Numismatic History of Late Medieval North Africa

Author
Hazard, Harry W. (Harry Williams), 1918-1989
Series
Numismatic Studies
Publisher
American Numismatic Society
Place
New York
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Source
Donum
Source
Worldcat
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Worldcat Works
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HathiTrust

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CC BY-NC

Acknowledgement

Open access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities/Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: LATE MEDIEVAL NORTH AFRICA

The region termed North Africa is a geographic unit whose natural isolation by formidable physical barriers has led to an unusually persistent historical isolation. The deserts to the east and south have proven far more effective deterrents to military and commercial intercourse than the sea to the north; the ocean on the west was not opened as a frontier until the Portuguese expansion of the sixteenth century.

At the time of the rise of Islam in the seventh century this region was divided between the Eastern Roman Empire, which had retaken the fortified coastal cities from the Vandals, and the Berbers, who held the interior. The Arab conquest of North Africa was slow and bitter compared to the rapid successes in Egypt and Syria, but by the end of the seventh century it was virtually complete. During the next five decades under the Umayyad caliphs of Damascus the religion of Islam and the Arabic language spread unchecked, and the transfer after 750 to agents of the 'Abbāsids was not difficult.

The loss of Spain, to an Umayyad scion, the unrest of the Berbers, and the distance from Baghdad made North Africa a troublesome province. Morocco broke away in 789 under the 'Alid Idrīsids, while in 800 Tunisia and adjacent lands became semi-independent under the hereditary governorship of the Aghlabids. All eastern bonds were severed in 909 when the Shī'ite Fāṭimids seized power; their conquest of Egypt in 969 and the transfer of their capital thither in 972 left North Africa a power vacuum.

Between that date and 1047, when the late medieval period covered in this study may arbitrarily be said to commence, Morocco was disputed among Berber chieftains, with some intervention by Spanish Moslems, though only Ceuta remained under Andalusian control at the terminal date. Western Algeria was also dominated by Berber leaders, while eastern Algeria had been governed since 1014 by the Ḥammādid dynasty of Ṣanhājah Berbers and Tunisia was still nominally a Fāṭimid dependency under their loyal Zīrid governors.

Within the next decade Ceuta had expelled its Ḥammūdid masters and come under local Barghawāṭah Berber rule; the rest of Morocco was rapidly being brought under the control of a militant new sect, the Murābiṭ s, whose leaders were veiled Lamtūnah Berbers from the Sahara; Tunisia had rebelled against the Fāṭimids and become independent and officially Sunnite under the Zīrids, and had been punished by a devastating invasion of Arabs from upper Egypt, the Banū-Hilāl and the Banū-Sulaym.

This new order lasted for nearly a century. The Murābiṭs conquered all of Morocco as well as western Algeria, the western Sahara, and Andalusia, ruling until 1147. The Ḥammādids, though under Arab attack, held most of eastern Algeria until 1152. The Zīrids, penned by the Arabs into fortified ports, turned to commerce and piracy, when Normans from Sicily started invasions which yielded them control of several ports until 1160.

The common victor over Murābiṭs, Ḥammādids, and Sicilians, as well as over the marauding Arabs and the petty princelings of Andalusia and Tunisia, were the Muwaḥḥids, a unitarian sect ruled by Kūmiyah Berbers from the High Atlas, who established an empire stretching from Tripolitania to the Atlantic and including all of Moslem Spain. Their sway dissolved after half a century, and ended in 1269 with the fall of Marrakesh, their empire being thenceforth divided among smaller but more enduring successor dynasties of less theological motivation.

Moslem Spain regained its independence under the rival Hūdid and Naṣrid families, each of which occasionally controlled the part of North Africa around Ceuta. Pressure of Christian reconquest steadily reduced the Moslem holdings, and finally eliminated them with the surrender of Granada in 1492.

Morocco was the portion of the conquerors of the Muwaḥḥids, the Marīnid dynasty of Zanātah Berbers, who were replaced in 1465 by the Zanātah Waṭṭāsids, who in turn lost a triangular struggle with the Portuguese and the 'Alid Sharīfs. The Sharīfian victory in 1554 after a 44-year contest marked the beginning of the modern period in Morocco.

Western Algeria fell to the Ziyānids, another Zanātah Berber family, who ruled at Tlemcen despite invasions and other interruptions until the Ottoman conquest n 1556.

Eastern Algeria, Tunisia, and Tripolitania formed the domain of the Maṣmūdah Berber Ḥafṣids, whose powerful and prosperous state survived French, Spanish, and Italian assaults as well as Marīnid invasions, but fell in 1574 to the Ottoman Turks.

With the establishment of Ottoman hegemony over Algeria and Tunisia the modern phase of North African history commenced, so that the late medieval period covered by this study may be termed its independent Sunnite Berber epoch, between the early medieval Shī'ites (Idrīsids and Fāṭimids), Arabs, and foreigners (Umayyads, 'Abbāsids, Spanish Umayyads and Ḥammūdids, and Egyptian Fāṭimids), on the one hand, and the modern Shī'ite Sharīfs of Morocco and the Ottoman Turks on the other. Still later, of course, European Christians dominated the whole of North Africa, with French efforts being most successful and enduring.


MINTS IN NORTH AFRICA AND IN Spain

As in the index of mints, the mints discussed in this chapter are divided by continents. African mints are treated first, listed in strict Arabic alphabetical order, so that names preceded by the definite article al- are grouped together between Aghmāt and Bijāyah. The Spanish mints, similarly listed in strict Arabic alphabetical order, commence with number 38, and are followed by notes on coins with mints, mintless coins, and mint inscriptions.

The locations of these mint towns are indicated on the map.

A. African Mints

1. Azammūr أزمور

This Moroccan Atlantic port came into prominence, both as a town and as a mint, at a relatively late date. Apart from one late Muwaḥḥid double dinar (514) and one early Waṭṭāsid dinar (869) — neither of them beyond question — its appearance is limited to a handful of fourteenth-century Marīnid gold, noteworthy chiefly for variant spellings of the mint town: al-Zammūr, al-Zamwār, Azamwār, and Azammū.

2. Aghmāt أغمات

This south Moroccan caravan center between mountain and desert appears exclusively on Murābiṭ gold. Dinars exist for almost every year from 486 to 540 except the decade 516 To 526, of which only 523 is known. The significance, if any, of this hiatus is not reflected in historical accounts.

3. al-Jazā'ir ألجزائر

Algiers occurs with the definite article only on a square Muwaḥḥid dirhem (1091). For other coins from this mint see Jazā'ir.

4. al-Ḥāmmah ألحامة

The only coin known to have been struck at this western Tunisian oasis is a Ḥafṣid double dinar (616) discovered and discussed by Farrugia de Candia.

5. al-Qayrawān أاقيروان

Kairouan, south of Tunis, was the Zīrid capital before the eleventh-century Arab invasion, and appears on al-Mu'izz's Sunnite gold (3–11) between 441 and 448 with the interesting appellation "City of the power of Islam".

6. al-Mahdīyah ألمهدى

When ejected from Kairouan, the Zīrid al-Mu'izz fled to the strongly fortified Tunisian port of Mahdia, where Sunnite dinars (12a, 13) had already been struck for him in 446 and 447; he and his son Tamīm minted Shī'ite dinars there (15–23) between 449 and 459. See also Mahdīyah.

7. al-Nāṣirīyah ألناصرية

This alternative Arab name for Bougie is said by Ibn-Khaldūn to occur as the mint for a dinar (25) struck by the last Ḥammādid ruler in 543, no surviving specimens of which are recorded.

8. Bijāyah بجاية

Bougie, an important port in eastern Algeria, appears in its usual form on early Muwaḥḥid gold, on Muwaḥḥid or Ḥafṣid silver (1085), on much Ḥafṣid gold — reflecting its often independent status as a provincial capital, and on Marīnid gold (759, 769, 778) struck during recurrent invasions.

9. Biskirah بسكرة

Biskra, in east central Algeria, appears only on a single Ḥafṣid double dinar (611), discovered and commented on by Farrugia de Candia.

10. Banī-Tāwadā بني تاودا

This Berber clan gave its name to a central Moroccan market town which served as a Murābiṭ mint in the year 513 (168).

11. Tāzā تازا

Mazdara' ibn-Ḥayyān during his rebellion against the Muwaḥḥids in 559 is said by Ibn-abī-Zar' to have coined gold (499) in this north Moroccan fortress town, but it is doubtful whether the mint name appeared on the coin, no specimens of which are known to have survived.

12. Tadghah تدغة

This Idrīsid mint near Sijilmāsah in southern Morocco is said to appear on a single Muwaḥḥid dinar (449), but this must be considered unlikely. The transliterated form usually reported, Bad'ah, is an incorrect rendition of the unpointed Arabic.

13. Taṭwān تطوان

Tetouan, near Ceuta, is reported as the mint for a single Marīnid double dinar (818) by Brèthes, who does not specify the Arabic spelling and whose readings must always be considered suspect.

14. Tilimsān تلمسان

Tlemcen served many dynasties as their chief mint in western Algeria: Murābiṭs, Muwaḥḥids, Ḥafṣids, and Marīnids (the two last-named during recurrent conquests), as well as the Ziyānids, whose capital it was and almost all of whose scarce coins were struck there over a span of more than three centuries.

15. Tanas تنس

The Algerian port of Tenes is found on a single Ḥafṣid double dinar (640) and on a hybrid piece (H8).

16. Tūzar توزر

The inland Tunisian town of Tozeur, like its neighbors al-Ḥāmmah and Biskra, is found only on one Ḥafṣid gold piece (628) reported by Farrugia de Candia.

17. Tūnis تونس

The Ḥafṣid capital appears as mint on a few Muwaḥḥid and Marīnid coins and several Ḥafṣid pieces of gold, silver, and copper; in addition, it was almost certainly the unnamed source of most mintless Ḥafṣid gold.

18. Tīn Mallal تين ملل

This Atlas mountain cradle of Ibn-Tūmart's Muwaḥḥid sect is said by Bel to appear as mint (in the form Tin Mallal) on a few specimens of a square Muwaḥḥid dirhem (1089), but the reading is open to question.

19. Jarbah جرية

The only coin reported for this pirates' haven off the Tunisian coast is a square Muwaḥḥid or Ḥafṣid dirhem (1090).

20. Jazā'ir جزائر

Algiers, without the definite article, was an outlying mint for Ḥafṣid (549, 637, 638), Ziyānid (649), and Marīnid (763) gold. See also al-Jazā'ir.

21. Ribāṭ al-Fatḥ رباط الفتح

Rabat, on the Atlantic coast of northern Morocco, was a subsidiary Muwaḥḥid mint for gold (475) and silver (1078, 1092).

22. Sabtah سبتة

Ceuta, opposite Gibraltar, changed hands frequently during the late medieval period, occurring as mint on Ḥammūdid silver and copper, Murābiṭ gold and silver, Muwaḥḥid gold and silver, Hūdid silver, Ḥafṣid gold, Marīnid gold and silver, and Naṣrid gold. Especially important are the many coins struck at Ceuta by rebels and independent chieftains, including the Barghawāṭah Saqaut and his son (880–886, 1157–1160), the last Murābiṭ insurgent Yaḥyâ al-Ṣaḥrāwī (443), Muwaḥḥid partisans (1057–1061) and rebels (1076, 1077), Hūdid agents (540, 1117–1120), local shaykhs (541, 1121), a Ḥafṣid governor (553), and Naṣrid intruders (868, 1153); many of these do not bear the mint name.

23. Sijilmāsah سجلماسة

This vanished south Moroccan city was the stronghold of the early Murābiṭs and a perennial haven for dissidents under later dynasties. An almost complete set of Murābiṭ dinars survives, scattered Muwaḥḥid gold and silver, an odd Muwaḥḥid-style dinar (554) struck by al-Khazrajī as a Ḥafṣid vassal, and a considerable quantity of Marīnid gold and silver.

24. Safāqus سفاقس

Sfax, a Tunisian port, is a Zīrid mint on two exceptional dinars reported by Farrugia de Candia (12, 24).

25. Salā سلا

This twin port of Rabat, in northern Morocco, is found on one Murābiṭ dinar (183), two Muwaḥḥid dinars (454, 455), and one Marīnid double dinar (789), suggesting a slight but continuous peripheral importance.

26. Ṣabrah صبرة

Reversion from the Fāṭimid name al-Manṣūrīyah to the original Ṣabrah was the first numismatic fore-shadowing of the Zīrid revolt, furnishing the arbitrary starting date for this study. It occurs for this Tunisian suburb of Kairouan only on dinars (1, 2) dated 439 and 440.

27. Ṭarābulus طرابلس

Although Tripoli is a standard Fāṭimid mint, Syrian rather than Libyan Tripoli was intended at this period, so such coins are excluded. The only North African coins struck after 439 with this mint are a handful of Ḥafṣid gold pieces. No coins are known for the many local amīrs.

28. Ṭanjah طنجة

Tangier appears to have been completely overshadowed by Ceuta, occurring only on one Murābiṭ qirat (974).

29. Fās فاس

Fez has been since Idrīsid times one of the most important cities of Morocco, and this importance is reflected in its use as mint on a nearly complete series of Murābiṭ dinars from 484 to 539, several Muwaḥḥid coins of gold, silver, and copper, and a large quantity of Marīnid gold with occasional silver. Many mintless Muwaḥḥid and Marīnid coins were probably minted at Fez.

30. Qābis قابس

Gabes, an important south Tunisian port, was identified on a single Jāmi'id dinar (24a) by Prieto y Vives and confirmed on a clearer specimen in this study.

31. Qusanṭīnah قسنطينة

Constantine, in inland eastern Algeria, appears as a provincial capital on a small group of Ḥafṣid double dinars, including one of an independent princeling (601).

32. Qafṣah قفصة

Gafsa, an oasis in western Tunisia, occurs intermittently as a peripheral Ḥafṣid mint for gold (587, 605, 619, 620).

33. Marrākush مراكش

Marrakesh shared with Fez the supremacy of Morocco, and consequently is found on a rich group of Murābiṭ dinars, several Muwaḥḥid gold and silver pieces, and a quantity of Marīnid gold, to which must be added the bulk of mintless Muwaḥḥid and Marīnid gold.

34. Miknāsah مكناسة

Meknes, near Fez, was overshadowed by its neighbor, being reported on scattered Murābiṭ silver (906, 907) and Muwaḥḥid gold (464, 465) and silver (1099).

35. Mahdīyah مهدية

This variant without the definite article is reported on a single Ḥafṣid dinar (621) by Farrugia de Candia. See al-Mahdīyah.

36. Nūl نول

This caravan depot on the Wādī Nūn in southern Morocco appears in this form between 494 and 511 on Murābiṭ dinars.

37. Nūl Lamṭah نول لمطة

After 513 Nūl was modified by adding the clan-name of the local Berbers, occurring regularly past the downfall of the Murābiṭs to an anonymous dinar (444) dated 542. Distorted forms of this name may occur on Muwaḥḥid gold (490) and silver (1100), but it does not appear thereafter.

B. Spanish Mints

38. Ishbīliyah إشبيلية

Seville issued a steady stream of Murābiṭ dinars from 489 to 541 except for the decades 500–509 and 527–534, with occasional silver. The earliest Muwaḥḥids minted gold and silver there, and just before its reconquest by Castile a double dinar (555) was struck for the Ḥafṣid Yaḥyâ I by his cousin and representative there.

39. Ighranāṭahإغرناطة

This variant for Granada was used instead of Gharnāṭah on a quantity of Murābiṭ gold and some silver and copper struck between 504 and 527, and on dinars dated 540 and 541 (438–440), when it was one of the few Spanish towns still under Murābiṭ control.

40. al-Jazīrah ألجزيرة

Algeciras minted Murābiṭ dinars (230–233) from 507 to 509.

41. al-Qanṭarah ألقنطرة

A Murābiṭ dinar (115) of Yūsuf, dated 496, is ascribed by Colson to Alcantara, with the Arabic spelling not specified.

42. al-Marīyah ألمرية

Almeria was one of the most prolific Murābiṭ mints in Spain, being represented in 492, from 494 to 499, and from 506 to 539 by a rich series of dinars, with several varieties per year at times and with many specimens in excellent condition of typical issues.

43. Balansiyah بلنسية

Between 496 and 512 Valencia struck Murābiṭ dinars, and a dirhem (947) in 503; no other coins are ascribed to this mint except a square Muwaḥḥid dirhem (1107).

44. Bayyāsah بياسة

Codera noted a Murābiṭ dinar dated 497 from Baeza (106), an otherwise unrecorded mint for African rulers.

45. Jayyān جيان

Jaen struck occasional silver for Murābiṭs and early Muwaḥḥids, and a single Muwaḥḥid dinar (471).

46. Dāniyah دانية

Denia is found on a few Murābiṭ dinars from 495 to 504, and on a square Muwaḥḥid dirhem (1109).

47. Saraqusṭah سرقسطة

Saragossa appears as mint only on a very few Murābiṭ dirhems (948, 949, 1162), having been conquered late and lost early.

48. Sanlūkah سنلوكة

San Lucar struck a little gold (108) and silver (900, 901) for the Murābiṭ Yūsuf ibn-Tāshfīn.

49. Shāṭibah شاطبة

Jativa occurs on Murābiṭ dinars struck between 489 and 500.

50. Sharīsh شريش

Only silver is known for Jerez: Murābiṭ (950) and Muwaḥḥid (1110).

51. Gharnāṭahغرناطة

This Arabic equivalent for Granada, though less popular with the Murābiṭs than Ighranāṭah, occurs on gold, silver, and copper, including a post-downfall dinar (445) of Maymūn ibn-Badr dated 545. This spelling also appears on square Muwaḥḥid dirhems and on a double dinar (556) struck by Ibn-al-Aḥmar as a Ḥafṣid vassal.

52. Qurṭubah قرطبة

Cordova is found on Murābiṭ gold and silver from 486 to 507. In 540 and 541 the rebel Ḥamdīn ibn-Muḥammad struck Murābiṭ gold (441, 442) and silver (1038, 1052) there, as well as silver in his own name; then followed Ibn-Ghāniyah's 542 dinar (446). Cordova also served the Muwaḥḥids briefly as a mint for gold (472) and silver (1112).

53. Qanṭarat al-Sayf قنطرة السيف

This alternative for Alcantara may occur on the dinar (115) reported by Colson, instead of al-Qanṭarah.

54. Qūnkah قونكة

Cuenca appears only on a single Murābiṭ dirhem (966) dated 506.

55. Laushah لوشة

Loja may be the mint on a Murābiṭ dinar (258) dated 511.

56. Mālaqah مالقة

At Malaga were struck a few Murābiṭ dinars between 494 and 506, a Murābiṭ qirat (967), and some Muwaḥḥid silver. Muwaḥḥid gold reported for Malaga by Prieto y Vives was misread.

57. Mānurqah مانرقة

Minorca is represented only by a square Muwaḥḥid dirhem (1114).

58. Mursiyah مرسية

A series of Murābiṭ dinars was struck at Murcia from 501 to 512, and both Murābiṭ and Muwaḥḥid silver. Noteworthy are anonymous dirhems (968, 969) dated 502 and 503 and a square half dirhem (1074) in the name of 'Abd-al-Mu'min, though Murcia was not taken by the Muwaḥḥids until nine years after his death.

59. Mayūrqah ميورقة

Majorca, like Minorca, occurs only on a square Muwaḥḥid dirhem (1116).

C. Illegible Mints

A certain number of coins have mint names which are illegible either by clipping, by poor engraving, by wear, or by obscure reproduction. These coins are listed in the index, and whatever can be reconstructed of the mint name is given under each such coin's description in the corpus.

D. Without Mints

A large number of coins have no mint inscription, and only rarely has an effort been made to attribute them to definite towns. The bulk of Murābiṭ silver is mintless, probably having been coined at various mints, chiefly in Spain. Most of the mintless Muwaḥḥid and Marīnid gold was probably struck at Marrākush and Fās, but the plentiful mintless silver comes from many places, including European imitators. Ḥafṣid mintless gold and silver must have been struck chiefly at Tūnis, and Hūdid North African issues at Sabtah. No rule can be deduced by which the mint was named or omitted, except that it was almost always identified on Murābiṭ gold.

E. Mint Inscriptions

See section J of the chapter on conventional inscriptions for al-maḥrūsah, ḥaḍr, ḥaḍrat, and madīnat.


TITLES

A. Transcendent

Certain titles found on the coins under consideration transcend the purely human and were in general reserved for divinely inspired leaders second only to Muḥammad (and 'Alī among Shī'ites). Such titles include khalīfat Allāh, imām al-ummah, and imāmunā.

1. khalīfat Allāh خليفة الله

Vicar of God: applied only to the Mahdī, Muḥammad ibn-Tūmart, by the Muwaḥḥids and the Ḥafṣids, chiefly on their gold.

2. imām al-ummah امام الامة

Leader of the community: applied to the Mahdī by the Muwaḥḥids and the Ḥafṣids, solely on their gold, and to the 'Abbāsid caliph on Hūdid gold (541).

3. imāmunā امامنا

Our leader: applied to the Mahdī by the Muwaḥḥids and the Ḥafṣids, chiefly on their silver, to the 'Abbāsid caliph on Hūdid silver (1117–1120), and to himself by Muwaḥḥid 10 (1078–1083).

B. Caliphal

The titles al-khalīfah, al-imām, and amīr al-mu'minīn were strictly limited to rulers of caliphal pretensions and were often used consecutively to stress various aspects of the supreme authority.

4. al-khalīfah ألخليفة

The caliph: a title reserved by the Muwaḥḥids for their first ruler, 'Abd-al-Mu'min, except on the medal (M1); applied to the 'Abbāsid caliph by the Hūdids (540, 541, 1121).

5. al-imām ألإمام

The leader: applied to the Fāṭimid Ma'add by his Zīrid vassals, to the 'Abbāsids by nominal Jāmi',d, Ḥammādid, Murābiṭ, and Hūdid vassals, to themselves by the Ḥammūdids, to an unidentified suzerain by their Barghawāṭah governors, to 'Abd-al-Mu'min by the Muwaḥḥids, to additional Muwaḥḥids on the medal (M1), and to unspecified persons by the Muwaḥḥid partisans (446a, 1059–1061).

6. amīr al-mu'minīn أمير المؤمنين

Commander of the believers: applied exactly as al-imām, and usually together with it; also used by all the Muwaḥḥids, most of the Ḥafṣids — including 15B, who had no right to it (603), and Marīnids 12 (always), 24 (rarely: 839, 853), and 26 (once: 867); attributed (probably incorrectly) to Ziyānid 5 (648, 649); applied to the Ottomans by their Ziyānid vassals (670, 671).

C. Caliphal (Dual)

The dual forms al-khalifatayn, al-khalīfatayn al-rāshidayn, and amīray al-mu'minīn were used following ibn- to indicate descent from two caliphs.

7. al-khalīfatayn ألخليفتين

Of the two caliphs: applied only to the first two Muwaḥḥids.

8. al-khalīfatayn al-rāshidayn ألخليفتين الراشدين

Of the two orthodox caliphs: misapplied to the first three Muwaḥḥids on a hybrid gold piece (H4).

9. amīray al-mu'minīn أميرى المؤمنين

Of two commanders of the believers: applied only to the first two Muwaḥḥids (511).

D. Caliphal (Plural)

The corresponding plural forms were similarly used after ibn- to indicate descent from more than two caliphs (often untruthfully).

10. al-khulafā' ألخلفاء

Of the caliphs: used only on one coin (512) in reference to three and to four Muwaḥḥids.

11. al-khulafā' al-rāshidīn ألخلفاء الراشدين

Of the orthodox caliphs: used correctly by the early Muwaḥḥids in reference to three and to four predecessors, incorrectly by 10 in reference to only two. Frequently misused by the Marīnids, this phrase is also found on two coins dubiously ascribed to Ziyānid 5 (648, 649) and on one Hūdid double dinar (540) in reference to the 'Abbāsids.

12. umarā' al-mu'minīn أمراء المؤمنين

Of (the) commanders of the believers: used correctly on a few coins in reference to three and to four Muwaḥḥids.

E. Sub-Caliphal

The title amīr al-muslimīn has been appropriately designated sub-caliphal by van Berchem in his definitive study of occidental titles; no other title falls into this category.

13. amīr al-muslimīn أمير المسلمين

Commander of the Moslems: used by the later Murābiṭs but never by Yūsuf, despite the historians, also by the Murābiṭ partisan Yaḥyâ al-Ṣaḥrāwī (443), by most of the Ziyānids, most of the Marīnids except 12, and several of the Waṭṭāsids. Noteworthy are a Murābiṭ qirat (913), assigning this title to Yūsuf, and a Marīnid double dinar (793) where it is applied to two amīrs who had no valid claim to it.

F. Royal

Titles which may be considered royal include al-malik, sulṭān or al-sulṭān, and al-amīr al-ajall.

14. al-malik ألملك

The king: used only by Ḥafṣid 21 (637, 638) and Marīnid 13 (787).

15. sulṭān سلطان

Sultan: used only by the late Ḥafṣid 27 on his silver (1130, 1132).

16. al-sulṭān ألسلطان

The sultan: used by the same late Ḥafṣid on his silver (1124–1129) and by his predecessors 21 (637, 638) and 26 (644) on their gold.

17. al-amīr al-ajall ألأمير الأجل

The highest commander: used by Muwaḥḥids 1A and 2 as heirs, and by 2 before achieving caliphal recognition; used by Ḥafṣids 1 and 4 in eschewing caliphship, and by 2 and 10 prior to their achieving caliphal rank.

G. Princely

Several titles were used to indicate non-royal ancestors, heirs, or independent princes not aspiring to dynasty-wide rule; these may be termed princely, and include al-amīr, al-amīr al-ṭāhir, sayyid, al-sayyid, and sayyidinā.

18. al-amīr ألامير

The commander: used by all the early Murābiṭs exclusively and by the later ones for heirs or for themselves in limited space. Used while heir by Ḥammūdid 9 (872–874) and Muwaḥḥid 4 (1075: tentative); as independent prince by Zīrid 8A (24a), Ḥammādid 9 (25), Muwaḥḥid 9A (1076, 1077), Ḥafṣid 6A (574–576), Ḥafṣid 12 (594), and Naṣrid 8 (868); for ancestors by Muwaḥḥids (536) and Ḥafṣids (557–561, 603, 609).

19. al-amīr al-ṭāhir ألأمير الطاهر

Of the righteous commander: used only by Muwaḥḥid 12 in reference to a non-royal ancestor (522–535, M1).

20. sayyid سيد

Of (the) chief: used only by Muwaḥḥid 13 in reference to non-royal ancestors (537).

21. al-sayyid ألسيد

The chief: used only by Marīnid 20A as independent prince (831, 832).

22. sayyidinā سيدنا

Of our chief: used only by Muwaḥḥids 12 (M1) and 13 (538) in reference to non-royal ancestors.

H. Princely (Dual)

The dual forms al-amīrayn and sayyidaynā were used following ibn- to indicate descent from two princes.

23. al-amīrayn ألأميرين

Of the two commanders: applied only to the first two Muwaḥḥids as a contraction of amīray al-mu'minin (503).

24. sayyidaynā سيدينا

Of our two chiefs: applied only to the first two Muwaḥḥids (M1).

I. Princely (Plural)

The plural forms al-umarā;' and al-umarā;' al-rāshidīn were likewise used after ibn- to indicate descent from more than two princes.

25. al-umarā' ألامراء

Of the commanders: applied only to the first 3 Muwaḥḥids (1075: tentative).

26. al-umarā' al-rāshidīn ألامراء الراشدين

Of the orthodox commanders: used of the first 3 Muwaḥḥids (1076, 1077), and constantly by the Ḥafṣids.

J. Heritorial

The final group of titles — walī al-'ahd, walī 'ahdihi, and al-ḥājib — was reserved exclusively for proclaimed heirs.

27. walī al-'ahd ولي العهد

Heir: used for Ḥammūdid 9 (875–879), Murābiṭ 4 (1017), and Muwaḥḥid 4 (1075: tentative).

28. walī 'ahdihi ولي عهده

His heir: applied to Murābiṭs 3, 3A, 4, and 5.

29. al-ḥājib ألحاجب

The chancellor: applied to Ḥammūdids 9B and 9C (887).


PROPER NAMES

The Arabic and Berber proper names as they appear on the coins can be grouped into four classes. There are personal names (Arabic singular ism), many of them Koranic equivalents of Biblical names, others ordinary Arabic substantives. There are such names preceded by abū-, father of, seldom indicating actual relationship. There are both such types preceded by ibn-, son of, indicating direct sonship and arbitrarily differentiated in this study from Ibn-, indicating more remote kinship, a form which never appears on the coins. Forms in ibn- and abū- are both termed kunyah in Arabic. And there are clan or tribe names, usually in the nisbah form al-'Abbāsī or the Ibn- (plural Banū-) form. Each group is treated briefly in Arabic alphabetical order, with names appearing on coins numbered and others lettered.

A. Personal Names

(Arabic singular ism)

1. Ibrāhīm إبراهيم

Abraham: Murābiṭs 1B, 5; Ḥafṣids 4, 16. Not on coins (hereafter abbreviated to N.o.c.): Hūdid 3A; Ḥafṣid 12B; Marīnid 14.

2. Abū-Bakr أبو بكر

Father of young camel: Murābiṭ 1; Ḥafṣid 10. Despite its composition this is a personal name, derived from the first caliph. N.o.c.: Ḥafṣid 9; Marīnid 4.

3. Aḥmad أحمد

Most praised: Ḥafṣids 17, 27; Ziyānid 19; Marīnid 20; Waṭṭāsid 4. N.o.c.: Hūdid 1A; Ḥafṣids 4A (real name), 14; Ziyānids 24, 28.

4. Idrīs إدريس

Enoch: Ḥammūdid 6; Muwaḥḥid 8. N.o.c.: Muwaḥḥid 13.

5. Isḥāq إسحاق

Isaac: Murābiṭ 6.

a. al-Ḥasan ألحسن

The fortunate: N.o.c.: Zīrid 8. Occurs on coins as epithet.

6. al-Rashīd ألرشيد

The orthodox: Zīrid 8A. Occurs also as epithet.

