213 (+369).
Cerdá: 39, 48, 73, 77–80, 82, 212, 213, 215, 216, 218–221, 224, 228, 243, 248, 254, 260, 283, 284, 286, 289–291, 296, 339, 342, 343, 346, 351, 355, 356, 377, 397, 401.
Cimino (+3).
Colson: 69, 78, 92, 98, 110, 115, 130, 132, 152, 168, 171, 224, 225, 227–230, 232, 241–243, 261, 263, 264, 267, 268, 270, 271 (+37).
Condé: 220, 235, 273, 361.
Cunha II: 65.
D(elgado): García: 200, 226, 228, 278.
D(elgado): Lorichs: 77, 91, 133, 213, 224, 248, 259, 285, 289, 322, 352, 362, 430a (+1).
Demaeght: 66.
Dorn: A(siatische): 213, 286.
Dorn I: 214–216, 218, 247, 249, 283, 285, 286, 290 (+7).
Eichhorn (+2).
Figanier: 160, 212, 213, 216, 243, 391, 410.
Fleischer: 222.
Fraehn: B(ose): 284, 398, 432.
Fraehn: N(ova): 214, 215, 283, 285, 286, 290.
Fraehn: O(pusculorum): 153, 246.
G: 194, 246.
González: 120, 257 (+1).
Höst: E(fterretninger) and N(achrichten): 67, 414.
HSA: 42, 44, 66, 79, 159, 164, 214, 216–219, 221, 247, 283, 284, 287, 296, 301, 324, 329, 334, 339, 359, 369, 377, 378, 401, 401a, 439, 440, 446 (+1).
J(ohnston): Mohammedan: 42, 65, 388.
KM II: 35, 107, 127, 163, 207, 213, 215, 216, 218, 220, 225, 243, 246–248, 253–255, 257, 263, 265, 283–286, 304, 310, 323, 325, 338, 340, 348, 350–352, 354, 356–359, 361, 376, 378, 395, 398, 400a, 402a, 414, 418, 419, 432, 437–439 (+5).
L(ane-Poole): Calvert: 40, 50, 64, 72, 251.
L(ane-Poole): Khedivial: 84, 218, 253, 291, 349.
L(ane-Poole): Oriental: 213, 235, 283.
Lagumina: 160.
Leite: 345.
Lisbon: 157, 284, 328, 388 (+1).
London : 283 (+1).
Longpérier: A(rt): 289.
Longpérier: D(ocuments): 103, 105, 118, 128, 133, 134, 144, 147, 148, 210, 213, 215, 220, 225, 228, 230, 232, 233, 235, 239, 242, 244, 246, 260, 263, 268, 269, 275, 284, 285, 289, 290, 349–351, 355, 361, 400, 402, 418, 432 (+1).
MA: 73, 129, 158, 192, 197, 200, 209, 212–216, 218–222, 226, 229, 245, 246, 248, 250–252, 254–257, 268, 269, 271, 277, 278, 283, 284, 286, 289, 291, 295, 314, 315, 317, 322, 324, 332, 337, 347, 350–352, 355–357, 360, 364, 368, 369, 377, 392, 406, 409, 410, 415, 420, 432 (+20).
Marçais: 202.
Markov: E(rmitazha): 49, 60, 61, 65–68, 75, 77, 79, 86, 88, 104, 133, 148, 162, 206, 215, 216, 218, 230, 240, 246, 248, 255, 283, 285, 287, 291, 295–297, 318, 349, 358, 362, 377, 381, 402, 432 (+4).
Markov: T(opografiya): 214.
Marsden: 54, 96, 153, 170, 246, 275, 349.
Mateu (+1).
Mateu I: 378.
Ø(strup): 27, 35–37, 66, 67, 75, 169, 216, 230, 232, 253, 259, 267, 268, 271, 284, 318, 323, 338a, 347, 414.
Rivero: E(spaña): 103, 257.
Rivero: M(oneda): 27, 61, 73, 118, 230, 239, 324, 388, 432, 437.
Rodgers: 432.
Romero (+1).
S(chulman): Beyram: 28, 32, 402.
S(chulman): Ciscar: 129.
S(chulman): Dodgson: 351.
S(chulman): Gotha: 42, 89, 129, 175, 209, 272, 362, 410.
S(chulman): Grantley: 42, 43.
S(chulman): Judice II: 42, 216, 219, 283, 287, 309, 324, 334.
S(chulman): Karabaczek: 351.
S(chulman): Michael I: 164, 439.
S(chulman): Michael II: 39, 41–43 (+2).
S(chulman): White: 42, 66, 79, 91, 284, 301.
Sawaszkiewicz: 432, 440 (+3).
Seaby: 199.
Sentenach: 222.
Soret: D(orn): 274.
Soret: F(raehn): 30, 59, 66, 290.
Soret: S(awalief): 321, 391.
Sotheby: 39, 42, 44, 65, 74, 224, 267, 313, 355, 388, 397.
Spink: 39, 40, 44, 74, 191, 192, 215, 219, 284, 287, 358, 360 (+10).
Thorburn: 161, 213, 282, 338b.
Tornberg: 214, 290.
Tychsen, O.: 213.
UM: 287.
V(ives): 26, 27, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38–40, 42–49, 54–56, 58–71, 73–81, 84, 85, 87–90, 93–97, 100–104, 108–114, 116–122, 126–137, 139–141, 143–163, 165–167, 170–174, 176, 177, 179–187, 189, 190, 192, 196–198, 200, 201, 203–205, 208, 209, 212–232, 234–246, 248–257, 260, 262–264, 266–273, 275–281, 283–287, 289–291, 295–300, 302–311, 312, 314–327, 332, 334–340, 342–344, 347, 349–358, 360–369, 371, 373, 374, 377–382, 384, 386–389, 392, 394, 395–397, 399, 400, 401, 402, 406–410, 412, 414–421, 423, 425, 430, 431, 432, 437–442, 445, 446 (+271).
Vollers (+12).
Welzl: 37, 284.
Weyl: G(agarin): 60, 67, 68, 75, 88, 133, 142, 148, 206, 215, 218, 233, 240, 246, 248, 255, 283–285, 287, 295, 297, 318, 351, 358, 377 (+1).
Yale: 99.
Zambaur II: 80, 154.
Ziya: 86, 432.
MUWAḤḤID GOLD:
ANS: 447, 453, 466, 495, 501, 522 (+1).
B(rèthes): 448, 451, 454, 456, 457, 463, 464, 466, 467, 470, 472–474, 476, 478, 481, 485, 488, 489, 491, 496, 501, 502, 505, 506, 511, 514, 515, 517–519, 524, 525, 527–529, 533, 534, 536, 538, 539, M1 (+149).
Balog (+3).
Bartholomaei: 449.
BM V: 451, 453, 466, 467, 491, 495, 500–502, 509, 511, 517, 522, 524, 525, 528, 531–533, 537, 538 (+14; 2 hybrids).
BM X: 456, 469, 526, 534, 535 (+1).
BN II: 455, 458, 465–467, 470, 481, 491, 497, 501, 506, 507, 517, 525, 533, 536 (+4; 2 hybrids).
C(odera): Çecas: 471.
C(odera): Lebrija: 453, 495.
C(odera): Tratado: 470, 495, 533.
Calvo (+64).
Castiglioni: 495.
Cerdá: 465, 466, 470, 478, 495, 496.
Cimino: 565 (+1; 1 hybrid).
Codrington, H.: Ceylon: 495.
Codrington, H.: Colombo: 491.
Condé: 466, 491, 533.
D(elgado): García: 466, 495, 525, 533, 536, 539 (+4).
D(elgado): Lorichs: 495, 497, 533 (1 hybrid).
Demaeght: 498.
Dieulafoy: 501 (+139).
Figanier: 513, 533.
Fraehn: R(ecensio): 495.
González: 506, 527.
Grotefend: 501.
Holu: 501.
HSA: 446a, 458, 460, 466, 470, 477–479, 494, 495, 497, 501, 506, 535 (+10).
Ibn-Abī-Zar': 499.
J(ohnston): Gold: 450, 457, 466, 473, 477–479, 482–492, 501 (+277).
KM II: 459, 465, 466, 485, 491, 495, 502, 506, 508, 533, 536 (+3; 1 hybrid).
L(ane-Poole): Inedited: 451.
L(ane-Poole): Khedivial: 456, 491, 495, 501, 509, 525.
L(ane-Poole): Muwaḥḥids : 466, 495, 501, 502, 509, 525, 533, 537 (+8; 2 hybrids).
Lagumina: 495, 501.
Leite: 479 (+1).
Lisbon: 466 (+1).
MA: 448, 458, 459, 466, 495, 519, 525, 528, 533, 535, 536, 539 (+17; 2 hybrids).
Maguelonne: 466, 480.
Markov: E(rmitazha): 455, 495, 533.
Mateu I: 504, 525, 533.
Mateu II: 485, 495.
Ø(strup): 466, 491, 519, 533 (+1).
P(rieto): 448, 451, 453–456, 458–461, 464–467, 469, 470, 473, 475, 477, 478, 481, 485, 488, 491, 494–497, 500, 501, 503, 504, 506–509, 511–513, 515–517, 519–521, 523–528, 530–536, 538, 539.
Rivero: A(dquisiciones): 506.
Rivero: E(spaña): 466, 481, 496, 501 (+1).
Rivero: M(oneda): 469, 478, 495, 501, 528, 539.
Rodgers: 509.
S(chulman): Beyram: 467, 495, 501.
S(chulman): Castro: 466, 495.
S(chulman): Ciscar: 456, 465, 495 (+2).
S(chulman): Comte: 456.
S(chulman): Gotha: 452, 455, 466, 491, 533, 536.
S(chulman): Grantley: 467.
S(chulman: Judice II: 446a, 458, 470, 479.
S(chulman): Karabaczek: 453, 466, 467, 469, 491, 495, 533 (+1).
S(chulman): Michael I: 455, 473.
S(chulman): White: 451, 493, 497, 502, 510.
Sacy: 480, 491, 495, 501, 533 (+2).
Sallet: 508.
Sawaszkiewicz: 512.
Seco: 524, 533 (+3).
Soret: F(raehn): 533.
Sotheby: 450, 458, 466, 473, 477, 478, 481, 483–487, 491, 492, 501, 506, 533, 538 (+10).
Spink: 466, 473, 477, 478, 481, 482, 484, 486–491, 495, 497, 501 (+44).
Thorburn: 459, 495, 534, 538.
Tychsen, O.: Introductionis: 533.
UM: 496.
V(ives): 448, 451, 453, 455, 456, 458–460, 464–470, 473, 475, 478, 481, 491, 495–497, 500, 501, 503, 506, 507, 511, 517, 519, 525, 527, 528, 531–534, 536–539 (+38; 2 hybrids).
Vollers: 462 (+20).
Welzl: 466.
Weyl: F(onrobert): 495, 501 (+4).
Weyl: G(agarin): 451, 453, 466, 495, 501, 503, 517 (+4).
HŪDID GOLD:
D(elgado): García: 541.
P(rieto): 540, 541.
S(chulman): Karabaczek: 540.
Weyl: G(agarin): 540.
ḤAFṢID GOLD:
ANS: 551, 559, 643.
Ashmolean: 598.
B(rèthes): 542, 543, 546, 547, 550–553, 556, 558, 562, 564, 566–572, 575, 585a, 586, 598, 599, 624, 631, 639 (+5).
Bigonet: 601.
Blancard: 626.
BM V: 546, 551, 560, 567, 606, 614, 615 (+2).
BM X: 564, 572, 590 (+1).
BN II: 544, 545, 550–552, 557, 559, 563, 564, 569, 572, 576, 580, 582, 584, 586, 588, 591, 594, 596, 603, 604, 607–609, 613, 618, 623, 626, 629, 630, 632, 634, 637, 640–644 (+10; 2 hybrids).
Cerdá (+1).
Chalon: 551.
Cimino: 617 (+3).
Codrington, O.: 589.
Condé: 565.
D(elgado): García: 548, 560, 564, 566, 572 (+3).
Dorn II: 552.
F(arrugia): Hafsites: 551, 552, 559–562, 564, 572–574, 577, 577a, 578, 583, 585, 586a–588, 591–593, 595, 597, 598, 600, 602, 604–606, 610–612, 616, 617, 619–622, 624, 628–630, 635, 636 (+18; 1 hybrid).
Friedlander (+2).
KM II: 543, 551, 552, 569, 586, 637, 638 (+1).
L(ane-Poole): Khedivial: 559.
Lagumina: 569, 579, 581.
Lavoix: H(afss): 551, 559, 572, 576, 584, 603, 609, 613, 626, 644 (1 hybrid).
Longpérier: A(rt): 572, 626.
Markov: E(rmitazha) (+1).
Marsden: 615, 625.
Ø(strup): 551, 560, 588.
P(rieto): 543, 545–548, 550–556.
Rivero: M(oneda): 548, 565.
S(chulman): Gotha: 551, 572.
S(chulman): Karabaczek: 551, 559, 562.
S(chulman): White: 551.
Sacy: 632, 633.
Seco: 555.
Soret: D(orn): 627.
Soret: F(raehn): 549, 561.
Sotheby (+2).
Spink: 552.
Tychsen, O.: 569.
Vollers (+8).
Weyl: F(onrobert): 552, 638 (+1).
Weyl: G(agarin): 551, 559.
Ziya: 551 (+1).
ZIYĀNID GOLD:
B(rèthes): 645, 646, 648, 649, 652, 655, 661, 663, 666 (+3).
Berchem: 646, 650 (+1).
BM V: 648, 650.
BN II: 646–648, 654, 658, 667, 669–671.
Brosselard: 664.
D(elgado): Lorichs: 659.
Demaeght: 646, 650, 651, 657, 662.
HSA: 660.
L(ane-Poole): Khedivial: 670.
Mareschal: 665, 668 (+4).
Moyse: 653, 656, 661, 672.
Ø(strup): 648.
Rivero: A(dquisiciones): 663.
Rivero: M(oneda): 663.
Soret: F(raehn): 648.
Sotheby (+2).
Spink (+2).
Thorburn: 648.
Vollers (+2).
MARĪNID GOLD:
Anderson: 724.
ANS: 682, 767.
B(rèthes): 675, 678–680, 682, 686, 688–691, 693–695, 697, 698, 703–708, 713, 715, 721, 727, 733, 734, 737, 739, 741–743, 745, 756, 756a, 757, 759, 763, 764, 768–771, 773, 775, 776, 783, 785, 786, 788, 790–792, 794, 795, 808, 810, 818–820, 825, 832–835, 837–839, 842–845, 850, 851, 858, 861, 862, 864 (+29; 1 hybrid).
BM V: 678, 682, 684, 689, 690, 692, 695, 715, 716, 718, 719, 721, 722, 725, 750, 751, 753, 754, 766–768, 770, 772, 775, 778, 779, 782, 784, 785, 794, 795, 797, 798, 810–814, 816, 823, 825, 829, 833, 838, 847, 849, 853 (+12; 2 hybrids).
BM X: 681, 696, 697, 699, 703, 726, 729, 732, 735, 736, 738–740, 742, 744, 746–748, 757, 758, 781, 787, 789, 793, 799–801, 803–805, 817, 823, 828, 830, 840, 856, 858, 860, 863 (+4; 2 hybrids).
BN II: 678, 682, 687, 690, 693, 700–702, 704, 706, 709, 715, 720, 723, 728, 736, 739, 743, 765, 767, 771, 772, 774, 779, 782, 796, 797, 814, 821, 825, 827, 832, 846, 848, 852, 865 (+11; 2 imitations).
Brosset (+1).
Cerdá (+4).
Condé: 706.
D(elgado): García: 675, 690, 716, 717 (+18).
Demaeght: 743, 772, 775, 777, 824.
Dombay: 739, 742, 782 (+2).
Dorn II: 703.
F(arrugia): Hafsites: 673, 690, 695, 706, 710–712, 759, 762 (+53).
Fraehn: N(ova): 690.
Höst: E(fterretninger) and N(achrichten): 674, 682.
HSA: 706, 736, 760, 806, 822, 825, 860.
KM II: 683, 715, 716, 766, 854.
L(ane-Poole): Calvert: 761.
L(ane-Poole): Khedivial: 695, 700 (+2).
Lavoix: H(afss): 682.
Markov: E(rmitazha) (+3).
Metropolitan: 797, 826.
Moyse: 750, 752, 809.
Ø(strup): 690, 706, 756a (+5).
P(rieto): 675–678, 681, 682, 685, 687, 689–691, 692, 693, 695, 697, 700–702, 706, 709, 714, 715, 716, 717, 719, 722, 725–732, 736, 738, 739, 743, 744, 746–750, 752–756, 757, 758, 765–772, 774–776, 778–781, 784, 785, 787, 789, 793–795, 797, 799–803, 807, 810, 811, 814–817, 822, 825, 828–833, 836, 838, 841, 845, 848, 850, 855, 857, 859–861, 864, 866 (3 hybrids).
Rivero: A(dquisiciones): 821.
Rivero: M(oneda): 775.
S(chulman): Castro (+1).
S(chulman): Gotha: 690, 706, 785, 823.
S(chulman): Judice III (+2).
S(chulman): Karabaczek: 678, 690, 715a.
S(chulman): White: 732, 770, 795, 817.
Seaby: 835.
Soret: B(artholomae): 867.
Soret: F(raehn): 678, 682, 775.
Sotheby: 690, 767, 817 (+8).
Spink: 736, 770, 774, 796 (+12).
Thorburn: 682, 779, 817, 825 (1 hybrid).
Tychsen, O.: 691a.
Vollers (+7).
Weyl: G(agarin): 678, 716, 852 (1 hybrid).
NAṢRID GOLD:
P(rieto): Granadina: 868.
WAṬṬĀSID GOLD:
B(rèthes): 869.
BM X: 870.
Spink (+2).
ZĪRID SILVER:
F(arrugia): Fatimites: 871.
ḤAMMŪDID SILVER:
BM IX (+1).
C(odera): Estudio: 874, 877.
C(odera): Hammudies (+1).
Guillén: 875.
HSA: 883, 887.
P(rieto): Reyes: 872–874, 875–877, 879, 883–887.
S(chulman): Judice II: 874a.
V(ives): 873, 874, 875, 877–887 (+18).
MURĀBIṬ SILVER AND ELECTRUM:
ANS: 893, 894, 906, 926, 928, 951, 953, 976, 982, 983, 1004, 1017, 1027, 1035, 1052 (+7).
B(rèthes): 888, 891, 892, 906, 919, 927–929, 981, 985, 999, 1003, 1019, 1020, 1025, 1034–1036, 1039, 1040, 1045, 1051, 1052 (+20).
BM V: 927, 941, 943, 976, 982, 983, 997, 999, 1001, 1003, 1004, 1015, 1022, 1029, 1032, 1035, 1041, 1052 (+11).
BM X: 931, 1004.
BN II: 888, 894, 895, 905, 927, 933, 976, 979, 982, 983, 988, 997, 1001, 1002, 1004, 1032, 1034, 1040, 1041, 1052 (+11).
C(odera): Çecas: 950.
C(odera): Decadencia: 943, 958, 961, 965, 1050, 1054, 1056.
C(odera): Monedas: 1056 (+12).
C(odera): Tratado: 894, 903, 927, 941, 976, 983, 1004, 1032, 1035, 1041, 1052.
Calvo (+322).
Castiglioni: 999.
Cerdá: 975, 1016a, 1016b, 1017 (+15).
Condé: 894, 927, 928, 988, 1000, 1001, 1040, 1041, 1047 (+1).
D(elgado): García: 891, 892, 905, 906, 921, 927, 939, 952, 954, 956, 957, 976, 978, 981, 983, 992, 1000, 1001, 1004, 1036, 1040, 1041, 1043 (+21).
D(elgado): Lorichs (+20).
Dombay: 893, 902a, 983.
Figanier: 927, 1002, 1035 (+1).
González (+1).
Höst: E(fterretninger) and N(achrichten): 1039.
HSA: 894, 953, 976, 982, 983, 989, 998, 999, 1001, 1003, 1004, 1013, 1014, 1022, 1032, 1035, 1036, 1040, 1041, 1052 (+27).
KM II: 894–896, 927, 976, 982, 983, 988, 999, 1001, 1002, 1004, 1024, 1036, 1037, 1040, 1041, 1045, 1047–1049 (+21).
L(ane-Poole): Khedivial: 924.
Lisbon: 982, 983, 1001.
Longpérier: D(ocuments): 959, 1037, 1052 (+15).
Lopes: 983, 1004.
MA: 888, 889, 891, 894, 902, 905, 906, 908, 911, 915, 917, 918, 922, 923, 925–928, 932, 938–940, 945, 946, 963, 965, 973, 976, 982, 983, 988, 991, 997, 999–1001, 1002, 1004, 1014, 1019, 1022, 1024–1026, 1032, 1035, 1040, 1041, 1049, 1052, 1053, 1056 (+89).
Markov: E(rmitazha) (+15).
Marsden: 1041.
Müller: 920.
Münter: 928, 1000 (+1).
Nasir: 976, 983, 997, 999.
Ø(strup): 894, 921, 922, 927, 928, 939, 956, 977, 983, 1000, 1044 (+4).
P(rieto): Reyes: 908, 939, 947–949, 951, 952, 955–957, 966, 968, 969, 971, 972, 991–994.
Pedersen: 922, 927, 976, 982, 983 (+2).
Rivero: E(spaña): 896, 904, 940, 943, 952, 958, 965, 971, 1013, 1017, 1025, 1049, 1050 (+1).
Rivero: M(oneda): 888, 896, 904, 957, 965, 1013, 1017, 1025, 1032, 1036, 1040, 1052.
S(chulman): Castro: 976, 982, 983, 999, 1003, 1004, 1009, 1028, 1035, 1045.
S(chulman): Ciscar: 982.
S(chulman): Judice II: 894, 953, 982, 983, 998, 1003, 1004, 1022, 1041, 1052 (+2).
Sawaszkiewicz (+4).
Soret: B(artholomae): 895, 1046.
Soret: D(orn): 922, 985, 1046.
Soret: F(raehn) (+2).
Soret: R(einaud): 1035.
Sotheby: 952, 1052 (+13).
Thorburn: 897, 927, 928, 952, 982, 983, 986, 1004, 1022, 1040.
UM: 928.
V(ives): 888–891, 893–896, 898–902, 903–910, 912–918, 921–928, 930, 932–949, 951, 952, 956–970, 972–980, 982–984, 987–1001, 1003–1006, 1008–1014, 1016, 1017–1026, 1029–1033, 1035, 1037–1039, 1041–1043, 1045, 1047, 1049, 1050, 1052–1056 (+337).
Vollers (+18).
Welzl: 1007.
Weyl: G(agarin): 981, 983, 1004 (+5).
Zambaur I: 965.
Zambaur: W(indisch): 1000.
MUWAḤḤID SILVER:
Adler: C(ollectio): 1068, 1081, 1101 (+2).
Adler: M(useum): 1088.
ANS: 1068, 1085, 1088, 1088a, 1091, 1093, 1095, 1096, 1098, 1101, 1103, 1112 (+32).
B(rèthes): 1066–1068, 1085, 1087, 1088, 1090, 1092, 1096, 1098, 1101, 1103, 1106–1108, 1111, 1112, 1115, 1116, (+15; 5 amulets).
Bel: 1066, 1068, 1085, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1092–1094, 1096, 1099, 1101, 1103–1106, 1112, 1113, 1115, 1116 (+2).
Blancard: 1101.
Blau: O(dessa): 1101.
BM V: 1066, 1085, 1087, 1093, 1096, 1098, 1101, 1103, 1109, 1115 (+26).
BM X: 1066, 1096, 1106 (+2).
BN II: 1063, 1066, 1068, 1085, 1087, 1088, 1093, 1096, 1101, 1103, 1106–1108, 1115 (+18).
Boneschi: 1087, 1101.
C(odera): Tratado: 1060, 1071, 1112.
Calvo: 1113 (+2116).
Campaner: M(onedas): 1114, 1116.
Campaner: N(umismática): 1114, 1116.
Casanova: 1101 (+7).
Castiglioni: 1088, 1096, 1101 (+1).
Cerdá: 1068, 1074, 1093, 1096, 1101, 1106, 1115 (+3).
Cimino (+2).
Condé: 1063, 1103.
Cottevieille: 1092.
D(elgado): García: 1068, 1093, 1096, 1099, 1101, 1106 (+61).
D(elgado): Lorichs: 1096, 1101, 1116, (+12).
Dombay: 1106, 1115 (+1).
Dorn I: 1101 (+8).
F(arrugia): Dragut: 1102.
F(arrugia): Hafsites: 1088, 1101 (+1).
Fasmer I: 1076, 1083.
Figanier: 1068, 1101 (+28).
Fraehn: N(ova): 1096.
Fraehn: R(ecensio): 1080, 1101.
Geitlin: 1082.
González: 1101.
Guillén: 1113.
Höst: E(fterretninger) and N(achrichten): 1101.
HSA: 1062, 1068, 1085, 1087, 1092, 1093, 1096–1098, 1101, 1103, 1106, 1107, 1111, 1112, 1115 (+134).
KM II: 1066, 1068, 1078, 1080, 1085, 1087, 1088, 1088a, 1093, 1096, 1100a, 1101, 1103, 1106, 1115 (+64).
Krehl: 1088, 1101 (+4).
L(ane-Poole): Bodleian: 1080, 1103 (+1).
L(ane-Poole): Calvert: 1084 (+1).
L(ane-Poole): Johnston: 1079 (+1).
L(ane-Poole): Khedivial: 1087, 1101 (+10).
L(ane-Poole): Muwaḥḥids ; 1085, 1087, 1088, 1093, 1096, 1101 (+19).
Lagumina: 1101, 1103.
Leite: 1068, 1101 (+3).
Lisbon: 1059, 1061, 1068, 1096, 1115, 1116 (+2).
Longpérier: A(rt): 1101.
MA: 1062, 1064, 1066, 1068–1070, 1073, 1075, 1076, 1085–1088, 1092–1094, 1096, 1098, 1101, 1106–1108, 1110–1113, 1115 (+5176).
Marcel (+1).
Markov: E(rmitazha): 1083, 1088, 1096, 1101 (+4).
Marsden: 1101.
Moeller: 1101.
Moura: 1068, 1101.
Münter (+11).
Nasir: 1101 (+2).
Nesselmann: 1101.
Ø(strup): 1066, 1068, 1085, 1088, 1093, 1096, 1098, 1101, 1115 (+11).
P(rieto): 1066, 1068, 1070–1076, 1085–1088, 1092–1096, 1098, 1099, 1101, 1106–1116.
Pedersen: 1101 (+1).
Rivero: E(spaña): 1062, 1066 (+1).
Rivero: M(oneda): 1066, 1088, 1099, 1110, 1114.
S(chulman): Beyram: 1093, 1096, 1101 (+1).
S(chulman): Castro: 1066, 1068, 1093, 1096, 1101, 1103.
S(chulman): Ciscar: 1101.
S(chulman): Judice II: 1068, 1074, 1085, 1087, 1095, 1096, 1098, 1100, 1101, 1103, 1106, 1107, 1112, 1115 (+99).
S(chulman): White: 1093, 1096 (+1).
Sawaszkiewicz (+2).
Schiepati: 1096.
Seco: 1101.
Soret: D(orn): 1080.
Sotheby (+12).
Spink: 1101.
Thorburn: 1066, 1068, 1079, 1080.
Tychsen, O.: 1096, 1115.
Tychsen, T.: 1101 (+2).
UM: 1096, 1101 (+1).
V(ives): 1057–1062a, 1064, 1066, 1068, 1070, 1071, 1073–1075, 1077, 1085–1088, 1092–1096, 1098, 1099, 1101, 1106–1116 (+323).
Vollers: 1103 (+24).
Welzl: 1096, 1098, 1101 (+1).
Weyl: F(onrobert): 1065, 1080, 1096, 1101 (+13).
Weyl: G(agarin): 1066, 1101 (+4).
Zambaur II (+1).
Zambaur: W(indisch): 1085, 1101, 1103 (+7).
HŪDID SILVER:
B(rèthes): 1119, 1121 (+1).
Bel: 117, 118.
HSA: 1119.
MA: 1119 (+3).
P(rieto): 1117–1120.
Soret: F(raehn): 1121.
Soret: K(rehl): 1121.
V(ives): 1120 (+2).
ḤAFṢID SILVER:
ANS: 1123, 1129 (+1).
B(rèthes): 1123 (+1).
Bel: 1123.
BM V: 1122, 1123 (+1).
BN II: 1123 (+1).
F(arrugia): Hafsites: 1122.
F(arrugia): Somâ: 1124–1129 (+53).
HSA: 1123 (+1).
KM II: 1122 (+1).
L(ane-Poole): Muwaḥḥids : 1122.
Monchicourt: 1130–1132.
Ø(strup): 1122, 1123 (+1).
S(chulman): Judice II: 1123 (+1).
Weyl: F(onrobert): 1122.
MARĪNID SILVER:
Adler: C(ollectio): 1146.
ANS: 1144.
B(rèthes): 1136–1138, 1141, 1143–1145, 1151, 1152 (+450).
Bel: 1137, 1143.
BM V: 1137.
BN II: 1137.
D(elgado): García (+1).
Höst: E(fterretninger) and N(achrichten): 1146.
HSA: 1142.
KM II: 1144, 1146 (+3).
MA: 1135, 1137 (+2).
Mateu III: 1138, 1139 (+3).
Moura: 1146.
Ø(strup): 1141, 1144, 1146, 1147 (+1).
P(rieto): 1134, 1135, 1137, 1138, 1143, 1146–1150.
S(chulman): Beyram: 1149.
S(chulman): Castro: 1146 (+3).
Tychsen, O.: 1146.
Tychsen, T.: 1146.
V(ives): 1133, 1135, 1137, 1139, 1140, 1146, 1149 (+7).
Vollers (+1).
NAṢRID SILVER:
BN II: 1153.
Figanier: 1153 (+1).
Mateu III: 1153 (+15).
P(rieto) (+2).
Thorburn: 1153.
V(ives): 1153 (+8).
WAṬṬĀSID SILVER:
B(rèthes): 1154–1156 (+3).
Höst: E(fterretninger) and N(achrichten): 1156.
ḤAMMŪDID COPPER:
BN II: 1157–1159 (+1).
Cerdá: 1160.
D(elgado): García: 1157, 1160 (+3).
MA: 1157, 1160 (+3).
MURĀBIṬ COPPER:
ANS: 1165.
BM V: 1165 (+1).
BN II: 1164, 1168 (+1).
Calvo (+26).
Cerdá: 1164.
Fraehn: N(ova): 1169.
Fraehn: V(erzeichniss): 1169.
HSA: 1169.
KM II: 1164, 1165.
MA: 1161, 1162, 1165–1167 (+1).
Sawaszkiewicz (+1).
Tychsen, O.: 1164, 1165.
V(ives): 1161, 1163.
Vollers (+1).
MUWAḤḤID COPPER:
Blau: O(dessa): 1171.
KM II: 1170.
Vollers (+1).
ḤAFṢID COPPER:
Babelon (+3).
F(arrugia): Hafsites: 1173, 1174.
Ibn-Khaldūn: 1172.
al-Zarkashī: 1172.
Muwaḥḥid | M1 |
Muwaḥḥid | 500–502, 504–508, 511–525, 528, 530–533, 537, 538. |
Hūdid | 540, 541. |
Ḥafṣid | 542, 543, 545, 547–550, 553, 555–557, 562, 564, 567, 569–572, 574–582, 584–589, 592, 594, 595, 597–599, 601–614, 616–619, 626–629, 631–633, 637–642, 644. |
Ziyānid | 645–650, 652–656, 659–663, 665, 670, 671. |
Marīnid | 674, 675, 678, 679, 682–686, 689–693, 713, 715–733, 735–741, 749–755, 759–779, 782–785, 787–791, 793–798, 802, 806–816, 818, 819, 821–827, 829, 831, 833, 835–842, 845–847, 855–866. |
Naṣrid | 868. |
hybrid | H1–6, H9–12. |
Zīrid | 1–5, 7–13, 15–24a. |
Ḥammādid | 25. |
Murābiṭ | 26–51, 53–90, 92–209, 211–446. |
Muwaḥḥid | 447–466, 469–495, 497–499, 509, 510, 526, 527, 529, 534, 535. |
Ḥafṣid | 546, 551, 554, 558, 559, 563, 565, 566, 568, 573, 583, 590, 593, 615, 620–623, 630, 634, 635. |
Ziyānid | 651, 657, 658, 664, 666, 667. |
Marīnid | 673, 676, 677, 680, 681, 687, 694–699, 714, 734, 742–744, 746–748, 756–757, 780, 781, 786, 792, 799–801, 817, 820, 828, 830, 832, 834, 843, 848–852, 854. |
Waṭṭāsid | 869, 870. |
hybrid | H7, H8, H13, H14. |
Murābiṭ | 52, 210. |
Muwaḥḥid | 467, 468, 496, 503, 536, 539. |
Ḥafṣid | 544, 552, 560, 591, 600, 624, 625, 636, 643. |
Ziyānid | 668, 669, 672. |
Marīnid | 688, 700–705, 745, 758, 803–805, 844, 853, 867. |
Zīrid | 6. |
Murābiṭ | 91. |
Muwaḥḥid | 446a. |
Ḥafṣid | 561. |
Marīnid | 706–710. |
Zīrid | 14. |
Ḥafṣid | 596. |
Marīnid | 711, 712. |
Murābiṭ | 939, 991, 992. |
Ḥammūdid | 872–887. |
Murābiṭ | 908–910, 947–949, 951–957, 966, 968–972, 975, 993, 994, 1017. |
Muwaḥḥid | 1062a, 1066. |
Hūdid | 1121. |
Zīrid | 871. |
Murābiṭ | 888, 891–897, 900, 902–906, 911–933, 940–943, 950, 958–965, 967, 973, 974, 976–987, 996–1008, 1016a, 1018–1023, 1034–1036, 1039–1046, 1052–1055. |
Muwaḥḥid | 1057–1060, 1062, 1063, 1078–1084. |
Murābiṭ | 889, 890, 898, 901, 907, 934, 935, 944, 945, 988–990, 995, 1009–1012, 1016b, 1024–1028, 1037, 1047–1049, 1056. |
Muwaḥḥid | 1061, 1064. |
Murābiṭ | 899, 936, 946, 1013–1015, 1029, 1030, 1038, 1050. |
Murābiṭ | 937, 938, 1031, 1032, 1051. |
Murābiṭ | 1016, 1033. |
Muwaḥḥid | 1100a. |
Ḥafṣid | 1127. |
Muwaḥḥid | 1067, 1076, 1077, 1085–1104, 1106–1116. |
Hūdid | 1117–1120. |
Ḥafṣid | 1122–1126, 1128–1130, 1132. |
Marīnid | 1142, 1145, 1147, 1150–1152. |
Waṭṭāsid | 1154–1156. |
Muwaḥḥid | 1065, 1068, 1070–1075, 1105. |
Ḥafṣid | 1131. |
Marīnid | 1133, 1135, 1137, 1141, 1143, 1144, 1146, 1148, 1149. |
Muwaḥḥid | 1069. |
Marīnid | 1134, 1136, 1138, 1139. |
Naṣrid | 1153. |
Marīnid | 1140. |
Murābiṭ | 1161, 1163. |
Murābiṭ | 1169. |
Ḥammūdid | 1157–1160. |
Murābiṭ | 1162, 1164–1168. |
Muwaḥḥid | 1170, 1171. |
Ḥafṣid | 1172–1174. |
The early (pre-Muwaḥḥid) gold is listed first, followed by the later gold, the electrum, the silver, and the copper. Weights are expressed in grams, diameters in millimeters (sides for square coins).