The Numismatic History of Late Medieval North Africa

CORRIGENDA AND ADDENDA

page item or coin line now reads should read
10 16 n 1556. in 1556.
18 5 3 Jāmi',d Jāmi'id
24 23 2 Ḥafṣids Ḥafṣid
37 23 1 يوكلت توكلت
38 24 1 يوكلت توكلت
40 54 1 ويرزقه ويرزقه
40 60 2 الله الله
56 11 Ḥammadids Ḥammādids
59 13 Murabiṭ Murābiṭ
61 6 through though
63 2 Almerica Almeria
65 (genealogical tree) (connecting line omitted) (connect 4 to 5 by a vertical line)
70 8 1 abū'l-Baqā' abū'l-Baqā'
76 20 1 ibn-al-Za'im ibn-al-Za'īm
82 18 in known is known
84 6 887 897
85 9 Banu- Banū-
88 9 306 295
94 24a OF 1 لا اله لا اله
95 13 ibn-Nāṣir ibn-al-Nāṣir
97 28 RF 2 لله الله
121 286 5 as م as مر
130 8 ستر سير
133 382 OF 4 يرسف يوسف
149 32 Mazdara 'ibn- Mazdara' ibn-
149 499 4 Rawḍ Rauḍ
151 507 RS 2 اصرا امرا
154 513 RF 1 الفاسم القاسم
154 517 3 اجاهد الجاهد
155 520 OS 2 اصرا امرا
158 540 RF 4 االخلفا الخلفا
160 547 RF 3 واالحول والحول
162 560 RF 2 ايى ابى
162 561 OS 1 الاقير الامير
163 563 OF 2 جليفة خليفة
167 582 RS 1 الاميى الامير
167 582 RS 2 بنصو بنصر
168 582 1 امير امير
168 584 OS 1 لرحيم الرحيم
172 600 OS 2 جليفة خليفة
178 629 OS 1 الرجيم الرحيم
178 630 RF 1 او ابو
189 669 OF 1 له اله
198 704 RF 1 يوكلت توكلت
198 707 OF 2 اصنت امنت
203 735 RF 4 امتر امير
205 747 7 pl. XIII pl. XXIII
210 780 RF 3 ا.ده ايده
214 793 5 اني ابي
217 810 RF 2 من عن
217 810 OS 1 ولهكم والهكم
221 834 9 2nd in 2nd
224 850 RF 1 امولانا مولانا
229 4 Banu- Banū-
231 H 10 2 امها امنها
233 871 RF 3 فان فلن
238 900 6 سنه سنة
243 927 RF 1 ولى ولي
243 927 10 وعلي ولي
245 941 6 صوات صلوات
247 953 OM 1 يوكلت توكلت
250 977 OF 3 لامير الامير
265 39 Nor Not
274 1127 OF 4 خليقة خليفة
280 1155 RF 1 عبد الله عبدالله
289 26 Belleís-Letres Belles-Lettres
290 45 birauḍ bi-rauḍ
325 10 561 1561
326 1 Sipecimens Specimens
330 7 (headings) (delete)
335 12 Fas Fās
370 36 االسلام الاسلام
371 5 نغس نفس
371 30 ننينا نبينا

(Referred to on pages 45 and 47)

Murābiṭ silver with no inscription on OF except mint mark:

938

Murābiṭ silver with ornament alone on OF:

935, 988, 1009, 1012, 1013, 1024–1026, 1028, 1049, 1050; also 1064 (Muwaḥḥid)

Murābiṭ silver with blank OF:

890, 898, 899, 934, 936, 937, 944–946, 989, 990, 995, 1010, 1013, 1016, 1016b, 1031, 1033

Coins with errors in engraving:

11, 18, 26, 42, 47, 49, 54, 63, 72, 94, 97, 129, 170, 217, 219, 221, 230, 258, 273, 340, 359, 395, 407, 426, 438, 469, 490, 506, 513, 516, 530, 609, 613, 638, 667, 715, 716, 775, 795, 811, 817, 828, H3, H4

Coins with errors in striking:

610, 617, 618, 622, 623, 624, 629, 630, 634, 642, 704–706, 709, 740, 804, H 1–H 14, 1030, 1055, 1097, 1157–1171

Printed in Germany at J. J. Augustin, Glückstadt

b. al-Za'īm ألزعيم

The chief: N.o.c.: Ziyānids 7, 10.

c. al-Sa'īd ألسعيد

The happy: N.o.c.: Ziyānid 16. Occurs on coins as epithet.

7. al-'Izz ألعز

The power: Ḥammūdid 9B.

d. al-'Azīz ألعزيز

The powerful: N.o.c.: Ḥammādid 8.

8. al-Faḍl ألفضل

The honor: Ḥafṣids 4A (assumed name), 15.

e. al-Qā'id ألقائد

The general: N.o.c.: Ḥammādid 2.

f. al-Mu'izz ألمعز

The made-powerful: N.o.c.: Zīrid 4.

g. al-Manṣūr ألمنصور

The rendered-victorious: N.o.c.: 'Abbāsid 36; Ḥammādid 6. Occurs on coins as epithet.

h. al-Nāṣir ألناصر

The victorious: N.o.c.: Ḥammādid 5.

i. Bādīs باديس

—: N.o.c.: Ḥammādid 7.

j. Bulukkīn بلكين

—: N.o.c.: Ḥammādid 4.

9. Tāshfīn تاشفين

—: Murābiṭ 4. N.o.c.: Marīnid 15.

k. Tamīm تميم

Tall: N.o.c.: Zīrid 5.

10. Ḥasan حسن

Fortunate: Ziyānid 29.

1. Ḥammū حمو

—: N.o.c.: Zīrid 4A.

11. Khālid خالد

Eternal: Ḥafṣid 8. N.o.c.: Ḥafṣid 18.

12. Zakarīyā' زكرياء

Zachariah: Ḥafṣid 11. N.o.C.: Ḥafṣid 24.

13. Sa'd سعد

Fortune: engraver's name in tiny letters (904, 1017).

14. Saqaut سقوت

—: Ḥammūdids 9A, 9C.

15. Sulaymān سليمان

Solomon: Ottoman 10 (on Ziyānids 26, 27: 670, 671). N.o.c.: Marīnid 9.

16. Sīr سير

—: Murābiṭ 3A.

m. 'Āmir عامر

Commanding: N.o.c.: Marīnid 8.

17. 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq عبد الحق

Servant of the truth: Marīnid 28. N.o.c.: Marīnid 1.

n. 'Abd-al-Ḥalīm عبد الحليم

Servant of the forbearing: N.o.c.: Marīnid 16.

18. 'Abd-al-Raḥmān عبد الرحمان

Servant of the merciful: Ḥafṣid 15A; Ziyānids 5, 9, 15; Marīnid 20A. N.o.c.: Ziyānid 21.

19. 'Abd-al-'Azīz عبد العزيز

Servant of the powerful: Ḥafṣid 19; Marīnids 18, 24. N.o.c.: Ḥafṣid 5.

20. 'Abd-Allāh عبد الله

Servant of God: Ziyānids 13, 26; Marīnid 25. N.o.c.: 'Abbāsid 37; Muwaḥḥids 7, 7A. Usually occurs on coins as epithet.

21. 'Abd-al-Mu'min عبد المؤمن

Servant of the believing: Muwaḥḥid 1 (on 1–13, Ḥafṣid 1); Marīnid 17A. N.o.c.: Ḥafṣid 23.

22. 'Abd-al-Wāḥid عبد الواحد

Servant of the one: Muwaḥḥid 10 (on 10, 11); Ziyānid 17. N.o.c.: Muwaḥḥid 6; Ḥafṣid 12C.

23. 'Uthmān عثمان

Young snake: Ḥafṣids 21; Marīnids 10, 26. N.o.c.: Ziyānids 2, 6; Marīnid 2.

24. 'Alī علي

Noble: Murābiṭs 1A, 3; Ḥafṣid 20A; Waṭṭāsid 3. N.o.c.: Zīrid 7; Muwaḥḥid 11; Marīnid 11.

25. 'Umar عمر

Omar: Ḥafṣids 6, 13. N.o.c.: Marīnids 5, 10A.

26. 'Imrān عمران

—: Muwaḥḥid 9A.

27. Fāris فارس

Cavalier: Marīnid 12.

28. Mālik مالك

Ruler: Name of engraver or mint-master (933).

o. Muḥsan محسن

Made-beneficent: N.o.c.: Ḥammādid 3.

29. Muḥammad محمد

Highly-praised: Ḥammūdid 9; Muwaḥḥids 1A, 4 (on 4, 5, 8, 9); Ḥafṣids 2, 7, 12, 15B, 20, 25, 26; Ziyānids 12, 14, 20, 27; Marīnids 13, 17, 19, 22; Naṣrid 8; Waṭṭāsids 1, 2. N.o.c.: 'Abbāsid 31; Muwaḥḥid 0; Hūdid 1; Ḥafṣids 12A, 28; Ziyānids 3, 8A, 18, 22, 23; Marīnids 3, 12A, 23, 27; Naṣrid 1; Waṭṭāsid 5.

30. Mazdara' مزدرع

—: Muwaḥḥid 2A.

31. Ma'add معد

Arranged: Fāṭimid 8 (on Zīrids 4, 5: 15–23).

32. Mūsâ موسى

Moses: Ziyānids 4, 8; Marīnid 21. N.o.c.: Ziyānid 25.

p. Maymūn ميمون

Auspicious: N.o.c.: Murābiṭ 6C.

33. Yāshir ياشر

—: mint-master at Seville (218–221, 339–343).

34. Yaḥyâ يحيى

John; Ḥammādid 9; Murābiṭ 6A; Muwaḥḥid 9; Ḥafṣids 1, 3. N.o.c.: Zīrid 6; Murābiṭ 6B; Ḥafṣids 6A, 22.

35. Ya'qūb يعقوب

Jacob: Muwaḥḥid 3 (on 3–5, 8, 9); Marīnid 6.

q. Yaghmurāsan يغمراسن

—: N.o.c.: Ziyānid 1.

36. Yūsuf يوسف

Joseph: Murābiṭ 2; Muwaḥḥids 2 (on 2–5, 8, 9, 12, 13, Ḥafṣid 1), 5. N.o.c.: Ziyānid 11; Marīnid 7.

37.?

Illegible name: 897. N.o.c. (ism unknown): Murābiṭ 6D.

B. Names with abū-

(Arabic singular kunyah)

The paternal relationship suggested by this form is usually arbitrary, certain combinations reappearing constantly, as indicated, regardless of the actual names of a man's sons, or even of his sonlessness. These were so invariable that late historians frequently apply them to the Murābiṭs, who did not use them, while the Ziyānid rulers actually invented a name of this type for their Ottoman suzerain.

r. abū-Aḥmad ابو أحمد

Father of most praised: N.o.c.: 'Abbāsid 37. With 'Abd-Allāh.

38. abū-Isḥāq أبو اسحاق

Father of Isaac: Ḥafṣids 4, 16. N.o.c.: Ḥafṣid 12B. With Ibrāhīm.

39. abū'l-Baqā' أبو البقاء

Father of the enduring: Ḥafṣid 8. N.o.c.: Ḥafṣid 18. With Khālid. No instance of the use of al-Baqā' as a personal name occurs in this study.

s. abū'l-Ḥajjāj أبو الحجاج

Father of the pilgrim: N.o.c.: Ziyānid 11. With Yūsuf. Al-Ḥajjāj does not occur as a personal name in this study.

40. abū'l-Ḥasan أبو الحسن

Father of the fortunate: Muwaḥḥid 11; Ḥafṣid 20A. N.o.c.: Marīnid 11; Waṭṭāsid 3. With 'Alī.

41. abū'l-Rabī' أبو الربيع

Father of the springtime: erroneously applied to Ottoman 10 by Ziyānids 26, 27 (670, 671). N.o.c.: Marīnid 9. With Sulaymān. Al-Rabī' does not occur as a personal name in this study.

42. abū'l-'Abbāsابو العباس

Father of the leonine: Ḥafṣids 4A (assumed name), 15, 17, 27; Ziyānid 19; Marīnid 20. N.o.c.: Hūdid 1A; Ḥafṣid 14; Marīnid 20; Waṭṭāsid 4. With Aḥmad or al-Faḍl. Al-'Abbās does not occur as a personal name in this study.

43. abū'l-'Ulâ أبو العلى

Father of the noblest: Muwaḥḥids 8, (on 8, 10, 11), 13. With Idrīs. Al-'Ulâ does not occur as a personal name in this study.

t. abū'l-Futūḥ أبو الفتوح

Father of the victories: N.o.c.: Zīrid 7. With 'Alī. Al-Futūḥ does not occur as a personal name in this study.

u. abū'l-Qāsim أبو القاسم

Father of the handsome: N.o.c.: Hūdid 3A. With Ibrāhīm. Al-Qāsim does not occur as a personal name in this study.

— abū-Bakr أبو بكر

See personal names.

v. abū-Tāshfīn أبو تاشفين

Father of Tāshfīn: N.o.c.: Ziyānids 5, 9, 15, 21. With 'Abd-al-Raḥmān.

44. abū-Tamīm أبو تميم

Father of strong: Fāṭimid 8 (on Zīrids 4, 5): with Ma'add. N.o.c.: Zīrid 4: with al-Mu'izz.

w. abū-Thābit أبو ثابت

Father of steadfast: N.o.c.: Ziyānids 7, 10 (al-Za'īm); Marīnid 8 ('Āmir). Thābit does not occur as a personal name in this study.

45. abū-Ja'far أبو جعفر

Father of rivulet: 'Abbāsid 36 (on Hūdid 1A: 1121). With al-Manṣūr (used as proper name, not as epithet). Ja'far does not occur as a personal name in this study.

46. abū-Ḥafṣ أبو حفص

Father of lion-cub: Muwaḥḥid 12; Ḥafṣids 6, 13. N.o.c.: Marīnid 5. With 'Umar. Ḥafṣ does not occur as a personal name in this study.

x. abū-Ḥammū أبو حمو

Father of Ḥammū: N.o.c.: Ziyānids 4, 8, 25. With Mūsâ. Sometimes spelt ابو حموا in inscriptions.

47. abū-Zakarīyā' أبو زكرياء

Father of Zachariah: Muwaḥḥid 9; Ḥafṣids 1, 3, 6A. N.o.c.: Ḥafṣid 22. With Yaḥyâ.

y. abū-Ziyān أبو زيان

Father of ornament: N.o.c.: Ziyānids 3, 8A, 12, 24, 28; Marīnids 12A, 17, 19, 22, 23. With Muḥammad or Aḥmad. Ziyān does not occur as a personal name in this study.

48. abū-Zayd أبو زيد

Father of increase: Ḥafṣid 15A. N.o.c.: Marīnid 20A. With 'Abd-al-Raḥmān. Zayd does not occur as a personal name in this study.

49. abū-Sālim أبو سالم

Father of safe: Marīnid 14. With Ibrāhīm. Sālim does not occur as a personal name in this study.

50. abū-Sa'īd أبو سعيد

Father of happy: Marīnid 10. N.o.c.: Ziyānids 2, 6; Marīnids 2, 26. With 'Uthmān. Sa'īd does not occur as a personal name in this study.

z. abū-Ṭāhir أبو طاهر

Father of righteous: N.o.c.: Zīrid 6. With Yaḥyâ. Ṭāhir does not occur as a personal name in this study.

aa. abū-'Āmir أبو عامر

Father of commander: N.o.c.: Marīnid 25. With 'Abd-Allāh.

51. abū-'Abd-Allāh أبو عبد الله

Father of (the) servant of God: 'Abbāsid 31 (on Ḥammādid 9: 25); Muwaḥḥid 4 (on 3–5, 8, 9); Ḥafṣids 2, 7, 12, 15B, 20, 25, 26; Ziyānids 18, 20, 27; Marīnid 13. N.o.c.: Hūdid 1; Ḥafṣids 12A, 28; Ziyānids 14, 22, 23; Marīnid 27; Naṣrids 1, 8; Waṭṭāsids 1, 2, 5. With Muḥammad.

bb. abū-'Alī أبو علي

Father of noble: N.o.c.: Marīnid 10A. With 'Umar.

cc. abu-'Umar أبو عمر

Father of Omar: N.o.c.: Marīnid 15. With Tāshfīn.

52. abu-'Amr أبو عمرو

Father of life: Ḥafṣid 21. With 'Uthmān. 'Amr does not occur as a personal name in this study.

dd. abū-'Inān أبو عنان

Father of bridle: N.o.c.: Marīnid 12. With Fāris. 'Inān does not occur as a personal name in this study.

53. abū-Fāris أبو فارس

Father of cavalier: Ḥafṣid 19; Marīnid 21 (with Mūsâ). N.o.c.: Ḥafṣid 5; Marīnids 18, 24. With 'Abd-al-'Azīz except as noted.

54. abū-Mālik أبو مالك

Father of ruler: Marīnid 17A: with 'Abd-al-Mu'min. N.o.c.: Ziyānid 17: with 'Abd-al-Wāḥid. Mālik occurs in this study as a personal name only for an engraver or mintmaster.

55. abū-Muḥammad أبو محمد

Father of highly-praised: Muwaḥḥids 1 ('Abd-al-Mu'min; on 1–13, Ḥafṣid 1), 10 ('Abd-al-Wāḥid); Ziyānids 13 ('Abd-Allāh), 29 (Ḥasan). N.o.c.: Muwaḥḥids 6 ('Abd-al-Wāḥid), 7 ('Abd-Allāh), 7A ('Abd-Allāh); Ḥafṣids 12C ('Abd-al-Wāḥid), 23 ('Abd-al-Mu'min); Ziyānid 26 ('Abd-Allāh); Marīnids 1 ('Abd-al-Ḥaqq), 16 ('Abd-al-Ḥalīm), 28 ('Abd-al-Ḥaqq). Usually with name in 'Abd-.

ee. abū-Ma'rūf أبو نعروف

Father of benefit: N.o.c.: Marīnid 3. With Muḥammad. Ma'rūf does not occur as a personal name in this study.

56. abū-Mūsâ أبو موسى

Father of Moses: Muwaḥḥid 9A. With 'Imrān.

57. abū-Yaḥyâ أبو يحيى

Father of John: Ḥafṣids 10 (Abū-Bakr), 11 (Zakarīyā'). N.o.c.: Zīrids 5 (Tamīm), 8 (al-Ḥasan); Ḥafṣids 9 (Abū-Bakr), 24 (Zakarīyā'); Ziyānid 1 (Yaghmurāsan); Marīnid 4 (Abū-Bakr).

58. abū-Ya'qūb أبو يعقوب

Father of Jacob: Muwaḥḥids 2 (on 2–13, Ḥafṣid 1), 5. N.o.c.: Marīnid 7. With Yūsuf.

59. abū-Yūsuf أبو يوسف

Father of Joseph: Muwaḥḥid 3 (on 3–5, 8–11 ). N.o.c.: Marīnid 6. With Ya'qūb.

ff. abū-?

Father of?: N.o.c. (kunyah unknown): Ziyānid 16.

C. Names with ibn-

(Arabic singular kunyah)

These names, and their analogues — titles and epithets preceded by ibn- — occur constantly on the coins to indicate direct descent, which is often very useful for the historian. Yet no practical purpose would be served by an analysis of them similar to those of groups A and B, and reference to the index of proper names will serve to locate any desired name of this type.

As was stated at the start of this chapter, an arbitrary distinction has been made between ibn-, indicating sonship, and Ibn-, indicating more remote descent, a form which never appears on the coins. This distinction is not derived from the coins, on which بن and أبن are used interchangeably to indicate sonship.

Four persons mentioned in this study are frequently referred to by names in Ibn-; they are Ibn-abī-'Umārah (Ḥafṣid 4A; real name), Ibn-al-Aḥmar (Naṣrid 1), Ibn-Ghāniyah (Murābiṭ 6B), and Ibn-Hūd (Hūdid 1).

D. Clan or Tribe Names

An Arab or Berber generally has a nisbah ending in -ī, indicating tribe or birthplace; sometimes he has several. The only one of these occurring on the coins is al-'Abbāsī, occurring on Ḥammādid, Murābiṭ, and Hūdid gold and Hūdid silver. Naturally, all the persons discussed in this study possessed a name or names of this type, but the only ones which require listing are those of rebels and governors not belonging to the main dynasties.

al-Barghawāṭī: Zīrid 4A; Ḥammūdids 9A, 9B, 9C.

al-Bayyāsī: Muwaḥḥid 7A.

al-Jāmi'ī: Zīrid 8A.

al-Ṣaḥrāwī (the Saharan): Murābiṭ 6A.

al-Ṣanhājī: Muwaḥḥid 2A.

al-'Azafī: Hūdid 3A.

al-Lamtūnī: Murābiṭ 6C.

al-Massūfī: Murābiṭ 6B.

al-Yānashtī: Hūdid 1A.

One other proper name occurring on the coins belongs to this general group: Banī-Tāshfīn (445, 446, 1053–1056) as an inclusive term for all the Murābiṭs commencing with 2, used in Spain after the downfall of the dynasty.


EPITHETS

One royal prerogative throughout Islam has been the use of epithets (Arabic singular laqab) in conjunction with proper names and titles or as substitutes for them. Those used in late medieval North Africa can best be subdivided by grammatical form: participial nouns, participial phrases, adjectival nouns, adjectival phrases, and other types. Only those occurring on the coins are discussed.

A. Participial Nouns

1. al-Ma'mūn ألأمون

The trustworthy: Muwaḥḥid 8 (on 8, 10, 11). Also occurs with ibn- on Muwaḥḥids 10, 11, referring to 8.

2. al-Mujāhid ألمجاهد

The holy-warrior: Muwaḥḥid 8; Ḥafṣid 12.

3. al-Murtaḍâ ألمرتضى

The approved: Muwaḥḥid 12.

4. al-Mustanṣir أمستنصر

The asking assistance: Ḥafṣid 15B; Marīnid 20.

5. al-Ma'ān ألمعان

The helped: Ḥammūdid 9A.

6. al-Mu'tamid ألمعتمد

The relying: Muwaḥḥid 13.

7. al-Manṣūr ألمنصور

The rendered-victorious: Ḥammādid 9; Ḥammūdid 9A. Also occurs with ibn- on Muwaḥḥids 8, 10, referring to 3. Occurs also as personal name, though not on coins.

8. al-Mahdī ألمهدي

The guided: Muwaḥḥid 0 (on most Muwaḥḥid and Ḥafṣid coins).

9. al-Mu'ayyad ألمؤيد

The strengthened: Ḥafṣids 10, 12.

10. al-Wāthiq ألواثق

The trusting: Muwaḥḥid 13.

B. Participial Phrases

11. al-'Ālī-bi-Allāh ألعالي بالله

The lofty with God: Ḥammūdid 6.

12. al-Qā'im-bi-amr-Allāh ألقائم بامر الله

The upright in (the) commandment of God: 'Abbāsid 36 (on Hūdid 1); Muwaḥḥid 1 (on 1–13, Ḥafṣids 1, 2); Ḥafṣid 11.

13. al-Qā'im-bi-ḥaqq-Allāh ألقائم بحق الله

The upright in (the) truth of God: Ḥafṣid 4A (the impostor).

14. al-Qā'im-li-Allāh-bi-a'lā'-dīn-al-ḥaqq ألقائم لله بأعلاء دين الحق

The upright for God in (the) nobility of (the) faith of the truth: Marīnid 6.

15. al-Mutawakkil-'alâ-Allāh ألمتوكل على الله

The relying upon God: Ḥafṣids 10, 15, 17, 19, 20A, 21, 25, 27; Ziyānids 5, 15, 17, 18, 26, 27; Marīnids 12, 13, 17, 20A, 21.

16. al-Mutawakkil-'alâ-Allāh-waḥdihi ألمتوكل على الله وحده

The relying upon God alone: Ḥafṣid 21.

17. al-Mutawakkil-'alâ-rabb-al-'ālamīn ألموكل على رب العالمين

The relying upon (the) master of the worlds: Ziyānids 4, 8, 9, 12–14 ; Marīnid 12; Waṭṭāsid 3.

18. al-Mujāhid-fī-sabīl-Allāh ألمجاهد عي سبيل الله

The holy-warrior in (the) path of God: Muwaḥḥid 10 (on 10, 11); Ḥafṣids 4, 19, 21.

19. al-Murtaḍâ-li-amr-Allāh ألمرتضى لأمر الله

The approved in (the) commandment of God: Muwaḥḥid 12. Occurs on his medal in the shortened form al-Murtaḍâ-li-amrihi.

20. al-Musta'īn-bi-Allāh ألمستعين بالله

The asking help of God: Marīnid 14.

21. al-Mustanṣir-bi-Allāh ألمستنصر بالله

The asking assistance of God: 'Abbāsid 36 (on Hūdid 1A); Fāṭimid 8 (on Zīrids 4, 5); Ḥafṣids 2, 6, 7, 15B, 16, 20; Marīnids 10, 20, 24–26.

22. al-Muẓaffar-bi-Allāh ألمظفر بالله

The rendered-victorious by God: Ḥafṣid 15A.

23. al-Mu'taṣim-bi-Allāh ألمعتصم بالله

The having recourse to God: Ziyānid 19.

24. al-Mu'taḍid-bi-Allāh ألمعتضد بالله

The asking assistance of God: Muwaḥḥid 11.

25. al-Muqtafī-li-amr-Allāh ألمقتفى لامر الله

The following in (the) commandment of God: 'Abbāsid 31 on Ḥammādid 9.

26. al-Muntakhab-li-iḥyā'-dīn-Allāh ألمنبخب لاحياء دين الله

The predestined for revival of (the) faith of God: Ḥafṣid 6A.

27. al-Muntaṣir-bi-Allāh ألمنتصر بالله

The conquering for God: Marīnid 22.

28. al-Manṣūr-bi-faḍl-Allāh ألمنصور بفضل الله

The rendered-victorious in (the) honor of God: Ḥafṣids 2, 4A, 7, 8, 11, 13, 15A, 15B, 16, 17.

29. al-Mahdī-alladhī-yashriku'l-nabī المهدى الذى يشرك النبي

The guided who will accompany the prophet: Murābiṭ 6A.

30. al-Mu'min-bi-Allāh المؤمن بالله

The believing in God: Muwaḥḥid 12.

31. al-Mu'ayyad-bi-Allāh المؤيد بالله

The strengthened by God: Muwaḥḥid 9A.

32. al-Mu'ayyad-bi-faḍl-Allāh المؤبد بفضل الله

The strengthened in (the) honor of God: Ḥafṣid 3.

33. al-Mu'ayyad-bi-naṣr-Allāh المؤيد بنصر الله

The strengthened in (the) victory of God: Ḥafṣids 6, 10, 15, 15B, 17, 19–21.

34. al-Nāṣir-li-dīn-Allāh ألناصر لدين الله

The victorious for (the) faith of God: Ḥafṣids 8, 13.

35. al-Wāthiq-bi-Allāh ألوائق بالله

The trusting in God: Muwaḥḥid 13; Ḥafṣids 3, 21; Ziyānid 14.

C. Adjectival Nouns

36. al-As'ad ألأسعد

The happiest: Muwaḥḥid 11.

37. al-Ḥasan ألحسن

The fortunate: Ḥafṣid 26. Also occurs with ibn- on Ḥafṣid 27, referring to 26. Occurs also as personal name, though not on coins.

38. al-Rashīd ألرشيد

The orthodox: Muwaḥḥid 10 (on 10, 11); Marīnid 13. Occurs also as personal name.

39. al-Sa'īd ألسعيد

The happy: Marīnids 13, 17, 19; Waṭṭāsid 1. Occurs also as personal name, though not on coins.

40. al-Gharīb ألغريب

The foreigner: Muwaḥḥid 2A.

D. Adjectival Phrases

41. al-Rashīd-bi-Allāh ألرشيد بالله

The orthodox for God: Muwaḥḥid 10.

42. al-'Azīz-bi-Allāh ألعزيز بالله

The powerful for God: occurs only with ibn- on Ḥammādid 9, referring to Ḥammādid 8.

43. al-Ghanī-bi-Allāh ألغني بالله

The wealthy in God: Ziyānid 12; Naṣrid 8.

E. Other Types

44. arḥam umarā' al-muslimīn أرحم أمراء المسلمين

Most merciful of (the) commanders of the Moslems: Murābiṭs 6B, 6C, referring to Murābiṭs 2–6, the Banū-Tāshfīn.

45. Bahā'-al-Daulah بهاء الدولة

Splendor of the state: Ḥammūdid 9A. This typically oriental Moslem epithet is almost unique in the west.

46. Ḍiyā'-al-Daulah ضياؤ الدولة

Brightness of the state: Ḥammūdids 9B, 9C. This is the only other such epithet found on these coins.

47. 'Abd-Allāh عبد الله

Servant of God: the most common epithet, used in reference to the 'Abbāsids by Zīrid 8A and all the Murābiṭs; applied to themselves by Ḥammūdids 9A, 9B; Ḥafṣids 15B, 21, 27; most of the Ziyānids and Marīnids; Naṣrid 8; Waṭṭāsids 1–4. Occurs also on partisan Muwaḥḥid silver and as personal name.

48. Mahdī-al-Dīn مهدى الدين

Guided of the faith: on Muwaḥḥid partisan silver. Epithets in -Dīn, like those in -Daulah, have an oriental flavor.

49. Maulānā مولانا

Our master: Ḥafṣid 27; Marīnids 20, 24. A relatively modern epithet.

50. Nāṣir-al-Dīn ناصرالدين

Victor of the faith: Murābiṭs 3–6; Marīnid 6. A typically oriental epithet.


CONVENTIONAL INSCRIPTIONS

A large majority of the conventional inscriptions on the coins are religious. Of these some are Koranic, some call down blessings on Muḥammad and his family and companions, some praise 'Alī or the Mahdī, some intercede on behalf of the ruler or the mint, some introduce the clause on the striking of the coin, and others are general expressions of piety. They are grouped in the order given, being listed alphabetically within each group, and are followed by secular inscriptions.