Dynasty | Issues Recorded | Specimens Recorded | Specimens Weighed | Maximum Weight | Average Weight | Maximum Diameter | Minimum Diameter |
Early Gold | |||||||
DINAR | |||||||
Zīrid | 24 | 36 | 10 | 4.35 | 4.11 | 24 | 22 |
Ḥammādid | 1 | 1 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
Murābiṭ | 425 | 561 | 605 | 4.30 | 4.05 | 27 | 23 |
HALF DINAR | |||||||
Murābiṭ | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2.10 | 2.10 | 16 | 15 |
QUARTER DINAR | |||||||
Zīrid | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1.02 | .92 | 13 | 13 |
Murābiṭ | 1 | 8 | 3 | 1.10 | 1.08 | 15 | 14 |
EIGHTH DINAR | |||||||
Zīrid | 1 | 1 | 1 | .52 | .52 | 11 | 11 |
Late Gold | |||||||
TWENTY-ONE DINAR WEIGHT MEDAL | |||||||
Muwaḥḥid | 1 | 1 | 1 | 49.4 | 49.4 | 65 | 65 |
DOUBLE DINAR | |||||||
Muwaḥḥid | 30 | 364 | 276 | 4.70 | 4.55 | 32 | 27 |
Hūdid | 2 | 5 | 1 | 4.72 | 4.72 | 30 | 27 |
Ḥafṣid | 74 | 140 | 112 | 4.80 | 4.67 | 31 | 25 |
Ziyānid | 19 | 37 | 26 | 4.70 | 4.47 | 34 | 29 |
Marīnid | 136 | 279 | 185 | 4.73 | 4.57 | 33 | 28 |
Naṣrid | 1 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 32 | 32 |
DINAR | |||||||
Muwaḥḥid | 57 | 674 | 148 | 2.51 | 2.27 | 22 | 19 |
Ḥafṣid | 21 | 49 | 35 | 2.46 | 2.34 | 23 | 20 |
Ziyānid | 6 | 6 | 4 | 2.50 | 2.32 | 25 | 22 |
Marīnid | 43 | 68 | 52 | 2.50 | 2.26 | 25 | 21 |
Waṭṭāsid | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2.30 | 2.10 | 24 | 22 |
HALF DINAR | |||||||
Muwaḥḥid | 6 | 47 | 21 | 1.40 | 1.15 | 16 | 14 |
Ḥafṣid | 9 | 29 | 24 | 1.30 | 1.15 | 16 | 15 |
Ziyānid | 3 | 6 | 6 | 1.05 | 1.01 | 20 | 14 |
Marīnid | 15 | 25 | 21 | 1.30 | 1.13 | 19 | 15 |
QUARTER DINAR | |||||||
Muwaḥḥid | 1 | 2 | 1 | .55 | .55 | 13 | 13 |
Ḥafṣid | 1 | 2 | 1 | .57 | .57 | 14 | 14 |
Marīnid | 5 | 19 | 16 | .60 | .57 | 14 | 12 |
EIGHTH DINAR | |||||||
Ḥafṣid | 1 | 1 | 1 | .30 | .30 | 9 | 9 |
Marīnid | 2 | 46 | 46 | .25 | .25 | 10 | 8 |
ELECTRUM | |||||||
Murābiṭ | 3 | 14 | 3 | 2.55 | 1.92 | 13 | 13 |
Silver | |||||||
DIRHEM | |||||||
Ḥammūdid | 17 | 49 | 4 | 5.70 | 3.69 | 24 | 23 |
Murābiṭ | 23 | 74 | 7 | 6.20 | 3.92 | 25 | 23 |
Muwaḥḥid | 2 | 27 | 12 | 1.55 | 1.46 | 18 | 16 |
Hūdid | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1.45 | 1.45 | 17 | 17 |
HALF DIRHEM | |||||||
Zīrid | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.17 | 1.17 | 13 | 13 |
QIRAT | |||||||
Murābiṭ | 101 | 724 | 242 | 1.35 | .93 | 15 | 10 |
Muwaḥḥid | 13 | 35 | 10 | 1.13 | .95 | 19 | 13 |
HALF QIRAT | |||||||
Murābiṭ | 28 | 100 | 22 | .55 | .47 | 9 | 7 |
Muwaḥḥid | 2 | 3 | 1 | .45 | .45 | – | – |
QUARTER QIRAT | |||||||
Murābiṭ | 10 | 37 | 9 | .29 | .25 | 8 | 7 |
EIGHTH QIRAT | |||||||
Murābiṭ | 5 | 61 | 11 | .15 | .13 | 7 | 5 |
SIXTEENTH QIRAT | |||||||
Murābiṭ | 2 | 4 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
SQUARE DOUBLE DIRHEM | |||||||
Muwaḥḥid | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.04 | 3.04 | 14 | 14 |
Ḥafṣid | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3.48 | 3.48 | 29 | 25 |
SQUARE DIRHEM | |||||||
Muwaḥḥid | 36 | 5862+ | 204 | 1.60 | 1.41 | 19 | 13 |
Hūdid | 4 | 16 | 1 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 15 | 15 |
Ḥafṣid | 9 | 82 | 75 | 1.75 | 1.67 | 16 | 14 |
Marīnid | 6 | 345 | 4 | 1.51 | 1.43 | 15 | 15 |
Waṭṭāsid | 3 | 7 | 2 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 17 | 13 |
SQUARE HALF DIRHEM | |||||||
Muwaḥḥid | 9 | 153 | 103 | .77 | .75 | 13 | 11 |
Ḥafṣid | 1 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 11 | 11 |
Marīnid | 9 | 155 | 14 | .93 | .84 | 13 | 11 |
SQUARE QUARTER DIRHEM | |||||||
Muwaḥḥid | 1 | 1 | 1 | .38 | .38 | – | – |
Marīnid | 4 | 10 | 1 | .49 | .49 | 11 | 11 |
Naṣrid | 1 | 29 | 1 | .47 | .47 | 11 | 11 |
SQUARE EIGHTH DIRHEM | |||||||
Marīnid | 1 | 2 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
Copper | |||||||
PSEUDO-DINAR | |||||||
Murābiṭ | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2.44 | 2.44 | – | – |
PSEUDO-ELECTRUM | |||||||
Murābiṭ | 1 | 2 | 0 | – | – | 13 | 13 |
PSEUDO-DIRHEM | |||||||
Ḥammūdid | 4 | 9 | 3 | 3.25 | 2.47 | 23 | 22 |
Murābiṭ | 6 | 16 | 8 | 4.66 | 3.90 | 24 | 22 |
SQUARE PSEUDO-DIRHEM | |||||||
Muwaḥḥid | 2 | 2 | 0 | – | – | – | – |
FELS | |||||||
Ḥafṣid | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3.05 | 2.55 | 18 | 15 |
Mints are listed by continents, with those in Africa preceding those in Spain. In the interests of uniformity strict Arabic alphabetical order is followed, so that all names preceded by al- are grouped together. Dates are all A.H. Diacritical marks are omitted from dynastic names. Abbreviations used are g (gold), e (electrum), s (silver), c (copper).
Mint | Date | Dynasty | Ruler | Coins |
Azammūr | (631–640) | Muwahhid | 10 | g: 514 |
(710–731) | Marinid | 10 | g: 726 | |
(731–752) | 11 | 746–748 | ||
(775–796) | 20 | 800, 810–817, H13 | ||
(796–799) | 24 | 840–842 | ||
(799–800) | 25 | 855, 856 | ||
(869–910) | Wattasid | 1 | g: 869 | |
Aghmāt | 486 | Murabit | 2 | g: 58 |
487 | 59 | |||
488 | 60 | |||
489 | 61 | |||
490 | 62, 63 | |||
491 | 64 | |||
492 | 65 | |||
493 | 66 | |||
494 | 67 | |||
495 | 68 | |||
496 | 69 | |||
497 | 70 | |||
498 | 71 | |||
498 | 2+3 | 121 | ||
499 | 122 | |||
500 | 3 | 152 | ||
501 | 153 | |||
502 | 154 | |||
503 | 155 | |||
504 | 156 | |||
505 | 157 | |||
506 | 158 | |||
507 | 159 | |||
508 | 160 | |||
509 | 161 | |||
Aghmāt | 510 | 162 | ||
511 | 163 | |||
512 | 164 | |||
513 | 165 | |||
514 | 166 | |||
515 | 167 | |||
523 | 3+3A | 292 | ||
527 | 293 | |||
528 | 294 | |||
529 | 295 | |||
530 | 296 | |||
531 | 297 | |||
532? | 298 | |||
533 | 299 | |||
533 | 3+4 | 362, 363 | ||
535 | 364 | |||
536 | 365 | |||
537 | 4 | 404 | ||
538 | 405 | |||
539 | 4+5 | 422, 423 | ||
540 | 6 | 433 | ||
590 (error) | 2 | 63 | ||
al-Jazā'ir (see also Jazā'ir) | (558–668) | Muwahhid | 2–13 | s: 1091 |
al-Ḥāmmah | (796–837) | Hafsid | 19 | g: 616 |
al-Qayrawān | 441 | Zirid | 4 | g: 3 |
442 | 4, 5 | |||
443 | 6 | |||
444 | 7 | |||
445 | 8 | |||
446 | 9, 10 | |||
448 | 11 | |||
al-Mahdīyah (see also Mahdīyah) | 446 | Zirid | 4 | g: 12a |
447 | 13 | |||
449 | 15 | |||
451 | 16 | |||
453 | 17 | |||
454 | 18 | |||
455 | 19, 20 | |||
456 | 21 | |||
457 | 22 | |||
459 | 23 | |||
al-Nāṣirīyah | 543 | Hammadid | 9 | g: 25 |
Bijāyah (see also al-Nāṣirīyah) | (547–551) | Muwahhid | 1 | g: 447, 448 |
(551–558) | 1+1A | 473, 474 | ||
(558–563) | 2 | 481, 482 | ||
(558–640) | 2–10 | s: 1085 | ||
(640–647) | Hafsid | 1 | g: 547 |
Mint | Date | Dynasty | Ruler | Coins |
(647–650) | 2 | 557, 558 | ||
(650–675) | 562, 563 | |||
(683–684) | 6 | 571 | ||
(684–700) | 6A | 574, 575 | ||
(710–718) | 10 | 581 | ||
(718–747) | 584–586a | |||
(748–749) | Marinid | 11 | g: 759 | |
(749) | Hafsid | 15 | g: 597 | |
(753–759) | Marinid | 12 | g: 769, 778 | |
(761–767) | Hafsid | 15B | g: 603 | |
(796–837) | 19 | 610 | ||
(839–856) | 20A | 627 | ||
Biskirah | (796–837) | Hafsid | 19 | g: 611 |
Banī-Tāwadā | 513 | Murabit | 3 | g: 168 |
Tāzā | (559) | Muwahhid | 2A | g: 499? |
Tadghah | (540–551) | Muwahhid | 1 | g: 449? |
Taṭwān | (775–796) | Marinid | 20 | g: 818? |
Tilimsān | 494 | Murabit | 2 | g: 72? |
505 | 3 | 169 | ||
511 | 170, 171 | |||
534 | 3+4 | 366 | ||
535 | 367 | |||
536 | 368 | |||
540 | 4 | 406 | ||
(558–563) | Muwahhid | 2 | g: 483 | |
(558–640) | 2–10 | s: 1086, 1087 | ||
(640) | Hafsid | 1 | g: 548 | |
(640–681) | Ziyanid | 1 | g: 645 | |
(707–718) | 4 | 646 | ||
(718–737) | 5 | 647, 648 | ||
(737–749) | Marinid | 11 | g: 760; s: 1147 | |
(753–759) | 12 | g: 770 | ||
(760–791) | Ziyanid | 8 | g: 650, 651 | |
(772–774) | Marinid | 18 | g: 794 | |
(788–795) | Ziyanid | 9 | g: 652 | |
Tilimsān | (796–802) | 12 | 653 | |
(802–804) | 13 | 654? | ||
(804–813) | 14 | 655–657 | ||
(813–814) | 15 | 658 | ||
(814–833) | 17 | 659–662 | ||
(827–834) | 18 | 663, 664 | ||
(834–866) | 19 | 665–668 | ||
(839–893) | Hafsid | 21 | g: 639 | |
(866–873) | Ziyanid | 20 | g: 669 | |
(934–942) | 26 | 670? | ||
(947–949) | 27 | 671 | ||
(957–964) | 29 | 672 | ||
Tanas | (839–893) | Hafsid | 21 | g: 640, H8 |
Tūzar | (839–893) | Hafsid | 21 | g: 628 |
Tūnis | (554–558) | Muwahhid | 1 | g: 450 |
(558–563) | 2 | 484 | ||
(558–627) | 2–8 | s: 1088, 1088a | ||
(642–668) | Marinid | 4, 6 | g: 673? | |
(650–711) | Hafsid | 2–8 | s: 1122 | |
(681–683) | 4A | g: 570 | ||
(683–694) | 6 | 572, 573 | ||
(694–709) | 7 | 577–578 | ||
(748–749) | Marinid | 11 | g: 761, 762 | |
(749–751) | Hafsid | 15 | g: 599 | |
(796–837) | 19 | 612–615 | ||
(948–977) | 27 | c: 1173, 1174 | ||
952 | s: 1124 | |||
954 | 1125 | |||
955 | 1126 | |||
956 | 1127 | |||
958 | 1128 | |||
95x | 1129 | |||
961 | 1130 | |||
962 | 1131? | |||
964 | 1132 | |||
Tin Mallal | (558–668) | Muwahhid | 2–13 | s: 1089? |
Jarbah | (558–627) | Muwahhid | 2–8 | s: 1090 |
Jazā'ir (see also al-Jazā'ir) | (640–647) | Hafsid | 1 | g: 549 |
(718–737) | Ziyanid | 5 | g: 649 | |
(748–750) | Marinid | 11 | g: 763 | |
(839–893) | Hafsid | 21 | g: 637, 638 | |
Ribāṭ al-Fatḥ | (551–558) | Muwahhid | 1+1A | g: 475 |
(558–668) | 2–13 | s: 1092 | ||
(630–631) | 10 | 1078 | ||
Sabtah | 439 | Hammudid | 6+9 | s: 872 |
440? | 873 | |||
441 | 874, 874a | |||
442 | 875 | |||
443 | 876 | |||
444 | 877 | |||
446? | 878 | |||
44x | 879 | |||
455? | 9A+9B | 880 | ||
456? | 881 | |||
462 | 882?; c: 1157 | |||
464 | s: 883; c: 1158 | |||
465 | s: 884; c: 1159 | |||
466 | s: 885 | |||
467 | 886; c: 1160 | |||
484 | Murabit | 2 | g: 73 | |
(500–522) | 3 | s: 905 | ||
(522–533) | 3+3A | 973 | ||
(533–537) | 3+4 | 995 | ||
(540) | Muwahhid | 1 | s: 1057, 1058 | |
543 | Murabit | 6A | g: 443 | |
(541–551) | Muwahhid | 1 | g: 451–453 | |
(558–668) | 2–13 | s: 1093 | ||
(563–580) | 2 | g: 493 | ||
(630) | Hudid | 1 | s: 1117 | |
635 | 1A | 1121 | ||
(635–640) | Muwahhid | 10 | g: 515 | |
(640) | 11 | 518 | ||
(642–668) | Marinid | 4, 6 | g: 674–677 | |
(643–647) | Hafsid | 1 | g: 553 | |
(647–665) | Muwahhid | 12 | g: 522–527 | |
(685–706) | Marinid | 7 | g: 715, 715a, 716; s: 1136 | |
(705–789) | Nasrid | 3–8 | s: 1153 | |
(710–731) | Marinid | 10 | g: 727 | |
(731–752) | 11 | s: 1141 | ||
(775–796) | 20 | g: 819, 820 | ||
(786–789) | Nasrid | 8 | g: 868 | |
(800–823) | Marinid | 26 | g: 860 | |
Sijilmāsah | 450 | Murabit | 1 | g: 26 |
451 | 27 | |||
452 | 28 | |||
Sijilmāsah | 454? | 29, 30 | ||
455 | 31 | |||
456 | 32 | |||
457 | 33 | |||
458 | 34 | |||
45x | 1A | 53 | ||
461 | 1 | 35 | ||
462 | 36 | |||
462 | 1B | 54 | ||
463 | 1 | 37 | ||
465 | 1B | 55 | ||
466 | 56 | |||
467 | 1 | 38 | ||
467? | 1B | 57 | ||
468 | 1 | 39 | ||
469 | 40 | |||
470 | 41; c: 1161 | |||
471 | g: 42 | |||
472 | 43 | |||
473 | 44 | |||
474 | 45 | |||
475 | 46 | |||
476 | 47 | |||
477 | 48 | |||
478 | 49 | |||
479 | 50 | |||
480 | 51 | |||
480 | 2 | 74 | ||
481 | 75 | |||
482 | 76 | |||
483 | 77 | |||
484 | 78 | |||
485 | 79 | |||
486 | 80 | |||
487 | 81 | |||
488 | 82 | |||
490 | 83 | |||
491 | 84 | |||
493 | 85 | |||
494 | 86 | |||
495 | 87 | |||
496 | 88 | |||
497 | 89 | |||
498 | 90 | |||
(480–498) | 91 | |||
499 | 3 | 172 | ||
Sijilmāsah | 500 | 173 | ||
502 | 174 | |||
504 | 175 | |||
505 | 176 | |||
508 | 177 | |||
511 | 178 | |||
513 | 179 | |||
518 | 180 | |||
520 | 181 | |||
521 | 182 | |||
523 | 3+3A | 300 | ||
524 | 301 | |||
525 | 302 | |||
526 | 303 | |||
527 | 304 | |||
528 | 305 | |||
529? | 306 | |||
530 | 307 | |||
531 | 308 | |||
532 | 309 | |||
533 | 310 | |||
533 | 3+4 | 369 | ||
534 | 370 | |||
535 | 371 | |||
536 | 372 | |||
538? | 4+5 | 424 | ||
544 (error) | 4 | 407 | ||
(558–563) | Muwahhid | 2 | g: 485 | |
(558–668) | 2–13 | s: 1094 | ||
(630–631) | 10 | 1079 | ||
(640–641) | Hafsid | 1 | g: 554 | |
(642–668) | Marinid | 4, 6 | g: 678–681 | |
(646–665) | Muwahhid | 12 | g: 528, 529 | |
(685–706) | Marinid | 7 | g: 717, 718 | |
(710–731) | 10 | 728–734 | ||
(731–752) | 11 | H11; s: 1142, 1143 | ||
(731–740) | g: 750–752, H10 | |||
(737–752) | 764–766 | |||
(749–759) | 12 | 771–773, 779–781, H12 | ||
(764–765) | 17A | 793 | ||
(775–796) | 20 | 806 | ||
(796–799) | 24 | 843, 844 | ||
(799–800) | 25 | 857 | ||
(800–823) | 26 | 861–863 | ||
Safāqus | 449 | Zirid | 4 | g: 12 |
461 | 4A | 24 | ||
Salā | 508 | Murabit | 3 | g: 183 |
(540–551) | Muwahhid | 1 | g: 454, 455 | |
(763–767) | Marinid | 17 | g: 789 | |
Ṣabrah | 439 | Zirid | 4 | g: 1 |
440 | 2 | |||
Ṭarābulus | (749) | Hafsid | 15 | g: 598 |
(751–770) | 16 | 604 | ||
(796–837) | 19 | 617 | ||
(839–893) | 21 | 629, 630? | ||
Ṭanjah | (522–533) | Murabit | 3+3A | s: 974 |
Fas | 484 | Murabit | 2 | g: 92 |
494 | 93 | |||
497 | 94 | |||
(480–498) | s: 891 | |||
501? | 3 | g: 184 | ||
508 | 185, 186 | |||
509 | 187 | |||
511 | 188 | |||
512 | 189 | |||
515? | 190 | |||
520 | 191 | |||
521 | 192 | |||
522 | 193 | |||
524 | 3+3A | 311, 311a | ||
525 | 312 | |||
526 | 313 | |||
527 | 314 | |||
528 | 315 | |||
529 | 316 | |||
530 | 317 | |||
531 | 318 | |||
532 | 319 | |||
533 | 320 | |||
533 | 3+4 | 373 | ||
534 | 374, 375 | |||
535 | 376, 377 | |||
536 | 378 | |||
537 | 379 | |||
537 | 4 | 408, 409 | ||
538 | 410 | |||
539 | 4+5 | 425, 426 | ||
(540–551) | Muwahhid | 1 | 456–462; s: 1065 | |
(551–558) | 1+1A | g: 476, 477 | ||
(558–563) | 2 | 483 | ||
Fās | (558–668) | 2–13 | s: 1095–1097; c: 1170 | |
(580–595) | 3 | g: 500 | ||
(595–610) | 4 | 504, 505 | ||
(610–620) | 5 | 507 | ||
(630–631) | 10 | s: 1080, 1081 | ||
(642–668) | Marinid | 4, 6 | g: 682–688 | |
(685–706) | 7 | 719–721 | ||
(710–731) | 10 | 735–743 | ||
(731–752) | 11 | s: 1144 | ||
(731–740) | g: 753–756a | |||
(737–752) | g: 767 | |||
(749–759) | 12 | 774, 775, 782–784 | ||
(763–767) | 17 | 790–792 | ||
(768–774) | 18 | 795, 796 | ||
(774–776) | 19 | 797–799 | ||
(775–796) | 20 | 801, 821–828, H14 | ||
(786–788) | 21 | 833, 834 | ||
(788) | 22 | 835 | ||
(796–799) | 24 | 836, 845–849 | ||
(799–800) | 25 | 858, 859 | ||
(800–823) | 26 | 864, 865 | ||
Qābis | 551 | Zirid | 8A | g: 24a |
Qusanṭīnah | (710–718) | Hafsid | 10 | g: 582, H7 |
(749–755) | 15A | 601 | ||
(796–837) | 19 | 618 | ||
(839–893) | 21 | 631 | ||
Qafṣah | (735–747) | Hafsid | 10 | g: 587 |
(751–770) | 16 | 605 | ||
(796–837) | 19 | 619, 620 | ||
Marrākush | 401 (error) | Murabit | 2 | g: 97 |
490 | 95 | |||
491 | 96, 97 | |||
499 | 2+3 | 123 | ||
500 | 3 | 194 | ||
510 | 195 | |||
516 | 196 | |||
518 | 197 | |||
519 | 198 | |||
520 | 199 | |||
521 | 200 | |||
522 | 3+3A | 321 | ||
523 | 322 | |||
524 | 323 | |||
Marrākush | 525 | 324 | ||
527 | 325 | |||
528 | 326 | |||
529 | 327 | |||
530 | 328 | |||
531 | 329 | |||
533 | 330 | |||
533 | 3+4 | 380 | ||
534 | 381 | |||
535 | 382 | |||
536 | 383 | |||
537 | 384 | |||
537 | 4 | 411 | ||
538 | 412 | |||
539 | 4+5 | 427 | ||
540 | 428 | |||
540 | 6 | 434 | ||
541 | 435 | |||
(541–551) | Muwahhid | 1 | g: 463 | |
(551–558) | 1+1A | 478, 479 | ||
(558–563) | 2 | 487–489 | ||
(558–668) | 2–13 | s: 1098 | ||
(563–580) | 2 | g: 494 | ||
(621–624) | 7 | 510 | ||
(630–631) | 10 | s: 1082, 1083 | ||
(668) | Marinid | 4, 6 | g: 689 | |
(744) | 10 | 744 | ||
(749–759) | 12 | 776, 777, 785, 786 | ||
(759–760) | 13 | 787 | ||
(775–796) | 20 | 802, 807, 808, 829, 830 | ||
(776–784) | 20A | 831, 832 | ||
(796–799) | 24 | 837–839, 850, 851 | ||
(800–823) | 26 | 866 | ||
Miknāsah | (500–522) | Murabit | 3 | s: 906, 907 |
(540–551) | Muwahhid | 1 | g: 464, 465 | |
(558–668) | 2–13 | s: 1099 | ||
Mahdīyah | (796–837) | Hafsid | 19 | g: 621? |
(see also al-Mahdīyah) | ||||
Nūl | 494 | Murabit | 2 | g: 98 |
(see also Nūl Lamṭah) | 497 | 2+3 | 124 | |
501 | 3 | 201 | ||
509 | 202 | |||
510 | 203 | |||
511 | 204 | |||
Nūl Lamṭah | 513 | Murabit | 3 | g: 205 |
(see also Nūl) | 515 | 206 | ||
516 | 207 | |||
518 | 208 | |||
522 | 209 | |||
522 | 3+3A | 331 | ||
523 | 332 | |||
524 | 333 | |||
525 | 334 | |||
527 | 335 | |||
528 | 336 | |||
530 | 337 | |||
531 | 338 | |||
532 | 338a | |||
533 | 338b | |||
533 | 3+4 | 385, 386 | ||
534 | 387, 388 | |||
535 | 389 | |||
536 | 390 | |||
537 | 391, 392 | |||
537 | 4 | 413 | ||
538 | 414 | |||
539 | 415 | |||
539 | 4+5 | 429 | ||
540 | 4 | 416 | ||
540 | 6 | 436 | ||
542 | 6D | 444 | ||
(558–563) | Muwahhid | 2 | g: 490? | |
(558–668) | 2–13 | s: 1100? | ||
? | 44x | Zirid | 4 | g: 14; s: 871 |
(448–480) | Murabit | 1 | g: 52 | |
(496–500) | 2+3 | s: 902 | ||
(500–522) | 3 | 908–911; c: 1168 | ||
(522–533) | 3+3A | 975 | ||
(627–634) | Hafsid | 1 | g: 542 | |
(630–631) | Muwahhid | 10 | s: 1084 | |
(631–640) | g: 516 | |||
(646–665) | 12 | 530 | ||
(647–675) | Hafsid | 2 | c: 1172 | |
(709–711) | 8 | g: 580 | ||
(745) | Marinid | 10 | g: 745 | |
(760–762) | 14 | 788 | ||
(775–796) | 20 | 803 | ||
(796–799) | 24 | 852, 853 | ||
(910–932) | Wattasid | 2 | g: 870 | |
no mint | (448–480) | Murabit | 1 | s: 888–890 |
no mint | (471–476) | Hammudid | 9B+9C | s: 887 |
(480–498) | Murabit | 2 | s: 892–899 | |
(496–500) | 2+3 | 902a, 903 | ||
506 | 3 | 912 | ||
(500–522) | g: 210; e: 939; s: 913–938; c: 1169 | |||
(522–533) | 3+3A | e: 991, 992; s: 976–990 | ||
(533–537) | 3+4 | s: 996–1016 | ||
(537–540) | 4 | 1018–1033 | ||
(539–540) | 4+5 | 1034–1037 | ||
(540–541) | 6 | 1039–1051 | ||
(540) | Muwahhid | 1 | g: 446a; s: 1059–1064 | |
(540–551) | 466–468 | |||
(540–558) | s: 1066–1069 | |||
(541–543) | Murabit | 6B | s: 1053–1056 | |
(551–558) | Muwahhid | 1+1A | g: 480 | |
(558–563) | 2 | 491 | ||
(558–668) | 2–13 | s: 1100a–1105; c: 1171 | ||
(563–580) | 2 | g: 495, 496 | ||
(580–595) | 3 | 501–503 | ||
(587–595) | 3+4 | s: 1075 | ||
(595–610) | 4 | g: 506 | ||
(610–620) | 5 | 508, 509 | ||
(624–627) | 8 | 511 | ||
(624–633) | 9 | 512 | ||
(627–634) | Hafsid | 1 | g: 543, 544 | |
(629–630) | Muwahhid | 9A | s: 1076, 1077 | |
(630) | Hudid | 1 | g: 540; s: 1118–1120 | |
(630–631) | Muwahhid | 10 | g: 513 | |
(631–640) | 517 | |||
(634–640) | Hafsid | 1 | g: 545, 546 | |
(640–647) | 550–552 | |||
(640–646) | Muwahhid | 11 | g: 519–521 | |
(642–668) | Marinid | 4, 6 | g: 690–712; s: 1133, 1134 | |
(646–665) | Muwahhid | 12 | g: 531–536 | |
(647–656) | Hudid | 3A | g: 541 | |
(647–650) | Hafsid | 2 | g: 559–561 | |
(650–675) | 564–566 | |||
(650–711) | 2–8 | s: 1123 | ||
(665–668) | Muwahhid | 13 | g: 537–539 | |
(668–685) | Marinid | 6 | g: 713, 714; s: 1135 | |
(675–678) | Hafsid | 3 | g: 567, 568 | |
(677–681) | 4 | 569 | ||
(683–700) | 6A | 576 | ||
(685–706) | Marinid | 7 | g: 722–725; s: 1137–1140 | |
(694–709) | Hafsid | 7 | g: 579 | |
(710–718) | 10 | 583 | ||
no mint | (711–717) | 11 | 592, 593 | |
(717–723) | 12 | 594 | ||
(718–747) | 10 | 588–591 | ||
(731–752) | Marinid | 11 | 749; s: 1145, 1146 | |
(731–740) | g: 757, 758 | |||
(737–752) | 768 | |||
(747–748) | Hafsid | 13 | 595, 596 | |
(749–751) | 15 | 600 | ||
(749–753) | 15B | 602 | ||
(751–770) | 16 | 606, 607 | ||
(755–758) | 17 | 608 | ||
(760–762) | Marinid | 14 | s: 1148 | |
(761–796) | Hafsid | 17 | g: 609 | |
(775–796) | Marinid | 20 | g: 804, 805?, 809; s: 1149 | |
(776–784) | 20A | s: 1150 | ||
(796–799) | 24 | g: 854 | ||
(796–837) | Hafsid | 19 | g: 622–625 | |
(800–823) | Marinid | 26 | g: 867 | |
(823–869) | 28 | s: 1151, 1152 | ||
(837–839) | Hafsid | 20 | g: 626 | |
(839–893) | 21 | 632–636 | ||
(899–932) | 25 | 641–643 | ||
(910–932) | Wattasid | 2 | s: 1154 | |
(932) | 3 | 1155 | ||
(932–957) | 4 | 1156 | ||
(932–941) | Hafsid | 26 | g: 644 | |
SPANISH MINTS | ||||
Ishbīliyah | 489 | Murabit | 2 | g: 99 |
491 | 100 | |||
493 | 101 | |||
496 | 102 | |||
497 | 103 | |||
498 | 2+3 | 125 | ||
499 | 126 | |||
510 | 3 | 211 | ||
515 | 212 | |||
516 | 213, 214 | |||
517 | 215 | |||
518 | 216, 217 | |||
519 | 218 | |||
520 | 219 | |||
521 | 220 | |||
522 | 221 | |||
(500–522) | s: 940–946 | |||
522 | 3+3A | g: 339 | ||
Ishbīliyah | 523 | 340 | ||
524 | 341 | |||
525 | 342 | |||
526 | 343 | |||
535 | 3+4 | 393 | ||
536 | 394 | |||
537 | 395 | |||
(533–537) | s: 1016a, 1016b | |||
538 | 4 | g: 417 | ||
539 | 4+5 | 430, 430a | ||
540 | 431 | |||
541 | 6 | 437 | ||
(541–558) | Muwahhid | 1 | g: 469, 470; s: 1070 | |
(558–563) | 2 | g: 492 | ||
(558–624) | 2–7 | s: 1106 | ||
(563–580) | 2 | g: 497, 498 | ||
(641–646) | Hafsid | 1 | g: 555 | |
Ighranāṭah | 504 | Murabit | 3 | g: 241 |
(see also Gharnāṭah) | 508 | 242 | ||
509 | 243; c: 1163 | |||
515 | g: 244, 245 | |||
516 | 246, 247 | |||
517 | 248, 249 | |||
518 | 250 | |||
519 | 251, 252; s: 951 | |||
520 | g: 253, 254; s: 952; c: 1164 | |||
521 | g: 255 | |||
522 | 256 | |||
(500–522) | s: 953 | |||
523 | 3+3A | g: 344 | ||
524 | 345? | |||
527 | 346 | |||
540 | 6 | 438, 439 | ||
541 | 440 | |||
al-Jazīrah | 507 | Murabit | 3 | g: 230, 231 |
508 | 232 | |||
509 | 233 | |||
al-Qanṭarah | 496 | Murabit | 2 | g: 115? |
al-Marīyah | 492 | Murabit | 2 | g: 117 |
494 | 118 | |||
495 | 119, 120 | |||
497 | 2+3 | 148, 149 | ||
498 | 150 | |||
499 | 151 | |||
al-Marīyah | 506 | 3 | 273 | |
507 | 274? | |||
508 | 275 | |||
509 | 276 | |||
510 | 277 | |||
511 | 278 | |||
512 | 279 | |||
513 | 280 | |||
514 | 281 | |||
515 | 282, 283 | |||
516 | 284 | |||
517 | 285 | |||
518 | 286 | |||
519 | 287 | |||
520 | 288, 289 | |||
521 | 290 | |||
522 | 291 | |||
522 | 3+3A | 347, 348 | ||
523 | 349 | |||
524 | 350 | |||
525 | 351 | |||
526 | 352 | |||
527 | 353 | |||
528 | 354 | |||
529 | 355, 356 | |||
530 | 357 | |||
531 | 358 | |||
532 | 359, 360 | |||
533 | 361 | |||
533 | 3+4 | 396 | ||
534 | 397–399 | |||
535 | 400, 400a | |||
536 | 401, 401a | |||
537 | 402, 402a, 403 | |||
538 | 4 | 418, 419 | ||
539 | 420, 421 | |||
539 | 4+5 | 432 | ||
Balansiyah | 494 | Murabit | 2 | g: 72? |
496 | 104 | |||
497 | 105 | |||
497 | 2+3 | 127 | ||
498 | 128, 129 | |||
499 | 130, 131 | |||
500 | 132 | |||
500 | 3 | 222 | ||
501 | 223 | |||
Balansiyah | 503 | s: 947 | ||
504 | g: 224 | |||
505 | 225 | |||
508 | 226 | |||
509 | 227 | |||
512 | 228, 229 | |||
(558–624) | Muwahhid | 2–7 | s: 1107 | |
Bayyāsah | 497 | Murabit | 2 | g?: 106 |
Jayyān | 536 | Murabit | 3+4 | s: 1017 |
(541–558) | Muwahhid | 1 | g: 471; s: 1071 | |
(558–624) | 2–7 | s: 1108 | ||
Dāniyah | 495 | Murabit | 2 | g: 107 |
497 | 2+3 | 133 | ||
498 | 134, 135 | |||
499 | 136–139 | |||
500 | 140 | |||
500 | 3 | 234, 235 | ||
501 | 236 | |||
504 | 237 | |||
(558–624) | Muwahhid | 2–7 | s: 1109 | |
Saraqusṭah | 504 | Murabit | 3 | s: 948 |
509 | 949; c: 1162 | |||
Sanlūkah | 491 | Murabit | 2 | g: 108 |
(480–498) | s: 900, 901 | |||
Shāṭibah | 489 | Murabit | 2 | g: 109 |
497 | 2+3 | 141 | ||
498 | 142 | |||
499 | 143 | |||
500 | 3 | 238 | ||
Sharīsh | (500–522) | Murabit | 3 | s: 950 |
(558–624) | Muwahhid | 2–7 | s: 1110 | |
Gharnāṭah | 493 | Murabit | 2 | g: 110 |
(see also Ighranāṭah) | 501 | 3 | 239 | |
502 | 240 | |||
(500–522) | s: 954–957; c: 1165, 1166 | |||
545 | 6C | g: 445 | ||
(549–558) | Muwahhid | 1 | s: 1072 | |
(558–624) | 2–7 | 1111 | ||
(640–647) | Hafsid | 1 | g: 556 | |
Qurṭubah | 486 | Murabit | 2 | g: 111 |
490 | 112 | |||
492 | 113 | |||
496 | 114 | |||
497 | 2+3 | 144 | ||
Qurṭubah | 498 | 145 | ||
(496–500) | s: 904 | |||
502 | 3 | 958 | ||
503 | g: 257 | |||
505 | s: 959–961 | |||
506 | 962 | |||
507 | 963 | |||
(500–522) | 964, 965 | |||
(539–540) | 4+5 | 1038 | ||
540 | 6 | g: 441 | ||
541 | 442 | |||
(540–541) | s: 1052 | |||
542 | 6B | g: 446 | ||
(542–558) | Muwahhid | 1 | g: 472 | |
(558–624) | 2–7 | s: 1112 | ||
Qanṭarat al-Sayf | 496 | Murabit | 2 | g: 115? |
Qūnkah | 506 | Murabit | 3 | s: 966 |
Laushah | 511 | Murabit | 3 | g: 258? |
Mālaqah | 494 | Murabit | 2 | g: 116 |
500 | 2+3 | 146, 147 | ||
500 | 3 | 259 | ||
501 | 260 | |||
502 | 261 | |||
506 | 262 | |||
(500–522) | s: 967 | |||
(548–558) | Muwahhid | 1 | s: 1073 | |
(558–624) | 2–7 | 1113 | ||
Mānurqah | (599–624) | Muwahhid | 4–7 | s: 1114 |
Mursiyah | 501 | Murabit | 3 | g: 263 |
502 | 264, 265; s: 968 | |||
503 | g: 266; s: 969 | |||
504 | g: 267 | |||
505 | 268 | |||
506 | 269 | |||
508 | 270; s: 970, 971; c: 1167? | |||
509 | g: 271 | |||
511 | s: 972 | |||
512 | g: 272 | |||
525 | 3+3A | s: 993 | ||
526 | 994 | |||
(567) | Muwahhid | 2 | s: 1074 | |
(567–624) | 2–7 | 1115 | ||
Mayūrqah | (599–624) | Muwahhid | 4–7 | s: 1116 |
All dates are A.H. Diacritical marks are omitted from names of mints and dynasties.