A. Koranic Verses

1. The praise (is) unto God; 1:1. الحمد لله

2. The praise (is) unto God, master of the worlds; 1:1. الحمد لله رب العالمين

3. The honor (is) unto God; 10:66. العزة لله

4. God (is) excellent as a preserver, and he (is the) most merciful of the merciful; 12:64. الله خير حافظا وهو ارحم الراحمين

5. God (is) our master; 7:87, 42:14. الله ربنا

6. God (is the) friend (of); 2:258, 3:61, 45:18. الله ولي

7. God renders victorious; 30:4. ينصر (for Koranic الله(الله

8. Verily God (is) observant with the servants; 40:47. ان الله بصير بالعباد

9. Verily God commands the justice and the goodness and sheltering of (the) owners of kinship, and he forbids the immorality and the wrongdoing and the injustice; 16:92. ان الله بامر بالعدل والاحسان وايتاء ذى القربى وينهى عن الفحشاء والمنكر والبغي

10. Verily we have opened for thee a manifest opening so that God may pardon thee for what has preceded among thy sin and what came later, and may perfect his grace upon thee, and may guide thee on a straight path, and that God may render thee victorious with an honorable victory; 48:1–3. انا فتحنا لك فتحا مبينا ليغفر لك الله ما تقدم من ذنبك وما تأخر و يتم نعمتهوا (for Koranic نعمته) عليك ويهديك صراطا مستقيما وينصرك الله نصرا عزيزا

11. In (the) name of God; passim. بسم الله

12. In (the) name of God — the merciful, the compassionate; passim. بسم الله الرحمن الحيم

13. May he be blessed who (has) in his hand the kingdom, and he (is) over every thing powerful; 67:1. تبارك الذي بيده الملك وهو على كل شيء قدير

14. May he be exalted; 27:64. تعالى

15. I have relied upon God; 11:59. توكلت على الله

16. My sufficiency (is) God; 9:130, 39:39. حسبي الله

17. My sufficiency (is) God, and how excellent is the trustee; 3:167. حسبي (for Koranic الله ونعم الوكيل(حسبنا

18. Our master, judge between us and our people as to the truth, and thou (art the) best of the arbitrators; 7:87. ربنا افتح بيننا و بين قومنا بالحق وانت خير الفاتحين

19. Our master (is) God; 22:41, 41:30, 46:12. ربنا الله

20. Our master, upon thee we have relied and unto thee we have returned and unto thee (is) the result; 60:4. ربنا عليك توكلنا واليك انبنا واليك المصير

21. God has been merciful to him; 6:16 (Allāh understood in Koran). رحمه الله

22. God has spoken truth; 3:89, 48:27. صدق الله

23. Upon him I have relied; 9:130 etc. عليه يوكلت

24. Upon him I have relied and unto him I return; 11:90, 42:8. عليه يوكلت واليه انيب

25. Say (that) nothing befalls us except what God has written for us; he (is) our master, and on God then let the believers rely; say do you await; 9:51–52. قل لن يصيبنا الا ما كتب الله لنا هو مولانا و على الله فليتوكل المؤمنون قل هل تربصون

26. (There is) no god except God; passim. لا اله الا الله

27. (There is) no god except him; 2:158. لا اله الا هو

28. (There is) no god except him — the merciful, the compassionate; 2:158. لا اله الا هو الرحمن الرحيم

29. (There is) no partner unto him; 6:163. لا شريك له

30. (There is) no strength except in God; 18:37. لا قوة الا بالله

31. Muḥammad (is the) messenger of God; 48:29. محمد رسول الله

32. Muḥammad (is the) messenger of God; he has sent him with the guidance and (the) faith of the truth, so that he may proclaim it above every faith, even if the polytheists dislike (it); 9:33, 61:9 (first four words paraphrased). محمد رسول الله ارسله بالهدى ودين الحق ليطهره على الدين كله ولو كره المشركون

33. And whoever has recourse to God, then he has already been guided on a straight path; 3:96. و) من يعتصم بالله فقد هدى الي صراط مستقيم)

34. Victory (is) from God; 61:13. نصر من الله

35. Victory (is) from God and conquest (is) near; 61:13. نصر من الله وفتح قريب

36. God has rendered him victorious; 9:40. نصره الله

37. (The) victory of God (is) near; 2:210. الله قريب (for Koranic نصره (نصر

38. He (is) the first and the last and the evident and the hidden, and he (is) in every thing omniscient; 57:3. هو الاول و الاخر والظاهر والباطن وهو بكل شيء عليم

39. And dread a day on which you will be brought back to God; then every man will be paid what he has earned; and they will not be wronged; 2:281. واتقوا يوما ترجعون فيه الى الله ثم توفى كل نفس ما كسبت وهم لا يظلمون

40. And I entrust my affair to God; 40:47. وأفوض أمرى الى الله

41. And God guides whomever he wishes on a straight path; 2:209, 24:45. و الله يهدى من يشاء الى صراط مستقيم

42. And your god (is) a single God; 2:158. والهكم اله واحد

43. And deliver (the) good news to the believers; 2:223 etc. وبشر المؤمنين

44. God has promised to those among you who have believed and have practised good works that he will make them successors on the earth as he made those who preceded them successors; 24:54. وعد الله الذين امنوا منكم وعملوا الصالحات ليستخلفنهم في الارض كما استخلف الذين من قبلهم

45. And certainly we have written in the psalms, after the invocation, that my servants — the righteous — shall inherit the earth; 21:105. ولقد كتبنا قي الزبور من بعد الذكر ان الارض يرثها عبادي الصالحون

46. And (there is) not the victory except from beside God; 3:122. وما النصر الا من عند الله

47. And (there is) not the victory except from beside God — the strong, the wise; 3:122. وما النصر الامن عند الله العزيز الحكيم

48. And whatever (is) unto you of a pleasant (kind), then (it is) from God; 16:55. وما بكم من نعمة فمن الله

49. And you will not will unless God has willed; verily God is knowing, wise; 76:30. وما تشاؤن الا ان يشاء الله ان الله كان عليما حكيما

50. And (there is) not my success except with God; 11:90. وما توفيقي الا بالله

51. And (there is) not any god except God; 5:77 (paraphrased). وما من اله الا الله (for Koranic اله واحد)

52. And whoever desires other than Islam as a faith, then it will not be accepted from him; 3:79. و من يبتغ غير الاسلام دينا فلن يقبل منه

53. And whoever desires other than Islam as a faith, then it will not be accepted from him, and he (will be) in the end among the perishing; 3:79. ومن يبتغ غير الاسلام دبن يقبل منه وهوفي الاخرةمن الخاسرين

54. And whoever fears God, he will establish a way of escape for him, and will provide for him from whence he is unaware; 65:2. ومن يتق الله يجعل له مخرجا ويرزقه من حيث لا يحتسب

55. And whoever relies upon God, then he (is) his sufficiency; verily God (is) attaining his commandment; 65:3. ومن يتوكل على الله فهم حسب ان الله بالغ امره

56. And whoever relies upon God, then he (is) his sufficiency; verily God (is) attaining his commandment; certainly God has appointed for every thing a measure; 65:3. ومن يتوكل على الله فهو حسبه ان الله بالغ امره قد جعل الله لكل شيء قدرا

57. And he (is) master of the mighty throne; 9:130. وهو رب العرش العظيم

58. O you who have believed, endure and be patient and persevere and fear God, then perhaps you will succeed; 3:200. يا ايها الذين امنوا اصبروا وصابروا وربطوا (for Koranic وربطوا واتقوا الله لعلكم تفلحون(ورابطوا

59. O you who have believed, obey God and obey the messenger and (the) holders of command among you; 4:62. ياايها الذين امنوا اطيعوا الله واطيعوا الرسول واولي الامر منكم

60. O thou prophet, we have sent thee as a witness and a bringer of good news and a warner and a summoner to God; 33:44–45. يا ايها النبي انا ارسلناك شاهدا ومبشرا ونذيرا وداعيا الى الله

61. Day of the faith; passim. يوم الدين

B. For the Prophet Muḥammad

No useful purpose would be served by a detailed analysis with individual translations of the large group of conventional inscriptions which ring changes on the single theme: the blessing of God be upon our chief Muḥammad and upon his family and companions. An alphabetical list with occasional notes follows.

62. صلوات الله عليه

63. صلوات الله عليه وعلى اله

64. صلى الله على سيدنا محمد

65. صلى الله على سيدنا محمد واله

66. صلى الله على سيدنا محمد واله سلم

67. صلى الله على سيدنا محمد واله سلم تسليما

68. صلى الله على سيدنا محمد واله وصحبه وسلم تسليما

69. صلى الله على سيدنا محمد وسلم تسليم

70. صلى الله على سيدنا محمد و على اله وسلم تسليما

71. صلى الله على سيدنا محمد وعلى اله وصحبه وسلم

72. صلى الله على سيدنا محمد وعلى اله وصحبه وسلم تسليما

73. صلى الله على سيدنا ومولانا محمد وعلى اله وصحبه الاكرمين

74. صلى الله على محمد

75. خاتم النبيين) صلى الله على محمد خاتم النبيين — seal of the prophets — is Koranic; 33:40)

76. صلى الله على محمد واله

77. صلى الله على محمد واله الطيبين الطاهرين

78. صلى الله على محمد وعلى اله

79. صلى الله على محمد وعلى اله وسلم تسليما

80. صلى الله على محمد وعلى اله وصليه وسلم تسليما

81. صلى الله عليه

82. صلى الله عليه وسلم

83. صلى الله عليه وسلم تسليما

84. Muḥammad (is the) messenger of God and his servant. محمد رسول الله وعبده

85. Muḥammad (is) our messenger. محمد رسولنا

86. Muḥammad (is) his messenger and his servant. محمد رسوله وعبده

87. Muḥammad (is the) servant of God and his messenger. محمد عبد الله ورسوله

88. Muḥammad (is) his servant and his messenger. محمد عبده ورسوله

89. وصلى الله على سيدنا ومولانا محمد

90. And Muḥammad (is) our prophet. ومحمد نبينا

C. For 'Alī (Shī'ite)

91. 'Alī (is the) most distinguished of the agents and minister of (the) best of the messengers. و)علي افضل الوصيين ووزير خير المرسلين)

92. 'Alī (is the) friend of God. علي ولي الله

D. For the Mahdī

93. (The) messenger of God, who delivered the good news of it. الذي بشربه رسول الله

E. For the Ruler (religious)

94. I ask help of God; how excellent is the helper. استعين بالله نعم المعين

95. God help him and render him victorious. اعانه الله ونصره

96. God help him and render him victorious by grace of his compact. اعانه الله ونصره بمنة يمينه

97. I had recourse to God. اعتصمت بالله

98. I have trusted in God. امنت بالله

99. God help ... ايد الله

100. God help his commandment and render strong his victory. ايد الله امره واعزنصره

101. God help him. ايده الله

102. God — may he be exalted — help him. ايده الله تعالى

103. God — may he be exalted — help him and render him victorious. ايده الله تعالى ونصره

104. God help him and render him victorious. ايده الله ونصره

105. My trust (is) in God alone. ثقتي بالله وحده

106. My sufficiency (is) God alone. حسبي الله وحده

107. He has summoned. دعا

108. God render victorious ... نصر الله

109. Our defense (is) in God. نصرتنا بالله

110. (The) friend of God. ولى الله

111. He asks help of God. يستعين بالله

112. He has recourse to (the) compact of God. (Compare Koran 3:98). يعتصم بحبل الله

F. For the Mint (religious)

113. God — may he be exalted — preserve it for the Moslems. ابقاها الله تعالى للمسلمين

114. God protect it. امنها الله

115. God — may he be exalted — protect it. امنها الله تعالى

116. God — may he be exalted — protect it by his grace and his generosity. امنها الله تعالى بمنه وكرمه

117. God guard it. حرسها الله

118. God guard it by his grace. حرسها الله بمنه

119. God — may he be exalted — guard it. حرسها الله تعالى

120. God — may he be exalted — guard it by his grace. حرسها الله تعالى بمنه

121. God — may he be exalted — guard it by his grace and his generosity. حرسها الله تعالى بمنه ركرمه

122. God — may he be exalted — guard it and protect it. حرسها الله تعالى وامنها

G. For the Striking (religious)

Most of this group of inscriptions are variations or abridgments of the formula: in the name of God — the merciful, the compassionate — this dinar (or dirhem) was struck at ...

123. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب

124. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب ب

125. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب في

126. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هذ(ا) الدرهم ب

127. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هذ(أ) الدين(أ)رب

128. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم عونك يالله ضرب هذا الدينارب

129. (used only on Jāmi'id: 24a) بسم الله الرحمن ضرب هذا الدينارب

130. بسم الله امر بضرب هذ الدبنار في

131. بسم الله ضرب ب

132. بسم الله ضرب هذ(أ) الدرهم

133. بسم الله ضرب هذ(أ) الدرهم ب

134. بسم الله ضرب هذ(أ) الدين(أ)رب

H. Other Religious Inscriptions

135. The whole commandment (is) unto God. و)الامر كله لله)

136. The whole commandment (is) unto God alone. الامر كله لله وحده

137. The reliance (is) upon God. و)التوكل على الله)

138. God (is) the preserver. الحافظ الله

139. The truth. الحق

140. The praise (is) unto God alone. و) الحمد لله وحده)

141. The might and the strength (are) in God. و)الحول والقوة (با)الله)

142. The thanksgiving (is) unto God. و)الشكر لله)

143. The grandeur (is) unto God. و)العظمة لله)

144. The Koran (is) our leader. القران امامنا

145. The Koran (is the) proof of God. القران حجة الله

146. The Koran (is the) word of God. القران كلام الله

147. God has fostered whoever has relied upon him. الله ربي من توكل عليه

148. God has rendered victorious whoever has relied upon him. الله نصر من توكل عليه

149. God (is) a friend of whoever has relied upon him, and has rendered victorious whoever executes his commandment. الله ولي من توكل عليه ونصر من يقضى امره

150. The kingdom (is) unto God. و) الملك لله)

151. The kingdom (is) unto God alone. الملك لله وحده

152. The grace (is) unto God. و)المنة لله)

153. The one (is) God. الواحد الله

154. God help them. ايدهم الله

155. At (the) commandment of God. بامر الله

156. May (God) bless it. بركه

157. (There is) no god except God alone. لا اله الا الله وحده

158. (There is) no might and no strength except in God. و)لا حول ولا قوة الا بالله)

159.(There is) no conqueror except God.(Naṣrid motto)و)لاغالب الا الله)

160. For (the) unity of the eternal God. لتوحيد الاله الله

161. How near (is the) succor of God. (Early Ziyānid motto) ما اقرب فرج الله

162. What God has wished. ما شا الله

163. How excellent the powerful (is) God. نعم القادر الله

164. And the asking help (is) unto God. والاستعانة بالله

165. And the thanksgiving (is) unto God for his grace. والشكر لله على نعمته

166. And the power (is) unto God. والقدرة لله

167. And the guidance (is) from God. والهداية من الله

I. For the Ruler (secular)

168. May his victory become illustrious. عز نصره

169. Power. عزة

170. At (the) command of ... عن امر

J. For the Mint (secular)

171. The guarded (applied to Bijāyah and Sabtah). المحروسة

172. (The) vicinity (of ...) حضر

173. (The) district (of...) حضرة

174. (The) city (of ...)مدينة

175. City of (the) power of Islam and (of ...) مدينة عز الاسلام و

K. For the Striking (secular)

176. It has been struck. ضرب

177. It has been struck at ... ضرب ب

178. It has been struck in... ضرب في

179. This dirhem has been struck. ضرب هذالدرهم

180. It has been coined at ... طبع ب

L. Other Secular Inscriptions

181. Quarter of the dinar. ربع الدينر

182. Year. سنة

183. Year. عام

184. (On the) first day of Sha'bān (the eighth month). غزة شعبان

185. In (the) year. في سنة

186. In Sha'bān (the eighth month). في شعبان

187. In (the) month of the spring (the third or fourth month). في شهر الربيع

188. In (the) month of Sha'bān (the eighth month). قي شهر شعبان

189. Former weight. وزن قديم


EPIGRAPHY AND ORNAMENTATION

The style and script traditional in the Caliphal coinage, round fields surrounded by unbroken margins in plain Kūfī, are characteristic of all the coins at the opening of this survey. The Zīrid coins continued to be based on Fāṭimid models; the Ḥammūdid silver was a debased version of that struck by the Spanish Umayyads; the Murābiṭs combined these styles into a strong simple style of their own which was a model of clarity. A few Naskhī or part-Naskhī pieces are found among their silver, but Kūfī greatly predominated.

All this was deliberately changed by the Muwaḥḥids, probably to fulfill the prophecy that power would be seized by a leader who would alter the currency on the occasion of a conjunction of certain planets. The style then introduced, which lasted with minor changes and exceptions for the balance of the late medieval period, included square silver, chiefly in the cursive Naskhī script, and round gold with field inscriptions in a square inscribed in a circle, the segments of which also held legends, all in Naskhī script except for some ornamented Kūfī introduced by certain early Ḥafṣids and Marīnids.

This ornamented Kūfī is the script erroneously termed Qarmaṭic (karmathic) by many orientalists, although it has no connection whatever with the Qarmaṭī heretical sect. This fallacy has persisted despite complete refutation by Fraehn in the Journal Asiatique for 1828. The script, which had a wide but short-lived popularity in the last half of the thirteenth Christian century and the first decade of the fourteenth, was probably introduced into North Africa by refugees from Andalusia after the fall of Seville.

Vagaries in the spelling of the inscriptions abound. Abū- and abī- are used interchangeably by the Ḥafṣids; masculine and feminine dates, by the Murābiṭs. Alifs are inserted in or omitted from such words as ibn-, raḥmān, ta'ālâ, and dīnār according to the whim of the engraver. Diacritical marks are usually entirely absent; when present they are more often ornamental than significant.

In rare cases, punches were used by the engraver to incise straight lines and circles, especially on Ḥammūdid coins. The general practice, however, was to engrave the design by hand in reverse on a die like the one described by Marçais. This inevitably led to such minor errors as the omission or duplication of letters and even of whole words, but these were held to a reasonable minimum by careful supervision, and faulty dies were frequently withdrawn and corrected. An index of coins with engraving errors is supplied for the use of those who desire to pursue this line of inquiry further.

Very few of the dies are signed: two with the name Sa'd in tiny letters, possibly one with Mālik.

Ornamentation, as distinguished from lettering, is extremely limited. None of the coins bears a pictorial device, and only a few pieces of silver, separately indexed, have a face covered by a geometrical design. Individual letters and blank spaces are often enhanced by the application of minor scrolls and flourishes, though the effort to decode any meaning they may have conveyed has been fruitless. Otherwise it is limited to line and dotted squares surrounding field inscriptions, and occasional lengthening of letters to fill areas in an esthetically satisfying manner.


MINTING TECHNIQUE

The methods used in striking the late medieval North African coinage are nowhere clearly described, but can easily be deduced from the money itself and from the coin die described by Marçais. The obverse was engraved on one tool, the reverse on a base, a cold metal flan of the correct size was inserted, a blow was struck, and the finished coin was removed. No cast coins have been found.

Some control was exercised so that obverse and reverse appeared in the desired relative position, but this was subject to great relaxation. Occasional coins survive, and are listed in the miscellaneous index, with errors in striking, including the combining of two obverses, the use of a flan of the wrong size, and such mistakes. Misstruck and doublestruck specimens, however, are not specially noted.

Very few names of mint-masters appear on these coins. Yāshir, Mālik, and Ibn-Kaukab may be Murābiṭ mint-masters; others may be indicated by the relatively frequent mint-marks, consisting of one or more letters of the alphabet.

No systematic study of these mint-marks has been attempted. They are frequently not mentioned by persons recording coins, so that the existing data are necessarily incomplete, but they are separately indexed for ready reference.

Mention should be made here of certain Murābiṭ silver on which one side has been deliberately left blank. Vives ascribes this to a system of indicating denominations, though not all extant coins fit into his table. These coins are listed in the miscellaneous index, as are coins with only an ornament on one side instead of a legend.


METROLOGY

Much the larger portion of the coins under examination were made of gold. The Zīrid and Murābiṭ dinar, and presumably the Ḥammādid, was designed to weigh about 4.2 grams, with halves and quarters and even eighths weighing correct fractions of that figure. The Zīrid dinar, of which surviving specimens average 4.11 grams and are known as heavy as 4.35, was 22–24 millimeters in diameter; the Murābiṭ, averaging 4.05 grams and never over 4.3, was 23–27 millimeters across. Half dinars were 15–16 millimeters, quarters 13–15, and eighths about 11.

The coins as struck were apparently fairly uniform in size and weight, and the gold was of good quality. It came across the Sahara from the negroes' regions, in sufficient quantity to strike a rich and variegated coinage.

With the advent of the Muwaḥḥids the quality and quantity of the gold used apparently was sustained, but the standard of weight and size was permanently altered. A wide, thin double dinar was introduced, averaging 4.55 grams, 27–32 millimeters in diameter. The dinar, averaging 2.27 grams, was 19–22 millimeters; the half, at 1.15 grams, 14–16 millimeters, the quarter, at .55, about 13 millimeters. Successor dynasties followed these specifications with minor alterations; some Ḥafṣid double dinars were slightly smaller, some Marīnid slightly broader; most dinars somewhat broader; a few Ziyānid and Marīnid halves considerably broader; but in general the plan was adhered to without significant modification.

After the middle of the Muwaḥḥid period the number of specimens diminishes sharply, with Ziyānid and Waṭṭāsid gold definitely scarce. The quality was never seriously diminished, and purchasing power remained high, though definite analyses belong rather to economic than to numismatic history. Apparently far more need of fractional gold existed under the later dynasties than under the Murābiṭs, whose dinars account for over 99% of their surviving gold.

The place of silver in the various dynastic coinages varied greatly. For the Ḥammūdids only silver so base as to be readily considered copper was struck, whereas the Zīrids followed the Fāṭimids in seldom using silver. The Murābiṭs struck large quantities of silver, both dirhems of traditional appearance with dates and mints and 1-gram qirats and fractions thereof as subsidiary small change.

A few electrum coins survive for the Murābiṭs, but no data is available indicating their denomination or purpose.

The square silver struck by the Muwaḥḥids and Ḥafṣids is plentiful and found widespread contemporary acceptance — being counterfeited extensively among the Christians of Spain and France. The square dirhems averaged about 1.5 gram and were 13–19 millimeters square. They survive in great numbers, making more unaccountable the lack of identifiable Ziyānid silver and the relative scarcity of silver attributable to the Marīnids and the Waṭṭāsids.

Silver was presumably mined locally in Morocco and Spain. Its value relative to gold fluctuated, being never more than one tenth and seldom less than one twentieth by weight. The purity of the alloy also suffered fluctuations, being depreciated and restored on several occasions.

Copper was simply not recognized as a precious metal suitable for coinage. Dinars and square and round dirhems were occasionally imitated in copper or struck in silver so base as to be distinguishable only with difficulty from it, but the few attempts to coin copper openly met with violent popular opposition. Only at the very end of Ḥafṣid rule were a few coppers struck, foreshadowing modern token currency, but this development was impossible throughout most of the late medieval period in North Africa.


THE RULERS AND THEIR COINAGES

The following chapters cover the coinage of each dynasty as a separate unit. Before each has been inserted a chronological list of rulers, with a condensed genealogical tree for each except the Fāṭimids, the Hūdids, and the Ottomans, which have but one ruler apiece affected by North African numismatic history for the late medieval period. The information in the lists of rulers has been derived from medieval inscriptions and documents and from extensive comparison of medieval Arabic histories, chronicles, geographies, biographies, and other works; it has been corrected or confirmed from evidence found on the coins themselves. Although the actual coins have been consulted whenever possible, the other sources have been used in the best modern published versions, as listed in the bibliographies. When such sources conflict, the more probable has been determined and utilized; when gaps remained after exhaustive research, I have filled them from modern sources or from my own conclusions as to the most likely of possible alternatives.

After each item of information there has been placed, within parentheses, a short reference to one or more sources, in this order: gold (g), electrum (e), silver (s), and copper (c); inscriptions (B and a number, referring to the historical reference bibliography, part B); documents (C and a number); medieval Arabic works (A and a number). Failing these, modern sources (D and a number) or my own conclusions (H) supply the data. Although this system is rather unwieldy and unattractive, no better way of supplying this essential reference material has presented itself; it is hoped that familiarity will render it less objectionable. The parentheses following Christian dates indicate the source from which the month of the Moslem year was derived, enabling me to specify the correct one of the two possible Christian years.

The 'Abbāsids in North Africa

Sunnite khalīfahs of the Banū'l-'Abbās of Baghdad A.H. 132–656 (A.D. 749–1258):

1–25 too early.

26–31 generically on Murābiṭ gold 26–90, 92–446.

31 al-Muqtafī-li-amr-Allāh (g, A35h) abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, A35h) Muḥammad (A35h) ibn-Aḥmad (28; A35h) A.H. 530 (A35h) –555 (A35h) A.D. 1136 (no alternative) –1160 (A35h): generically on Zīrid gold 24a and Murābiṭ gold (see above), specified on Ḥammādid gold 25.

32–35 no African coins.

36 al-Mustanṣir-bi-Allāh (s, A35h) abū-Ja'far (s, A35h) al-Manṣūr (A20a) ibn-Muḥammad (35; A35h) A.H. 623 (A35h) –640 (A20a) A.D. 1226 (no alternative) –1242 (A20a): generically on Hūdid gold 540 and silver 1117–1120, specified on Hūdid silver 1121.

37 al-Musta'ṣim-bi-Allāh (A35h), abū-Aḥmad (A35h) 'Abd-Allāh (A35h) ibn-al-Manṣūr (36; A35h) A.H. 640 (A35h) –656 (A35h) A.D. 1242 (A35h) –1258 (A35h): generically on Hūdid gold 541.

image

The 'Abbāsid caliphs of Baghdad had once controlled all North Africa, but their sway had ended with the attainment of independence by the Aghlabids and the Idrīsids about A.D. 800, just as it had previously been terminated in Spain by the establishment of the Umayyad amīrate. The Fāṭimid conquests in the tenth century had closed all Africa to them permanently.

With this in mind, it is clear that the appearance of 'Abbāsid names and titles on late medieval North African coins in no respect represented a revival of their temporal power. What it did signify was a spiritual submission to the theory of a single orthodox Sunnite caliphate.

This distinction is clearly seen in the Murābiṭ gold coinage. With a single unexplained exception (91) every piece of Murābiṭ gold accords the epithet 'Abd-Allāh and the Caliphal titles al-imām and amīr al-mu'minīn to this distant and shadowy suzerain, who was never individually named, though occasionally generically called al-'Abbāsī on the later dinars. For themselves the Murābiṭs adopted the lesser titles al-amīr and amīr al-muslimīn, never aspiring to full Caliphal rank. The silver, not restricted by Moslem political theory to the caliph, does not carry the deferential formulas.

Shortly after the downfall of the Murābiṭs in A.H. 541, two of their neighbors rendered analogous numismatic homage to the 'Abbāsids. Yaḥyâ, the 9th Ḥammādid, specified al-Muqtafī on a dinar dated 543 (25) reported by Ibn-Khaldūn, while the Jāmi'id Rashīd of Gabes followed the Murābiṭ formula in his 551 dinar (24a). Both of these coins indicate anti-Fāṭimid sentiment similar to that motivating the great Zīrid revolt, in which 'Abbāsid banners and prayers were substituted for Fāṭimid, though for some reason the 'Abbāsid caliphs were never mentioned on the Sunnite Zīrid coins of al-Mu'izz.

Both Yaḥyâ and Rashīd fell, like the Murābiṭs, before the powerful Muwaḥḥid military machine, and the 'Abbāsids disappeared from North African coins for nearly eighty years. The Banū-Ghāniyah, collateral descendants of the Murābiṭs, invaded Tunisia from their Balearic stronghold, and referred to the 'Abbāsids as suzerains in their Friday prayers, following family tradition, but no coins exist for their decades of banditry on the Muwaḥḥid frontiers. If any are ever located, they may be expected to bear 'Abbāsid formulas.

During the Muwaḥḥid collapse after A.H. 624 Ibn-Hūd made good his independence in Spain and struck several coins in nominal allegiance to the distant 'Abbāsid caliph, as an act of defiance to the Muwaḥḥids. The only Hūdid coins considered in this study are those few struck in North Africa; during the three months of A.H. 630 that Ibn-Hūd controlled Ceuta both gold (540) and silver (1117–1120) were apparently struck there, with pro- 'Abbāsid legends replacing the normal Muwaḥḥid ones.

A further step was taken by the shaykh al-Yānashtī, who governed Ceuta for the next five years and coined silver in the name of the 36th 'Abbāsid, al-Mustanṣir, dated 635 (1121).

The final 'Abbāsid coin struck in North Africa (541), although mintless and dateless, can confidently be ascribed to the amīr al-'Azafī at Ceuta between A.H. 647 and the termination of the 'Abbāsid caliphate in 656 by the Mongol Hūlāgū.

With the end of the caliphate proper came the end of numismatic recognition in North Africa, for the puppet-caliphs maintained by the Mamlūks at Cairo seem to have exercised no such dominance over occidental loyalties as their legitimate predecessors had done for five centuries.

The Fāṭimids in North Africa

Shī'ite imāms of the Banū-Fāṭimah of Cairo A.H. 297–567 (A.D. 909–1171).

1–7 too early.

8 al-Mustanṣir-bi-Allāh (g, A35e) abū-Tamīm (g, A41a) Ma'add (g, A35e) ibn-'Alī (7; A35e) A.H. 427 (A18b) –487 (A18b) A.D. 1036 (A18b) –1094 (A18b): specified on Zīrid gold 1, 2, 15–23.

9–14 no African coins.

Although the Shī'ite Fāṭimid imāms had risen to power in Tunisia, they resolved in A.D. 969 to shift their seat of government to newly-conquered Egypt, leaving North Africa under a governor. For this post was chosen the able Ṣanhājah Berber general Bulukkīn ibn-Zīrī; the demands of loyalty were dutifully fulfilled by him, by his son al-Manṣūr, and by al-Manṣūr's son Bādīs. By the fourth generation, however, the bonds had greatly slackened, and the combined motives of personal ambition, Sunnite proclivities, and apparent security from reprisal led to the Zīrid revolt of al-Mu'izz ibn-Bādīs.

The historians give a variety of dates for the various steps in this revolt; the coins afford an exact chronology. The standard Fāṭimid dinars minted at al-Mahdīyah and al-Manṣūrīyah through A.H. 438 represent the old order; both mint cities were named for Fāṭimid founders. The first sign of aversion appeared in 439, when the old name Ṣabrah was used instead of al-Manṣūrīyah, though Fāṭimid formulas were retained and al-Mustanṣir was named as suzerain; no further change occurred in 440.

With 441, however, the revolt became unequivocal. The dinars of that and subsequent years eliminated all reference to al-Mustanṣir, substituted Sunnite for Shī'ite formulas, and were usually minted at Kairouan. As far as Arabic historians disclose, the revolt was final, though numismatists have long known of later coins naming al-Mustanṣir and struck at al-Mahdīyah.

Apparently Farrugia de Candia was the first to make the obvious deduction that the Zīrids must have sought a reconciliation with their vindictive former overlord, who had sent the Banū-Hilāl and the Banū-Sulaym to ravage Tunisia. Whether this tardy remorse was accepted by al-Mustanṣir cannot now be determined, but since the new series continued for ten years, it may be supposed to have met with some measure of success.

The net effect from the Fāṭimid point of view may be briefly recapitulated. Until 438, normal dinars. In 439 and 440, normal dinars (1, 2) except for the ominous change in mint-name. From 441 to 449, rebellion. From 449 to 454, resumption of normal dinars under al-Mu'izz. From 454 to 459, continuation of normal dinars under Tamīm. After 459, nothing, despite one coin reported for 480 but rejected as unbelievable.

Thus the long history of Fāṭimid coinage in North Africa came to its final close in 459, as far as surviving coins indicate. The last quarter-century, analysed here, was perhaps the most important, revealing as it does a vital diplomatic development of which no written record seems to have survived.

The nominal Fāṭimid suzerainty over the Ḥammādids of eastern Algeria probably lasted somewhat longer but does not seem to have been reflected on coins, for the only recorded coin of this dynasty (25) is said by Ibn-Khaldūn to have been struck on the occasion of the disavowal of Fāṭimid supremacy.

The Zīrids of Tunisia

Ṣanhājah Berber rulers of the Banū-Zīrī of Tunisia A.H. 362–543 (A.D. 972–1148).

1–3 too early.

4 abū-Tamīm (B11, A27b) al-Mu'izz (B11, A35e) ibn-Bādīs (3; B11, A35e) A.H. 406 (A35e) –454 (A35e) A.D. 1016 (A41a) –1062 (A36c):

First series (for Fāṭimid 8) A.H. 439 (g) –440 (g, A35e) gold 1, 2.

Second series (independent) A.H. 441 (g, A41a) –449 (g) anonymous gold 3–14, anonymous silver 871.

Third series (for Fāṭimid 8) A.H. 449 (g) –454 (A35e) gold 15–17.

4A Ḥammū (A35e) ibn-Malīl (A35e) independent Barghawāṭah Berber governor of Sfax A.H. 451 (A35e) –493 (A35e) A.D. 1059 (H) –1099 (D9) anonymous gold 24.

5 abū-Yaḥyâ (A36C) Tamīm (B11, A35e) ibn-al-Mu'izz (4; B11, A35e) A.H. 454 (g, A35e) –501 (A35e) A.D. 1062 (A36C) –1108 (A36C):

First series (for Fāṭimid 8) A.H. 454 (g, A35e) –459 (g) gold 18–23.

Second series (independent) A.H. 459 (H) –501 (A35e) no coins.

6 abū-Ṭāhir (A36C) Yaḥyâ. (A35e) ibn-Tamīm (5; A35e) A.H. 501 (A35e) –509 (A35e) A.D. 1108 (A41a) –1116 (A41a) no coins.

7 abū'l-Futūḥ (A35e) 'Alī (A35e) ibn-Yaḥyâ (6; A35e) A.H. 509 (A35e) –515 (A35e) A.D. 1116 (A41a) –1121 (A41a) no coins.