Date | Mint | Dynasty | Ruler | Coins |
401 (error) | Marrakush | Murabit | 2 | 97 |
439 | Sabtah | Hammudid | 6+9 | 872 |
Sabrah | Zirid | 4 | 1 | |
440 | Sabtah | Hammudid | 6+9 | 873? |
Sabrah | Zirid | 4 | 2 | |
441 | al-Qayrawan | Zirid | 4 | 3 |
Sabtah | Hammudid | 6+9 | 874, 874a | |
442 | al-Qayrawan | Zirid | 4 | 4, 5 |
Sabtah | Hammudid | 6+9 | 875 | |
443 | al-Qayrawan | Zirid | 4 | 6 |
Sabtah | Hammudid | 6+9 | 876 | |
444 | al-Qayrawan | Zirid | 4 | 7 |
Sabtah | Hammudid | 6+9 | 877 | |
445 | al-Qayrawan | Zirid | 4 | 8 |
446 | al-Qayrawan | Zirid | 4 | 9, 10 |
al-Mahdiyah | 12a | |||
Sabtah | Hammudid | 6+9 | 878? | |
447 | al-Mahdiyah | Zirid | 4 | 13 |
448 | al-Qayrawan | Zirid | 4 | 11 |
449 | al-Mahdiyah | Zirid | 4 | 15 |
Safaqus | 12 | |||
450 | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 26 |
451 | al-Mahdiyah | Zirid | 4 | 16 |
Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 27 | |
452 | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 28 |
453 | al-Mahdiyah | Zirid | 4 | 17 |
454 | al-Mahdiyah | Zirid | 5 | 18 |
Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 29?, 30? | |
455 | al-Mahdiyah | Zirid | 5 | 19, 20 |
Sabtah | Hammudid | 9A+9B | 880? | |
Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 31 | |
456 | al-Mahdiyah | Zirid | 5 | 21 |
Sabtah | Hammudid | 9A+9B | 881? | |
Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 32 | |
457 | al-Mahdiyah | Zirid | 5 | 22 |
Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 33 | |
458 | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 34 |
459 | al-Mahdiyah | Zirid | 5 | 23 |
Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1A | 53? | |
461 | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 35 |
Safaqus | Zirid | 4A | 24 | |
462 | Sabtah | Hammudid | 9A+9B | 882?, 1157? |
Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 36 | |
Sijilmasah | 1B | 54 | ||
463 | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 37 |
464 | Sabtah | Hammudid | 9A+9B | 883, 1158 |
465 | Sabtah | Hammudid | 9A+9B | 884, 1159 |
Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1B | 55 | |
466 | Sabtah | Hammudid | 9A+9B | 885 |
Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1B | 56 | |
467 | Sabtah | Hammudid | 9A+9B | 886, 1160 |
Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 38 | |
Sijilmasah | 1B | 57? | ||
468 | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 39 |
469 | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 40 |
470 | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 41, 1161 |
471 | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 42 |
472 | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 43 |
473 | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 44 |
474 | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 45 |
475 | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 46 |
476 | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 47 |
477 | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 48 |
478 | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 49 |
479 | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 50 |
480 | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 1 | 51 |
Sijilmasah | 2 | 74 | ||
481 | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 2 | 75 |
482 | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 2 | 76 |
483 | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 2 | 77 |
484 | Sabtah | Murabit | 2 | 73 |
Sijilmasah | 78 | |||
Fas | 92 | |||
485 | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 2 | 79 |
486 | Aghmat | Murabit | 2 | 58 |
Sijilmasah | 80 | |||
Qurtubah | 111 | |||
487 | Aghmat | Murabit | 2 | 59 |
Sijilmasah | 81 | |||
488 | Aghmat | Murabit | 2 | 60 |
Sijilmasah | 82 | |||
489 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 2 | 99 |
Aghmat | 61 | |||
Shatibah | 109 | |||
490 | Aghmat | Murabit | 2 | 62, 63 |
Sijilmasah | 83 | |||
Qurtubah | 112 | |||
Marrakush | 95 | |||
491 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 2 | 100 |
Aghmat | 64 | |||
Sijilmasah | 84 | |||
Sanlukah | 108 | |||
Marrakush | 96, 97 | |||
492 | Aghmat | Murabit | 2 | 65 |
al-Mariyah | 117 | |||
Qurtubah | 113 | |||
493 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 2 | 101 |
Aghmat | 66 | |||
Sijilmasah | 85 | |||
Gharnatah | 110 | |||
494 | Aghmat | Murabit | 2 | 67 |
al-Mariyah | 118 | |||
Balansiyah? | 72 | |||
Tilimsan? | 72 | |||
Sijilmasah | 86 | |||
Fas | 93 | |||
Malaqah | 116 | |||
Nul | 98 | |||
495 | Aghmat | Murabit | 2 | 68 |
al-Mariyah | 119, 120 | |||
Daniyah | 107 | |||
Sijilmasah | 87 | |||
496 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 2 | 102 |
Aghmat | 69 | |||
al-Qantarah? | 115 | |||
Balansiyah | 104 | |||
Sijilmasah | 88 | |||
Qurtubah | 114 | |||
Qantarat al-Sayf? | 115 | |||
497 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 2 | 103 |
Aghmat | 70 | |||
al-Mariyah | 2+3 | 148, 149 | ||
Balansiyah | 2 | 105 | ||
Balansiyah | 2+3 | 127 | ||
Bayyasah | 2 | 106 | ||
Daniyah | 2+3 | 133 | ||
Sijilmasah | 2 | 89 | ||
Shatibah | 2+3 | 141 | ||
Fas | 2 | 94 | ||
Qurtubah | 2+3 | 144 | ||
Nul | 124 | |||
498 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 2+3 | 125 |
Aghmat | 2 | 71 | ||
Aghmat | 2+3 | 121 | ||
al-Mariyah | 150 | |||
Balansiyah | 128, 129 | |||
Daniyah | 134, 135 | |||
Sijilmasah | 2 | 90 | ||
Shatibah | 2+3 | 142 | ||
Qurtubah | 145 | |||
499 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 2+3 | 126 |
Aghmat | 122 | |||
al-Mariyah | 151 | |||
Balansiyah | 130, 131 | |||
Daniyah | 136–139 | |||
Sijilmasah | 3 | 172 | ||
Shatibah | 2+3 | 143 | ||
Marrakush | 123 | |||
500 | Aghmat | Murabit | 3 | 152 |
Balansiyah | 2+3 | 132 | ||
Balansiyah | 3 | 222 | ||
Daniyah | 2+3 | 140 | ||
Daniyah | 3 | 234, 235 | ||
Sijilmasah | 173 | |||
Shatibah | 238 | |||
Malaqah | 2+3 | 146, 147 | ||
Malaqah | 3 | 259 | ||
Marrakush | 194 | |||
501 | Aghmat | Murabit | 3 | 153 |
Balansiyah | 223 | |||
Daniyah | 236 | |||
Gharnatah | 239 | |||
Fas | 184? | |||
Malaqah | 260 | |||
Mursiyah | 263 | |||
Nul | 201 | |||
502 | Aghmat | Murabit | 3 | 154 |
Sijilmasah | 174 | |||
Gharnatah | 240 | |||
Qurtubah | 958 | |||
Malaqah | 261 | |||
Mursiyah | 264, 265, 968 | |||
503 | Aghmat | Murabit | 3 | 155 |
Balansiyah | 947 | |||
Qurtubah | 257 | |||
Mursiyah | 266, 969 | |||
504 | Ighranatah | Murabit | 3 | 241 |
Aghmat | 156 | |||
Balansiyah | 224 | |||
Daniyah | 237 | |||
Sijilmasah | 175 | |||
Saraqustah | 948 | |||
Mursiyah | 267 | |||
505 | Aghmat | Murabit | 3 | 157 |
Balansiyah | 225 | |||
Tilimsan | 169 | |||
Sijilmasah | 176 | |||
Qurtubah | 959–961 | |||
Mursiyah | 268 | |||
506 | Aghmat | Murabit | 3 | 158 |
al-Mariyah | 273 | |||
Qurtubah | 962 | |||
Qunkah | 966 | |||
Malaqah | 262 | |||
Mursiyah | 269 | |||
no mint | 912 | |||
507 | Aghmat | Murabit | 3 | 159 |
al-Jazirah | 230, 231 | |||
al-Mariyah? | 274 | |||
Qurtubah | 963 | |||
508 | Ighranatah | Murabit | 3 | 242 |
Aghmat | 160 | |||
al-Jazirah | 232 | |||
al-Mariyah | 275 | |||
Balansiyah | 226 | |||
Sijilmasah | 177 | |||
Sala | 183 | |||
Fas | 185, 186 | |||
Mursiyah | 270, 970, 971, 1167? | |||
509 | Ighranatah | Murabit | 3 | 243, 1163 |
Aghmat | 161 | |||
al-Jazirah | 233 | |||
al-Mariyah | 276 | |||
Balansiyah | 227 | |||
Saraqustah | 949, 1162 | |||
Fas | 187 | |||
Mursiyah | 271 | |||
Nul | 202 | |||
510 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 3 | 211 |
Aghmat | 162 | |||
al-Mariyah | 277 | |||
Marrakush | 195 | |||
Nul | 203 | |||
511 | Aghmat | Murabit | 3 | 163 |
al-Mariyah | 278 | |||
Tilimsan | 170, 171 | |||
Sijilmasah | 178 | |||
Fas | 188 | |||
Laushah? | 258 | |||
Mursiyah | 972 | |||
Nul | 204 | |||
512 | Aghmat | Murabit | 3 | 164 |
al-Mariyah | 279 | |||
Balansiyah | 228, 229 | |||
Fas | 189 | |||
Mursiyah | 272 | |||
513 | Aghmat | Murabit | 3 | 165 |
al-Mariyah | 280 | |||
Bani-Tawada | 168 | |||
Sijilmasah | 179 | |||
Nul Lamtah | 205 | |||
514 | Aghmat | Murabit | 3 | 166 |
al-Mariyah | 281 | |||
515 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 3 | 212 |
Ighranatah | 244, 245 | |||
Aghmat | 167 | |||
al-Mariyah | 282, 283 | |||
Fas | 190? | |||
Nul Lamtah | 206 | |||
516 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 3 | 213, 214 |
Ighranatah | 246, 247 | |||
al-Mariyah | 284 | |||
Marrakush | 196 | |||
Nul Lamtah | 207 | |||
517 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 3 | 215 |
Ighranatah | 248, 249 | |||
al-Mariyah | 285 | |||
518 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 3 | 216, 217 |
Ighranatah | 250 | |||
al-Mariyah | 286 | |||
Sijilmasah | 180 | |||
Marrakush | 197 | |||
Nul Lamtah | 208 | |||
519 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 3 | 218 |
Ighranatah | 251, 252, 951 | |||
al-Mariyah | 287 | |||
Marrakush | 198 | |||
520 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 3 | 219 |
Ighranatah | 253, 254, 952, 1164 | |||
al-Mariyah | 288, 289 | |||
Sijilmasah | 181 | |||
Fas | 191 | |||
Marrakush | 199 | |||
521 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 3 | 220 |
Ighranatah | 255 | |||
al-Mariyah | 290 | |||
Sijilmasah | 182 | |||
Fas | 192 | |||
Marrakush | 200 | |||
522 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 3 | 221 |
Ishbiliyah | 3+3A | 339 | ||
Ighranatah | 3 | 256 | ||
al-Mariyah | 291 | |||
al-Mariyah | 3+3A | 347, 348 | ||
Fas | 3 | 193 | ||
Marrakush | 3+3A | 321 | ||
Nul Lamtah | 3 | 209 | ||
Nul Lamtah | 3+3A | 331 | ||
523 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 3+3A | 340 |
Ighranatah | 344 | |||
Aghmat | 292 | |||
al-Mariyah | 349 | |||
Sijilmasah | 300 | |||
Marrakush | 322 | |||
Nul Lamtah | 332 | |||
524 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 3+3A | 341 |
Ighranatah? | 345 | |||
al-Mariyah | 350 | |||
Sijilmasah | 301 | |||
Fas | 311, 311a | |||
Marrakush | 323 | |||
Nul Lamtah | 333 | |||
525 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 3+3A | 342 |
al-Mariyah | 351 | |||
Sijilmasah | 302 | |||
Fas | 312 | |||
Marrakush | 324 | |||
Mursiyah | 993 | |||
Nul Lamtah | 334 | |||
526 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 3+3A | 343 |
al-Mariyah | 352 | |||
Sijilmasah | 303 | |||
Fas | 313 | |||
Mursiyah | 994 | |||
527 | Ighranatah | Murabit | 3+3A | 346 |
Aghmat | 293 | |||
al-Mariyah | 353 | |||
Sijilmasah | 304 | |||
Fas | 314 | |||
Marrakush | 325 | |||
Nul Lamtah | 335 | |||
528 | Aghmat | Murabit | 3+3A | 294 |
al-Mariyah | 354 | |||
Sijilmasah | 305 | |||
Fas | 315 | |||
Marrakush | 326 | |||
Nul Lamtah | 336 | |||
529 | Aghmat | Murabit | 3+3A | 295 |
al-Mariyah | 355, 356 | |||
Sijilmasah | 306? | |||
Fas | 316 | |||
Marrakush | 327 | |||
530 | Aghmat | Murabit | 3+3A | 296 |
al-Mariyah | 357 | |||
Sijilmasah | 307 | |||
Fas | 317 | |||
Marrakush | 328 | |||
Nul Lamtah | 337 | |||
531 | Aghmat | Murabit | 3+3A | 297 |
al-Mariyah | 358 | |||
Sijilmasah | 308 | |||
Fas | 318 | |||
Marrakush | 329 | |||
Nul Lamtah | 338 | |||
532 | Aghmat | Murabit | 3+3A | 298? |
al-Mariyah | 359, 360 | |||
Sijilmasah | 309 | |||
Fas | 319 | |||
Nul Lamtah | 338a | |||
533 | Aghmat | Murabit | 3+3A | 299 |
Aghmat | 3+4 | 362, 363 | ||
al-Mariyah | 3+3A | 361 | ||
al-Mariyah | 3+4 | 396 | ||
Sijilmasah | 3+3A | 310 | ||
Sijilmasah | 3+4 | 369 | ||
Fas | 3+3A | 320 | ||
Fas | 3+4 | 373 | ||
Marrakush | 3+3A | 329 | ||
Marrakush | 3+4 | 380 | ||
Nul Lamtah | 3+3A | 338b | ||
Nul Lamtah | 3+4 | 385, 386 | ||
534 | al-Mariyah | Murabit | 3+4 | 397–399 |
Tilimsan | 366 | |||
Sijilmasah | 370 | |||
Fas | 374, 375 | |||
Marrakush | 381 | |||
Nul Lamtah | 387, 388 | |||
535 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 3+4 | 393 |
Aghmat | 364 | |||
al-Mariyah | 400, 400a | |||
Tilimsan | 367 | |||
Sijilmasah | 371 | |||
Fas | 376, 377 | |||
Marrakush | 382 | |||
Nul Lamtah | 389 | |||
536 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 3+4 | 394 |
Aghmat | 365 | |||
al-Mariyah | 401, 401a | |||
Tilimsan | 368 | |||
Jayyan | 1017 | |||
Sijilmasah | 372 | |||
Fas | 378 | |||
Marrakush | 383 | |||
Nul Lamtah | 390 | |||
537 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 3+4 | 395 |
Aghmat | 4 | 404 | ||
al-Mariyah | 3+4 | 402, 402a, 403 | ||
Fas | 379 | |||
Fas | 4 | 408, 409 | ||
Marrakush | 411 | |||
Nul Lamtah | 3+4 | 391, 392 | ||
Nul Lamtah | 4 | 413 | ||
538 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 4 | 417 |
Aghmat | 405 | |||
al-Mariyah | 418, 419 | |||
Sijilmasah | 4+5 | 424? | ||
Fas | 4 | 410 | ||
Marrakush | 412 | |||
Nul Lamtah | 414 | |||
539 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 4+5 | 430, 430a |
Aghmat | 422, 423 | |||
al-Mariyah | 4 | 420, 421 | ||
al-Mariyah | 4+5 | 432 | ||
Fas | 425, 426 | |||
Marrakush | 427 | |||
Nul Lamtah | 4 | 415 | ||
Nul Lamtah | 4+5 | 429 | ||
540 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 4+5 | 431 |
Ighranatah | 6 | 438, 439 | ||
Aghmat | 433 | |||
Tilimsan | 4 | 406 | ||
Qurtubah | 6 | 441 | ||
Marrakush | 4+5 | 428 | ||
Marrakush | 6 | 434 | ||
Nul Lamtah | 4 | 416 | ||
Nul Lamtah | 6 | 436 | ||
541 | Ishbiliyah | Murabit | 6 | 437 |
Ighranatah | 440 | |||
Qurtubah | 442 | |||
Marrakush | 435 | |||
542 | Qurtubah | Murabit | 6B | 446 |
Nul Lamtah | 6D | 444 | ||
543 | al-Nasiriyah | Hammadid | 9 | 25 |
Sabtah | Murabit | 6A | 443 | |
544 (error) | Sijilmasah | Murabit | 4 | 407 |
545 | Gharnatah | Murabit | 6C | 445 |
551 | Qabis | Zirid | 8A | 24a |
590 (error) | Aghmat | Murabit | 2 | 63 |
635 | Sabtah | Hudid | 1A | 1121 |
952 | Tunis | Hafsid | 27 | 1124 |
954 | Tunis | Hafsid | 27 | 1125 |
955 | Tunis | Hafsid | 27 | 1126 |
956 | Tunis | Hafsid | 27 | 1127 |
958 | Tunis | Hafsid | 27 | 1128 |
961 | Tunis | Hafsid | 27 | 1130 |
962 | Tunis? | Hafsid | 27 | 1131 |
964 | Tunis | Hafsid | 27 | 1132 |
Titles are listed in strict Arabic alphabetical order. The rulers listed are those to whom the given title refers, not necessarily those who struck the coins. Diacritical marks are omitted from dynastic names.
Title | Dynasty | Ruler | Coins |
al-imām | 'Abbasid | 26 | 26–37, 53–56 |
26, 27 | 38, 52, 57 | ||
27 | 39–51, 58, 73–80, 92, 111, 1161 | ||
27, 28 | 59, 81 | ||
28 | 60–72, 82–90, 93–110, 112–163, 169–178, 183–188, 194, 195, 201–204, 211, 222–227, 230–243, 257–271, 273–278, 1163 | ||
28, 29 | 164, 189, 210, 228, 229, 272, 279 | ||
29 | 165–168, 179–182, 190–193, 196–200, 205–209, 212–221, 244–256, 280–294, 300–305, 311–315, 321–326, 331–336, 339–354 | ||
29, 30 | 295, 306, 316, 327, 355, 356 | ||
30, 31 | 296, 307, 317, 328, 337, 357 | ||
31 | 24a, 25, 297–299, 308–310, 318–320, 329, 330, 338, 338a, 358–446 | ||
36 | 540, 1121 | ||
Fatimid | 8 | 1, 2, 15–23 | |
Hammudid | 6 | 872–879 | |
– | 880–887, 1157–1160 | ||
Muwahhid | 1 | 522–525, 528, 530–533, 537, 538, H3, H4, H5, M1 | |
2 | M1 | ||
12 | M1 | ||
– | 446a, 1059–1061 | ||
al-umarā' | Muwahhid | 1–3 | 1075 |
al-umarā' al-rāshidīn | Muwahhid | 1–3 | 1076, 1077 |
Hafsid | – | 562–568, 571–576, 580–594, 601, 602, 608, 626, 628, 629, 631–634, 637, 638, 641, 642, H6, H7 | |
al-amīr | Zirid | 8A | 24a |
Hammadid | 9 | 25 | |
Hammudid | 9 | 872–874 | |
al-amīr | Murabit | 1 | 26–52, 888–890, 1161 |
1B | 54–57 | ||
2 | 58–151, 891–898, 900–904, 914 | ||
3 | 121–145, 148–151, 172–180, 234, 238, 902–904, 913–917, 934, 936, 938, 959–963, 967, 989, 1009, 1012, 1015, 1016 | ||
3A | 292–361, 974–994 | ||
4 | 362–375, 378–385, 387, 391, 393–403, 995–1006, 1009–1011, 1013, 1014, 1017, 1024, 1027, 1032, 1037 | ||
5 | 422–432, 1034–1036, 1038 | ||
6 | 1046, 1047 | ||
Muwahhid | 4 | 1075 | |
9A | 1076, 1077 | ||
– | 536 | ||
Hafsid | 6A | 574–576 | |
12 | 594 | ||
– | 557–561, 603, 609 | ||
Nasrid | 8 | 868 | |
al-amīr al-ajall | Muwahhid | 1A | 473–480 |
2 | 481–492 | ||
Hafsid | 1 | 545–556, 569 | |
2 | 557–561 | ||
4 | 569 | ||
10 | 581, 582 | ||
al-amīr al-ṭāhir | Muwahhid | – | 522–535, M1 |
al-amīrayn | Muwahhid | 1, 2 | 503 |
al-ḥājib | Hammudid | 9B | 880–886, 1157–1160 |
9C | 887 | ||
al-khulafā' | Muwahhid | 1–3 | 512 |
1–4 | 512 | ||
al-khulafā' al-rāshidīn | 'Abbasid | – | 540 |
Muwahhid | 1, 2 | 513–517 | |
1–3 | 504–506 | ||
1–4 | 507–509, 511–521 | ||
Ziyanid | – | 648, 649 | |
Marinid | – | 731, 794–798, 810–816, 818, 823–826a, 829, 835 | |
al-khalīfah | 'Abbasid | 36 | 540, 1121 |
37 | 541 | ||
Muwahhid | 1 | 473–495, 497, 498, 500–502, 504–509, 511–535, 537, 538, 554, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, M1 | |
2 | M1 | ||
12 | M1 | ||
al-khalīfatayn | Muwahhid | 1, 2 | 507, 508, 511, 512, 522–525, 528, 530–533, M1 |
al-khalīfatayn al-rāshidayn | Muwahhid | 1–3 | H4 |
al-sulṭān | Hafsid | 21 | 637, 638 |
26 | 644 | ||
27 | 1124–1129 | ||
al-sayyid | Marinid | 20A | 831, 832 |
al-malik | Hafsid | 21 | 637, 638 |
Marinid | 13 | 787 | |
imām al-ummah | 'Abbasid | 37 | 541 |
Muwahhid | 0 | 447–466, 469–495, 497, 498, 500–502, 504–509, 511, 512, 514–535, 537, 538, 546, 551, 554, 558, 559, 594, H3, H4, H5, M1 | |
imāmunā | 'Abbasid | 36 | 1117–1120 |
Muwahhid | 0 | 446a, 1058–1063, 1085–1096, 1098–1116, 1122, 1123, 1170, 1171 | |
10 | 1078–1083 | ||
umarā' al-mu'minīn | Muwahhid | 1–3 | 507, 508, 511 |
1–4 | 520, 521 | ||
amīr al-muslimīn | Murabit | 2 | 913 |
3 | 152–171, 181–233, 235–237, 239–403, 905–912, 918–933, 939–944, 947–949, 951–958, 964–966, 970–987, 990–1008, 1010, 1011, 1017, 1162–1169 | ||
4 | 404–432, 1018–1023, 1025–1030, 1033–1036, 1038 | ||
6 | 433–442, 1039–1046, 1048–1052 | ||
6A | 443 | ||
Ziyanid | 4 | 646 | |
5 | 647 | ||
8 | 650 | ||
9 | 652 | ||
12 | 653 | ||
13 | 654 | ||
14 | 655–657 | ||
17 | 659–662 | ||
18 | 663 | ||
19 | 665, 667 | ||
26 | 670 | ||
27 | 671 | ||
Marinid | 6 | 713, 714 | |
10 | 726, 727, 729–743 | ||
10A | 793 | ||
14 | 788 | ||
17 | 789–791 | ||
17A | 793 | ||
18 | 794–796 | ||
19 | 797, 798 | ||
amīr al-muslimīn | 20 | 810–830, H14, 1149 | |
21 | 833, 834 | ||
22 | 835 | ||
26 | 861–866 | ||
28 | 1151, 1152 | ||
Wattasid | 2 | 870, 1154 | |
3 | 1155 | ||
4 | 1156 | ||
amīr al-mu'minīn | 'Abbasid | 26 | 26–37, 53–56 |
26, 27 | 38, 52, 57 | ||
27 | 39–51, 58, 73–80, 92, 111, 1161 | ||
27, 28 | 59, 81 | ||
28 | 60–72, 82–90, 93–110, 112–163, 169–178, 183–188, 194, 195, 201–204, 211, 222–227, 230–243, 257–271, 273–278, 1163 | ||
28, 29 | 164, 189, 210, 228, 229, 272, 279 | ||
29 | 165–168, 179–182, 190–193, 196–200, 205–209, 212–221, 244–256, 280–294, 300–305, 311–315, 321–326, 331–336, 339–354 | ||
29, 30 | 295, 306, 316, 327, 355, 356 | ||
30, 31 | 296, 307, 317, 328, 337, 357 | ||
31 | 24a, 25, 297–299, 308–310, 318–320, 329, 330, 338, 338a, 358–446 | ||
36 | 540, 541, 1121 | ||
37 | 541 | ||
Fatimid | 8 | 1, 2, 15–23 | |
Hammudid | 6 | 872–879 | |
– | 880–887, 1157–1160 | ||
Muwahhid | 1 | 447–498, 500–509, 511, 512, 522–539, 542, 543, 545, 546, 554, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, M1, 1062–1063, 1065–1074 | |
2 | 493–498, 500–509, 511–539, 554, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, M1 | ||
3 | 500–508, 511–521, H1, H2 | ||
4 | 504–508, 511, 512, H3, H4 | ||
5 | 507–509, 511, 512 | ||
8 | 511, 513–521 | ||
9 | 512 | ||
10 | 513–521 | ||
11 | 518–521 | ||
12 | 522–536, M1 | ||
13 | 537–539 | ||
Hafsid | 2 | 562–566, 577–579, H6 | |
3 | 567, 568, 570, 577–579 | ||
4A | 570 | ||
amīr al-mu'minīn | 6 | 571–573 | |
7 | 577–579 | ||
8 | 580 | ||
10 | 584–591, 595, 597–600, 602–607, 609, H7 | ||
11 | 592, 593 | ||
13 | 595, 596 | ||
15 | 597–600 | ||
15B | 603 | ||
16 | 604–607 | ||
17 | 608–614, 616–619 | ||
19 | 610–623, 625, 627 | ||
20 | 626 | ||
21 | 628–640, H8 | ||
25 | 641–643 | ||
26 | 644 | ||
Ziyanid | 5 | 648, 649 | |
Marinid | 12 | 769–786, H12 | |
24 | 839, 853 | ||
26 | 867 | ||
Ottoman | 10 | 670, 671 | |
amīray al-mu'minīn | Muwahhid | 1, 2 | 511 |
khalīfat Allāh | Muwahhid | 0 | 467, 468, 496, 503, 536, 539, 542–545, 547–550, 552, 553, 555–557, 560, 562–593, 595–638, 640, 641, 644, H6, 1127 |
sulṭān | Hafsid | 27 | 1130, 1132 |
sayyid | Muwahhid | – | 537 |
sayyidinā | Muwahhid | – | 538, M1 |
sayyidaynā | Muwahhid | 1, 2 | M1 |
walī al-'ahd | Hammudid | 9 | 875–879 |
Murabit | 4 | 1017 | |
Muwahhid | 4 | 1075 | |
walī 'ahdihi | Murabit | 3 | 146, 147 |
3A | 292–331, 333, 334, 336–343, 345, 347–361, 973, 975, 991–994 | ||
4 | 362, 366–403, 1007, 1008, 1012, 1015, 1016 | ||
5 | 423–426, 430–432 |
Names and epithets are listed in strict Arabic alphabetical order, including the prefixes al-, abū-, and ibn-.
Name | Coins |
Ibrāhīm | 54–57, 422–432, 569, 604–607, 1034–1038 |
abū-Isḥāq | 569, 604–607 |
abū'l-Baqā' | 580 |
abū'l-Ḥasan | 518–521, 627 |
abū'l-Rabī' | 670, 671 |
abū'l-'Abbās | 570, 597–600, 608, 609, 665–668, 827, 1173, 1174 |
abū'l-'Ulâ | 511, 513–519, 537–539 |
Abū-Bakr | 26–52, 581–591, 888–890, H7, 1161 |
abū-Tamīm | 16, 18, 19, 22, 23 |
abū-Ja'far | 1121 |
abū-Ḥafṣ | 522–536, 571–573, 595, 596, M1 |
abū-Zakarīyā' | 512, 545–556, 567, 568, 574–576 |
abū-Zayd | 601 |
abū-Sālim | 788 |
abū-Sa'īd | 726–745 |
abū-'Abd-Allāh | 25, 473–480, 504–508, 511, 512, 557–566, 577–579, 594, 602, 626, 641–644, 663, 664, 669, 671, 787, H3, H4, H6, 1075 |
abū-'Amr | 628–640, H8 |
abū-Fāris | 610–625, 833 |
abū-Mālik | 793 |
abū-Muḥammad | 447–498, 500–509, 511–539, 542, 543, 545, 546, 554, 654, 672, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, M1, 1065–1074 |
abū-Mūsâ | 1076, 1077 |
abū-Yaḥyâ | 581–592, H7 |
abū-Ya'qūb | 481–498, 500–509, 511–539, 554, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, M1 |
abū-Yūsuf | 500–508, 511–521, H1, H2 |
Aḥmad | 608, 609, 665–668, 800–803, 805–830, H13, H14, 1124–1132, 1149, 1156, 1173, 1174 |
Idrīs | 511, 872–879 |
arḥam umarā' al-muslimīn | 445, 446, 1053–1056 |
Isḥāq | 433–442, 1039–1052 |
al-As'ad | 518–521 |
al-Ḥasan | 644 |
al-Rashīd | 24a, 513–521, 787, 1078–1083 |
al-Rashīd-bi-Allāh | 1084 |
al-Sa'īd | 787, 789–792, 797–799, 869 |
al-'Alī-bi-Allāh | 872–879 |
al-'Abbāsī | 25, 377–379, 382–384, 393–395, 404–406, 408–412, 417, 422, 424–435, 437–443, 540, 541, 1117–1120 |
al-'Izz | 880–887, 1157–1160 |
al-Gharīb | 499 |
al-Ghanī-bi-Allāh | 653, 868 |
al-Faḍl | 570, 597–600 |
al-Qā'im-bi-amr-Allāh | 447–466, 469–495, 497, 498, 500–502, 504–509, 511–535, 537, 538, 540, 546, 551, 554, 558, 559, 592, 593, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, M1 |
al-Qā'im-bi-ḥaqq-Allāh | 570 |
al-Qā'im-li-Allāh-bi-a'lā'-dīn-al-ḥaqq | 713, 714 |
al-Ma'mūn | 511, 513–521 |
al-Mutawakkil-'alâ-Allāh | 581–590, 597–599, 608–613, 616–619, 627, 629, 631, 636–638, 641, 647, 658–664, 670, 671, 778, 779, 782–785, 787, 789–792, 833, 834, H7, 1127, 1150 |
al-Mutawakkil-'alâ-Allāh-waḥdihi | 630 |
al-Mutawakkil-'alâ-rabb-al-'ālamīn | 646, 650, 652–656, 769–777, H12, 1155 |
al-Mujāhid | 511, 594 |
al-Mujāhid-fī-sabīl-Allāh | 513–519, 569, 610–623, 625, 629, 631, 637, 638 |
al-Murtaḍâ | 524, 525, 528, 530, 533 |
al-Murtaḍâ-li-amr-Allāh | 522, 523, 531, 532 |
al-Murtaḍâ-li-amrihi | M1 |
al-Musta'īn-bi-Allāh | 788 |
al-Mustanṣir | 603, 805 |
al-Mustanṣir-bi-Allāh | 1, 2, 15–23, 562–566, 571–573, 577–579, 602, 604–607, 626, 729, 730, 801, 802, 807–819, 821–830, 836, 840–849, 854–860, H6, H14, 1121 |
al-Muẓaffar-bi-Allāh | 601 |
al-Ma'ān | 880–886, 1157–1160 |
al-Mu'taṣim-bi-Allāh | 665–667 |
al-Mu'taḍid-bi-Allāh | 518–521 |
al-Mu'tamid | 539 |
al-Muqtafī-li-amr-Allāh | 25 |
al-Muntakhab-li-iḥyā'-dīn-Allāh | 574–576 |
al-Muntaṣir-bi-Allāh | 835 |
al-Manṣūr | 25, 880–886, 1157–1160 |
al-Manṣūr-bi-faḍl-Allāh | 562–566, 570, 577–580, 592, 595, 601, 602, 604–607, 609, H6 |
al-Mahdī | 446a–498, 500–509, 511, 512, 514–539, 542–560, 562–595, 597–638, 640, 641, 644, H3, H4, H5, H6, M1, 1058–1063, 1085–1096, 1098–1116, 1122, 1123, 1127, 1170, 1171 |
al-Mahdī-alladhī-yashriku'l-nabī | 443 |
al-Mu'min-bi-Allāh | 524, 525, 528, 530, 533, M1 |
al-Mu'ayyad | 583, 594 |
al-Mu'ayyad-bi-Allāh | 1076, 1077 |
al-Mu'ayyad-bi-faḍl-Allāh | 567, 568 |
al-Mu'ayyad-bi-naṣr-Allāh | 571–573, 581, 582, 584–589, 597–599, 602, 608–623, 625, 626, 637, 638 |
al-Nāṣir-li-dīn-Allāh | 580, 595 |
al-Wāthiq | 539 |
al-Wāthiq-bi-Allāh | 537, 538, 567, 568, 629, 655–657 |
ibn-abī-Ibrāhīm | 522–536, M1 |
ibn-abī'l-'Abbās | 610–614, 616–619 |
ibn-abī'l-'Ulâ | 513–517, 520, 521 |
ibn-Abī-Bakr | 54–57, 443, 595, 597, 598, 603–607, 609 |
ibn-abī-Ḥafṣ | 537, 538, 545–561, 569 |
ibn-abī-Zakarīyā' | 557–561, 569, 603 |
ibn-abī-'Abd-Allāh | 537, 538, 609, 644 |
ibn-abī-'Alī | 793 |
ibn-abī-Fāris | 627 |
ibn-abī-Muḥammad | 545–561, 569 |
ibn-abī-Yaḥyâ | 595, 597, 598, 604–607 |
ibn-Aḥmad | 610–614, 616–619 |
ibn-Ismā'īl | 868 |
ibn-al-imām | M1 |
ibn-al-umarā' | 1075 |
ibn-al-umarā' al-rāshidīn | 562–568, 571–576, 580–594, 601, 602, 608, 609, 626, 628, 629, 631–634, 637, 638, 641, 642, H6, H7, 1076, 1077 |
ibn-al-amīr | 536, 557–561, 603, 609, 914 |
ibn-al-amīr al-ajall | 569 |
ibn-al-amīr al-ṭāhir | 522–535, M1 |
ibn-al-amīrayn | 503 |
ibn-al-Ḥasan | 1130, 1132 |
ibn-al-khulafā' | 512 |
ibn-al-khulafā' al-rāshidīn | 504–509, 511–521, 540, 648, 649, 731, 794–798, 810–816, 818, 819, 821–826, 829, 835 |
ibn-al-khalīfah | 512, 522–534, 537, 538, H3, H4, M1 |
ibn-al-khalīfah (sic) al-rāshidīn | H3 |
ibn-al-khalīfatayn | 507, 508, 511, 512, 522–525, 528, 530–533, H4, M1 |
ibn-al-khalīfatayn al-rāshidayn | H4 |
ibn-al-'Azīz-bi-Allāh | 25 |
ibn-al-Ma'mūn | 513–521 |
ibn-al-Manṣūr | 511, 513–517 |
ibn-umarā'-al-mu'minīn | 507, 508, 511, 520, 521 |
ibn-amīr-al-muslimīn | 793 |
ibn-amīr-al-mu'minīn | 473–498, 500–509, 511, 513–521, 536, 539, 541, 554, 570, 577–579, 595, 597–600, 602–607, 609–614, 616–619, 627, H1, H2, M1 |
ibn-amīray-al-mu'minīn | 511 |
ibn-Tāshfīn | 58–145, 148–151, 408–410, 891–897, 900, 901, 902a, 903 |
ibn-Rashīd | 24a |
ibn-sayyid | 537 |
ibn-sayyidinā | 538, M1 |
ibn-sayyidaynā | M1 |
ibn-'Abd-al-Ḥaqq | 713, 714 |
ibn-'Abd-al-'Azīz | 627 |
ibn-'Alī | 404–443, 447–498, 500–509, 511–539, 542, 543, 545, 546, 554, 831, 832, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, M1, 1019–1023, 1026, 1029–1031, 1034–1036, 1039–1048, 1052, 1062–1074, 1150 |