8 abū-Yaḥyâ. (A36C) al-Ḥasan A35e) ibn-'Alī (7; A35e) A.H. 515 (A35e) –543 (A35e) A.D. 1121 (A41a) –1148 (A41a) no coins.

8A Rashīd (g) ibn-Rashīd (g, A35e) independent Jāmi'id Arab governor of Gabes A.H. 5xx (?) –554 (A84e) A.D. 115X (?) –1159 (H) gold (for 'Abbāsid 31, not identified) 24a.

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The history of the Ṣanhājah Berber dynasty known as the Zīrids is successively one of prosperity, disaster, and redirection. From A.H. 372, the effective date of Bulukkīn's governorship, to 438 their numismatic history is that of provincial Fāṭimid mints.

This study opens in 439 with the first stirrings of revolt, the substitution on otherwise normal Fāṭimid dinars of the ancient name Ṣabrah for the Fāṭimid al-Manṣūrīyah. Al-Mu'izz struck Shī'ite dinars of this type through 440, anonymous Sunnite coins from 441 to 449, and Shī'ite dinars from 449 to his death in 454; these were continued through 459 by his son Tamīm. Apparently no further coins were struck by members of the main Zīrid dynasty.

These sparse facts suggest many questions, to which only the most tentative answers can be supplied. The motives for the revolt are well known: al-Mu'izz's ambition and Sunnism buttressed by his misplaced feeling of security. Apparently no one event was the occasion for his rebellion, but rather a general sense that the time was ripe.

Numismatically, the changes made in 441 were not far-reaching. The shape, weight, and diameter of the standard dinar were retained; quarters and eighths were occasionally minted for change, with scanty silver, just as under the Fāṭimids. Only the inscriptions were altered, but this was done thoroughly. The Shī'ite praise of 'Alī was eliminated from the obverse face; for the Fāṭimid names and titles on the reverse face was substituted a Koranic quotation; another replaced the previous obverse margin; even the mint inscription on the reverse margin was altered.

The new style lasted at Kairouan through 448, with a similar coin from Sfax ascribed to 449. In that year al-Mu'izz fled to the fortified port of al-Mahdīyah, leaving the rest of Tunisia to be pillaged by the Arab invaders. His coins from 449 to his death in 454 were struck at al-Mahdīyah, where his son Tamīm as governor had already coined Sunnite dinars for him in 446 and 447.

The unexpected fact is that the final group is Shī'ite in every respect. 'Alī is venerated; al-Mustanṣir is named and accorded Caliphal titles; the concentric style is revived. There can be no possible doubt as to the significance of all this: an attempt at reconciliation with al-Mustanṣir, inexplicably ignored or suppressed in medieval Arabic histories.

This Shī'ite series was continued by Tamīm through 459; its duration, and the variety in styles utilized, suggest acceptance by Cairo as a Fāṭimid mint in good standing from 449 to 459. Motives on both sides are easy to understand: the Zīrids seeking any ally against the ferocious horde devastating Tunisia and vainly hoping that al-Mustanṣir could control the destroyers he had loosed; the Fāṭimid delighted with his revenge and welcoming the subservient penitent as a testimony to his firm way with dissenters.

Between 459 and the Sicilian conquest of al-Mahdīyah in 543, the Zīrids, ruling chiefly the capital with little or no hinterland, capitalized on adversity by turning seaward. A judicious alternation of commerce and corsairship partially restored their power and prosperity. For what reason, then, did they not resume coining money?

The answer must surely be sought in the cutting by nomad Arabs of their source of supply for raw gold, previously shipped across the Sahara by camel caravan. What gold they secured by trade or raid was already minted, and adequate to their needs. Silver had always been rare in Tunisia, even in Aghlabid times. And finally, if any coins were struck by the later Zīrids, they were probably looted by the Sicilian Normans and eventually melted into bullion.

The relatively few surviving Zīrid coins are chiefly gold dinars weighing about 4.05 grams, with a diameter of about 23 millimeters, neatly struck, in Kūfī script. The inscriptions on the Shī'ite series are identical with standard Fāṭimid legends; the Sunnite ones, being anonymous, are remarkable only in the unusual minting phrase "struck in (the) city of (the) power of Islam and al-Qayrawān", ironic in view of the fact that Kairouan would soon lie utterly in ruins.

An anonymous dinar of Zīrid type (24) is, because of its mint and date, ascribed by Farrugia de Candia to the independent Barghawāṭah Berber governor of Sfax Ḥammū ibn-Malīl, whose attack on al-Mahdīyah was defeated by Tamīm. Its date, 461, is the latest known for Tunisia before the Sicilian conquest.

A still more unusual Murābiṭ-style dinar (24a) is reported by Prieto y Vives as struck at Qābis in 551 by al-Rashīd ibn-Rāfi'. Since his illustration is execrable, and since the al-Rashīd to whom he refers died in 543 and was not the son or descendant of Rāfi', I at first reluctantly rejected this coin, until I located the Schulman specimen, the clear photograph of which disproves its ascription to Qādis (Cadiz) for 552. Prolonged scrutiny led me to the present reading, al-Rashīd ibn-Rashīd, suggesting one of the two sons of Prieto's al-Rashīd who ruled between his death and the Muwaḥḥid conquest of Gabes in 554, with Sicilian interruptions. Ibn-Khaldūn gives their names as Muḥammad and Mudāfi'; the latter signifies postponing and is probably a nick-name, so it seems a reasonable assumption that the dinar was struck by the last Jāmi'id under his real name al-Rashīd.

Any alternative explanation would have either to identify another person named al-Rashīd who could have ruled Gabes in 551 or to explain why the first al-Rashīd was not ibn-Kāmil, as Ibn-Kaldūn calls him, as well as the discrepancy in dates. Perhaps my solution requires fewer untenable assumptions than its competitors.

No coins are recorded for the other local Arab and Berber rulers of cities or tribes in Tunisia, Tripolitania, or eastern Algeria during this turbulent period, though some few of them may have minted a little gold.

The Ḥammadids of Eastern Algeria

Ṣanhājah Berber rulers of the Banū-Ḥammād of eastern Algeria A.H. 405–547 (A.D. 1014–1152).

1 too early.

2 al-Qā'id (A35e) ibn-Ḥammād (1; A35e) A.H. 419 (A35e) –446 (A35e) A.D. 1028 (A41a) –1055 (A41a) no coins.

3 Muḥsan (A35e) ibn-al-Qā'id (2; A35e) A.H. 446 (A35e) –447 (A35e) A.D. 1055 (A41a) –1055 (A41a) no coins.

4 Bulukkīn (A35e) ibn-Muḥammad ibn-Ḥammād (1; A35e) A.H. 447 (A35e) –454 (A35e) A.D. 1055 (A41a) –1062 (A41a) no coins.

5 al-Nāṣir (C12, A35e) ibn-'Alannās ibn-Ḥammād (1; A35e) A.H. 454 (A35e) –481 (A35e) A.D. 1062 (A41a) –1088 (A41a) no coins.

6 al-Manṣūr (A35e) ibn-al-Nāṣir (5; A35e) A.H. 481 (A35e) –498 (A35e) A.D. 1088 (A41a) –1104 (D9, D14) no coins.

7 Bādīs (A35e) ibn-al-Manṣūr (6; A35e) A.H. 498 (A35e) –498 (A41a) A.D. 1104 (D9, D14) –1105 (A41a) no coins.

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8 al-'Azīz (A35e) ibn-al-Manṣūr (6; A35e) A.H. 498 (A41a) –515 (A35e) A.D. 1105 (A41a) –1121 (A60b) no coins.

9 Yaḥyâ (g, A35e) ibn-al-'Azīz (8; g, A35e) A.H. 515 (A35e) –547 (A35e) A.D. 1121 (A60b) –1152 (C11) gold (for 'Abbāsid 31) 25.

The numismatic history of the Ḥammāmdid dynasty must be based on somewhat inadequate material, for the sad fact is that no coin survives which has been soundly attributed to these Ṣanhājah Berber cousins and rivals of the Zīrids.

Between Ḥammād's declaration of independence in A.H. 405 and al-Manṣūr's accession in 481 no coins were minted, according to Ibn-Khaldūn, but between 481 and the Muwaḥḥid conquest in 547 several coins must have been struck; we know only the 543 dinar (25) described by Ibn-Khaldūn, of which no surviving specimen is recorded. M. de Beylie, who excavated Qal'at Banī-Ḥammād, provided in an appendix to his volume a group of preposterous sketches, purporting to represent this and other Ḥammādid coins; fortunately, he expressed serious doubts of their reliability. He also included a photograph of a coin he dug up and attributed to al-Manṣur, the 6th Ḥammādid, on unascertainable grounds. It appears to be a well-worn Fāṭimid dinar of indeterminable mint and date; the original, supposedly in the Bibliothèque Nationale, cannot be located.

The external politics of the Ḥammādids were to counter their kinsmen, the Zīrids. Whichever supported the 'Abbāsids would find its neighbor in the Fāṭimids' camp. Each strove to turn the Arab hordes, and the Sicilian Normans, against the other. Before the Arab invasions they were military rivals; afterwards, piratical. When the last Zīrid was defeated by the Sicilians, he fled for refuge to the last Ḥammādid, who put him in prison.

The Ḥammūdids in North Africa

'Alid Arab rulers of the Banū-Ḥammūd of Malaga A.H. 407–449 (A.D. 1016–1057).

1–5 too early.

6 Idrīs II (s, A48a) ibn-Yaḥyâ I (3; A48a) A.H. 434 (A6b) –446 (s, A6b) A.D. 1043 (A48a) –1055 (notes to A48a):

Without heir A.H. 434 (A6b) –439 (H) A.D. 1043 (A48a) –1047 (H) too early.

With heir Muḥammad (9; s, A27c) A.H. 439 (s) –446 (s, A6b) A.D. 1047 (H) –1055 (notes to A48a) silver 872–879.

7–9 no African coins.

interregnum between end of dynasty proper and independence of 9A A.H. 449 (D9) –453 (A27C) A.D. 1057 (D9) –1061 (H).

9A Saqaut (s, c, A90) ibn-Muḥammad (H) Barghawāṭah Berber governor of Ceuta A.H. 453 (A27C) –471 (A90) A.D. 1061 (H) –1078 (H):

With heir al-'izz (9B; s, c, A27c) silver 880–886, copper 1157–1160.

9B al-'izz (s, A27c) ibn-Saqaut (9A; A35e) Barghawāṭah Berber governor of Ceuta A.H. 471 (A90) –476 (A35e) A.D. 1078 (H) –1083 (A35e):

With heir Saqaut (9C; s) silver 887.

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Pre-eminent among the petty kings who divided up Umayyad Spain in the early eleventh century were, at first, the Ḥammūdids of Malaga, but by A.H. 439, when this study starts, they had been outmatched by the 'Abbādids of Seville, and even within their tiny state they dissipated their strength in internecine warfare. A branch of the family held Algeciras, while the main dynasty also ruled Ceuta in Africa, bringing them within the scope of this study.

The only member of the dynasty proper to coin at Ceuta after 439 was the 6th, Idrīs II, with his son Muḥammad as heir. He struck only silver of poor alloy, like all his family, of whom Muḥammad I, Idrīs III, and al-Qāsim II were at war with him after 438. It was for this reason that he was often forced to take refuge at Ceuta, where his support was centered, though he also spent some time in prison there.

His dirhems are similar to those of the later Spanish Umayyads and the other petty kings in style and content. He assumed caliphal titles and epithets but did not mention his descent. The script is a thin degenerate Kūfī.

After the collapse of the dynasty in 449, Ceuta was held by a succession of non-royal adventurers culminating in the Barghawāṭah Berber Saqaut and his posterity. His coins, in an illegible stubby Kūfī script on silver so base it is usually termed copper, are nonetheless important. They are said by Vives to date from 455 to 467, but del Rivero, who is far from infallible, challenges all dates prior to 464. 462 does exist; for 455 and 456, doubt may be justified.

They are crowded with names, titles, and epithets. Saqaut is al-Manṣūr, al-Ma'ān, Bahā'-al-Daulah. He, or some person unknown, is al-imām, 'Abd-Allāh, amīr al-mu'minīn. His son al-'izz is al-ḥājib, the chancellor.

The tough, elderly ex-slave who assumed this welter of nomenclature died in battle against the Murābiṭ Yūsuf ibn-Tāshfīn, leaving al-'izz to continue the defense of Ceuta. This he managed for an incredible five additional years before being captured; by insolence he provoked Yūsuf into killing him untortured. His embattled tenure — 471–476 — is represented numismatically by a mintless, dateless base silver dirhem with the field inscriptions inside octagons.

Again he, or some unknown and unspecified person, is al-imām, 'Abd-Allāh, amīr al-mu'minīn. He is Ḍiyā'-al-Daulah, which is, like his father's Bahā'-al-Daulah, an epithet with an oriental flavor not found elsewhere in this study. And al-ḥājib is Saqaut, Ḍiyā'-al-Daulah too. Though the latter is generally presumed to be al-'Izz's father, no explanation has been offered for the change in epithets or for his appearance as chancellor following his undoubted death. My own conclusion is that a third generation is involved, with the younger Saqaut as heir to his father al-'Izz and sharing the same epithet. He is not mentioned by historians.

Of the other pre-Murābiṭ rulers of Morocco no coins survive dated after A.H. 439, unless some of the curious small gold coins ascribed by Brèthes to the Banū-Khazrūn of Sijilmāsah are that late. As noted in the corpus, these coins are not available for study, nor are published descriptions and plates adequate; there are probably many such coins to be unearthed by archaeologists and ethnologists in Morocco for the use of later generations of scholars.

The Murabiṭ Sect

Lamtūnah Berber rulers of the Murābiṭūn A.H. 448–541 (A.D. 1056–1147).

1 Abū-Bakr (g, s, c, A35e) ibn-'Umar (g, s, c, A35e) A.H. 448 (A84e) –480 (g, A35e) A.D. 1056 (A84e) –1087 (A84d) gold (for 'Abbāsids 26 and 27, not identified) 26–52, silver 888–890, copper 1161.

1A 'Alī (g) ibn-x (?) governor of Sijilmāsah about A.H. 459 (H) A.D. 1067 (H) gold (for 'Abbāsid 26, not identified) 53.

1B Ibrāhīm (g) ibn-Abī-Bakr (1; g) governor of Sijilmāsah A.H. 462 (g) –467 (g) A.D. 1070 (H) –1074 (H) gold (for 'Abbāsid 26, not identified) 54–57.

2 Yūsuf (g, s, B11, A35e) ibn-Tāshfīn (cousin of 1; g, s, B11, A35e) A.H. 480 (g, A35e) –500 (g, A36c) A.D. 1087 (A84d) –1106 (A36C):

Without heir A.H. 480 (g, A35e) –496 (A84d) A.D. 1087 (A84d) –1103 (A84d) gold (for 'Abbāsids 27 and 28, not identified) 58–120, silver 891–901.

With heir 'Alī (3; g, s, A35e) A.H. 496 (A84d) –500 (g, A36c) A.D. 1103 (A84d) –1106 (A36C) gold (for 'Abbāsid 28, not identified) 121–151, silver 902–904.

3 'Alī (g, e, s, c, A35e) ibn-Yūsuf (2; g, e, s, c, A35e) A.H. 500 (A36C) –537 (g, A35e) A. D. 1106 (A36C) –1143 (A36C):

Without heir A.H. 500 (A36C) –522 (g) A. D. 1106 (A36C) –1128 (no alternative) gold (for 'Abbāsids 28 and 29, not identified) 152–291, electrum 939, silver 905–938, 940–967, 970–972, anonymous silver 968, 969, copper 1162–1169.

With heir Sīr (3A; g, e, s, A51b) A.H. 522 (g) –533 (g) A.D. 1128 (no alternative) –1139 (H) gold (for 'Abbāsids 29–31, not identified) 292–361, electrum 991, 992, silver 973–990, 993, 994.

With heir Tāshfīn (4; g, s, A35e) A.H. 533 (g, A84d) –537 (g. A35e) A.D. 1139 (H) –1143 (A36C) gold (for 'Abbāsid 31, not identified) 362–403, silver 995–1017.

4 Tāshfīn (g, s, A35e) ibn-'Alī (3; g, s, A35e) A.H. 537 (g, A35e) –540 (g, A51c) A.D. 1143 (A84e) –1145 (A51C):

Without heir A.H. 537 (g, A35e) –538 (A91) A.D. 1143 (A84e) –1144 (A91) gold (for 'Abbāsid 31, not identified) 404–421, silver 1018–1033.

With heir Ibrāhīm (5; g, s, A35e) A.H. 538 (g. A91) –540 (g. A51c) A.D. 1144 (A91) –1145 (A51C) gold (for 'Abbāsid 31, not identified) 422–432, silver 1034–1038.

5 Ibrāhīm (A35e) ibn-Tāshfīn (4; A35e) A.H. 540 (A51C) –540 (H) A.D. 1145 (A51C) –1145 (H) no coins.

6 Isḥāq (g, s, A35e) ibn-'Alī (3; g, s, A35e) A.H. 540 (g) –541 (g, A35e) A.D. 1145 (H) –1147 (A35e) gold (for 'Abbāsid 31, not identified) 433–442, silver 1039–1052.

6A Yaḥyâ (g, A35e) ibn-Abī-Bakr ibn-'Alī (3; g, A35e), called al-Ṣaḥrāwī (A35e), rebel at Ceuta against Muwaḥḥids A.H. 542 (A35e) –543 (g, A84e) A.D. 1147 (H) –1148 (H) gold (for 'Abbāsid 31, not identified) 443.

6B Yaḥyâ (C11, A35e) ibn-'Alī (C11, A35e), called Ibn-Ghāniyah (A35e), Massūfah Berber governor of Granada A.H. 541 (A51C) –543 (C11, A35e) A.D. 1147 (A51C) –1148 (C11) gold (for 'Abbāsid 31, not identified, and the Banū-Tāshfīn) 446, silver (for the Banū- Tāshfīn) 1053–1056.

6C Maymūn (A35e) ibn-Badr (Codera) Lamtūnah Berber governor of Cordova until A.H. 549 (A35e) A. D. 1154 (H) gold (for 'Abbāsid 31, not identified, and the Banū-Tāshfīn) 445.

6D unidentified governor of Nūl Lamṭah about A.H. 542 (g) A. D. 1147 (H) anonymous gold (for 'Abbāsid 31, not identified) 444.

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After the sparse coinage of their predecessors and contemporaries, the Murābiṭs provide a splendid contrast. Here we have available a rich and bountiful series generous in proper names, titles, mints, and dates.

None of this was to be expected of the puritanical sect established by the reformer 'Abd-Allāh ibn-YāSīn among the veiled (mulaththimūn) tribesmen of the Sahara. After the death, in battle against negroes of Ghana to the south, of the founder and of his skilled general Yaḥyâ ibn-'Umar, al-Lamtūnī, Yaḥyâ's brother Abū-Bakr assumed command of the Murābiṭ (outpost) army, and is generally considered to have been the first temporal ruler of the sect and the founder of the ruling dynasty.

Sijilmāsah, the first important city taken by the Murābiṭs, fell in A.H. 446; Abū-Bakr assumed command in 448; his first surviving dinar was struck there in 450. Yet the pattern established by this grave and uncultured desert chieftain in this remote Moroccan stronghold was followed without important alteration by his veiled successors ruling not only Morocco but all Moslem Spain, and was fully worthy of that prosperous and civilized land.

The coinage was based on the gold dinar, with a weight of about 4.2 grams and an average diameter of 25 millimeters. Over 1500 specimens are reported, with over 400 having recorded weights averaging 4.05 grams. Much of this was struck in Spain, through the raw gold doubtless was obtained from the negroes south of the Sahara, and was thus the first large quantity of gold struck in western Europe since Roman times. Spanish Christian gold was directly patterned on that of their Moslem foes.

Very little fractional gold is known: two half dinars (52, 210) and a single quarter dinar (91). Of more interest are the few electrum coins reported (939, 991, 992), the only instance in this study of the use of this alloy; I have not discovered the name applied to these electrum coins or their relative value.

A substantial amount and great variety of Murābiṭ silver exists. Denominations include both the old dirhem, the size of a dinar but varying in weight, and the new qirat, about 13 millimeters in diameter and averaging .95 gram, with halves, quarters, eighths, and even sixteenths thereof. Mints are often named, but more often not; the great assortment of types suggests widespread minting with considerable local autonomy.

Copper is restricted to a few imitation dinars and dirhems which may have been debased official issues but were probably contemporary forgeries.

Nearly half the known gold coins included in this survey are Murābiṭ, and nearly half the total number of specimens recorded. This prolific minting within less than a century must reflect an extraordinary prosperity, which had the usual effect of softening up the heirs of the warriors so that they fell easy prey to the next wave of hardy Berber invaders, the fanatical Muwaḥḥids.

Except for a few silver pieces in Naskhī, or Kūfī and Naskhī, the Murābiṭ coins are engraved in a plain Kūfī, somewhat coarse at the start but usually clear and elegant. The usual terse religious invocation precedes the name and title of the ruler and of his heir, if any, on the obverse field.

The reverse field is normally devoted to the 'Abbāsid caliph: al-imām, 'Abd-Allāh, amīr al-mu'minīn, sometimes al-'Abbāsī. The obverse margin is Koranic; the reverse contains the minting inscription with mint and date, an estimable custom from the historian's point of view. Because of this, there is little difficulty in attributing Murābiṭ gold, while the silver is almost equally straightforward.

Abū-Bakr, with the title al-amīr, struck dinars at Sijilmāsah from 450 to 480. The 450 pattern recurs for every succeeding year except three small clusters: 452–453, 459–460, and 464–466. In 452 a slightly different pattern was tried, but soon discarded. The second gap probably corresponds to the dinar (53) dated 45x, the last digit being punched out, struck by one 'Alī, who is otherwise completely unidentified; the assumption is that he was a relative or lieutenant left in command while Abū-Bakr led a military expedition southward. The same theory would account for the dinars (54–57) dated 462 to 466 or 467 and struck by al-amīr Ibrāhīm ibn-Abī-Bakr, obviously a son left in temporary command, though he is overlooked by the Arabic historians.

These historians say that in 453 Abū-Bakr turned Morocco over to his cousin and lieutenant Yūsuf ibn-Tāshfīn, devoting the remainder of his life to spreading Islam by militant methods among the negroes of the Senegal region. Yūsuf's 27-year tenure as viceroy, before Abū-Bakr's death in battle in 480, left no slightest numismatic traces — in direct contradiction of several Arabic chroniclers — though during this period he founded Marrakesh, conquered Fez and Ceuta in Morocco, took Tlemcen in Algeria, and defeated the Spanish Christians at Zallaca.

Again contrary to the evidence of the Arabic historians, when Yūsuf did assume power in 480 he did not adopt the title amīr al-muslimīn, for all his coins limit themselves simply to al-amīr.

Commencing with Sijilmāsah alone, Yūsuf slowly added other mints: Ceuta (484), Fez (484), Aghmāt (486), Cordova (486), Seville (489), Jativa (489), Marrakesh (490), San Lucar (491), Almeria (492), Granada (493), Tlemcen (494), Nūl (494), Malaga (494), Denia (495), Alcantara (496), and Baeza (497). Not all of these struck annually, but they turned out a substantial number of standardized dinars and a handful of silver.

Among the few innovations found on Yūsuf's dinars are mint-marks (often ك once ض) and the first instance of the substitution of عام for its synonym سنة year (112). Both of these novelties were to become very common on later Murābiṭ gold.

In 496 Yūsuf had his son 'Alī proclaimed heir apparent, and this event was reflected on half of the surviving issues of 497, while by 499 all the mints then striking had redesigned their dies to honor the heir. Apparently each mint was free to do this when and how it willed, to judge from the variety of solutions contrived; even mints using the mark ك thought by some to designate a common mint-master, followed no common course. A Sijilmāsah dinar (172) outdid itself by implying that 'Alī rather than Yūsuf was ruling, a change which actually occurred in 500, on the first day of which Yūsuf died at a very advanced age.

All coins of Yūsuf dated 500 (132, 140, 146, 147) are presumably posthumous issues from previously prepared dies; for convenience they are grouped with his regular coins.

The coinage as inherited by 'Alī might be characterized thus: mostly gold, of high quality and regularity, well engraved and well struck at almost every important city of Morocco and Andalusia, with considerable autonomy at each mint as regards selection and arrangement of legends on both gold and silver. During his tranquil reign of 37 years it flourished and proliferated abundantly. Chronological subdivisions are provided by the proclamation as heir apparent of his son Sīr in 522 and of his son Tāshfīn in 533 after Sīr's death.

His African mints in 500 were Aghmāt, Sijilmāsah, and Marrakesh, to which were added Fez (501), Nūl (501), Tlemcen (505), Salā (508), Banī-Tāwadā (513), and Ceuta and Meknes (dateless silver). Sijilmāsah, which had recognized him prematurely, continued to accord him only the family title al-amīr until 520, but the others used the sub-caliphal amīr al-muslimīn from 500.

Mints for dinars in Spain were Seville (from 510), where a slight rearrangement of the obverse face was made, and where a mint-master named Yāshir added his name to the coins after 519, Valencia (500–512), Algeciras (507–509), Denia (500–504), Jativa (500 only), Granada (from 501), where a new reverse margin was introduced in 519 and in 520 a special annotation treated in the following paragraph, Cordova (503 only), Loja (511 only), Malaga (500–506), Murcia (501–512), where oddly anonymous dirhems were also struck, and Almerica (from 506). It is noteworthy that only Seville, Granada, and Almeria were in operation as this period ended.

Granada's innovation of 520 was the insertion of the words "waznu qadīmu", former weight, outside the inner circle. This implication of a deficiency made good will not bear scrutiny; 30 Granada dinars struck between 501 and 520 average 3.97– grams, while 12 with the new claim average 3.94+; apparently this was merely bureaucracy at work, twelfth century model.

Several of the dinar mints also struck silver, as did Saragossa, Jerez, and Cuenca. Much of the mintless silver is also probably attributable to Spain; it is varied and well-executed, but does not require detailed comment.

The eleven years in which Sīr was heir, 522–533, found his name added by each mint as local option specified. Aghmāt, Sijilmāsah, Fez, Marrakesh, and Nūl Lamṭah continued to be the African dinar mints, with Ceuta and Tangier coining silver. Seville, with Yāshir as mint-master, Granada, and Almeria struck dinars in Spain; Murcia continued dirhems.

The final years 533–537, with Tāshfīn as heir, used the same five Moroccan dinar mints, with Tlemcen in western Algeria, while Ceuta still coined silver. Al-'Abbāsī was often added to the reverse field, and minor varieties proliferated. Only Seville and Almeria continued in Spain, where insurrection threatened, with silver from Jaen.

Thus over the long generation of 'Alī's reign the coinage remained fairly stable in appearance, weight, and legends, but the mints gradually closed and those which stayed open lost their fine judgment, changing styles rapidly and overcrowding fields and margins as if the insertion of an extra pious phrase afforded more in spiritual merit than it cost in artistic self-respect.

The same mints for gold that had served Tāshfīn as heir of 'Alī continued to serve him as ruler. His own dinars, especially those on which his son Ibrāhīm appears as heir, tend to be overcrowded in field and margin, and their style was changed more frequently than necessary. Codera made skillful use of the 540 Tlemcen dinar (406) to refute the Arabic historians' oft-repeated assertion that Tāshfīn's death occurred at Oran in Ramaḍān of 539. His silver is wholly mintless except for a Cordovan coin which must have been struck by the petty king Ḥamdīn ibn-Muḥammad.

No coins exist for Ibrāhīm's brief reign in 540.

Ḥamdīn must also have been responsible for two (441, 442) of the few dinars bearing Isḥāq's name; they were minted at Cordova in 540 and 541. Granada was revived as a dinar mint along with Seville, for Almeria had fallen to Christian assailants. Similarly, available mints in Morocco were limited to Aghmāt, Marrakesh, and Nūl Lamṭah, and the number of issues dropped sharply under heavy Muwaḥḥid pressure, though a good deal of mintless silver was coined.

The fall of Marrākush and execution of Isḥāq in 541 brought the main dynasty to its close, but Murābiṭ garrisons held out in several strongholds. The dinar (443) struck by al-Ṣaḥrāwī at Ceuta in 543 gives his genealogy, his sub-caliphal and extraordinary spiritual pretensions, and the true date of his surrender, often set at 542. The dinars (445, 446) and silver minted in memory of the Banū-Tāshfīn mark the continued resistance of Cordova and Granada.

Nūl Lamṭah, too, must have held out for a few months, as the anonymous dinar (444) indicates, but no record survives of the governor responsible.

The other petty rulers who struck coins in Spain either, like Ḥamdīn, just prior to 541, or between Murābiṭ and Muwaḥḥid rule, fall outside the scope of this study. It should not be forgotten that it is to this transitional period that the unique Jāmi'id (24a) and Ḥammādid (25) dinars belong, as well as the partisan Muwaḥḥid gold and silver struck in Africa and Spain.

The larger significance of the Murābiṭ coinage as historical documentation is evident when it is compared with the extreme paucity of their epigraphic and documentary remains and with the extraordinary meagerness of the historical sources concerning their supremacy. Ibn-Khaldūn, for example, devotes about one-fifth as much space to the Murābiṭs as to the Muwaḥḥids, and his colleagues do likewise, so that much of the information derivable from the legends on the gold fills a vacuum left by the historians.

The Muwaḥḥid Sect

Kūmiyah Berber rulers of the Muwaḥḥidūn A.H. 524–668 (A.D. 1130–1269).

0 al-Mahdī (g, s, c, A35e) Muḥammad (A35e) ibn-Tūmart (A35e) spiritual leader A.H. 515 (A35e) –522 (A35e) A.D. 1121 (A85C) –1128 (no alternative) no coins; mentioned posthumously on most Muwaḥḥid and Ḥafṣid coins.

interregnum between death of 0 and proclamation of 1 A.H. 522 (A35e) –524 (A35e) A.D. 1128 (no alternative) –1130 (A15).

1 abū-Muḥammad (g, s, B1, A51b) 'Abd-al-Mu'min (g, s, B1, A35e) ibn-'Alī (g, s, B1, A35e) A.H. 524 (A35e) –558 (A35e) A.D. 1130 (A15) –1163 (A35e):

Without heir A.H. 524 (A35e) –551 (C11) A.D. 1130 (A15) –1156 (C11) anonymous partisan gold 446a, gold 447–472, anonymous partisan silver 1057–1061, partisan silver 1062–1064, silver 1065–1074.

With heir abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, A35e) Muḥammad (1A; g, A35e) A.H. 551 (C11) –558 (A35e) A.D. 1156 (C11) –1163 (A84d) gold 473–480.

With heir abū-Ya'qūb (g, A35e) Yūsuf (2; g, A35e) A.H. 558 (A35e) –558 (A35e) A.D. 1163 (A84d) –1163 (A35e) gold (see 2 as ruler).

2 abū-Ya'qūb (g, B1, C2, A35e) Yūsuf I (g, C2, A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Mu'min (1; g, B1, A35e) A.H. 558 (A35e) –580 (A35e) A.D. 1163 (A84d) –1184 (A51C):

First series, as amīr A.H. 558 (A35e) –563 (A35e) A.D. 1163 (A35e) –1168 (A84d) gold 481–492.

Second series, as amīr al-mu'minīn A.H. 563 (A35e) –580 (A35e) A.D. 1168 (A84d) –1184 (A51C) gold 493–498.

2A Mazdara' (g, A84d) ibn-Ḥayyān (A51C) Ṣanhājah Berber rebel at Tāzā A.H. 559 (A84d) –559 (A84d) A.D. 1164 (H) –1164 (A84d) gold 499.