ibn-'Umar | 26–52, 793, 888–890, 1161 |
ibn-Kaukab | 907 |
ibn-Muḥammad | 609, 644 |
ibn-Naṣr | 868 |
ibn-Yaḥyâ | 569, 602 |
ibn-Yūsuf | 127–129, 133, 134, 141, 142, 152–313, 321–330, 332–338b, 340–372, 375, 378, 380–392, 396–405, 408–412, 417–422, 427–429, 433–435, 437–443, 868, 905, 908–912, 914–925, 928–931, 939, 947–949, 953–957, 964–967, 970–973, 975, 977, 978, 980–984, 993, 994, 998–1003, 1007, 1017, 1162, 1163, 1165–1169 |
Banī-Tāshfīn | 445, 446, 1053–1056 |
Bahā'-al-Daulah | 880–886, 1157–1160 |
Tāshfīn | 362–432, 995–1038 |
Ḥasan | 672 |
Khālid | 580 |
Zakarīyā' | 592, 593 |
Sa'd | 904, 1017 |
Saqaut | 880–887, 1157–1160 |
Sulaymān | 670, 671 |
Sīr | 292–361, 973–994 |
Diyā'-al-Daulah | 887 |
'Abd-al-Ḥaqq | 1151, 1152 |
'Abd-al-Raḥmān | 601, 647–649, 652, 658, 831, 832, 1150 |
'Abd-al-'Azīz | 610–625, 794–796, 836–854 |
'Abd-Allāh | 24a, 26–90, 92–446, 603, 639, 640, 646, 647, 650–668, 670, 671, 713, 714, 726–745, 769–803, 806, 807, 809–830, 833–836, 839–849, 855–866, 868, 869, H8, H12, H13, H14, 880–887, 1060, 1127, 1149, 1154–1161, 1163 |
'Abd-al-Mu'min | 447–498, 500–502, 504–509, 511–535, 537, 538, 542, 543, 545, 546, 554, 793, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, M1, 1062–1074 |
'Abd-al-Wāhid | 513–519, 659–662 |
'Uthmān | 628–640, 726–745, 860–867, H8 |
'Alī | 53, 121–403, 627, 902–967, 970–1017, 1155, 1162–1169 |
'Umar | 571, 572, 595 |
'Imrān | 1076, 1077 |
Fāris | 769–786, H12 |
Mālik | 933 |
Muḥammad | 473–480, 504–508, 511, 512, 557–562, 564, 566, 577–579, 594, 603, 626, 641–644, 653, 655–657, 669, 671, 787, 789–792, 797–799, 835, 868–870, H3, H4, H6, 872–879, 1154 |
Mazdara' | 499 |
Ma'add | 16, 18–23 |
Ma hdī-al-Dīn | 1057 |
Mū sâ | 646, 650, 651, 833, 834 |
Ma ulānā | 808, 809, 837, 838, 850–852, 1124–1129 |
Nāṣir-al-Dīn | 406, 432, 713, 906, 928–931, 953, 965, 981–987, 998–1006, 1017, 1020–1023, 1034–1036, 1039–1046, 1052 |
Yāshir | 218–221, 339–343 |
Yaḥyâ | 25, 443, 512, 545–556, 567, 568 |
Ya'qūb | 500–508, 511, 512, 713, 714, H1, H2 |
Yūsuf | 58–126, 130–132, 135–140, 143–151, 481–498, 500–509, 511, 512, 522–539, 554, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, 891–904 |
? | 897 |
Coins | Phrase |
648, 649 | ابقاها الله تعالى للمسلمين |
1148 | استعين بالله نعم المعين |
868 | اعانه الله ونصره |
831 | اعانه الله ونصر بمنة يمينه |
665 | اعتصمت بالله |
642, 648, 649, 691, 713, 715–725, 750–755, 758, 802, 806, 809, 827, 837, H1, H2, H10, 1076, 1085–1119, 1122, 1123, 1137, 1141–1147, 1150, 1170, 1171 | و) الامر كله لله) |
867, 1136, 1138 | الامر كله لله وحده |
592, 688, 700, 701, 778, 779, 782–785 | و)التوكل على الله) |
706, 707, 756–758 | الحافظ الله |
446a, 1061 | الحق |
603, 609, 639, 640, 666, 673, 676, 677, 679–681, 684–687, 691–697, 734, 742–744, 746, 749, 755, 759–768, 799–802, 807, 808, 817, 820, 834, 838, 840–843, 845–847, 855–866, H11, H14 | و)الحمد لله) |
447–472, 542, 543, 545, 648, 649, 698, 870, 1065–1074, 1105, 1135, 1137, 1139, 1140, 1148, 1149, 1151, 1154, 1156 | و) الحمد لله رب الع(ا)لمين) |
500–502, 504–508, 511, 512, 520–525, 528, 530–533, 537, 538, 650, 652, 726–733, 735–739, 741, 747–749, 751–755, 769–777, 793–798, 802, 807, 808, 810–816, 818, 819, 821–826, 828, 829, 833, 836–839, H3–H5, H10, H11, H13 | و) الحمد لله وحده) |
541, 547–550, 553, 555–557, 562, 564, 567, 568, 570–572, 574–580, 584–589, 594, 595, 597–599, 601, 602, 604–614, 616–619, 625–629, 631–634, 637, 638, 640, 641, 644, 645, 674, 675, 678, 682, 683, 689, 690, 714, 756, 756a, 757, 759–768, H6, H9, H11 | و) الحول والقوة بالله) |
1057 | الذي بشر به رسول الله |
541, 547–550, 553, 555–557, 562–568, 570–580, 583–590, 595, 597–599, 601–642, 644, 645, 666, 673–687, 689–697, 704, 749–755, 759–768, 806, 808, 809, 838, H6, H9, H11 | و) الشكر لله) |
600, 701, 749, 755, 807, 808, 838 | و) العزة لله) |
679, 680, 686, 688, 691a–694, 700, 704, 714–725, 750–754, 759–768, 806, 809, H10, H11 | و) العظيم لله) |
1141–1147 | القران امامنا |
513 | القران حجة الله |
645, 674, 675, 678, 682–685, 689, 690, 756–768, H12 | القران كلام الله |
1135 | الله خير ح(ا)فظ وهو ارحم الراحمين |
446a, 1058–1063, 1078–1083, 1085–1096, 1098–1120, 1122, 1123, 1141–1147, 1170, 1171 | الله ربنا |
699 | الله ربي من توكل عليه |
1134 | الله نصر من توكل عليه |
979, 997, 1027 | الله ولى |
831 | الله ولى من توكل عليه ونصر من يقضى امره |
1011 | الله ينصر |
603, 1121 | المحروسة |
593, 673, 676, 677, 679–681, 686, 687, 691–696, 714, 749, 802, 807, 837, 838, H10 | و)الملك لله) |
715–725 | الملك لله وحده |
541, 547–550, 553, 555–557, 574–576, 592, 645, 674, 675, 678, 682, 683, 689, 690, 749–754, 759–768, 806–809, 837, 838, 840–842, 845–847, 855–866, H9–H11 | و) المنة لله) |
541–543, 545, 547–550, 553, 555–557, 569, 574–576, 581, 582, 594, 645, 674, 675, 678, 682–685, 689, 690, 759–768, H12 | الواحد الله |
378, 552, 560, 591, 704, 707–709, 712 | امنت |
726, 727, 732, 733, 738–742, 744, 834 | امنها الله |
655, H10 | امنها الله تعالى |
791 | امنها الله تعالى بمنه وكرمه |
831 | ان الله تعالى بالعباد |
653 | ان الله يامر بالعدل والاحسان وايتاذى القربى عن الفحشا والمنكر والبغى |
789–791 | انا فتحنا لك فتحا مبينا ليغفر لك الله ما تقدم من ذنبك وما تاخر وتم نعمتهموا عليك ويهديك صراط مستقيما وينصرك الله نصرا عزيزا |
925, 926, 935 | ايد الله |
ايد الله امره واعز نصره | |
651, 654, 655, 672, 778–786, 800, 803, 832, 853, 861–867, H13 | ايده الله |
594, 639, 640, 816, H8 | ايده الله تع(ا)لى |
836 | ايده الله تعالى ونصره |
646, 647, 653, 656, 659–663, 665, 666, 670, 671, 726–733, 735–740, 744, 788–791, 794–798, 811–815, 818–822, 827, 854, 1152 | ايده الله ونصره |
541 | ايدهم الله |
1173 | بامر الله |
12 | بركة |
107, 366–368, 382, 409, 410, 427–429, 432, 439, 442, H8, 924, 974, 989, 1023 | بسم الله |
447–467, 469–495, 497, 498, 500–502, 504–509, 511–535, 537, 538, 540–551, 553–559, 562–590, 594, 595, 597–599, 601–614, 616–619, 626–629, 631–634, 637, 638, 640, 645–650, 652, 655–665, 669–687, 689–696, 698, 702, 703, 713–733, 735–739, 741, 749–777, 782, 787–791, 793–798, 802, 806–816, 818, 819, 821–827, 829, 831, 833, 836–842, 845–849, 855–866, H1–H6, H9–H12, M1, 953, 958, 1017 | بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم |
960 | بسم الله الرجمن الرحيم ضرب |
12a, 393–395 | بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب ب |
959, 961–963 | بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب في |
953, 1017 | بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هذ(ا) الدرهم ب |
15, 17, 25, 147, 152, 169, 184, 194, 199, 201, 222–228, 235–237, 239, 240, 257, 259–261, 263–273, 289, 376, 377, 379, 382–384, 404–406, 408, 409, 411, 412, 417, 421, 427–432, 437, 439, 441–443 | بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هذ(ا) الدين(ا)ر ب |
378 | بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم عونك يالله ضرب هذ الدينار ب |
24a | بسم الله الرحمن ضرب هذا الدينار ب |
252–256, 344, 346 | بسم الله امر بضرب هذ الدينار في |
3–9, 11, 14, 659 | بسم الله ضرب ب |
958 | بسم الله ضرب هذ(أ) الدرهم |
872–886, 900–902, 907, 947–949, 951, 952, 954–957, 966, 968–972, 993, 994, 1157–1160, 1162, 1164–1167 | بسم الله ضرب هذ(أ) الدرهم ب |
1, 2, 12, 13, 16, 18–24, 26–51, 53–90, 92–146, 148–151, 153–168, 170–183, 185–193, 195–198, 200, 202–209, 211–221, 229–234, 238, 241–251, 258, 262, 274–288, 290–343, 345, 347–375, 380, 381, 385–392, 396–403, 407, 410, 413–416, 418–420, 422–426, 433–436, 438, 440, 444–446, 1161, 1163 | بسم الله ضرب هذ(أ) الدين(أ)رب |
691 | تبارك الذي بيده الملك وهو على كل شي قدير |
M1 | تع(أ)لى |
704, 710, 711 | توكل على الله |
561 | ثقتي بالله وحده |
663, 665, 668, 670, 671, 803, 811, 817, 828, 830, 868, 869, H14 | حرهسا الله |
731, 734, 743, 846–849, 863 | خرسها الله بمنه |
662, 746–748, 750–752, 778–781, 784–786, 812–814, 818, 850–852, H11 | حرسها الله تع(أ)لى |
729, 730, 840–842, 845, 855–862, 864–866 | حرسها الله تعالى بمنه |
787, 789, 790 | حرسها الله تعالى بمنه وكرمه |
646, 647, 650–653, 656–658, 660, 661, 754, 782, 783, 815, 816 | حرسها الله تع(أ)لى وامنها |
132, 706, 708, 788, 900, 940 | حسبي الله |
1075 | حسبي الله وحده |
688, 700 | حسبي الله ونعم الوكيل |
488 | حضر |
715a, 759, 762, 1080, 1081, 1083 | حضرة |
18–23 | دعا |
446a | ربع الدينار |
1152 | ربنا افتح بينا وبين قومنا بالحق وانت خير الفاتحين |
1084 | ربنا الله |
955–957, 1165, 1166 | ربنا عليك توكلنا واليك انبنا واليك المصير |
741 | رحمه الله |
1–24, 25–51, 53–90, 92–111, 113–128, 130–133, 135, 140–147, 152–167, 169, 172–183, 185, 194, 201–209, 211–213, 215–220, 222–227, 230, 234–244, 246, 248, 250, 251, 257, 258, 263, 264, 266–269, 273–280, 282, 290, 292–310, 327, 331–338b, 340–343, 347, 349–351, 353–355, 359, 362–365, 369–372, 375, 383, 385–392, 397, 398, 402, 402a, 414–416, 419, 421–423, 430, 430a, 432, 436, 442, 444, 446, 872–886, 900, 912, 947–949, 951, 959, 960, 963, 966, 968–972, 993, 994, 1124–1129, 1157–1163 | سنة |
376, 377, 439 | صدق الله |
931, 942, 943 | صلوات الله عليه |
941 | صلوات الله عليه وعلى اله |
545, 547, 553, 556, 557, 562–574, 577–580, 583–590, 595, 597–599, 602–613, 616–619, 626–628, 631–634, 640, 645, 655, 663, 670, 671, 674, 675, 678, 679, 682–684, 686, 689, 690, 691a–693, 758–768, 782, H6, H9, H12 | صلى الله على سيدنا محمد |
680, 694 | صل الله على سيدنا محمد واله |
614 | صلى الله على سيدنا محمد واله وسلم |
575, 576, 849, 865 | صلى الله على سيدنا محمد واله وسلم تسليما |
840 | صلى الله على سيدنا محمد واله وصحبه وسلم تسليما |
581, 582, 846–848 | صلى الله على سيدنا محمد وسلم تسليما |
656, 673, 788, 855–864, 866 | صلى الله على سيدنا محمد و على اله وسلم تسليما |
787 | صلى الله على سيدنا محمد و على اله وصحبه وسلم |
601, 841, 842, 845 | صلى الله على سيدنا محمد وعلى اله وصح(أ)به وسلم تسليما |
M1 | صلى الله على سيدنا ومولانا محمد وعلى اله وصحبه الاكرمين |
522, 542, 543, 546, 555, 629, 637, 638, 647, 658, 660, 698, 702, 713–716, 720–724, 741, 750, 751, 770, 771, 774, 789–791, 806, 809, 823, 824, 827, 829, 831, 837, 838, H1, H2, H10, H11 | صلى الله على محمد |
467, 468 | صلى الله على محمد خاتم النبيين |
511, 513–519, 523–525, 528, 530–533, 537, 538, 540, 646, 648–650, 652, 717–719, 725–733, 735–739, 749, 752–755, 769, 772, 773, 775–777, 793–798, 802, 807, 808, 810–816, 818, 819, 821, 825, 826, 833, 836, 839 | صلى الله على محمد واله |
447–466, 469–472 | صلى الله على محمد واله الطيبين الطاهرين |
659, 703 | صلى الله على محمد وعلى اله |
541, 551, 558, 559, 657, 661, 676, 677, 681, 685, 687, 695, 696 | صلى الله على محمد وعلى اله وسلم تسليما |
691 | صلى الله على محمد واله وصليه وسلم تسليما |
344, 346, 423, 444 | صلى الله عليه |
382–384, 404, 405, 411, 412, 422, 427–429, 433–435, 439, 440 | صلى الله عليه وسلم |
393–395, 417, 430, 431, 437, 442 | صلى الله عليه وسلم تسلما |
1124–1126, 1128, 1129 | ضرب |
10, 603, 646–653, 655–658, 660–666, 668, 669, 672, 726–744, 746–748, 750–752, 754, 765, 766, 769–803, 806, 807, 810–830, 833–842, 845–852, 855–866, 869, H10–H14, 1078–1083, 1121, 1174 | ضرب ب |
1127 | ضرب في |
912 | ضرب هذ الدرهم |
670, 671, 868 | طبع ب |
24a, 112, 134, 136–139, 148–151, 168, 170, 171, 184, 186–193, 195–200, 214, 221, 228, 229, 231–233, 245, 247, 249, 252–256, 259–261, 265, 270–272, 281, 283–289, 291, 311–326, 328–330, 339, 344–346, 348, 352, 356–358, 360, 361, 366–368, 373, 374, 376–382, 384, 393–396, 399–401a, 403–413, 417, 418, 420, 424–429, 431, 433–435, 437–441, 443, 445, 952, 958, 961, 962, 1017, 1078–1083, 1121, 1164 | عام |
1124–1130, 1132, 1173, 1174 | عز نصره |
1127 | عزة |
18–23 | و) علي افضل الوصيين ووزير خير المرسلين) |
1, 2, 15–17 | علي ولي الله |
561, 699, 712, 788, 953 | عليه توكلت |
832 | عليه توكلت واليه انيب |
603, 639, 640, 646, 647, 650, 652–667, 670, 671, 726–744, 769–777, 787–803, 806–808, 810–830, 833–842, 845–852, 855–866, 869, H8, H12–H14, 1124–1129, 1152 | عن امر |
10 | غرة شعبان |
262 | في سنة |
13, 23 | في شعبان |
16 | في شهر الربيع |
22 | في شهر شعبان |
787 | قل لن يصيبنا الا ما كتب الله لنا هو مولانا وعلى الله فليتوكل المؤمنون قل هل تربصون |