3 abū-Yūsuf (g, A35e) Ya'qūb (g, A35e) ibn-Yūsuf I (2; A35e) A.H. 580 (A35e) –595 (A35e) A.D. 1184 (A84d) –1199 (A35e):

Without heir A.H. 580 (A35e) –587 (A35e) A.D. 1184 (A84d) –1191 (H) gold 500–503.

With heir abū-'Abd-Allāh (s, A51c) Muḥammad (4; A35e) A.H. 587 (A35e) –595 (A35e) A.D. 1191 (H) –1199 (A35e) silver 1075.

4 abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, A51c) Muḥammad (g, A35e) ibn-Ya'qūb (3; A35e) A.H. 595 (A35e) –610 (A35e) A.D. 1199 (A35e) –1213 (A51c) gold 504–506.

5 abū-Ya'qūb (g, A85c) Yūsuf II (g, A35e) ibn-Muḥammad (4; A35e) A.H. 610 (A35e) –620 (A35e) A.D. 1213 (A51C) –1224 (A35e) gold 507–509.

6 abū-Muḥammad (A35e) 'Abd-al-Wāḥid I (A35e) ibn-Yūsuf I (2; A35e) A.H. 620 (A35e) –621 (A35e) A.D. 1224 (A35e) –1224 (A35e) (opposed during 621 by 7) no coins.

7 abū-Muḥammad (C2, A35e) 'Abd-Allāh (B1, C2, A35e) ibn-Ya'qūb (3; A35e) A.H. 621 (A84d) –624 (B1, A35e) A.D. 1224 (A84d) –1227 (B1, A35e) (opposed during 621 by 6 and during 624 by 9) gold 510.

7A abū-Muḥammad (A35e) 'Abd-Allāh (A35i) ibn-Muḥammad ibn-'Umar ibn-'Abd-al-Mu'min (1; A35e) rebel at Baeza A.H. 621 (A35e) –626 (A35e) A.D. 1224 (H) –1229 (H) no coins.

8 abū'l-'Ulâ (g, A35e) Idrīs I (g, A35e) ibn-Ya'qūb (3; g, A35e) A.H. 624 (A35e) –629 (A84d) A.D. 1227 (A84e) –1232 (A84d) (opposed 624–629 by 9):

First series, with al-Mahdī A.H. 624 (A35e) –627 (A84e) A.D. 1227 (A84e) –1230 (A84e) gold 511.

Second series, without al-Mahdī A.H. 627 (A84e) –629 (A84d) A.D. 1230 (A84e) –1232 (A84d) no coins.

9 abū-Zakarīyā' (g, A84d) Yaḥyâ (g, A35e) ibn-Muḥammad (4; A35e) A.H. 624 (A35e) –633 (A35e) A.D. 1227 (A84d) –1236 (A84d) (opposed during 624 by 7, 624–629 by 8, and 630–633 by 10) gold 512.

9A abū-Mūsâ (s, A35e) 'Imrān (s, A84d) ibn-Ya'qūb (3; A35e) rebel amīr at Ceuta A.H. 629 (A84d) –630 (A35e) A.D. 1232 (H) –1232 (D15) silver 1076, 1077.

10 abū-Muḥammad (g, A85c) 'Abd-al-Wāḥid II (g, A35e) ibn-Idrīs I (8; g, A35e) A.H. 630 (A35e) –640 (A35e) A.D. 1232 (A35e) –1242 (A84d) (opposed 630–633 by 9):

First series, without al-Mahdī A.H. 630 (A35e) –631 (H) A.D. 1232 (A35e) –1234 (H) gold 513, silver 1078–1084.

Second series, with al-Mahdī A.H. 631 (H) –640 (A35e) A.D. 1234 (H) –1242 (A84d) gold 514–517.

image

11 abū'l-Ḥasan (g, A35e) 'Alī (A35e) ibn-Idrīs I (8; g, A35e) A.H. 640 (A35e) –646 (A35e) A.D. 1242 (A84d) –1248 (A35e) gold 518–521.

12 abū-Ḥafṣ (g, A35e) 'Umar (B23, C19, A35e) ibn-Isḥāq ibn-Yūsuf I (2; g, C19, A35e) A.H. 646 (A35e) –665 (A35e) A.D. 1248 (A35e) –1266 (A84e) (opposed during 665 by 13) gold 522–536, gold medal M1.

13 abū'l-'Ulâ (g, A35e) Idrīs II (A35e) ibn-Muḥammad ibn-'Umar ibn-'Abd-al-Mu'min (1; g, A35e) A.H. 665 (A35e) –668 (A35e) A.D. 1266 (A84d) –1269 (A36C) (opposed during 665 by 12) gold 537–539.

2–13 and Ḥafṣids: anonymous silver 1085–1116, anonymous copper 1170, 1171.

The parallels between Murābiṭ and Muwaḥḥid history are striking. Each was a fanatically militant sect founded by a religious reformer in a remote section of Morocco, drawing its initial support from a previously unimportant group of tribes, sweeping irresistably over the strongly defended cities, and finally conquering all of Moslem Spain. Muḥammad ibn-Tūmart, called al-Mahdī, played 'Abd-Allāh ibn-YāSīn's role with a considerable difference; he was not a warrior-missionary like his prototype but a subtle theologian who wrote a book of unitarian anti-anthropomorphic doctrine. He recruited supporters among the Maṣmūdah Berbers of the high Atlas, while the first Murābiṭs had been Lamṭah and Lamtūnah Berbers of Ṣanhājah stock from the edge of the Sahara. His opposition was more unified and better organized than had been the case in the preceding century, and after overcoming it his generals struck eastward rather than southward.

Numismatically the contrast was complete and spectacular. The Murābiṭ gold had derived its style and weight standard from a long Moslem tradition ascending to the Umayyad caliphs of Damascus; this was deliberately repudiated by the Muwaḥḥids (unitarians). The new dinar had a diameter of 19–22 millimeters and a standard weight of 2.4 grams; 146 weighed specimens average 2.27. The metal remained excellent, as did the quality of engraving and minting.

A cursive Naskhī script replaced the traditional Kūfī. The field inscription was placed in a square inscribed in a circle, with the four segments available for additional legends instead of the former single margin. The new style, with only slight modifications, was retained by all the later dynasties considered in this study, so that A.H. 540 may be considered as a numismatic watershed. Double dinars as well as fractions were soon introduced to provide flexibility; the large coins served admirably to house the extended genealogical inscriptions and epithets on which the Muwaḥḥids laid so much importance. The range of their diameters is 27–32 millimeters; 275 weighed specimens average 4.55 grams.

The content of the legends underwent an equally drastic revision. The Mahdī's preeminence was added to the usual religious dogmas, while 'Abd-al-Mu'min and his successors with their names, titles, epithets, and genealogies gradually crowded all other phrases off the coins. Dates were never noted, and mints only occasionally, so that the gains for the historian are offset by these losses.

The most important point, and one which has never heretofore been adequately stressed, is the conscientious precision in terminology. A large proportion of the perfectly clear late Muwaḥḥid double dinars have been badly misread by competent scholars who nevertheless changed duals to plurals or made comparable errors. Lane-Poole, Lavoix, Vives, Prieto, and others analyzed these coins and corrected individual misreadings while perpetuating others because they did not apprehend this underlying principle, which may readily be confirmed from the coins or the plates.

In the silver as in the gold spectacular changes were introduced by 'Abd-al-Mu'min. After a few trial pieces he jettisoned the traditional style in favor of square silver in a cursive Naskhī script; his heirs developed this into the anonymous square dirhem which was struck for decades throughout North Africa and Andalusia in enormous quantities, and was counterfeited extensively by the Christians.

With occasional exceptions the remaining silver considered in this study, by whatever dynasty it was minted, is square with legends derived from the Muwaḥḥid pattern. Thus the net effect of the numismatic reforms introduced by one man and developed by his heirs was to last for over four centuries.

As was true for the Murābiṭs, the Muwaḥḥids left no copper coins except a few debased or fraudulent dirhems. Al-Marrākushī noted that gilded copper dinars were minted to ransom the sayyid 'Isâ ibn-'Abd-al-Mu'min from his Arab captors, but none has survived, and the anecdote may be apocryphal.

The first partisan issues, oddly inscribed gold (446a) and silver (1057–1064), soon gave way to a standardized coinage with a variety of African and Andalusian mints. The conquests of the Muwaḥḥids were promptly reflected on their dinars, possibly as a deliberate method of propaganda, possibly by opening mints to coin the captured gold and silver for paying the soldiers. Any late Zīrid and Ḥammādid coins may have been lost to posterity in this way, although a full assortment of late Murābiṭ coins survived.

'Abd-al-Mu'min used the caliphal title amīr al-mu'minīn on both gold and silver. Mint-names and mint-marks occur in various positions on his gold, most of which was struck in Africa. A preponderance of his silver, aside from the mintless variety, came from Spanish mint-towns, including Murcia, not captured until nine years after his death.

In 551 he made his son abū-Abd-Allāh Muḥammad his heir and added his name to the gold with the title al-amīr al-ajall. Though both of these events are recorded by reputable historians, the resulting series of dinars has usually been ascribed to the 4th Muwaḥḥid, of the same name, Silvestre de Sacy's correct attribution having been disregarded.

Just before his death in 558 'Abd-al-Mu'min chose another son, Yūsuf, as heir instead of the dissolute Muḥammad. It is impossible to distinguish any dinars on which Yūsuf may have appeared as heir from those of the early part of his own reign, during which he contented himself with the title al-amīr al-ajall. Seville is his only Spanish mint, both before and after his election as amīr al-mu'minīn in 563.

No silver bears Yūsuf's name or that of most of his successors, for it was at this period that the anonymous square dirhems were introduced. It is almost impossible to ascribe these coins to individual rulers, or even to dynasties, as the Ḥafṣids continued to strike them for an indeterminate period. Blancard's study on the European imitations enables them to be recognized with comparative ease by their confused engraving, while Bel and Farrugia de Candia have made valuable studies of these coins, but except for distinguishing those in ornamented Kūfī as definitely Ḥafṣid, it is still necessary to consider those in Naskhī or plain Kūfī as belonging to any of a number of Muwaḥḥids or Ḥafṣids.

During 559, early in Yūsuf's reign, Mazdara' ibn-Ḥayyān rebelled at Tāzā, struck gold — of which no specimen has been reported in modern collections —, and was suppressed.

Ya'qūb struck the first of the splendid series of double dinars, with his father and grandfather named on the reverse field and himself on the reverse segments. Some numismatists refer to these double dinars as dinars, but the correct value is established by the "quarter dinar" denomination specified on coin 446a, weighing 55 gram, about one eighth of the normal weight of the double dinars. An odd square silver piece (1075) may refer to his son Muḥammad as heir, but this attribution is questionable.

As caliph, Muḥammad struck double dinars quite unlike the series of dinars often erroneously ascribed to him. His conquest of the Baleares is reflected in the appearance of Majorca and Minorca as mints for anonymous silver.

His son Yūsuf II continued to add his name to those of his ancestors on the gold, but he was soon replaced by his great-uncle 'Abd-al-Wāḥid I, for whom no coins are known. The latter's nephew and successful opponent 'Abd-Allāh is assigned an undescribed dinar. The rebel al-Bayyāsī struck no coins which have survived. Coins of any of this group may be found in future excavations.

Idrīs I is said by the historians to have deleted al-Mahdī's name from the gold in 627, but his only surviving double dinar (511) must have preceded that event, as it is orthodox except for having six lines instead of five in each field. His nephew and opponent Yaḥyâ also has but a single known double dinar, while Idrīs' brother 'Imrān, who made himself independent at Ceuta, apparently coined only silver (1076, 1077) with the title al-amīr.

'Abd-al-Wāḥid II inherited his father's anti-Mahdī coinage and developed it in both gold and silver. His early gold praised the Koran instead of the Mahdī; his early silver was round and substituted his own epithet al-Rashīd for the Mahdī as imāmunā. Suggestions of a date appear on some of this silver, but clearer specimens must be found to determine whether the historical date for the restoration of al-Mahdī's name, 631, is confirmed or contradicted by the silver. The later gold coins show that this restoration actually did occur. One of these bears an unidentified mint misread by Prieto as Mālaqah (Malaga).

His brother 'Alī struck a few normal double dinars; he was succeeded by a distant cousin named 'Umar who minted a variety of gold. 'Umar's mints included Ceuta, Sijilmāsah, and an unidentified city, also misread by Prieto as Mālaqah. An interesting gold medal is owned and described by Brèthes.

The final Muwaḥḥid, another distant cousin named Idrīs II, struck a few more gold pieces to close out the numismatic history of this distinguished dynasty, since no coins are reported for the several Muwaḥḥid pretenders who arose after the Marīnid victory in 668.

The Hūdids in North Africa

Arab rulers of the Banū-Hūd of Murcia A.H. 625–668 (A.D. 1228–1269).

1 abū-'Abd-Allāh (notes to A84e) Muḥammad I (A35e) ibn-Yūsuf (A35e) A.H. 625 (A26) –635 (A35e) A.D. 1228 (A48a) –1238 (A48a) anonymous gold (for 'Abbāsid 36, not identified) 540, anonymous silver (for 'Abbāsid 36, not identified) 1117–1120.

1A abū'l-'Abbās (A26) Aḥmad (A35e) ibn-x (?), called al-Yānashtī (A35e), independent amīr of Ceuta A.H. 630 (A26) –635 (s, A35e) A.D. 1233 (A84e) –1238 (A84e) silver (for 'Abbāsid 36) 1121.

2, 3 no African coins.

3A abū'l-Qāsim (A35e) Ibrāhīm (notes to A80b) ibn-abī'l-'Abbās (A70b), called al-'Azafī (A35e), independent amīr of Ceuta A.H. 647 (A35e) –677 (H) A.D. 1249 (H) –1278 (notes to A80b) anonymous gold (for 'Abbāsid 37, not identified) 541.

4 no African coins.

The Hūdids, as one of the petty dynasties of Moslem Spain which arose on the ruins of the Muwaḥḥid empire, are excluded from this study except for their North African issues.

After the Muwaḥḥid amīr 'Imrān had declared himself independent at Ceuta in A.H. 629, he found himself unable to hold out, so in 630 he exchanged the town for a sinecure under Ibn-Hūd, who retained Ceuta for three months under the governorship of one al-Qāshtīnī. To this period may be ascribed a double dinar (540) and several square dirhems (1117–1120) on which references to the Mahdī and the Muwaḥḥids were replaced by generalized homage to the 'Abbāsid caliph, never individually specified. The approximate date of these coins is determined by the style, analogous to contemporary Muwaḥḥid pieces, and the attribution follows because Ibn-Hūd is the only ruler during this period who both controlled African territory and acknowledged 'Abbāsid suzerainty.

Later in 630 Ibn-Hūd's governor was expelled by the inhabitants, who gave the command to the amīr Aḥmad al-Yānashtī. This amīr kept power for five years, including a sea blockade by the Genoese, whom he bought off for a large ransom. To him must be attributed the round dirhem dated 635 (1121), which was struck in the name of the 'Abbāsid caliph abū-Ja'far, al-Mustanṣir-bi-Allāh.

Then Ceuta passed into Muwaḥḥid control until 643, and into Ḥafṣid vassaldom until 647, but for the next three decades it was again independent under the local amīr abū'l-Qāsim, al-'Azafī, who struck a double dinar (541) of Ḥafṣid type with pro-'Abbāsid legends at some time before 656, when the last 'Abbāsid caliph was killed by Hūlāgū during the sack of Baghdad. The date is established by the date of the Ḥafṣid coins from which it clearly derives; the attribution rests on the elimination of other possibilities for this date and 'Abbāsid recognition.

The Ḥafṣids of Tunisia and Eastern Algeria

Maṣmūdah Berber rulers of the Banū-Ḥafṣ of Tunisia and eastern Algeria A.H. 627–982 (A.D. 1230–1574).

1 abū-Zakarīyā' (g, C18, A35e) Yaḥyâ I (g, B13, A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Wāḥid (g, B13, C18, A35e) A.H. 627 (A84e) –647 (A35e) A.D. 1230 (A84e) –1249 (A35e):

First series, Muwaḥḥid name A.H. 627 (A84e) –634 (A35e) A.D. 1230 (A84e) –1236 (D4) gold 542–544.

Second series, Muwaḥḥid and Ḥafṣid names A.H. 634 (A35e) –640 (A85C) A.D. 1236 (D4) –1242 (A85C) gold 545, 546.

Third series, Ḥafṣid name A.H. 640 (A85C) –647 (A35e) A.D. 1242 (A85C) –1249 (A35e) gold 547–552, partisan gold 553–556.

2 abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, C17, A35e) Muḥammad I (g, C15, A35e) ibn-Yaḥyâ I (1; g, C18, A35e) A.H. 647 (A35e) –675 (A35e) A.D. 1249 (A35e) –1277 (A35e):

First series, as amīr A.H. 647 (A35e) –650 (A85C) A.D. 1249 (A35e) –1253 (A85C) gold 557–561.

Second series, as amīr al-mu'minīn A.H. 650 (A85C) –675 (A35e) A.D. 1253 (A85C) –1277 (A35e) gold 562–566, copper 1172.

2–8 anonymous silver 1122, 1123.

3 abū-Zakarīyā' (g, C12, A85c) Yaḥyâ II (g, A35e) ibn-Muḥammad I (2; A35e) A.H. 675 (A35e) –678 (A35e) A.D. 1277 (A35e) –1279 (A35e) (opposed 677–678 by 4) gold 567, 568.

4 abū-Isḥāq (g, A35e) Ibrāhīm I (g, A35h) ibn-Yaḥyâ I (1; g, A35e) A.H. 677 (A85C) –681 (A35e) A.D. 1279 (A85C) –1283 (A35e) (opposed 677–678 by 3 and during 681 by 4A) gold 569.

4A Aḥmad (A35e) ibn-Marzūq (A35e), called Ibn-abī-'Umārah (A35e), impostor pretending to be abū'l-'Abbās (g) al-Faḍl (g, A35e) ibn-Yaḥyâ II (3; A35e) A.H. 681 (A35e) –683 (A35e) A.D. 1282 (A65) –1284 (A35e) (opposed during 681 by 4, 681–682 by 5, and during 683 by 6) gold 570.

5 abū-Fāris (A35e) 'Abd-al-'Azīz I (A35e) ibn-Ibrāhīm I (4; A35e) A.H. 681 (A35e) –682 (A35e) A.D. 1283 (A35e) –1283 (A35e) (opposed 681–682 by 4A) no coins.

6 abū-Ḥafṣ (g, B11, C12, A35e) 'Umar I (g, A35h) ibn-Yaḥyâ I (1; A35e) A.H. 683 (A35e) –694 (A35e) A.D. 1284 (A65) –1295 (A35e) (opposed during 683 by 4A and 683–694 by 6A) gold 571–573.

6A abū-Zakarīyā' (g, C12, A35e) Yaḥyâ (A35e) ibn-Ibrāhīm I (4; A35e) amīr at Bougie A.H. 683 (A35e) –700 (D4) A.D. 1284 (D4, D14) –1301 (D4) (opposed 683–694 by 6 and 694–700 by 7) gold 574–576.

7 abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, C12, A35e) Muḥammad II (g, C12, A35e) ibn-Yaḥyâ II (3; C12, A35e) A.H. 694 (A35e) –709 (A35e) A.D. 1295 (A35e) –1309 (A35e) (opposed 694–700 by 6A and 700–709 by 8) gold 577–579.

8 abū'l-Baqā' (g, A35e) Khālid I (g, C12, A35e) ibn-Yaḥyâ (6A; C12, A35e) A.H. 700 (D4) –711 (A35e) A.D. 1301 (D4) –1311 (A85C) (opposed 700–709 by 7, during 709 by 9, 710–711 by 10, and during 711 by 11):

First series, as amīr at Bougie A.H. 700 (D4) –709 (A35e) A.D. 1301 (D4) –1309 (A35e) no coins.

Second series, as amīr al-mu'minīn A.H. 709 (A35e) –711 (A35e) A.D. 1309 (A35e) –1311 (A85C) gold 580.

9 abū-Yaḥyâ (A35e) Abū-Bakr I (A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Raḥmān ibn-Abī-Bakr ibn-Yaḥyâ I (1; A35e) A.H. 709 (A35e) –709 (A35e) A.D. 1309 (A35e) –1309 (A35e) (opposed during 709 by 8) no coins.

10 abū-Yaḥyâ (g, C14, A35e) Abū-Bakr II (g, C14, A35E) ibn-Yaḥyâ (6A; C12, A35e) A.H. 710 (A35e) –747 (A35e) A.D. 1310 (A18b) –1346 (A35e) (opposed 710–711 by 8, 711–717 by 11, 717–723 by 12, 721–730 by 12A, 724–725 by 12B, and 729–732 by 12C):

First series, as amīr at Bougie and Constantine A.H. 710 (A35e) –718 (A85C) A.D. 1310 (A18b) –1318 (A85C) gold 581–583.

Second series, as amīr al-mu'minīn A.H. 718 (A85C) –747 (A35e) A.D. 1318 (A85C) –1346 (A35e) gold 584–591.

11 abū-Yaḥyâ (g, C2, A35e) Zakarīyā' I (g, C2, A35e) ibn-Aḥmad ibn-Muḥammad (brother of 1; C2, A35e) A.H. 711 (A35e) –717 (A35e) A.D. 1311 (A65) –1318 (A85C) (opposed during 711 by 8 and 711–717 by 10) gold 592, 593.

12 abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, A35e) Muḥammad III (g, A35e) ibn-Zakarīyā' I (11; A35e) A.H. 717 (A35e) –723 (A35e) A.D. 1317 (A35e) –1323 (no alternative) (opposed 717–723 by 10 and 721–723 by 12A) gold 594.

12A abū-'Abd-Allāh (A35e) Muḥammad (A35e) ibn-Abī-Bakr ibn-Mūsâ (cousin of 1; A35e) pretender A.H. 721 (A35e) –730 (A35e) A.D. 1321 (A35e) –1330 (A35e) (opposed 721–730 by 10, 721–723 by 12, 724–725 by 12B, and 729–730 by 12C) no coins.

12B abū-Isḥāq (A35e) Ibrāhīm (A35e) ibn-Abī-Bakr I (9; A35e) pretender A.H. 724 (D14) –725 (A35e) A.D. 1324 (D14) –1325 (A35e) (opposed 724–725 by 10 and 12A) no coins.

12C abū-Muḥammad (H) 'Abd-al-Wāḥid (A35e) ibn-Zakarīyā' I (11; A35e) pretender A.H. 729 (A35e) –732 (A35e) A.D. 1329 (H) –1332 (A35e) (opposed 729–732 by 10 and 729–730 by 12A) no coins.

13 abū-Ḥafṣ (g, A35e) 'Umar II (g, A35e) ibn-Abī-Bakr II (10; g, A35e) A.H. 747 (A35e) –748 (A35e) A.D. 1346 (A35e) –1347 (A85c) (opposed during 747 by 14) gold 595, 596.

14 abū'l-'Abbās (A35e) Aḥmad I (A35e) ibn-Abī-Bakr II (10; A35e) A.H. 747 (A35e) –747 (A35e) A.D. 1346 (A35e) –1346 (A35e) (opposed during 747 by 13) no coins.

interregnum under Marīnid 11 between death of 13 and independence of 15 A.H. 748 (A35e) –749 (A35e) A.D. 1347 (A85c) –1348 (D4, D14).

15 abū'l-'Abbās (g, A35e) al-Faḍl (g, A35e) ibn-Abī-Bakr II (10; g, A35e) A.H. 749 (A35e) –751 (A35e) A.D. 1348 (D4, D14) –1350 (A35e) (opposed 749–751 by 15A and 15B):

First series, at Bougie A.H. 749 (A35e) –749 (A35e) A.D. 1348 (D4, D14) –1349 (D14) gold 597, 598.

Second series, at Tunis A.H. 750 (A35e) –751 (A35e) A.D. 1350 (A85c) –1350 (A35e) gold 599, 600.

15A abū-Zayd (g, A35e) 'Abd-al-Raḥmān (g, A35e) ibn-Muḥammad ibn-Abī-Bakr II (10; A35e) amīr at Constantine A.H. 749 (A35e) –755 (A35e) A.D. 1348 (D4, D14) –1355 (D14) (opposed 749–751 by 15 and 751–755 by 16) gold 601.

15B abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, A35e) Muḥammad (g, A35e) ibn-Yaḥyâ ibn-Abī-Bakr II (10; g, A35e) amīr at Bougie A.H. 749 (A35e) –753 (A35e), 761 (A35e) –767 (A35e) A.D. 1348 (A35e) –1352 (D14), 1360 (D14) –1366 (A61b) (opposed 749–751 by 15 and 761–767 by 16 and 17):

First reign (see above) gold 602.

Second reign, Marīnid influence (see above) gold 603.

16 abū-Isḥāq (g, C5, A35e) Ibrāhīm II (g, C5, A35e) ibn-Abī-Bakr II (10; g, C5, A35e) A.H. 751 (A35e) –770 (A35e) A.D. 1350 (A35e) –1369 (A65) (opposed 751–755 by 15A, 761–767 by 15B, and 755–758, 761–770 by 17) gold 604–607.

17 abū'l-'Abbās (g, B20, C2, A35e) Aḥmad II (g, B20, C14, A35e) ibn-Muḥammad ibn-Abī-Bakr II (10; g, C14, A35e) A.H. 755 (A35e)-758 (A35e), 761 (A35e) –796 (A35e) A.D. 1354 (D14) –1357 (D4, D14), 1360 (A85C) –1394 (A35e) (opposed 761–767 by 15B, 755–758, 761–770 by 16, and 770–772 by 18):

First reign (see above) gold 608.

Second reign, Marīnid influence (see above) gold 609.

18 abū'l-Baqā' (A35e) Khālid II (A35e) ibn-Ibrāhīm II (16; A35e) A.H. 770 (A35e) –772 (A85c) A.D. 1369 (A65) –1370 (A85c) (opposed 770–772 by 17) no coins.

19 abū-Fāris (g, C2, A35e) 'Abd-al-'Aziz II (g, C2, A85c) ibn-Aḥmad II (17; g, C2, A35e) A.H. 796 (A35e) –837 (A85c) A.D. 1394 (A35e) –1434 (A85c) gold 610–625.

20 abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, A85c) Muḥammad IV (g, A85c) ibn-Muḥammad ibn-'Abd-al-'Azīz II (19, A85c) A.H. 837 (A85c) –839 (A85c) A.D. 1434 (A85c) –1435 (A85c) gold 626.

20A abū'l-Ḥasan (g, A85c) 'Alī (g, A85c) ibn-'Abd-al-'Azīz II (19; g, A85c) amīr at Bougie A.H. 839 (A85c) –856 (A85c) A.D. 1435 (A32) –1452 (D4) (opposed 839–856 by 21) gold 627.

21 abū-'Amr (g, C12, A85c) 'Uthmān (g, C2, A85c) ibn-Muḥammad ibn-'Abd-al-'Azīz II (19; C2, A85c) A.H.839 (A85c) –893 (A69) A.D. 1435 (A85c) –1488 (A69) (opposed 839–856 by 20A):

First series, Ḥafṣid style: gold 628–636.

Second series, Ḥafṣid style with 4-line reverse field: gold 637, 638.

Third series, Marīnid style with 4-line fields: gold 639, 640.

22 abū-Zakarīyā' (A85c) Yaḥyâ III (A85c) ibn-Muḥammad ibn-'Uthmān (21; A69) A.H. 893 (A69) –894 (A69) A.D. 1488 (A69) –1489 (A69) (opposed during 894 by 23) no coins.

23 abū-Muḥammad (H) 'Abd-al-Mu'min (A69) ibn-Ibrāhīm ibn-'Uthmān (21; A69) A.H. 894 (A69) –895 (D4) A.D. 1489 (A69) –1490 (D4) (opposed during 894 by 22) no coins.

24 abū-Yaḥyâ (D4) Zakarīyā' II (A69) ibn-Yaḥyâ III (22; A69) A.H. 895 (D4) –899 (A18a) A.D. 1490 (D4) –1494 (A18a) no coins.

25 abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, A18a) Muḥammad V (g, A18a) ibn-al-Ḥasan ibn-Muḥammad ibn-'Uthmān (21; A18a) A.H. 899 (A18a) –932 (A18a) A.D. 1494 (A18a) –1526 (A18a) gold 641–643.

26 abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, A18a) Muḥammad VI (g) ibn-Muḥammad V (25; g, A18a) A.H. 932 (A18a) –941 (D14), 942 (D14) –948 (D14) A.D. 1526 (A18a) –1534 (D14), 1535 (D14) –1542 (D14):

First reign, as amīr al-mu'minīn (see above) gold 644.

Second reign, as vassal of Charles I of Spain (see above) no coins.

interregnum under Khayr-al-Dīn and Turks between deposition and restoration of 26 A.H. 941 (D14) –942 (D14) A.D. 1534 (D14) –1535 (D14).

27 abū'l-'Abbās (c, A18a) Aḥmad III (s, c, A18a) ibn-Muḥammad VI (26; s) A.H. 948 (D14) –977 (D14) A.D. 1542 (D14) –1569 (D14) silver 1124–1132, copper 1173, 1174.

interregnum under Turks between deposition of 27 and installation of 28 A.H. 977 (D14) –981 (A32) A.D. 1569 (D14) –1573 (D14).

28 abū-'Abd-Allāh (A18a) Muḥammad VII (D14) ibn-Muḥammad VI (26; D14) vassal of Philip II of Spain A.H. 981 (A32) –982 (A32) A.D. 1573 (D14) –1574 (A32) no coins.

The Ḥafṣids claimed the spiritual and political succession from the Muwaḥḥids, and their coins were designed accordingly. Their double dinars, dinars, and smaller gold pieces followed the Muwaḥḥid standards, and surviving specimens average slightly better weight than those of their predecessors. By restricting the field inscriptions to three lines, they avoided over-crowding them; the script used was a cursive Naskhī or a highly ornamented Kūfī. Silver in the latter script is definitely Ḥafṣid; otherwise, their anonymous silver is very difficult to distinguish from that struck by the Muwaḥḥids.

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The inscriptions on the gold almost invariably include, in the obverse field, one of several phrases in honor of the Mahdī; the sequence of these fields affords one of the best methods of dating these dateless gold pieces. The reverse field and segments normally give the current ruler's name, title, epithets, and condensed genealogy. Mints occur on many of these coins but dates are unknown until near the end of the dynasty, when they appear on the silver in the form of numerals, under Ottoman influence.

The power of the Ḥafṣids lasted for over three centuries, with minor interruptions by Marīnid invaders in the fourteenth century and major conflicts with Turks and Spanish in the sixteenth, at which time the legibility of the coins was seriously impaired.

The attribution of Ḥafṣid gold, though not as automatic as that of the Murābiṭ and Muwaḥḥid pieces, is seldom difficult, because of the sequence of obverse styles and scripts. Yaḥyâ I's gold falls into three series corresponding to the stages by which he passed from being a Muwaḥḥid governor to being an independent sovereign, though contenting himself with the title al-amīr al-ajall. In 627, when his suzerain Idrīs I renounced the unitarian doctrines of the Mahdī and removed him from the coins, Yaḥyâ seized the opportunity to disown this heresy and strike coins in the name of the Mahdī and 'Abd-al-Mu'min, friend of his grandfather abū-Ḥafṣ 'Umar, a virtual declaration of independence. In 634 he added his own name; in 640 he deleted that of 'Abd-al-Mu'min, completing the political separation from the Muwaḥḥids, but he and his heirs never repudiated the Mahdī or deleted his name from their money. Of particular importance are the coins struck for Yaḥyâ by vassals in Morocco (553, 554) and Spain (555, 556), as each can be linked with a particular event in his intricate maneuvering for power. Ceuta acknowledged him from 643 to 647, between the Muwaḥḥid domination and its freedom under al-'Azafī, whose gold is described with that of the Hūdids. Sijilmāsah under al-Khazrajī recognized his authority only in 640 and 641.

Seville sought his aid during its final siege by the Christians, while Granada recognized him briefly before Ibn-al-Aḥmar established independent Naṣrid rule there, to endure until A.D. 1492.

Muḥammad I,, the opponent of Louis IX of France in his fatal crusade, did not inherit his father's foreign holdings, but his prosperous home province was an ample heritage which he carefully strengthened, while developing commerce with Italy. His coins fall into two series, as he used the title al-amīr al-ajall until 650, when he adopted the Caliphal amīr al-mu'minīn, for which he secured international approval after the Mongol conquest of Baghdad in 656. It is on the latter series that the ornamented Kūfī script was introduced, possibly by exiles from Seville, who were very numerous and influential in Muḥammad's court.

The gold of his son Yaḥyâ II was patterned on his, but when Ibrāhīm I seized power he reverted to the earlier style and the title al-amīr al-ajall.

The impostor Ibn-abī-'Umārah, claiming to be al-Faḍl ibn-Yaḥyâ II, who had been murdered in prison, left a single double dinar (570), which has not heretofore been correctly ascribed. No coins can be attributed to his rival 'Abd-al-'Azīz I, whose reign lasted less than a year.

Several ornamented Kūfī coins were struck by 'Umar I and by his contemporary at Bougie, Yaḥyâ, who used the title al-amīr. A small group of double dinars in both scripts can safely be ascribed to Muḥammad II, and a single ornamented Kūfī one to his rival Khālid I, with no coins for the short reign of Abū-Bakr I.

During his long embattled tenure Abū-Bakr II struck a big group of gold coins, while his opponents Zakarīyā' I and Muḥammad III left a few with unusual obverse inscriptions. The three pretenders did not leave coins.

A double dinar belongs to 'Umar II, and the eighth dinar of Paris is probably his, but he murdered his brother Aḥmad I before the latter had a chance to mint gold. The Marīnid invasion caused by this event led to partition among al-Faḍl, 'Abd-al-Raḥmān, and Muḥammad, each of whom struck distinctive gold; the double dinar (603) struck by Muḥammad during his second reign after captivity among the Marīnids is particularly noteworthy for the Marīnid phraseology in the reverse segments.

A group of double dinars struck by Ibrāhīm II, including the last ornamented Kūfī gold piece, precedes two minted for his opponent Aḥmad II, the second of which (609) followed his Marīnid captivity, judging by its five-line fields. Khālid II's short reign left no numismatic records.

The long and prosperous reign of 'Abd-al-'Azīz II is reflected by his plentiful gold, in much of which the diameter is wrong for the denomination indicated by the legends and weight. One double dinar may be attributed to his successor Muḥammad IV, though this is not certain, and one to his son 'Alī at Bougie.

'Uthmān's long rule produced a quantity of gold, some of which, struck in Algeria, is unusual in the wording and arrangement of the legends and in the modified Kūfī script.

No coins are reported for his three ephemeral successors, while the gold assigned Muḥammad V is either partly illegible, the wrong size, or tentative. Muḥammad VI's single gold piece also has illegible segments; it was during his reign that the Turks and Spaniards fought each other for control of Tunis. It is apparent that the troubles which overwhelmed the Ḥafṣid state after 'Uthmān's death seriously affected both the quantity and the quality of the gold, which now ceased entirely.

For the long, turbulent reign of Aḥmad III no gold survives, but a quantity of dated silver showing Turkish influence has been found, and a few pieces of copper. No coins are reported for the final Ḥafṣid, Muḥammad VII, nor for the many independent Ḥafṣid amīrs or local Arab and Berber rebels.

This lengthy series of Ḥafṣid gold, with the final silver and copper pieces, is most useful in correcting existing lists of the Ḥafṣid rulers. Extensive revisions have been made in such points as nomenclature and relationships, following the excellent start made by Brunschvig and Farrugia de Candia.

The Ziyānids of Western Algeria

Zanātah Berber rulers of the Banū-Ziyān (Banū-'Abd-al-Wād) of western Algeria A.H. 633–964 (A.D. 1236–1556).

1 abū-Yaḥyâ (B8, A81) Yaghmurāsan (B8, A35e) ibn-Ziyān (B8, A35e) A.H. 633 (A35e) –681 (A35e) A.D. 1236 (A81) –1283 (A35e) anonymous gold, Ḥafṣid style 645.

2 abū-Sa'īd (A81) 'Uthmān I (A35e) ibn-Yaghmurāsan (1; A35e) A.H. 681 (A35e) –703 (A35e) A.D. 1283 (A35e) –1304 (A81) no coins.

3 abū-Ziyān (A35e) Muḥammad I (A35e) ibn-'Uthmān I (2; A35e) A.H. 703 (A35e) –707 (A35e) A.D. 1304 (A81) –1308 (A35e) no coins.

4 abū-Ḥammū (C12, A35e) Mūsâ I (g, A35e) ibn-'Uthmān I (2; A35e) A.H. 707 (A35e) –718 (A35e) A.D. 1308 (A35e) –1318 (A35e) gold 646.

5 abū-Tāshfīn (B10, C12, A35e) 'Abd-al-Raḥmān I (g, C14, A35e) ibn-Mūsâ I (4; A35e) A.H. 718 (A35e) –737 (A35e) A.D. 1318 (A35e) –1337 (A35e) gold 647–649.

interregnum under Marīnid 11 between death of 5 and independence of 6 A.H. 737 (A35e) –749 (A35e) A.D. 1337 (A35e) –1348 (A35e).

6 abū-Sa'īd (A35e) 'Uthmān II (A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Raḥmān ibn-Yaḥyâ ibn-Yaghmurāsan (1; A35e) A.H. 749 (A35e) –753 (A35e) A.D. 1348 (A35e) –1352 (A35e) no coins.

7 abū-Thābit (A35e) al-Za'īm I (A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Raḥmān ibn-Yaḥyâ ibn-Yaghmurāsan (1; A35e) A.H. 753 (A35e) –753 (A35e) A.D. 1352 (A35e) –1352 (A75) no coins.

interregnum under Marīnids 12 and 13 between death of 7 and independence of 8 A.H. 753 (A35e) –760 (A35e) A.D. 1352 (A75) –1359 (A35e).

8 abū-Ḥammū (B8, A35e) Mūsâ II (g, B8, A35e) ibn-Yūsuf ibn-'Abd-al-Raḥmān ibn-Yaḥyâ ibn-Yaghmurāsan (1; B8, A35e) A.H. 760 (A35e) –791 (A35e) A.D. 1359 (A5a) –1389 (A35e) (opposed 762–779 by 8A and 788–791 by 9) gold 650, 651.

8A abū-Ziyān (A35e) Muḥammad (A35e) ibn-'Uthmān II (6; A35e) pretender A.H. 762 (A35e) –779 (A35e) A.D. 1360 (D14) –1377 (D14) (opposed 762–779 by 8) no coins.

9 abū-Tāshfīn (A35e) 'Abd-al-Raḥmān II (g, A35e) ibn-Mūsâ II (8; B8, A35e) A.H. 788 (A35e) –795 (A35e) A.D. 1387 (D14) –1393 (A35e) (opposed 788–791 by 8) gold 652.

10 abū-Thābit (A5c) al-Za'īm II (A5a) ibn-'Abd-al-Raḥmān II (9; A35e) A.H. 795 (A35e) –795 (A5a) A.D. 1393 (A35e) –1393 (A5a) no coins.

11 abū'l-Ḥajjāj (A8) Yūsuf (A35e) ibn-Mūsâ II (8; A35e) A.H. 795 (A5a) –796 (A35e) A.D. 1393 (A5a) –1394 (A75) no coins.

12 abū-Ziyān (A35e) Muḥammad II (g, A35e) ibn-Mūsâ II (8; A35e) A.H. 796 (A35e) –802 (A5a) A.D. 1394 (A75) –1399 (A5a) gold 653.

13 abū-Muḥammad (g, A75) 'Abd-Allāh I (g, A5a) ibn-Mūsâ II (8; A5a) A.H. 802 (A5a) –804 (A5a) A.D. 1399 (A5a) –1402 (A5a) gold 654.

14 abū-'Abd-Allāh (A75) Muḥammad III (g, B8, A5a) ibn-Mūsâ II (8; B8, A5a) A.H. 804 (A5a) –813 (B8, A75) A.D. 1402 (A5a) –1411 (B8, A75) gold 655–657.

15 abū-Tāshfīn (H) 'Abd-al-Raḥmān III (g, A75) ibn-Muḥammad III (14; A75) A.H. 813 (A75) –814 (A75) A.D. 1411 (A75) –1411 (A75) gold 658.

16 abū-x (?) al-Sa'īd (A75) ibn-Mūsâ II (8; A75) A.H. 814 (A75) –814 (A75) A.D. 1411 (A75) –1411 (A75) no coins.

17 abū-Mālik (B8) 'Abd-al-Wāḥid (g, B8, A85c) ibn-Mūsâ II (8; B8, A85c) A.H. 814 (A75) –827 (A75), 831 (A75) –833 (B8, A75) A.D. 1411 (A75) –1424 (A75), 1428 (A75) –1430 (B8, A75) gold 659–662.

18 abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, A75) Muḥammad IV (A85c) ibn-'Abd-al-Raḥmān II (9; A85C) A.H. 827 (A75) –831 (A75), 833 (A75) –834 (A75) A.D. 1424 (A75) –1428 (A75), 1430 (A75) –1431 (A75) gold 663, 664.

19 abū'l-'Abbās (g, B8, A85c) Aḥmad I (g, B8, A85c) ibn-Mūsâ II (8; A85c) A.H. 834 (A75) –866 (A75) A.D. 1431 (A75) –1462 (A75) gold 665–668.

20 abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, B8, A75) Muḥammad V (g, B8, A85c) ibn-Muḥammad ibn-al-Za'im II (10; A75) A.H. 866 (A75) –873 (D1) A.D. 1462 (A75) –1468 (D1) gold 669.

21 abū-Tāshfīn (D1) 'Abd-al-Raḥmān IV (H) ibn-Muḥammad V (20; D1) A.H. 873 (D1) –873 (D1) A.D. 1468 (D1) –1468 (D1) no coins.

22 abū-'Abd-Allāh (B8) Muḥammad VI (B8) ibn-Muḥammad V (20; D18) A.H. 873 (D1) –910 (D1) A.D. 1468 (D1) –1505 (D1) no coins.

23 abū-'Abd-Allāh (B8) Muḥammad VII (B8) ibn-Muḥammad VI (22; B8) A.H. 910 (D1) –922 (D1) A.D. 1505 (D1) –1516 (D1):

Independent A.H. 910 (D1) –918 (H) A.D. 1505 (D1) –1512 (D14) no coins.

Vassal of Ferdinand II of Aragon A.H. 918 (H) –922 (D1) A.D. 1512 (D14) –1516 (D1) no coins.

24 abū-Ziyān (D14) Aḥmad II (H) ibn-Muḥammad VI (22; D14) vassal of Ottoman Salīm I (9) A.H. 922 (D14) –922 (D14), 923 (D14) –924 (D14) A.D. 1516 (D14) –1516 (D14), 1517 (D14) –1518 (D14) (opposed 923–924 by 25) no coins.

25 abū-Ḥammū (D18) Mūsâ III (D18) ibn-Muḥammad V (20; D18) vassal of Charles I of Spain A.H. 922 (D14) –934 (D1) A.D. 1516 (D1) –1528 (D1) (opposed 923–924 by 24) no coins.

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26 abū-Muḥammad (B8) 'Abd-Allāh II (g, B8) ibn-Muḥammad V (20; D18) A.H. 934 (D1) –947 (D1) A.D. 1528 (D1) –1540 (D1):

Vassal of Ottoman 10 A.H. 934 (D1) –942 (D14) A.D. 1528 (D1) –1535 (D14) gold 670.

Vassal of Charles I of Spain A.H. 942 (D14) –947 (D1) A.D. 1535 (D14) –1540 (D1) no coins.

27 abū-'Abd-Allāh (g, D14) Muḥammad VIII (g, D14) ibn-'Abd-Allāh II (26; D18) A.H. 947 (D14) –949 (D14), 949 (D1) –950 (D14) A.D. 1540 (D14) –1543 (H), 1543 (D1) –1543 (D14):

First reign, as vassal of Ottoman 10 (see above) gold 671.

Second reign (see above), as vassal of Charles I of Spain, no coins.

28 abū-Ziyān (D18) Aḥmad III (D18) ibn-'Abd-Allāh II (26; D18) vassal of Ottoman 10 A.H. 949 (D14) –949 (D1), 950 (D14) –957 (D1) A.D. 1543 (H) –1543 (D1), 1543 (D14) –1550 (D1) no coins.

29 abū-Muḥammad (g, D14) Ḥasan (g, D14) ibn-'Abd-Allāh II (26; D18) A.H. 957 (D1) –964 (D1) A.D. 1550 (D1) –1556 (D1) gold 672.

Crushed between their powerful neighbors, the Ḥafṣids and the Marīnids, the Ziyānids were frequently besieged or driven from their capital at Tlemcen into the mountains, and were occasionally overthrown, with subsequent interregnums, yet they managed to survive as a dynasty for well over three centuries, until the controversy between Turks and Spaniards was settled by the Ottoman conquest. During this span they also suffered an excessive amount of intra-dynastic rebellion, yet their capital prospered and a fair amount of gold was coined there.

Relatively few specimens of this Ziyānid gold are extant, and their attribution is made more difficult by the repetition of proper names in the family, but by correlation with Brosselard's epigraphic studies and with the historians of the earlier period, a reasonable certitude may be achieved. Thus the anonymous gold piece in Ḥafṣid style, identical except for mint with the contemporary gold of Morocco, is ascribed to Yaghmurāsan because at the period when it was struck he was master of Tlemcen, and because he, like his Marīnid contemporaries, was nominally a Ḥafṣid vassal.

No coins can be ascribed to 'Uthmān I and Muḥammad I, but the double dinars inscribed "mā aqrabu farju Allāh" surely belong to Mūsâ I and 'Abd-al-Raḥmān I, referring as they do to the unexpected lifting of the eight-year siege of Tlemcen at the death of the Marīnid Yūsuf.

Two of the most puzzling coins in the corpus (648, 649) are reluctantly inserted here, but I have been completely unable to account for the title amīr al-mu'minīn and the other anomalous features, or to read the last line of the reverse field, of which all reported versions are demonstrably wrong. The Algiers issue may be questionable but the Tlemcen coin does exist; it was struck by an 'Abd-al-Raḥmān with Caliphal pretensions; his name and title and the Tlemcen mint are perfectly clear but inexplicable.

For the brothers 'Uthmān II and al-Za'īm I, who ruled between the two Marīnid conquests, no gold is known to have survived, though 'Uthmān is said by Yaḥyâ Ibn-Khaldūn to have struck some.

Mūsâ II's long reign bore fruit in one double dinar and probably in one dinar, while a similar double dinar exists for 'Abd-al-Raḥmān II, if Brèthes' attempt to paint the name of Yaghmurāsan on the sole extant specimen has not misled me.

No coins exist for the short reigns of al-Za'īm II and Yūsuf, but Moyse reports a double dinar of Muḥammad II and the Paris specimen seems to fit 'Abd-Allāh I, though ascribed to Muḥammad V.

Three gold pieces are assignable to Muḥammad III by the epithet al-Wāthiq-bi-Allāh, and a Paris dinar tentatively to 'Abd-al-Raḥmān III, with no coins for al-Sa'īd, who ruled for less than a year.

An assortment of gold coins bears the name of 'Abd-al-Wāḥid, while similar coins can be attributed to his opponent Muḥammad IV. Aḥmad I left a group of gold pieces with his epithet al-Mu'taṣim-bi-Allāh, and a half dinar may belong to Muḥammad V or one of his namesakes.

No coins have been assigned to the next five rulers, whose reigns were very disturbed by Turkish-Spanish combats. To 'Abd-Allāh II and Muḥammad VIII can confidently be assigned the two double dinars (670, 671) which bear besides their names and titles that of amīr al-mu'minīn abū'l-Rabī' Sulaymān. An incredible amount of fruitless controversy among such experts as Lavoix, van Berchem, Prieto, and Fasmer has been fomented by these coins, which were obviously struck by these vassals of the Ottoman sultan Sulaymān, called the Magnificent by Europeans and the Lawgiver by his own people.

The fact that he did not actually bear the kunyah abū'l-Rabī' is no objection; all Sulaymāns in the occident used this name, and it was ascribed to him as unhesitatingly as abū-Ya'qūb to Yūsuf ibn-Tāshfīn or abū'l-Ḥasan to his son 'Alī by later historians, though as their gold shows the Murābiṭs, like the Ottomans, did not use names in abū-. In Tunisia, on the other hand, an inscription termed Sulayman abū'l-Futūḥ with equally little justification.

With this discussion permanently closed, it may be hoped, we may skip Aḥmad III, with no coins reported, for the final Ziyānid gold piece, a half dinar of Ḥasan.

The numismatic history of this dynasty is sketchy because of the scarcity of available specimens; it is possible that future archaeological finds will complete the representation of this family.

No silver and copper can be ascribed to the Ziyānids, although they must certainly have struck some silver during their lengthy control of western Algeria; Leo Africanus' assertion that at least the later rulers of this dynasty coined both silver and copper is probably correct, especially by analogy with the late Ḥafṣid pieces.

The Marīnids of Morocco

Zanātah Berber rulers of the Banū-Marīn of Morocco A.H. 592–869 (A.D. 1196–1465).

1 abū-Muḥammad (A92) 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq I (g, B4, C14, A35e) ibn-Maḥyū (A35e) A.H. 592 (A92) –614 (A35e) A.D. 1196 (A92) –1217 (A84e) no coins.

2 abū-Sa'īd (A35e) 'Uthmān I (A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Ḥaqq I (1; A35e) A.H. 614 (A35e) –638 (A92) A.D.1217 (A84e) –1240 (A92) no coins.

3 abū-Ma'rūf (A84d) Muḥammad I (A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Ḥaqq I (1; A35e) A.H. 638 (A92) –642 (A35e) A.D. 1240 (A92) –1244 (A84d) no coins.

4 abū-Yaḥyâ (A35e) Abū-Bakr (A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Ḥaqq I (1; A35e) A.H. 642 (A35e) –656 (A35e) A.D. 1244 (A84d) –1258 (no alternative) anonymous gold, Ḥafṣid style 673–712, anonymous silver 1133, 1134.

5 abū-Ḥafṣ (A5b) 'Umar (A35e) ibn-Abī-Bakr (4; A35e) A.H. 656 (A35e) –658 (A92) A.D. 1258 (no alternative) –1259 (A92) (opposed 656–658 by 6) no coins.

6 abū-Yūsuf (B4, C14, A35e) Ya'qūb (g, B4, C14, A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-Ḥaqq I (1; g, B4, C14, A35e) A.H. 656 (A35e) –685 (A35e) A.D. 1258 (no alternative) –1286 (A35e) (opposed 656–658 by 5):

First series, Ḥafṣid style A.H. 656 (A35e) –668 (A35e) A.D. 1258 (no alternative) –1269 (A35e) anonymous gold (see 4).

Second series, Marīnid style A.H. 668 (A35e) –685 (A35e) A.D. 1269 (A35e) –1286 (A35e) gold 713, 714, anonymous silver 1135.

7 abū-Ya'qūb (B11, C12, A35e) Yūsuf (A35e) ibn-Ya'qūb (6; B24, A35e) A.H. 685 (A35e) –706 (B24, A35e) A.D. 1286 (A35e) –1307 (B24, A35e) anonymous gold 715–725, anonymous silver 1136–1140.

8 abū-Thābit (C12, A35e) 'Āmir (A35e) ibn-'Abd-Allāh ibn-Yūsuf (7; A84d) A.H. 706 (A35e) –708 (A35e) A.D. 1307 (A35e) –1308 (A35e) no coins.

9 abū'l-Rabī' (C12, A35e) Sulaymān (A35e) ibn-'Abd-Allāh ibn-Yūsuf (7; A84d) A.H. 708 (A35e) –710 (A35e) A.D. 1308 (A35e) –1310 (A35e) no coins.

10 abū-Sa'īd (g, B4, C14, A35e) 'Uthmān II (g, B4, A35e) ibn-Ya'qūb (6; B4, C14, A35e) A.H. 710 (A35e) –731 (A35e) A.D. 1310 (A35e) –1331 (A35e) (opposed 714–731 by 10A) gold 726–745.

10A abū-'Alī (g, B4, A35e) 'Umar (g, B4, A35e) ibn-'Uthmān II (10; A35e) amīr at Sijilmāsah A.H. 714 (A35e) –733 (A35e) A.D. 1315 (A84e) –1333 (D17) (opposed 714–731 by 10 and 731–733 by 11) no coins.

11 abū'l-Ḥasan (B4, C14, A35e) 'Alī (B4, A35e) ibn-'Uthmān II (10; B4, C14, A35e) A.H. 731 (A35e) –752 (B9, A35e) A.D. 1331 (A35e) –1351 (B9, A35e) (opposed 731–733 by 10A and 749–752 by 12):

First series, Marīnid inscriptions: anonymous gold 746–749, anonymous silver 1141–1146.

Second series, Marīnid and Naṣrid inscriptions A.H. 731 (A35e) –740 (A35e) A.D. 1331 (A35e) –1340 (A35e) anonymous gold 750–758.

Third series, Marīnid and Ziyānid inscriptions A.H. 737 (A35e) –752 (B9, A35e) A.D. 1337 (A35e) –1351 (B9, A35e) anonymous gold 759–768, anonymous silver 1147.

12 abū-'Inān (B4, C12, A35e) Fāris (g, B4, A35e) ibn-'Alī (11; B4, A35e) A.H. 749 (A35e) –759 (A35e) A.D. 1348 (A35e) –1358 (A35e) (opposed 749–752 by 11):

First series, Marīnid style: gold 769–777.

Second series, Ḥafṣid style: gold 778–786.

12A abū-Ziyān (A5b) Muḥammad (A5b) ibn-Fāris (12; A5b) pretender A.H. 759 (A5b) –759 (A5b) A.D. 1358 (A5b) –1358 (A5b) no coins.

13 abū-'Abd-Allāh (g) Muḥammad II (A35e) ibn-Fāris (12; A35e) A.H. 759 (A35e) –760 (A35e) A.D. 1358 (A35e) –1359 (A35e) gold 787.

14 abū-Sālim (B2, C14, A35e) Ibrāhīm (A35e) ibn-'Alī (11; B2, C14, A35e) A.H. 760 (A35e) –762 (A35e) A.D. 1359 (A35e) –1361 (A35e) gold 788, anonymous silver 1148.

15 abū-'Umar (A35e) Tāshfīn (A35e) ibn-'Alī (11; A35e) A.H. 762 (A35e) –763 (A35e) A.D. 1361 (A35e) –1361 (A35e) no coins.

16 abū-Muḥammad (A39a) 'Abd-al-Ḥalīm (A35e) ibn-'Umar (10A; A35e) A.H. 763 (A35e) –764 (A35e) A.D. 1361 (A5b) –1362 (A35e) (opposed 763–764 by 17) no coins.

17 abū-Ziyān (A35e) Muḥammad III (g, A35e) ibn-Ya'qūb ibn-'Alī (11; A35e) A.H.763 (A35e) –767 (A5b) A.D. 1361 (A35e) –1366 (A5b) (opposed 763–764 by 16 and 764–765 by 17A) gold 789–792.

17A abū-Mālik (g) 'Abd-al-Mu'min (g, A35e) ibn- 'Umar (10A; g, A35e) amīr at Sijilmāsah A.H.764 (D14) –765 (H) A.D. 1362 (D14) –1363 (H) (opposed 764–765 by 17) gold 793.

interregnum under vizir between death of 17 and accession of 18 A.H. 767 (A5b) –768 (A35e) A.D. 1366 (A5b) –1366 (A35e).

18 abū-Fāris (B4, A5b) 'Abd-al-'Azīz I (g, B4, A35e) ibn-'Alī (11; B4, A35e) A.H. 768 (A35e)-774 (A35e) A.D. 1366 (A35e) –1372 (A35e) gold 794–796.

19 abū-Ziyān (A5b) Muḥammad IV (g, A35e) ibn-'Abd-al-'Azīz I (18; A35e) A.H.774 (A35e) –776 (A35e) A.D. 1372 (A85c) –1374 (A35e) gold 797–799.

20 abū'l-'Abbās (g, C14, A35e) Aḥmad (g, s, A35e) ibn-Ibrāhīm (14; C14, A35e) A.H. 775 (A5b) –786 (A35e), 789 (A35e) –796 (A35e) A.D. 1373 (A5b) –1384 (A5b), 1387 (A35e) –1393 (A35e) (opposed 776–784 by 20A):

First series, without amīr al-muslimīn or Naṣrid inscription: gold 800–805.

Second series, without amīr al-muslimīn, with Naṣrid inscription: gold 806–809.

Third series, with amīr al-muslimīn, without Naṣrid inscription: gold 810–829, silver 1149.

Fourth series, with amīr al-muslimīn and Naṣrid inscription: gold 830.

20A abū-Zayd (A70b) 'Abd-al-Raḥmān (g, s, A35e) ibn-'Alī ibn-'Umar (10A; g, s, A35e) sayyid at Marrakesh A.H. 776 (A35e) –784 (A35e) A.D. 1374 (A70b) –1382 (A35e) (opposed 776–784 by 20) gold 831, 832, silver 1150.

21 abū-Fāris (g, A5b) Mūsâ (g, A35e) ibn-Fāris (12; A35e) A.H. 786 (A35e) –788 (A5b) A.D. 1384 (A35e) –1386 (A5b) gold 833, 834.

22 abū-Ziyān (A5b) Muḥammad V (g, A35e) ibn-Aḥmad (20; A35e) A.H. 788 (A5b) –788 (A35e) A.D. 1386 (A5b) –1386 (A35e) gold 835.

23 abū-Ziyān (A5b) Muḥammad VI (A35e) ibn-Muḥammad ibn-'Alī (11; A35e) A.H. 788 (A35e) –789 (A35e) A.D. 1386 (A35e) –1387 (A35e) no coins.

24 abū-Fāris (A35e) 'Abd-al-'Azīz II (g, A35e) ibn-Aḥmad (20; A35e) A.H. 796 (A35e) –799 (A5b) A.D. 1393 (A35e) –1396 (A5b):

First series, Marīnid style: gold 836–839.

Second series, Ḥafṣid style: gold 840–854.

25 abū-'Āmir (A5b) 'Abd-Allāh (g, A5b) ibn-Aḥmad (20; A5b) A.H. 799 (A5b) –800 (A5b) A.D. 1396 (A5b) –1398 (A5b) Ḥafṣid style gold 855–859.

26 abū-Sa'īd (B4, A5b) 'Uthmān III (g, C14, A5b) ibn-Aḥmad (20; C14, A5b) A.H. 800 (A5b) –823 (A74) A.D. 1398 (A5b) –1420 (A74) Ḥafṣid style gold 860–867.

27 abū-'Abd-Allāh (A74) Muḥammad VII (A32) ibn-'Abd-Allāh ibn-abī-Tarīq ibn-Fāris (12; H) A.H. 823 (A74) –830 (D6) A.D. 1420 (A74) –1427 (H) (opposed 823–830 by 28) no coins.

28 abū-Muḥammad (B4, A32) 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq II (s, B4, A85c) ibn-'Uthmān III (26; B4, A32) A.H.823 (D6, D9) –869 (A85c) A.D. 1420 (D6, D9) –1465 (A85c) (opposed 823–830 by 27) silver 1151, 1152.

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The numismatic history of the Marīnids is essentially simple, but the necessary preliminary groundwork has never been done, so that all major collections contain more or less large groups of "unascribed Moorish gold". This anonymous gold can easily be divided into two portions by the number of lines in each field, and it is the three-line Ḥafṣid type which must be considered first.

No Marīnid gold bearing proper names in known for any ruler earlier than Ya'qūb, whose accession occurred in A.H. 656. The anonymous gold was not struck by the Ḥafṣids, as the Mahdī is not named and the mint towns were not under Ḥafṣid control, nor by the Ziyānids, by reason of the mints; there are no such objections to terming it Marīnid, which it obviously is. In style and legends it most closely resembles the earlier Ḥafṣid gold, especially as some of it is in ornamented Kūfi script corresponding to that used by the Ḥafṣids for a few decades starting about 650. The early Marīnids were nominal Ḥafṣid vassals; presumably this gold was struck by Abū-Bakr and Ya'qūb chiefly, but not entirely, before the final overthrow of the Muwaḥḥids in 668. It is likely, but less certain, that much of the anonymous silver with similar inscriptions was also struck by these two rulers.

Next come two gold pieces of Ya'qūb with his name and titles, probably struck after 668, and then another gap during the prosperous reign of his son Yūsuf. This can promptly be filled with a single fine series from the five-line group, as shown in the corpus, a group whose style and legends are intermediate between those of Ya'qūb and those of 'Uthmān II, and whose mints are plentiful but limited to Morocco. Anonymous silver bearing similar legends can also be assigned to Yūsuf. For 'Āmir and Sulaymān no coins are extant.

A substantial series of gold bears the name of 'Uthmān II, from several mints within Morocco, but none survives for his son and opponent 'Umar, amīr of Sijilmāsah, and none bearing the name of 'Uthmān's son and successor 'Alī, a pious but ambitious man who invaded Spain but was disastrously defeated by the Christians at Tarifa, conquered Algeria and Tunisia, was again disastrously defeated by Arabs near Kairouan, and was the victim of domestic rebellion, shipwreck, and exile.

To him belongs the balance of the anonymous gold, some of which bears the Naṣrid motto and was doubtless struck before his defeat at Tarifa in 740, and some of which bears the Ziyānid motto and was struck, after the conquest of Tlemcen in 737, at mints which include not only Fez and Sijilmāsah but Tlemcen, Algiers, Bougie, and Tunis. To these groups of gold exactly fitting the known facts of 'Alī's career may be added corresponding groups of anonymous silver.

His son and rival Fāris assumed the title of amīr al-mu'minīn, and a full series of gold displays it for mints which include Tlemcen and Bougie, again victims of Marīnid conquest. A parallel series of Ḥafṣid-type gold with three-line fields also bears Fāris' name and titles.

For the rulers who followed in quick succession a handful of gold survives: none for the pretender Muḥammad, one tentatively for Muḥammad II, one for Ibrāhīm if my reading of Brèthes' illegible specimen is correct, none for Tāshfīn, none for 'Abd-al-Ḥalīm, three or four for Muḥammad III, and one fine double dinar for the amīr 'Abd-al-Mu'min at Sijilmāsah.

'Abd-al-'Azīz I again conquered Tlemcen and left numismatic evidence of his achievement, with two other double dinars from Fez. Muḥammad IV minted three coins at Fez.

The only silver attributable to this troubled era is an anonymous piece ascribed to Ibrāhīm because of similarity to the gold which seems to bear his name.