1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 17–23, 24a–498, 500–509, 511–540, 544, 546, 551, 552, 554, 558–568, 570–573, 577–580, 583–592, 595, 597–600, 602–614, 616–619, 626–629, 631–634, 637, 638, 641, 646–652, 666, 668, 669, 672, 673, 676, 677, 679, 681, 686–688, 691–693, 695–698, 700–703, 713–739, 741–758, 769–786, 792–830, 833, 834, 836–839, 843, 844, 848–854, 867, H1–H8, H10, H11, H13, H14, M1, 888, 889, 891–897, 900, 901, 902a–907, 909–933, 940–946, 949, 951–964, 967, 970–987, 993, 994, 996–1008, 1011, 1014, 1015, 1017–1023, 1029, 1034–1036, 1039–1046, 1052–1054, 1057–1061, 1076, 1077, 1085–1120, 1122, 1123, 1130, 1132–1134, 1141–1147, 1150, 1153, 1161–1168, 1170, 1171 | لا اله الا الله |
3–7, 10–14, 16, 24, 596, 871–887, 902, 908, 939, 947, 948, 965, 966, 968, 969, 991, 992, 1157–1160, 1169 | لا اله الا الله وحده |
788 | لا اله الا هو |
473–495, 497, 498, 500–502, 540, 542, 543, 545, 547–550, 553, 555–557, 569, 574, 615, 620–623, 625, 645–647, 650, 652, 674, 675, 678–680, 682–684, 686, 689, 690, 691a–694, 697, 713–729, 732, 733, 735, 736, 738–741, 746–755, 759–772, 774–780, 782, 784–786, 788, 793–802, 806, 807, 809–819, 821–830, 833, 834, 836, 838, 839, H1, H2, H9, H12–H14 | لا اله الا هو الرحمن الرحيم |
603, 639, 1078–1084 | و) لا حول ولا قوة الا بالله) |
3–7, 10–14, 16, 24, 871–887, 902, 908, 947, 948, 965, 966, 1157–1160 | لا شريك له |
648, 649, 750–758, 806–809, 830, 837, 868, H10, 1153 | لا غالب الا الله |
648, 649, 679, 680, 684–686, 691a–694, 697, 715–725, 746–748, 820, 840–842, 845–847, 855–866, 1077, 1085–1103, 1106–1116, 1119, 1120, 1122, 1123, 1136–1138, 1141–1146, 1150, 1170, 1171 | لا قوة الا بالله |
18–23 | لتوحيد الا له الصمد |
646, 647, 759–768, H12, 1147 | ما اقرب فرج الله |
651 | ما شا الله |
1–498, 500–509, 511–593, 595, 597–600, 602–613, 616–619, 626–629, 631–634, 641, 645–652, 666, 668, 669, 672–679, 681–693, 695–698, 700–703, 713–739, 741–786, 792–830, 833, 834, 836–839, 843, 844, 848–854, 867, H1–H8, H10–H14, M1, 871, 888, 889, 891–897, 902a–930, 932, 933, 941, 947–949, 951–964, 966, 967, 970, 972–987, 993, 994, 996–1008, 1011, 1014, 1015, 1017–1023, 1029, 1034–1036, 1039–1046, 1052–1054, 1057–1061, 1076, 1077, 1084, 1104, 1117, 1118, 1120, 1130, 1132–1134, 1153, 1161–1168 | محمد رسول الله |
1, 2, 12, 15–24, 872–887, 900–902, 947–949, 951, 952, 954, 966, 970–972, 993, 994, 1157–1160, 1162, 1164, 1167 | محمد رسول الله ارسله بالهدى ودين الحق ليظهره على الدين كله ولو كره المشركون |
940 | محمد رسول الله عبده |
446a, 1059–1061, 1063, 1078–1083, 1085–1096, 1098–1120, 1122, 1123, 1141–1147, 1170, 1171 | محمد رسولنا |
968, 969 | محمد رسوله وعبده |
931, 943 | محمد عبد الله ورسوله |
942, 965 | محمد عبده و رسوله |
12, 92, 93, 95, 96, 100, 101, 111–113, 116, 120, 140, 146, 171, 184–193, 229, 234, 238, 275, 276, 288, 311–320, 366–368, 373, 374, 378, 379, 406, 408–410, 424–426, 445, 446, 448, 461–463, 470, 472, 474, 477, 479, 482, 483, 486, 489, 498, 525, 527, 542, 603, 646–653, 655–657, 659–663, 665, 666, 668–672, 675–677, 683, 716, 726–744, 746–748, 750–752, 754, 760, 767, 770, 772–776, 778–801, 803, 810–827, 830, 833–843, 845–851, 855–866, 868, 869, H10, H11, H13, H14, 873–875, 877–886, 902, 954–957, 968–972, 993, 1157–1160, 1165–1168 | مدينة |
3–11, 14 | مدينة عز الاسلام و |
665, 667 | و) من يعنصم بالله فقد هدى الى صراط مستقيم) |
980 | نصر الله |
781 | نصر من الله |
688, 700–703, 705, 803–805, 820, 832 | نصر من الله وفتح قريب |
1130, 1132 | نصرتنا بالله |
669, 787, 792, 805, 850–852, 932, 965 | نصره الله |
499 | نصره الله قريب |
756–768, H12 | نعم القادر الله |
645, 674, 675, 678, 682–684, 689, 690, 713, 715–727, 730, 731, 733, 736, 737, 739, 741, 749, 753, 755, 759–777, 783, 794–798, 808, 810, 819, 821–827, 829, 833, 835–837, 839, H9, H11, H12 | هو الاول والاخر والظاهرو الباطن وهو بكل شى عليم |
25 | واتقوا يوما ترجعون فيه الى الله ثم توفى كل نفس ما كسب وهو لا يظلمون |
542, 543, 831 | وافوض امرى الى الله |
592 | والاستعانة |
648, 649 | والشكر لله على نعمته |
679, 686, 691a–693, 714 | والقدرة لله |
756, 756a, 757 | والله يهدى من يشا الى صراط مستقيم |
592 | والهداية من الله |
473–495, 497, 498, 500–502, 540, 542, 543, 545, 547–550, 553, 555–557, 569, 574, 615, 620–623, 625, 645–647, 650, 652, 674, 675, 678–680, 682–684, 686, 690, 691a–694, 697, 713–729, 732, 733, 735, 736, 738–741, 746–755, 759–772, 774–780, 782, 784–786, 788, 793–802, 806, 807, 809–819, 821–830, 833, 834, 836, 838, 839, H1, H2, H9, H12–H14. | والهكم اله واحد |
710–712, 832 | وبشر المؤمنين |
254–256 | وزن المؤمنين |
662 | وصلى الله على سيدنا ومولانا محمد |
655, 656 | وعد الله الذين امنوا منكم وعملوا الصالحات ليستخلفنهم في الارض كما استخلف الذين من قبلهم |
5 | ولقد كتبنا في الزبور من بعد الذكر ان الارض يرثها عبادي الصالحون |
927, 978 | ولي الله |
609, 1139, 1140 | وما النصر الامن عند الله |
673, 676, 677, 681, 685, 687, 695–697, 715–725, 734, 742–744, 756–758, 799–801, 850–852, 854, H13 | وما النصر الامن عند الله عزيز الحكيم |
500–502, 542, 543, 552, 651, 666, 668, 701–703, 781, 1075, 1133 | وما بكم من نعمة فمن الله |
698 | وما تشاون الا ان يشا الله ان الله كان عليما حكيما |
500–502, 542, 543, 699, 831, 832, 953 | وما توفيقي الا بالله |
542, 543 | وما من اله الا الله |
1058, 1062, 1062a | ومحمد نبينا |
3–14, 24, 871 | ومن يبتغ غير الاسلام دينا فلن يقبل منه |
24a, 26–51, 53–90, 92–209, 211–446, 698, 969, 1161, 1163 | ومن يبتغ غير الاسلام دينا فلن يقبل منه وهو في الاخرة من الخاسرين |
658, 831 | ومن يتق الله يجعل له مخرجا ويرزقه من حيث لايحتسب |
664, 831, 1124–1126, 1128, 1129 | ومن يتوكا على الله فهو حسبه ان الله نالغ امره |
654, 659–663 | ومن يتوكا على الله فهو حسبه ان الله نالغ امره قد جعل الله لكل شي قدرا |
788 | وهورب العرش العظيم |
868 | يا ايها الذين امنوا اصبروا وصابروا وربطوا واتقوا الله لعلكم تفلحون |
657 | يا ايها الذبن امنوا اطيعوا واطيعوالرسول واولى الامر منكم |
3, 4, 6–11, 12a, 13, 14 | يا ايها النبى انا ارسانا ك ش(أ) هدا ومبشرا ونذيرا وداعيا الى الله |
941–943 | يستعين بالله |
25 | يعتصم بحبل الله |
648, 649 | يوم الدين |
Coins | Mint-mark |
927 | ا |
466 | بر |
124?, 438?, 439? | بكر |
938, 985, 986, 1004 | ج |
275, 417, 442, 938, 985 | ح |
129, 222 | ح |
221, 339, 342, 927, 1164? | د |
19, 22 | ر |
260 | ز |
144, 226, 227, 283, 284, 466, 894, 929 | س |
113 | ض |
983, 1102 (counterstamped) | ط |
394, 395, 430, 432, 458, 953, 954, 1034, 1035, 1165 | ع |
438, 439 | ف |
58–61, 63–69, 71, 72, 78, 79, 84, 103, 121, 125, 126, 134, 152–154, 156, 158–161, 163, 164, 166, 167, 170, 178, 184, 186, 195, 199, 202, 203, 205, 207, 209, 210, 230, 232, 244, 274, 288, 293–297, 299, 311, 311a, 312, 316, 318–329, 331, 332, 334, 337, 338, 338a, 345, 363–367, 370, 374–384, 386, 388, 389, 391, 392, 394, 404, 405, 408, 410–414, 422, 424–427, 431, 433–437, 440, 444, 926, 928, 983, 999, 1039 | ك |
466, 926, 951, 952, 999, 1164? | ل |
251 | لب |
257 | لح |
123? | لحر |
952? | لد |
348, 350 | لس |
212–217, 245–249, 446, 1054, 1056 | لك |
253–256, 344 | لم |
263, 265, 271–273, 282–287, 289–291, 348–354, 356–361, 396–401a, 402a, 403, 417–419, 432, 466, 1034, 1035 | م |
245–249 | ما |
259 | مون |
265, 287, 289–291, 348–352, 354, 356, 357 | ه |
11 | و |
1165 | ى |
168, 173, 393 | ? |
Murābiṭ gold which may have unrecorded mint-mark beneath RF: | |
70, 75, 77, 81–83, 85, 86, 88, 90, 92–94, 98–102, 104–106, 108–110, 112, 115–117, 119, 122, 130–132, 136–143, 145, 147, 149–151, 155, 157, 162, 165, 169, 171–174, 176, 177, 179–181, 183, 185, 187–194, 196–198, 200, 201, 204, 206, 208, 211, 223, 228, 229, 231, 233, 236–238, 240–242, 250, 252, 261, 262, 264, 266, 269, 276–280, 292, 298, 300, 305–308, 313–315, 317, 330, 333, 335, 336, 346, 347, 355, 362, 368, 372, 373, 385, 387, 390, 402, 406, 407, 409, 415, 416, 420, 421, 423, 428, 429, 430a, 441, 443, 445 | |
Murābiṭ gold recorded both with and without mint-mark beneath RF: | |
61, 79 | |
Murābiṭ gold without mint-mark beneath RF: | |
26–57, 62, 73, 74, 76, 80, 87, 89, 91, 95–97, 107, 111, 114, 118, 120, 127–129, 133, 135, 146, 148, 175, 182, 222, 224, 225, 234, 235, 239, 243, 258, 267, 268, 270, 281, 301–304, 309, 310, 369, 371 |
Plate | Coin | Specimen |
I | 1 | BN III 337 (pl. IV) |
4 | F:Fatimites 169 (pl. IV) | |
19 | BM IV 166 (pl. II) | |
20 | ANS; Miles 383 (pl. IV) | |
24a | S:Beyram 293 (pl. II) | |
26 | BN II 507 (pl. II) | |
28 | S:Beyram 288 (pl. II) | |
53 | B 821 (pl. XIII) | |
55 | BN II 515 (pl. II) | |
66 | HSA 13173 | |
91 | BN II 532 (pl. III) | |
127 | KM II 564 (pl. III) | |
220 | ANS | |
256 | BM V 32 (pl. I) | |
377 | HSA 13134 | |
439 | BN II 652 (pl. IV) | |
446 | HSA 14169 | |
II | 446a | HSA 14156 |
447 | ANS | |
477 | HSA 7898 | |
507 | BN II 733 (pl. VI) | |
511 | BM V 106 (pl. II) | |
513 | Figanier 158 (pl.) | |
516 | P 15c (pl. II) | |
519 | P 16 (pl. II) | |
530 | P 19e (pl. III) | |
M1 | B 1158 (pl. on title page) | |
III | 540 | P 63 (pl. VII) |
541 | P 62 (pl. VII) | |
546 | P 30 (pl. IV) | |
556 | P 31e (pl. IV, under no. 31c) | |
569 | BN II 947 (pl. X) | |
570 | B 1252 (pl. XIX) | |
572 | BN II 948 (pl. X) | |
580 | BN II 951 (pl. X) | |
603 | BN II 968 (pl. XI) | |
609 | BN II 963 (pl. X) | |
637 | KM II 861 (pl. V) | |
643 | ANS | |
644 | BN II 983 (pl. XI) | |
IV | 646 | B 1323 (pl. XXII, under no. 1322) |
648 | BM V 195 (pl. V) | |
650 | BM V 194 (pl. V) | |
655 | B 1327 (pl. XXII) | |
660 | HSA 10622 | |
663 | Rivero:M 145 (pl. III) | |
667 | BN II 1013 (pl. XII) | |
671 | BN II 986 (pl. XII) | |
678 | BM V 215 (pl. V) | |
679 | B 1356 (pl. XXIV) | |
695 | P 38a (pl. V) | |
700 | P 40 (pl. V) | |
706 | HSA 13174 | |
V | 714 | P 67 (pl. VIII) |
725 | BM V 200 (pl. V) | |
736 | HSA 10623 | |
747* | BM X p. 31, no. 224f (pl. XXIII, under no. 224e) | |
753 | BM V 205 (pl. V) | |
760 | HSA 13180 | |
775 | BM V 184 (pl. IV) | |
778 | BM V 193 (pl. IV) | |
788 | B 1295 (pl. XXI) | |
793 | BM X p. 27, no. 193ee (pl. XXII) | |
806 | HSA 13176 | |
831 | P 90 (pl. IX) | |
VI | 833 | BM V 182 (pl. IV) |
838 | BM V 166 (pl. IV) | |
845 | P 106a (pl. X) | |
852 | BN II 997 (pl. XII) | |
853 | BM V 169 (pl. IV) | |
858 | BM X p. 25, no. 193t (pl. XXII) | |
865 | BN II 984 (pl. XII) | |
868 | P:Granadina p. 8 (pl. I) | |
870 | BM X p. 28, no. 193ff (pl. XXIII) | |
H3 | KM II 697 (pl. IV) | |
H11 | B (pl. XXIII, under no. 1350) | |
H14 note | HSA 13206 | |
H14 note | HSA 10621 | |
VII | 874 | P:Reyes 94c (pl. IV) |
883 | HSA 14217 | |
887 | HSA 14218 | |
888 | BN II 513 (pl. II) | |
894 | ANS | |
904 | Rivero:M 103 (pl. II) | |
906 | ANS | |
926 | ANS | |
953 | HSA 14147 | |
965 | Rivero:M 106 (pl. II) | |
968 | P:Reyes 443a (pl. XVI) | |
983 | HSA 13916 | |
993 | P:Reyes 451 (pl. XVI) | |
1001 | HSA 13917 | |
1004 | ANS | |
1017 | ANS | |
1022 | HSA 15911 | |
1036 | HSA 15919 | |
1041 | HSA 15923 | |
1052 | ANS | |
1062 | HSA 14168 | |
1066 | P 26 (pl. III) | |
1068 | HSA 13906 | |
1075 | P 28 (pl. III) | |
1076 | P 27 (pl. III) | |
1080 | L:Bodleian 319 (now in Ashmolean Museum, photograph kindly supplied by Dr. J. G. Milne) | |
1085 | HSA 13886 | |
1087 obverse | HSA 13887 | |
1088 millares | ANS | |
1090 reverse | B 1263 (pl. XIX) | |
1091 obverse | ANS | |
1097 | HSA 13812 | |
VIII | 1101 gilded | HSA 10632 |
1101 rules | HSA 21868 | |
1101 millares | ANS | |
1102 obverse | F:Dragut 13 (pl. II) | |
1103 | ANS | |
1103a note obverse | B 1266 (pl. XIX) | |
1104 | Bel p. 11 (fig. 1) | |
1116 note | B 1072 (pl. XVII) | |
1117 | P 65b (pl. VII, under no. 64b) | |
1119 | HSA 13808 | |
1120 | P 66 (pl. VII, under no. 65) | |
1121 | B 427 (pl. IX) | |
1123 | BM V 140 (pl. III) | |
1127 | F:Somâ p. 56 (pl.) | |
1129 | F:Somâ p. 56 (pl.) | |
1135 | P 59 (pl. VII) | |
1137 | BM V 157a (pl. III) | |
1142 | HSA 13813 | |
1147 | P 56 (pl. VI) | |
1148 | P 57 (pl. VII) | |
1149 | P 104 (pl. X) | |
1150 | P 92 (pl. IX) | |
1153 | BN II 822 (pl. VI) | |
1154 | B 1388 (pl. XXV) | |
1155 | B 1392 (pl. XXV) | |
1156 | B 1389 (pl. XXV) | |
1169 | HSA 547 | |
1173 | F:Hafsites 61 (pl. V) | |
1174 note | B 1270 (pl. XIX) |
* |
Mistakenly numbered 746 on plate.
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