For Aḥmad's bisected reign a large quantity of gold and a little silver is extant, while his rival at Marrakesh, 'Abd-al-Raḥmān, also minted both gold and silver.

Again rulers gained and lost power rapidly: Mūsâ two years, two issues; Muḥammad V less than a year, one double dinar; Muḥammad VI one year, no coins. In his three years 'Abd-al-'Azīz II struck four coins in Marīnid style and several in Ḥafṣid style, with an unexpected change to the three-line field. This was continued on a handful of gold by 'Abd-Allāh, who reigned only one year, and on a larger group by 'Uthmān III, who ruled until 823.

No coins exist for Muḥammad VII and no gold for 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq II, though one silver piece may definitely be ascribed to his violent reign and another tentatively.

This dynasty's numismatic history, then, can readily be understood by matching each group of anonymous gold and silver to its most likely originator on considerations of style, inscriptions, and mints. When this is done a steady development is made available for study instead of the jagged, gap-filled outlines heretofore published.

Considered as a whole, Marīnid gold of each denomination is somewhat broader than its Ḥafṣid equivalent but extant specimens average slightly lighter. 4.57 grams is the average weight of 182 double dinars and 2.26 grams of 51 dinars. The style is less attractive and the inscriptions less legible than those of all but the last Ḥafṣids, but they are not inferior to the Ziyānids'. The silver is adequately engraved and struck, but the general effect is one of steady decline from the high Muwaḥḥid standards.

The Naṣrids in North Africa

Arab rulers of the Banū-Naṣr (Banū'l-Aḥmar) of Granada A.H. 629–887 (A.D.1232–1492)

1 abū-'Abd-Allāh (B14, C17) Muḥammad I (B14, C17, A35e) ibn-Yūsuf (B14, A84d) A.H. 629 (A84d) –671 (B14, A74) A.D. 1232 (D9) –1273 (B14) no African coins; gold struck as vassal of Ḥafṣid 1 556.

2 no African coins.

3 abū-'Abd-Allāh (B15, C17, A48a) Muḥammad III (C17, A35e) ibn-Muḥammad II (2; B15, C17, A35e) A.H. 701 (B14, A35e) –708 (B14, A35e) A.D. 1302 (B14, A35e) –1309 (B14, A35e) see below.

4 abū'l-Juyūsh (B14, A35e) Naṣr (B14, A35e) ibn-Muḥammad II (2; B14, A35e) A.H. 708 (B14, A35e) –713 (A48a) A.D. 1309 (B14, A48a) –1314 (A48a) see below.

5–7 no African coins.

8 abū-'Abd-Allāh (B15, A35e) Muḥammad V (g, B15, A35e) ibn-Yūsuf I (7; g, B15, A35e) A.H. 755 (A35e) –760 (A35e), 763 (A35e) –793 (A48a) A.D. 1354 (A35e) –1359 (A35e), 1362 (A35e) –1391 (D9, D14) gold 868.

3, 4, or 8 anonymous silver 1153.

9–21 no African coins.

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The Naṣrids of Granada controlled Ceuta from A.H. 705 to 709 and from 786 to 789. The square silver (1153) bearing the name of this mint and their motto "wa-lā ghālibu illā Allāh" could belong to either of these periods, but similar silver reported for Fez must be tentatively rejected, as the Naṣrids never held secure control of the inland capital. If the Fez coins should be confirmed as correct, they might be ascribed to the Marīnid 'Alī, who struck gold bearing the Naṣrid insription; this would raise the question of whether he also struck the Ceuta coins.

The only Naṣrid gold reported from North Africa is a double dinar (868) minted at Ceuta by Muḥammad V, though the first Naṣrid ruler before declaring his independence struck a double dinar (556) at Granada for the Ḥafṣid Yaḥyâ I.

Except for the coins just discussed, the numismatic history of the Naṣrids falls outside the scope of this study.

The Waṭṭāsids of Morocco

Zanātah Berber riders of the Banū-Waṭṭās of Morocco A.H. 869–961 (A.D. 1465–1554).

1 abū-'Abd-Allāh (H) Muḥammad I (g, A29b) ibn-Yaḥyâ (A29b) A.H. 869 (D6) –910 (D6) A.D. 1465 (D6) –1504 (D6) gold 869.

2 abū-'Abd-Allāh (notes to A32) Muḥammad II (g, s, C6, A32) ibn-Muḥammad I (1; C6, A32) A.H. 910 (D6) –932 (A29b) A.D. 1504 (D6) –1525 (D6) gold 870, silver 1154.

3 abū'l-Ḥasan (A32) 'Alī (s, A29b) ibn-Muḥammad I (1; A32) A.H. 932 (A29b) –932 (A29b), 961 (A29b) –961 (A29b) A.D. 1525 (D6) –1526 (A29b), 1554 (A29b) –1554 (A29b) silver 1155.

4 abū'l-'Abbās (A29b) Aḥmad (s, C6, A32) ibn-Muḥammad II (2; C6, A29b) A.H. 932 (A29b) –952 (D6), 956 (D14) –957 (D14) A.D. 1526 (A29b) –1545 (D6), 1549 (D14) –1550 (D14) silver 1156.

5 abū-'Abd-Allāh (H) Muḥammad III (A32) ibn-Aḥmad (4; A32) A.H. 952 (A32) –956 (D14) A.D. 1545 (D6) –1549 (D14) no coins.

interregnum under Sharīfs between surrender of 4 and restoration of 3 A.H. 957 (D14) –961 (A29b) A.D. 1550 (D14) –1554 (A29b).

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During the reign of the last Marīnid, 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq II, who came to the throne as a child, the vizirial power was held by several members of the Waṭṭāsid family, a few of whom survived a massacre arranged by 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq when he reached maturity. At his death they competed for power with the rising Sharīfs, and succeeded in controlling part of Morocco for nearly a century.

Very few coins are attributed to the Waṭṭāsids. A small series of silver in a thin Naskhī script, reported and illustrated by Brèthes, seems fairly safe because of the sequence of names; the few gold coins are less satisfactory. Studies by Massignon and Cour have established the names and dates of this obscure dynasty; it may be that further gold will be discovered.

The Ottomans in North Africa

Sulṭāns of the Osmanli Turks (Banū-'Uthmān) of Constantinople A.H. 699–1342. (A.D. 1299–1924).

1-9 no African coins.

10 Sulaymān I (g, B13) ibn-Salīm I (9; D18) A.H. 926 (D18) –974 (D18) A.D. 1520 (D18) –1566 (D18) specified on Ziyānid gold 670, 671.

11–37 excluded from this study.

The Ottoman Turks, who conquered Tunisia and Algeria from the Ḥafṣids and Ziyānids, are excluded from this study. An exception is made for the two gold pieces struck in the name of Sulaymān I by his Ziyānid vassals, and for a Ḥafṣid square dirhem (1102) counterstamped طْ.

The gold pieces show no Ottoman influence; the name abū'l-Rabī' prefixed to Sulaymān shows that no Ottoman had any part in designing them.

The counter-stamp is presumably an Ottoman validation of a current piece of Ḥafṣid silver.


CORPUS OF COINS

struck in North Africa, or struck elsewhere by North African rulers, between A.H. 439 (A.D. 1047) and the Ottoman and Sharīfian conquests of the late tenth Moslem (16th) century.

Abbreviations (other than bibliographic) used in this corpus:

a above
b beneath
d date
F field
fig. figure
m mint
M margin
o obverse
p. page
pl. plate
R reverse
S segment
sp. specimens
v. volume

Bibliographic reference abbreviations are listed on pages 286–306.

GOLD

'Abbāsid Gold

struck in North Africa after A.H. 439 (A.D. 1047) in the name of the Sunnite khalīfahs, the Banū'l-'Abbās of Baghdād.

As the 'Abbāsids exercised no direct control over North Africa during this period, all coins bearing their name were actually struck by independent local rulers, and are therefore listed under the respective dynasties: Zīrid, Ḥammādid, Murābiṭ, and Hūdid.

Fāṭimid Gold

struck in North Africa after A.H. 439 (A.D. 1047) in the name of the Shī'ite imāms, the Banū-Fāṭimah of Cairo (al-Qāhirah).

As the Fāṭimids exercised no direct control over North Africa during this period, all coins bearing their name were actually struck by Zīrid rulers, and are therefore listed under the latter dynasty.

Zīrid Gold

struck in North Africa after A.H. 439 (A.D. 1047) by the Ṣanhājah Berber rulers of Tunisia, the Banū-Zīrī (or by their contemporaries in Tunisia) in Kūfī script.

abū-Tamīm al-Mu'izz ibn-Bādīs

A.H. 406–454

A.D. 1016–1062

Coins struck by the earlier Zīrids, and by al-Mu'izz prior to A.H. 439, are excluded from this corpus.

First (Shī'ite) series:

Struck in A.H. 439 and 440 in the name of the Fāṭimid imām

abū-Tamīm Ma'add ibn-'Alī

A.H. 427–487

A.D. 1036–1094

1. Ṣabrah – 439 – dinar. Plate I

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

علي ولي الله

RF الامام

المسنتصر بالله

امير المؤمنين

OM محمد رسول الله ارسله بالهدى ودبن الحق ليظهره على الدين كله ولو كره المشركون

RM (date)سنة (mint) بسم الله ضرب هذا الدينرب

BN III 337 (pl. IV): OM ends with المشر, mint given as Ṭabarīyah (corrected by Monchicourt).

F:Fatimites 165 (pl. IV): OM ends with كله; 166 (2 sp.): mint given as صبر (misprint).

2. Ṣabrah – 440 – dinar.

As 1.

F: Fatimites 166 note: d, m only. F: Fatimites II 44: OM ends with كله.

Second (Sunnite) series:

Struck anonymously by al-Mu'izz between A.H. 441 and 449 after his repudiation of Fāṭimid suzerainty.

3. al-Qayrawān – 441 – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

وحده لا شريك له

محمد رسول الله

RF ومن يبتغ غير

الاسلام دينا

فلن يقبل منه

OM ياايها النبي انا ارسلناك شاهدا مبشرا ونديرا وداعيا الى الله

RM (date) سنة (mint) بسم الله ضرب بمدينة عز الاسلام و

KM II 855 (pl. V). Welzl 12232, 12233 (2 sp.): illustrated in Schiepati (pl. II, no. 14). Soret:F 129 note. F: Fatimites 168. Farrugia: d, m only.

4. al-Qayrawān – 442 – dinar. Plate I

As 3.

F:Fatimites 169 (pl. IV), 170 (2 sp.): و b RF. Farrugia: d, m only.

5. al-Qayrawān – 442 – dinar.

As 3 except OM: ولقد كتبنا في الزبور بعد الذكر ان الارض يرثا عبادي الصاحون

Welzl 12234: illustrated in Schiepati (pl. II, no. 15).

6. al-Qayrawān – [44]3 – quarter dinar.

As 3 except OM, which ends at ودا.

KM II 856 (pl. V): d illegible, margins largely illegible. Soret: F 130: margins partly illegible.

F:Fatimites 171: d illegible, ونذيرا omitted from OM (misprint, corrected by letter).

7. al-Qayrawān – 444 – dinar.

As 3.

Schiepati 70 (pl. II, no. 1): d uncertain. F:Fatimites 171 note: d, m only. B 793 bis (p. 271): d, m only. F:Fatimites II 46.

8. al-Qayrawān – 445 – dinar.

As 3 except OM, which ends at ونذيرا and OF: الا اله الا الله

محمد

رسول الله

Schiepati 71 (pl. II, no. 2): d uncertain. F:Fatimites 171 note. F:Fatimites II 47: length of OM not specified.

9. al-Qayrawān – 446 – dinar.

OF الله

OM (inner) لا اله الا الله محمد رسول

OM (outer) as OM of 3.

RM (inner) ومن يبتغ غير الاسلام دينا فلن يقبل

RM (outer) as RM of 3.

F:Fatimites II 49.

RF منه

10. al-Qayrawān – 8/[4]46 – dinar.

As 3 except RM: بسم الله omitted, سنة preceded by غرة شعبان.

Ø 2106: description inaccurate, identified from impression furnished by Galster. F:Fatimites II 48.

11. al-Qayrawān – 448 – dinar.

As 3 except OM, which ends at وداعيا, and RM, which has errors in engraving.

Farrugia: و a RF.

12. Madīnat Safāqus – 449 – dinar.

OF as OF of 3.

OM as OM of 1.

RM as RM of 1 plus بركه.

Farrugia.

RF as RF of 3.

12a. al-Mahdīyah – 446 – dinar.

As 3 except RM: (date) سنة (mint) بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب ب.

Ø 2105: description inaccurate, identified from impression furnished by Galster.

13. al-Mahdīyah – 8/447 – dinar.

Not described; presumably as 3 except RM:

(date) في شعبان سنة (mint) بسم الله ضرب هذا الدينار

Casanova 1318:d, m only.

14. (mint?) – [4]4x – eighth dinar.

Apparently as 3.

BN II 934 (pl. IX): margins largely illegible, RF worn.

Third (Shī'ite) series:

Struck between A.H. 449 and 454 in the name of the Fāṭimid imām

abū-Tamīm Ma'add ibn-'Alī

A.H. 427–487

A.D. 1036–1094

following resumption of acknowledgment of Fāṭimid suzerainty.

15. al-Mahdīyah – 449 – dinar.

As 1 except RM:

(date) سنة(mint) بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضربهذا الدينر ب.

Farrugia.

16. al-Mahdīyah – 4/451 – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

وحده لا شريك له

محمد رسول الله

علي ولي الله

RF معد

الامام لبو تميم

المستنصر بالله

امير المؤمنين

OM as OM of 1 through المشر.

RM (date) في شهر الربيع سنة (mint) بسم الله ضرب هذا الدينرب.

Bergmann 17 (pl., no. 4: R only).

17. al-Mahdīyah – 453 – dinar.

May be as 15.

Blau:N 98: d, m only.

abū-Yaḥyâ Tamīm ibn-al-Mu'izz

A.H. 454–501

A.D. 1062–1108

Shī'ite series:

Struck between A.H. 454 and 459 in the name of the Fāṭimid imām

abū-Tamīm Ma'add ibn-'Alī

A.H. 427–487

A.D. 1036–1094

prior to final repudiation of Fāṭimid suzerainty.

18. al-Mahdīyah – 454 – dinar.

OF الامام معد

ابو تميم

RF المسنتصر بالله

امير المؤمنين

OM (inner)(لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله وعلي افضل الوصيين ووزير خير المر(سلين

OM (outer) as OM of 1.

RM (inner) دعا الامام معد لتوحيد الا اله الصمد

RM (outer) as RM of 1.

BN III 389: mint defective, al-Mahd only.

19. al-Mahdīyah – 455 – dinar. Plate I

As 18 except OM (inner) which ends at خير, and has علي instead of وعلي.

BM IV 166 (pl. II): ر b OF.

20. al-Mahdīyah – 455 – dinar. Plate I

OM (inner) لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله

OM (middle) وعلي افضل الوصيين ووزير خير المرسلين

OM (outer) as OM of 16.

RM (inner) المستنصر بالله امير المؤمنين

RM (middle) as RM (inner) of 18.

RM (outer) as RM of 1.

ANS; Miles 383 (pl. IV).

21. al-Mahdīyah – 456 – dinar.

Apparently as 20.

Balog.

22. al-Mahdīyah – 8/457 – dinar.

OF as RF of 18.

RF as OF of 18.

OM (inner) as OM (inner) of 19.

OM (outer) as OM of 1.

RM (inner) as RM (inner) of 18.

RM (outer) as RM of 16, with شعبان instead of الربيع.

BM IV 167: ر b OF.

23. al-Mahdīyah – 8/459 – dinar.

As 18 except RM (outer): as RM of 13.

F:Fatimites II 41: inner OM ends at خير.

No coins are reliably reported for the rest of Tamīm's reign, A.H. 460–501. Blau:N 101, ascribed to al-Mahdīyah for A.H. 480 without further description, is presumably misread; Blau:N 103, ascribed to al-Mahdīyah for an illegible date, is, because of the criss-cross design, almost certainly an issue of the Sicily (Ṣiqillīyah) mint.

abū-Ṭāhir Yaḥyâ ibn-Tamīm

A.H. 501–509

A.D. 1108–1116

No coins reported.

abū'l-Futūḥ 'Alī ibn-Yaḥyâ

A.H. 509–515

A.D. 1116–1121

No coins reported.

abū-Yaḥyâ al-Ḥasan ibn-'Alī

A.H. 515–543

A.D. 1121–1148

No coins reported.

No coins are reported for the local Arab and Berber rulers in Tunisia and Algeria — other than the Zīrids and Ḥammādids — in the interval between the Arab invasion of A.H. 443 (A.D. 1051) and the completion of the Muwaḥḥid conquest in A.H. 555 (A.D. 1160) with the following two exceptions.

Ḥammū ibn-Malīl

independent Barghawāṭah Berber governor of

Sfax (Safāqus)

A.H. 451–493

A.D. 1059–1100

24. Safāqus – 461 – anonymous dinar.

OF as OF of 3.

OM as OM of 1 through المشر.

RM as RM of 1.

Farrugia.

RF as RF of 3.

Rashīd ibn-Rashīd

independent Jāmi'id Arab governor of Gabes (Qābis)

A.H. 5xx–554

A.D. 115x–1159

Struck in the name of the 'Abbāsid khalīfah, who was not individually identified:

al-Muqtafī-li-amr-Allāh, abū-'Abd-'Allāh Muḥammad ibn-Aḥmad

A.H. 530–555

A.D. 1136–1160

24a. Qābis – 551 – dinar. Plate I

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامير الرشيد

بن رشيد

RF الامام

عبد

الله

امير الملؤمنين

OM ومن يبتغ غير الاسلام دينا فلن يقبل منه وهو في الاخرة من الخاسرين

RM (date) عام (mint) بسم الله الرحمن ضرب هذا الدينارب

S: Beyram 293 (pl. II): given as 552 Qādis (Cadiz) (disproved by plate), OF misread.

P:Miscelánea p. 128 (fig.) OF misread. This coin is termed "rashīdī" by Ibn-Khaldūn ( Kitāb al-'ibar , Būlāq edition, vol. VI, p. 167).

Ḥammādid Gold

struck in North Africa after A.H. 439 (A.D. 1047)

by the Ṣanhājah Berber rulers of eastern Algeria, the Banū-Ḥammād in Kūfī script.

No Ḥammādid coins are reported for the period prior to A.H. 439.

al-Qā'id ibn-Ḥammād

A.H. 419–446

A.D. 1028–1055

No coins reported.

Muḥsan ibn-al-Qā'id

A.H. 446–447

A.D. 1055–1055

No coins reported.

Bulukkīn ibn-Muḥammad

A.H. 447–454

A.D. 1055–1062

No coins reported.

al-Nāṣir ibn-'Alannās

A.H. 454–481

A.D. 1062–1088

No coins reported.

al-Manṣūr ibn-Nāṣir

A.H. 481–498

A.D. 1088–1104

— (mint?) – (date?) – dinar.

OM (inner) as OM (inner) of 20.

OM (middle) as OM (middle) of 20.

OM (outer) illegible.

RM (inner) illegible.

RM (middle) as RM (inner) of 18.

RM (outer) illegible.

Beylie (fig. 74): not described; tentatively reconstructed from figure; attribution to this ruler not explained; apparently an illegible Fāṭimid dinar falling outside the scope of this corpus. Ibn-Khaldūn states that this ruler was the first Ḥammādid to mint coins.

Bādīs ibn-al-Manṣūr

A.H. 498–498

A.D. 1104–1105

No coins reported.

al-'Azīz ibn-al-Manṣūr

A.H. 498–515

A.D. 1105–1121

No coins reported.

Yaḥyâ ibn-al-'Azīz

A.H. 515–547

A.D. 1121–1152

Struck in the name of the 'Abbāsid khalīfah

al-Muqtafī-li-amr-Allāh, abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad ibn-Aḥmad

A.H. 530–555

A.D. 1136–1160

25. al-Nāṣirīyah – 543 – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله

يعتصم بحبل الله يحيى

بن العزيز بالله الامير المنصور

RF الامام ابو عبد الله

المقتفى لامر الله

امير المؤمنين العباسى

OM واتقوا يوما ترجعون فيه الى الله ثم توفى كل نفس ما كسبت وهم لا يظلمون

RM (date) سنة (mint) بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هذا الدينارب

This coin is not listed in any modern collection, and it is possible that no specimens have survived. It is, however, fully described (except for division into lines) by Ibn-Khaldūn (Kitāb al-'ibar, Būlāq edition, vol. VI, page 177). The purported illustration in de Beylie's appendix (fig. 6) is, like the other alleged coins from the same source, incredible, as de Beylie realized.

Ḥammūdid Gold

struck in North Africa after A.H. 439 (A.D. 1047) in the name of the Banū-Ḥammūd of Malaga (Mālaqah) or of their Barghawāṭah Berber governors.

No gold reported.

No coins are reported for the period following A.H. 439 for the petty pre-Murābiṭ Berber rulers in Morocco with the exception of Ḥammūdid silver and copper, to be described later, and a curious group of small gold coins — B 774–793 (pl. XII) — ascribed by Brèthes to the Banū-Khazrūn, who ruled Sijilmāsah until the Murābiṭ conquest of A.H. 446, and to their contemporaries. His readings are too tentative and fragmentary, and his plates too illegible, to permit intelligent discussion of these coins, although they clearly demand careful study and comment when they can be made available to scholars.

Murābiṭ Gold

struck in North Africa and Spain by the Lamtūnah Berber rulers of the Murābiṭūn sect in Kīfī script.

Almost all Murābiṭ gold was struck in the name of the 'Abbāsid khalīfah, who was never individually identified, but was generically termed "al-imām, 'Abd Allāh, amīr al-muīminīn" and sometimes also "al-'Abbāsī".

Abū-Bakr ibn-'Umar

A.H. 448–480

A.D. 1056–1087

26. Sijilmāsah – 450 – dinar. Plate I

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامير ابو بكر

بن عمر

RF الامام

عبد

الله

امير المؤمنين

OM ومن يبتغ غير الاسلام دينا فلن يقبل منه وهو في الاخرة من الخاسرين

RM (date) سنة (mint) بسم الله ضرب هذا الدينارب.

V 1425 (AV). BN II 507 (pl. II): engraving errors. C:Decadencia p. 375, no. 1 (pl. I).

27. Sijilmāsah – 451 – dinar.

As 26.

V 1426 (AV). Rivero:M 97 (pl. II). Ø 2069: OM largely illegible.

28. Sijilmāsah – 452 – dinar. Plate I

OF لا اله الا

الله

محمد رسول

الله

RF الامام عبد

لله امير المؤمنين

والامير ابوبكر

نب عمر

OM as OM of 26.

RM as RM of 26.

S: Beyram 288 (pl. II). B 794 (pl. XIII): date given as 454 (disproved by plate.)

29. Sijilmāsah – 454? – dinar.

As 28.

B 795 (pl. XIII): date illegible in plate.

30. Sijilmāsah – 454? – dinar.

As 26.

Soret:F 131: date uncertain.

31. Sijilmāsah – 455 – dinar.

As 26.

B 796–802 (pl. XIII: 801; coin illustrated under no. 800 is 38) (7 sp.).

32. Sijilmāsah – 456 – dinar.

As 26.

V 1427. BN II 508 (pl. II). S: Beyram 287.

33. Sijilmāsah – 457 – dinar.

As 26.

V 1428. BM V 1 (pl. I): فمن for ومن in OM (misprint). B 803, 804 (2 sp.).

34. Sijilmāsah – 458 – dinar.

As 26.

B 805, 806 (2 sp).

35. Sijilmāsah – 461 – dinar.

As 26.

V 1429 (AV). KM II 563. Ø 2070.

7

36. Sijilmāsah – 462 – dinar.

As 26.

V 1430 (AV). BN II 509. Ø 2071.

37. Sijilmāsah – 463 – dinar.

As 26.

Welzl 12235. Ø 2072.

38. Sijilmāsah – 467 – dinar.

As 26.

V 1431 (AV). B 807 (pl. XIII, under no. 800).

39. Sijilmāsah – 468 – dinar.

As 26.

V 1432 (AV). BN II 510. Cerdá 350: d, m only. Spink (1902) 79532. Sotheby 379: d, m only. S: Michal II 453.

40. Sijilmāsah – 469 – dinar.

As 26.

V 1433 (AV). BN II 511. L:Calvert 45. Spink (1907) 30491: d, m only. B 808.

41. Sijilmāsah – 470 – dinar.

As 26.

S: Michael II 454, 455 (2 sp.). See also copper: 1161.

42. Sijilmāsah – 471 – dinar.

As 26.

HSA 13156: ضب for ضرب in RM (engraving error). V 1435 (AV). J:Mohammedan p. 267: date read as 491 but presumably this year since ruler is given as Abū-Bakr. S:White 2177. S:Judice II 3089. Sotheby 379: d, m only. S:Michael II 456, 457? (pl. II) (2 sp.?). S:Grantley 2158. S:Gotha 975 (pl. XI).

43. Sijilmāsah – 472 – dinar.

As 26.

ANS. V 1436 (AV). Adler: C 85 (pl. VI). S: Michael II 458. S:Grantley 2159.

44. Sijilmāsah – 473 – dinar.

As 26.

HSA 15796. V 1437 (AV). Spink (1902) 79531; d, m only. Sotheby 379: d, m only.

45. Sijilmāsah – 474 – dinar.

As 26.

V 1438 (AV, Campaner). B 809.

46. Sijilmāsah – [4]75 – dinar.

As 26.

V 1439 (AV). B 810.

47. Sijilmāsah – 476 – dinar.

As 26.

V 1439 bis (p. 393). BN II 512. B 811. Balog: engraving errors in RM.

48. Sijilmāsah – 477 – dinar.

As 26.

V 1440 (AV, 2 others). Cerdá 351: d, m only. B 812, 813 (2 sp.).

49. Sijilmāsah – 478 – dinar.

As 26.

V 1441 (AV, 1 other), 1442 (AV). BM V 2: الا for الاخرة in OM (engraving error). Markov: E

p. 90, no. 1: d, m only. B 814, 815 (2 sp.).

50. Sijilmāsah – 479 – dinar.

As 26.

L:Calvert 46. B 816.

51. Sijilmāsah – 480 – dinar.

As 26.

B 817.

52. (mint?) – (date?) – half dinar.

OF as OF of 26.

RF الامام

عبد الله

المومنين

OM illegible.

RM largely illegible.

B 818 (pl. XIII), 818 bis (2 sp.): description indicating no margins disproved by plate showing remains of margins rendered illegible by clipping.

'Alī ibn-?

governor of Sijilmāsah

probably about A.H. 459 (A.D. 1067)

53. Sijilmāsah – 45x – dinar. Plate I

As 26 except OF: لا اله الا

الله

محمد رسول الله

علي

B 821 (pl. XIII): last digit of date punched out, misread as 450.

Ibrāhīm ibn-Abī-Bakr

governor of Sijilmāsah

A.H. 462–467

A.D. 1070–1074

54. Sijilmāsah – 462 – dinar.

As 26 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامير ابراهيم

بن ابي بكر

V 1446. BM V 3 (pl. I: o only). BN II 514: ضر for ضرب in RM (engraving error). Marsden 350 (pl. XXI): ضرهذا for ضرب هذا in RM.

55. Sijilmāsah – 465 – dinar. Plate I

As 54.

V 1447. BN II 515 (pl. II).

7*

56. Sijilmāsah – 466 – dinar.

As 54.

V 1448 (AV).

57. Sijilmāsah – 467? – dinar.

As 54.

B 820 (pl. XIII): plate largely illegible, including date.

Yūsuf ibn-Tāshfīn

A.H. 480–500

A.D. 1087–1106

58. Aghmāt – 486 – dinar.

As 26 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامير يوسف بن

تاشفين

V 1465 (Merle). BM V 4, 5 (2 sp.); ك b RF. Bartholomaei 60. Calvo p. 191.

59. Aghmāt – 487 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1466 (AV). BN II 516: ك b RF. Soret:F 132: ك b RF. C:Decadencia p. 376, no. 2 (pl. I): ك b RF. B 836.

60. Aghmāt – 488 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1467 (AV). BN II 517 (pl. II): ك b RF. Weyl: G 1183: d, m only. Markov: E p. 90, no. 4: d, m only. B 837.

61. Aghmāt – 489 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1468 (AV). BM V 6 (pl. I): without ك. BN II 518: without ك. Markov: E p. 881 no. 4a: d, m only, Rivero: M 100 (pl. II): ك b RF.

62. Aghmāt – 490 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1469 (AH, AV 2 sp.). BN II 519: without ك. B 838.

63. Aghmāt – 590 (for 490) – dinar.

As 58; the erroneous date apparently represents an engraving error.

V 1470. BM V 7: ك b RF.

64. Aghmāt – 491 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1471 (PG, AV). BN II 520: ك b RF. L:Calvert 47: ك b RF. B 839.

65. Aghmāt – 492 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1472 (AV). BN II 521: ك b RF. Cunha II 1524. Markov: E p. 966, no. 4b: d, m only. J:Mohammedan p. 267: d, m only. Sotheby 380: d, m only. B 840.

66. Aghmāt – 493 – dinar. Plate I

As 58.

HSA 13173: ك b RF. V 1473 (AV, 1 other), 1474. BM X p. 3, no. 9f: ك b RF. BN II 522: ك b RF. Soret:F 133: ك b RF. Demaeght v. IX, p. 202 (fig.): ك b RF. Markov: E p. 90, no. 5: d, m only. S:White 2179: d, m only. Ø 2074: illegible letter b RF.

67. Aghmāt – 494 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1475 (AV). BN II 523: ك b RF. Höst: E and N 4 (pl. XXXIII): ك b RF. Weyl: G 1184: d, m only. Markov: E p. 90, no. 6: d, m only. Ø 2075.

68. Aghmāt – 495 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1476 (AV). BN II 524: ك b RF. Weyl: G 1185: d, m only. Markov: E p. 90, no. 7: d, m only.

69. Aghmāt – 496 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1477 (AV), 1478. BN II 525: ك b RF. Colson p. 241: d, m only.

70. Aghmāt – 497 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1479 (AV). B 841.

71. Aghmāt – 498 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1480 (PG, AV). B 842–847 (pl. XIII: 847) (6 sp.): ك b RF.

72. Tilimsān or Balansiyah – 494 – dinar.

As 58.

L:Calvert 48: mint image, ك b RF. If date is correctly read, mint is presumably Tilimsān, as Balansiyah was not taken until 495.

73. Sabtah – 484 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1464 (AV, 1 other). MA 488. Cerdá 354: d, m only. Rivero: M 99 (pl. II) without ك.

74. Sijilmāsah – 480 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1449 (Howland): d, m in OM (misprint). BN II 527 (pl. III): without ك. Spink (1902) 79533. Sotheby 380: d, m only. B 822.

75. Sijilmāsah – 481 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1450 (AV). Weyl: G 1182: d, m only. Markov: E p. 90, no. 3: d, m only. Ø 2073. B 823, 824 (2 sp.).

76. Sijilmāsah – 482 – dinar.

As 58.

ANS: without ك. V 1451 (AV).

77. Sijilmāsah – 483 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1452 (FC, AV). D: Lorichs 4705. Cerdá 352: d, m only. Markov: E p. 880, no. 3a: d, m only. B 825 (coin illustrated under no. 825 in pl. XIII is 78).

78. Sijilmāsah – 484 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1453 (PG, AV). BM X p. 3, no. 3k: ⊃ (for ك?) b RF. BN II 528: ك b RF. Cerdá 353: d, m only. Colson p. 241: d, m only. B 825 bis (pl. XIII, under no. 825) ك b RF.

79. Sijilmāsah – 485 – dinar.

As 58.

HSA 13182: ك b RF. V 1454 (AV 2 sp., 2 others), 1455 (AV). BM X p. 3, no. 3m. ⊃ (for ك?) b RF. BN II 529: without ك. Cerdá 355: d, m only. Markov: E p. 880, no. 3b: d, m only. S: White 2178 (?): reference or date wrong.

80. Sijilmāsah – 486 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1456 (AV 2 sp.). Cerdá 356; d, m only. Zambaur II 267: without ك. B 826–828 (3 sp.).

81. Sijilmāsah – [4]87 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1457 (PG, AV, 1 other). B 829.

82. Sijilmāsah – 488 – dinar.

Presumably as 58.

Cerdá 357: d, m only.

83. Sijilmāsah – 490 – dinar.

As 58.

B 830.

84. Sijilmāsah – 491 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1458 (PG, AV 3 sp.). L: Khedivial p. 328: date read as 471 but presumably this year since Yūsuf is given as ruler, ك b RF.

85. Sijilmāsah – 493 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1459 (AV).

86. Sijilmāsah – 494 – dinar.

As 58.

Markov:E p. 881, no. 6a: d, m only. Ziya 2028. B 831, 832 (2 sp.).

87. Sijilmāsah – 495 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1460 (AV 2 sp.). BN II 530: without ك. B 833, 834 (2 sp.).

88. Sijilmāsah – 496 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1461 (Campaner). Weyl: G 1186: d, m only. Markov: E p. 90 no. 8: d, m only.

89. Sijilmāsah – 497 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1462 (AV). BN II 531: without ك. S:Gotha 976.

90. Sijilmāsah – 498 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1463 (AV).

91. Sijilmāsah – (no date) – quarter dinar: Kūfī and Naskhī script. Plate I

OF لا اله الا

الله

محمد رسول الله

(mint)

RF الامير

يوسف بن

تاشفين

No margins.

BN II 532 (pl. III), 533 (2 sp.): before mint (not visible in plate). D: Lorichs 4707: described as one third of a dinar in Naskhī script, may be this coin. S:White 2180: denomination only. B 849–852 (pl. XIII: 852) (4 sp.).

92. Madīnat Fās – 484 – dinar.

Presumably as 58.

Colson p. 241: d, m only. May be a specimen of 93 misread.

93. Madīnat Fās – 494 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1484 (AV).

94. Fās – 497 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1485 (AV): date faultily engraved, read as 499 but probably this year since 'Alī is not designated heir.

95. Madīnat Marrākush – 490 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1481 (AV 2 sp.). BM X p. 3, no. 7t (pl. XXI): without ك. Brooke p. 77 (pl. VI, no. 2): without ك.

96. Mad[īnat] Marrākush – 491 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1482. BM V 8: without ك. Marsden 351 (pl. XXI): without ك.

97. Marrākush – 4(9)1 – dinar.

As 58; date faulty, 9 omitted.

V 1483. BN II 534: without ك.

98. Nūl – 494 – dinar.

Presumably as 58.

Colson p. 241: d, m only.

— (mint?) – (date?) – dinar.

As 58.

B 848 (pl. XIII): ك b RF; this coin is a dinar with margins rendered illegible by clipping, not a half dinar as recorded.

— (mint?) – (date?) – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين

يوسف بن تاشفين

RF الامام

عبد الله

امير المؤمنين

العباسي

OM as OM of 26.

RM as RM of 26.

This coin, the inscriptions of which are reported by al-Maqrīzī, citing abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-al-Ḥalīm al-Gharnāṭī, has not been reported as existing in any modern collection; since the legends correspond to those of Murābiṭ coins struck several decades later, it can be confidently rejected as erroneous. Likewise coins, reported by several Moslem historians, with Yūsuf termed "amīr al-mu'minīn" are certainly non-existent.

Spanish mints.

99. Ishbīliyah – (4)89 – dinar.

Presumably as 58.

Yale.

100. Madīnat Ishbīliyah – [49]1 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1492 (AV): date partially illegible.

101. Madīnat Ishbīliyah – 493 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1493 (AV).

102. Ishbīliyah – 496 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1494 (PG).

103. Ishbīliyah – 497 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1495 (AV). BN II 535 (pl. III): ك b RF. Longpérier:D p. 429: d, m only. Rivero: E (pl. III, no. 1): ك b RF.

— Balansiyah or Tilimsān – 494 – dinar.

See 72.

104. Balansiyah – 496 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1503 (AV). Markov: E p. 881, no. 8a: d, m only.

105. Balansiyah – 497 – dinar.

Presumably as 58.

Longpérier:D p. 429: d, m only, 'Alī is not designated heir.

106. Bayyāsah – 497 – presumably a dinar.

Presumably as 58.

C:Çecas p. 343: d, m only; mint given as Bāyasah (error).

107. Dāniyah – 495 – dinar.

As 58 except that OM is followed by بسم الله.

KM II 565: without ك.

108. Sanlūkah – 491 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1491 (PG).

109. Shāṭibah – [4]89 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1490 (Andujar).

110. Gharnāṭah – 493 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1500 (AV), 1501 (Lahoz). Colson p. 241: d, m only.

111. Madīnat Qurṭubah – 486 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1486. BN II 540 (pl. III): without ك.

112. Madīnat Qurṭubah – 490 – dinar.

As 58 except RM, in which عام replaces ك.

V 1487 (PG).

113. Madīnat Qurṭubah – 492 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1488. BM V 9 (pl. I, R only): ض b RF.

114. Qurṭubah – 496 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1489 (PG). C:Tratado p. 196, no. 1 (pl. XX): without ك.

115. al-Qanṭarah or Qanṭarat al-Sayf – 496 – dinar.

Presumably as 58.

Colson p. 241: d, m only; mint given in Spanish, may be either of above forms in Arabic.

116. Madīnat Mālaqah – 494 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1502 (AV).

117. al-Marīyah – 492 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1496 (AV).

118. al-Marīyah – 494 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1497 (AV). BN II 543 (pl. III): without ك. Longpérier: D p. 429: d, m only. Rivero: M 101 (pl. II): without ك.

119. al-Marīyah – 495 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1498 (FC, AV).

120. Madīnat al-Marīyah – 495 – dinar.

As 58.

V 1499 (AV, Campaner). González p. 82 (fig. 18): without ك, mint uncertain.

With heir

'Alī ibn-Yūsuf

A.H. 496–500

A.D. 1103–1106

121. Aghmāt – 498 – dinar.

As 26 and 58 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامير يوسف بن

تاشفين الامير

علي

V 1524 (AV 2 sp.). BN II 526: الامير for الامير in fourth line of OF, ك b RF. B 859: ك b RF.

122. Aghmāt – 499 – dinar.

As 121.

V 1525 (AV).

— Sijilmāsah – 499 – dinar.

See 172.

123. Marrākush – 499 – dinar.

As 26 and 121 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامير يوسف بن تا

شفين والامير

علي

B 858 (pl. XIII): لحر (?) b RF.

124. Nūl – 497 – dinar.

Presumably as 121.

B 856: بكر (?) b RF.

Spanish mints.

125. Ishbīliyah – 498 – dinar.

As 121 except OF, top line of which is changed to الا اله الا الله.

B 857 ك: b presumably this OF, description incomplete.

126. Ishbīliyah – 499 – dinar.

As 125.

V 1526 (AV). Caballero p. 16: d, m only, ك b RF.

127. Balansiyah – 497 – dinar. Plate I

As 26 and 121 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامير علي بن الامير

يوسف بن تاشفين

V 1505 (PG, AV 2 sp., 1 other). BM X p. 4, no. 91: no letter b RF, ascribed to 'Alī. BN II 536 (pl. III): no letter 6 RF. KM II 564 (pl. III): no letter b RF.

128. Balansiyah – 498 – dinar.

As 127.

V 1506 (PG, AV 2 sp., 2 others). BN II 537: no letter b RF. Longpérier: D p. 429: d, m only.

129. Balansiyah – 498 – dinar.

As 127 except RM, from which سنة is omitted (engraving error).

V 1507 (AV, 2 others). MA 489: حس at end of RM. S: Ciscar 31 (pl. I): RM obscure in plate, no letter b RF. S: Gotha 977.

130. Balansiyah – 499 – dinar.

As 26 and 121 except OF:

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله الامير

يوسف بن تاشفين

الامير علي

V 1528 (FC, AV, 1 other). Colson p. 241: d, m only.

131. Balansiyah – 499 – dinar.

As 58 plus الامير علي b RF.

V 1516 (PG, AV).

132. Balansiyah – 500 (posthumous) – dinar.

As 131 plus حسبي الله at end of RM.

V 1517 (PG, AV 2 sp., 1 other). BM X p. 4, no. 9s: description inaccurate, ascribed to 'Alī, حسبن for حسبي in RM (engraving error). Colson p. 241: d, m only.

133. Dāniyah – 497 – dinar.

As 127.

V 1508. BN II 538: no letter b RF. Longpérier: D p. 429: d, m only. D: Lorichs 4706: d, m only.

Weyl:G 1188: d, m only. Markov: E p. 90, no. 10: d, m only.

134. Dāniyah – 498 – dinar.

As 127 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة.

V 1509 (AV). Longpérier: D p. 429: d, m only. Caballero p. 15, no. 2: ك b RF.

135. Dāniyah – 498 – dinar.

As 131.

V 1518 (PG). BN II 539: no letter b RF. C: Tratado p. 197, no. 4 (pl. XX): no letter b RF. Caballero p. 14, no. 1.

136. Dāniyah – 499 – dinar.

As 131 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة.

V 1519 (AV). Caballero p. 15: عام not specified.

137. Dāniyah – 499 – dinar.

As 121 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة.

V 1522 (UV, AV, 1 other), 1523 (AV).

138. Dāniyah – 499 – dinar.

As 123 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة.

Caballero p. 15, no. 3.

139. Dāniyah – 499 – dinar.

As 137 except OF:

ال اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامير يوسف بن تا

شفين الامير علي

V 1521 (García).

140. Madīnat Dāniyah – 500 (posthumous) – dinar.

As 131.

V 1520 (AV). Caballero p. 15, no. 4.

141. Shāṭibah – 497 – dinar.

As 127 except OF, first line of which is changed to: لا اله الا الله.

V 1504 (AV).

142. Shāṭibah – 498 – dinar.

May be as 141 or as 125 and 143.

Weyl:G 1189: d, m only.

143. Shāṭibah – 499 – dinar.

As 125.

V 1527 (AV).

144. Qurṭubah – 497 – dinar.

As 58 and 131 except RF: الامام عبد الله

امير المؤمنين

الامير علي

V 1510. BN II 541: س b RF. Longpérier: D p. 429: d, m only.

145. Qurṭubah – 498 – dinar.

As 144.

V 1511 (García).

146. Madīnat Mālaqah – 500 (posthumous) – dinar.

As 26 and 121 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامير يوسف ولي

عهده الامير

علي

V 1529 (1 other). BN II 542: وولي for ولي on OF (misprint), no letter b RF.

147. Mālaqah – 500 (posthumous) – dinar.

As 146 except RM, in which الرحمن الرحيم follows بسم الله.

V 1530 (AV). Longpérier: D p. 429: d, m only.

148. al-Marīyah – 497 – dinar.

As 58 and 131 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة, and RF:

الامير

الامام عبد

الله

امير المؤمنين

على

V 1512. BN II 544: no letter b RF. Longpérier: D p. 429: d, m only. Weyl: G 1187: d, m only. Markov: E p. 90, no. 9: d, m only.

149. al-Marīyah – 497 – dinar.

As 136.

V 1513 (AV).

150. al-Marīyah – 498 – dinar.

As 136.

V 1514 (PG, AV).

151. al-Marīyah – 499 – dinar.

As 136.

V 1515 (AV).

Yūsuf with 'Alī as heir; recapitulation of types. All coins as 58, standard type of Yūsuf, with following modifications (coins on which عام replaces سنة in RM are designated by *).

RF: على/امير المؤمنين/الله/الامام عبد/الامير: 148*.

RF: الامير علي/امير المؤمنين/الامام عبد الله: 144, 145.

الامير علي b RF: 131, 135, 136*, 140, 149*, 150*, 151*.

الامير علي b RF, حسبي الله at end of RM: 132.

Last 3 lines of OF: علي /تاشفين الامير / الامير يوسف بن: 121, 122, 124, 137*.

As preceding type with top line of OF: لا اله الا الله: 125, 126, 143.

Last 3 lines of OF: الامير علي/يوسف بن تاشفين/محمد رسول الله الامير: 130.

Last 3 lines of OF: علي/ شفين و الامير / الامير يوسف بن تا: 123, 138*.

Last 2 lines of OF: شفين الامير علي/ الامير يوسف بن تا: 139*.

Last 2 lines of OF: يوسف بن تاشفين/ الامير علي بن الامير: 127, 128, 133, 134*.

As preceding type but سنة omitted: 129.

As type of 127 with top line of OF: لا اله الا الله: 141, 142?.

Last 3 lines of OF: علي/عهده الامير/الامير يوسف ولي: 146.

As preceding type with الرحمن after بسم الله in RM: 147.

'Alī ibn- Yūsuf

A.H. 500–537

A.D. 1106–1143

See also posthumous dinars of Yūsuf: 132, 140, 146, 147.

152. Aghmāt – 500 – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين علي

ين يوسف

RF الامام

عبد

الله

امير المومنين

OM ومن يبتغ غير الاسلام دينا فلن يقبل منه وهو في الاخرة من الخاسرين

RM (date) سنة (mint) بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هذا الدينارب

V 1552 (AV). BM X p. 4, no. 9t: ك b RF. Colson p. 242: d, m only.

153. Aghmāt – 501 – dinar.

As 152 but الرحمن الرحيم omitted from RM.

V 1553 (AV). BM V 10: ك b RF. BN II 547: ك b RF. Marsden 352 (pl. XXI): ك b RF (given as ك, corrected from plate). Fraehn: O p. 26 (frontispiece of "Lexici Meninskiani" vol. IV).

154. Aghmāt – 502 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1554 (AV). Zambaur II 268: ك b RF.

155. Aghmāt – 503 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1555 (AV).

156. Aghmāt – 504 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1556 (AV). BN II 548: ك b RF.

157. Aghmāt – 505 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1557 (AV). Lisbon.

158. Aghmāt – 506 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1558 (PG, AV). MA 516. C: Monedas p. 381: d, m only. Balog: ك b RF.

159. Aghmāt – 507 – dinar.

As 153.

HSA 531: ك b RF. V 1559 (AV). BN II 549: ك b RF.

160. Aghmāt – 508 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1560 (AH, AV). Lagumina p. 100, no. 1: ك b RF, فمن for ومن in OM (misprint?).

Figanier 274: ك b OF (misprint لك corrected by letter).

161. Aghmāt – 509 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1561 (AV). B 866 (pl. XIII): ك b RF. Thorburn: OM illegible, ك b RF.

162. Aghmāt – 510 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1562 (AV 2 sp.). Markov: E p. 881, no. 12a: d, m only.

163. Aghmāt – 511 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1563 (AV), 1564 (AV), 1565 (AV). BM V 17 (pl. I): ك b RF. BN II 550: ك b RF. KM II 590: ك b RF.

164. Aghmāt – 512 – dinar.

As 153.

HSA 9174: ك b RF. S: Michael I 1668: ك b RF. B 872 bis: ك b RF, description incomplete.

165. Aghmāt – 513 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1566 (PG, AV).

166. Aghmāt – 514 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1567 (AV). BM X p. 4, no. 18t: ك b RF.

167. Aghmāt – 515 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1568 (AV). BM V 20: ك b RF.

168. Banī-Tāwadā – 513 – dinar.

As 153 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة.

Colson p. 242: d, m only. B 873 (pl. XIV): mint given as Talaveira (error), illegible letters b RF, date illegible in plate.

169. Tilimsān – 505 – dinar.

As 152.

Ø 2080.

170. Tilimsān – 511 – dinar.

As 168; هاذ for هذ in RM (engraving error).

V 1585. BM V 18: ك b RF. Marsden 354 (pl. XXI): ك b RF.

171. Madīnat Tilimsān – 511 – dinar.

As 168.

V 1584 (AV). Colson p. 242: d, m only.

172. Sijilmāsah – 499 – dinar. This coin, if correctly reported, was struck for 'Alī as heir before the death of Yūsuf.

As 153 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامير علي بن

يوسف

V 1545 (AV).

173. Sijilmāsah – 500 – dinar.

As 172.

V 1546 (AV). B 835: three letters after date, ascribed to Yūsuf, may be this coin misread.

174. Sijilmāsah – 502 – dinar.

As 172.

V 1547 (AV).

175. Sijilmāsah – 504 – dinar.

As 172.

S: Gotha 981 (pl. XI): no letter b RF.

176. Sijilmāsah – 505 – dinar.

As 172.

V 1548 (AV).

177. Sijilmāsah – 508 – dinar.

As 172.

V 1549 (AV).

178. Sijilmāsah – 511 – dinar.

Presumably as 172.

B 872: ك b RF, description inaccurate.

179. Sijilmāsah – 513 – dinar.

As 172.

V 1550 (AH).

180. Sijilmāsah – 518 – dinar.

As 172.

V 1551 (PG): date faulty (misprint?).

181. Sijilmāsah – 520 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1590 (AV).

182. Sijilmāsah – 521 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1591. BM X p. 5, no. 290: top line OF divided لا اله الا/ الله (error), no letter b RF.

183. Salā – 508 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1583 (AV).

184. Madīnat Fās – 501? – dinar.

As 152 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة.

V 1569: date uncertain. BM V 12: date uncertain, 5th line OF illegible, ك b RF.

185. Madīnat Fās – 508 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1570 (AV).

186. Madīnat Fās – 508 – dinar.

As 168.

V 1571 (AV). BN II 560: ك b RF.

187. Madīnat Fās – 509 – dinar.

As 168.

V 1572 (AV), 1573 (Codera Imp.).

188. Madīnat Fās – 511 – dinar.

Presumably as 168.

B 871: description incomplete.

189. Madīnat Fās – 512 – dinar.

As 168.

V 1574 (PG).

190. Madīnat Fās – 515? – dinar.

As 168.

V 1575 (García): date uncertain.

191. Madīnat Fās – 520 – dinar.

Presumably as 168.

Spink (1900) 63240, (1902) 79537 (2 sp.): d, m only. B 882: description incomplete.

192. Madīnat Fās – 521 – dinar.

As 168.

V 1576 (UV, PG, FC, AV 2 sp.). MA 517. Spink (1901) 68378: d, m (given as Fās) only.

193. Madīnat Fās – 522 – dinar.

Presumably as 168.

B 884: description incomplete.

194. Marrākush – 500 – dinar.

Probably as 152.

G p. 182: d, m only.

195. Marrākush – 510 – dinar.

Presumably as 168.

B 867: ك b RF, description incomplete.

196. Marrākush – 516 – dinar.

As 168.

V 1586 (AH, AV).

197. Marrākush – 518 – dinar.

As 168.

V 1587. MA 518.

198. Marrākush – 519 – dinar.

As 168.

V 1588 (PG).

199. Marrākush – 520 – dinar.

As 184.

B 880 (pl. XIII): ك b RF, description inaccurate. Seaby G992: d, m only.

200. Marrākush – 521 – dinar.

As 168.

V 1589. MA 519. D: García 6088.

201. Nūl – 501 – dinar.

As 152.

V 1577 (UV).

202. Nūl – 509 – dinar.

As 153.

Marçais p. 182 (pl. I): ك b RF, mint dubious, may be Aghmāt (161).

203. Nūl – 510 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1578. BN II 572 (pl. III): ك b RF.

204. Nūl – 511 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1579 (AV).

205. Nūl Lamṭah – 513 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1580 (AV). B 885: ك b RF, description incomplete, date given as 523, mint given as Nūl, may be this coin, as Sīr is apparently not designated heir.

206. Nūl Lamṭah – 515 – dinar.

Presumably as 153.

Weyl:G 1197: d, m only. Markov: E p. 90, no. 14: d, m only.

207. Nūl Lamṭah – 516 – dinar.

As 153.

KM II 628: ك b RF.

208. Nūl Lamṭah – 518 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1581 (UV).

209. Nūl Lamṭah – 522 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1582. MA 515. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. S: Gotha 980 (pl. XI): date uncertain, given as 523 (error), ك b RF.

210. (no mint) – (no date) – half dinar.

OF as OF of 152. RF as RF of 152.

No margins (this is not a clipped dinar).

Longpérier:D p. 430 not described. B 886 (pl. XIV): ك b RF; misread.

Spanish mints.

211. Ishbīliyah – 510 – dinar.

As 153 except OF, top line of which is divided الله لا اله الا.

B 868: description incomplete.

212. Ishbīliyah – 515 – dinar.

As 211.

V 1655 (PG), 1656 (AV). MA 521. Cerdá 365: d, m only. Figanier 275: لك b RF (confirmed by letter).

213. Ishbīliyah – 516 – dinar.

As 211.

V 1657 (UV, PG, AV 3 sp., 1 other). BN II 575: لك b RF. MA 522. KM II 582, 583 (pl. III) (2 sp.): لك b RF. Tychsen, O. p. 42. Dorn:A p. 401. Longpérier: D p. 430: d, m only. D: Lorichs 4710: d, m only. Cerdá 367: d, m only. L:Oriental p. 235: لك b RF, reported as 153 (error). Calvo (pl. XI, no. 5): mint given as al-Marīyah (disproved by plate), لك b RF. Figanier 276 (pl. V): plate shows لك b RF. Thorburn: d, m only.

214. Ishbīliyah – 516 – dinar.

As 211 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة.

HSA 7896: لك b RF. V 1658 (FC, AV 3 sp.). BN II 576: ل b RF (error for لك). MA 522 note. Tornberg p. 275, no. 1: المومنين for المسلمين (error), لك b RF. Fraehn: N p. 87, no. 2; لك b RF, description inaccurate. Dorn I p. 55, no. 7, 8 (2 sp.): لك b RF. Markov: T 183 (= Swedish Royal Museum 1123).

215. Ishbīliyah – 517 – dinar.

As 211.

ANS: لك b RF. V 1659 (PG 2 sp., FC, AV 2 sp.). BM V 22: لك b RF. MA 523. KM II 584: لك b RF. Longpérier: D p. 430: d, m only, with heir Tāshfīn (error). Fraehn: N p. 87, no. 4: لك b RF, description inaccurate. Cerdá 369: d, m only. Dorn I p. 56, no. 11: عام for سنة in RM (error?), لك b RF. Brosset col. 400; d, m only. Weyl: G 1202: d, m only. Markov: E p. 91, no. 19, 20 (2 sp.): d, m only. Spink (1898) 46650, (1901) 68380, (1902) 79534 (3 sp.): d, m only.

216. Ishbīliyah – 518 – dinar.

As 211.

HSA 13155: لك b RF. V 1660 (UV, AV 4 sp.). BM V 23: الخاسر for الخاسربن in OM, لك b RF. BN II 578: لك (read as لد) b RF. MA 524 (2 sp.). KM II 585: لك b RF. Cerdá 371: d, m only. Dorn I p. 56, no. 13: عام for سنة in RM (error?), لك b RF. Brosset col. 400: d, m only. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. Markov:E p. 91, no. 21: d, m only. S: Judice II 3092 (pl. II): لك b RF. Ø 2086: description inaccurate, لك b RF. B 876: لك b RF, description inaccurate. Figanier 100: لك b RF, mint and date incorrectly recorded.

217. Ishbīliyah – 518 – dinar.

As 211 but with سنة repeated in RM (engraving error).

HSA 13184: الخاسر for الخاسرين in OM, لك b RF. V 1661 (UV).

218. Ishbīliyah – 519 – dinar.

As 211 but with ياشر b RF.

HSA 9175. V 1662 (UV, PG, AV, 2 others). BM V 24, 25 (2 sp.). BN II 577: date given as 517 but probably this year as ياشر appears. MA 525. KM II 586. Cerdá 372: description incomplete. Dorn I p. 56, no. 15, 16 (2 sp.): عام for سنة in RM (error?), لك b RF (error?). Weyl: G 1204: d, m only. Markov:E is p. 91, no. 22, 23 (2 sp.): d, m only. L: Khedivial p. 329. B 878: description inaccurate.

219. Ishbīliyah – 520 – dinar.

As 218.

HSA 13154. V 1663 (UV, PG, AV 3 sp., 1 other), 1664 (AH, PG, AV): date faulty. BM V 16: date 510 but probably engraving error for this year as ياشر appears; 27 (2 sp.?). BN II 579. MA 526 (2 sp.). Cerdá 375: description incomplete. Spink (1098) 46651, (1901) 60379, (1902) 79536 (3 sp.). S: Judice II 3093. B 879 (pl. XIII).

220. Ishbīliyah – 521 – dinar. Plate I

As 218.

ANS. V 1665 (UV 2 sp., PG, AV 3 sp.). BM V 29 (pl. I). BN II 580. MA 527 (3 sp.). KM II 587: الخاسر for الخاسرين in OM. Condé p. 279 (pl. III, no. 5): several slight errors. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only; with heir Tāshfīn (error). Cerdá 378: description incomplete.

221. Ishbīliyah – 522 – dinar.

As 218 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة.

HSA 13205: د for ر in ياشر (engraving error?). V 1666 (PG, AV). MA 528: as 218, corrected by Vives. Cerdá 380: description incomplete.

— Ighranāṭah – 504–522 – dinars.

See 241–256.

222. Balansiyah – 500 – dinar.

As 152.

V 1592 (PG, AV, 2 others), 1593 (AV): حس at end of RM. MA 493. Fleischer p. 387 (pl.): لي after الامام in RF (error), no letter b RF. Sentenach (pl. XVI, no. 1): no letter b RF.

223. Balansiyah – 501 – dinar.

As 152.

V 1594 (AV).

224. Balansiyah – 504 – dinar.

As 152.

V 1595 (UV, AV, 1 other). BN II 581: no letter b RF. Colson p. 242 (4 sp.): d, m only. D: Lorichs 4709: d, m only. Bartholomaei 61. Cerdá 361: d, m only. Sotheby 381: d, m only. B 862 (pl. XIV): description inaccurate, no letter b RF.

225. Balansiyah – 505 – dinar.

As 152.

V 1596 (PG, AV, 1 other). BN II 582: no letter b RF. KM II 591: no letter b RF. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only. Colson p. 242 (4 sp.): d, m only.

226. Balansiyah – 508 – dinar.

As 152.

V 1597 (AV). BN II 583: س b RF. MA 494. D: García 6083: س b RF.

227. Balansiyah – 509 – dinar.

As 152.

V 1598. BN II 584 (pl. III): س b RF. Colson p. 242: d, m only.

228. Balansiyah – 512 – dinar.

As 184.

V 1599 (PG, AV). Longpérier:D p. 430 d, m only. Colson p. 242 (2 sp.): d, m only. D: García 6085: الرحمن الرحيم omitted from RM (error?). Cerdá 363: d, m only.

229. Madīnat Balansiyah – 512 – dinar.

As 168.

V 1600 (AV). MA 495. Colson p. 242 (2 sp.): d, m only.

230. al-Jazīrah – 507 – dinar.

As 153; هاذ for هذ in RM (engraving error).

V 1634 (UV, PG, AV). BN II 585 (pl. IV), 586 (2 sp.): ك b RF. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only. Colson p. 242 (15 sp.): d, m only. Caballero p. 16: d, m only, ك b RF. Markov:E p. 90, no. 12: d, m only. Rivero:M 105 (pl. II) ك b RF. Ø 2082: misread, identified from impression furnished by Galster.

231. al-Jazīrah – 507 – dinar.

As 168.

V 1635 (AV).

232. al-Jazīrah – 508 – dinar.

As 168.

V 1636 (AH, AV, 1 other). BN II 587: ك b RF. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only. Colson p. 242 (7 sp.): d, m only. Caballero p. 16: d, m only, ك b RF. Ø 2083: misread, identified from impression furnished by Galster. B 864 (pl. XIV): date read as 507 (corrected from plate), ك b RF, description incomplete.

233. al-Jazīrah – 509 – dinar.

Presumably as 168.

Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only. Weyl:G 1195: d, m only.

234. Madīnat Dāniyah – 500 – dinar.

As 172.

V 1544 (PG). B 860 (pl. XIII): no letter b RF, description incorrect.

235. Dāniyah. – 500 – dinar.

As 152.

V 1601 (AV 2 sp.). Condé p. 278 (pl. III, no. 4): slightly misread, no letter b RF. Longpérier:D p. 429: d, m only. L'Oriental p. 235: incorrectly described, no letter b RF. Caballero p. 17.

236. Dāniyah – 501 – dinar.

As 152.

V 1602 (AV). Caballero p. 17.

237. Dāniyah – 504 – dinar.

As 152.

V 1603 (AV). Caballero p. 17.

238. Madīnat Shāṭibah – 500 – dinar.

As 172 except OF, top line of which. is changed to لا اله الا الله.

V 1543. (Gracío).

239. Gharnāṭah – 501 – dinar.

As 152.

V 1606 (AV): اهذ for هذ in RM (misprint?). BN II 588: no letter b RF, mint given as غراناطة (misprint). Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only. Rivero: M 104 (pl. II).

240. Gharnāṭah – 502 – dinar.

As 152.

V 1607 (AV, 1 other). Weyl:G 1194: d, m only. Markov:E p. 90, no. 11: d, m only.

241. Ighranāṭah – 504 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1608 (AV). Colson p. 242: d, m only. B 861: description inaccurate.

242. Ighranāṭah – 508 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1609 (AV). Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only. Colson p. 242: d, m only.

243. Ighranāṭah – 509 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1610 (UV 2 sp., FC, AV 2 sp.). BN II 589: no letter b RF. KM II 594: mint given as Ighrānāṭah (error?), no letter b RF. Colson p. 242: d, m only. Cerdá 362: d, m only. Figanier 157: See also copper: 1163.

244. Ighranāṭah – 515 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1612 (AV). Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only. C:Monedas p.381: d, m only. B 874: ك b RF, description incomplete.

245. Ighranāṭah – 515 – dinar.

As 168.

V 1613 (AV). BM V 19: ما a OF, لك b RF. BN II 590: ما a OF, لك (given as لد) b RF. MA 496 (2 sp.).

246. Ighranāṭah – 516 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1614 (PG 2 sp., AV 2 sp.). BM V 21: ما a OF, لك b RF. BN II 591: ما a OF, لك b RF. MA 497 (2 sp.). KM II 595: ما a OF, لك b RF. Marsden 355 (pl. XXI): description inaccurate, plate shows ما a OF, لك RF. G p. 182: d, m only. Longpérier:D p. 430 d, m only, with name مالك. Fraehn: O p. 26: description incomplete, citing Aurivillius pl. IV, no. 7. Weyl:G 1199 (2 sp.): d, m only. Markov:E p. 90, no. 15; p. 91, no.16 (2 sp.): d, m only.

247. Ighranāṭah – 516 – dinar.

As 168.

HSA 10624: ما a OF, لك b RF. KM II 596: ما a OF, لك b RF. Dorn I p. 55, no. 4, 5, 6 (?) (3 sp.?): ما a OF, لك b RF.

248. Ighranāṭah – 517 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1615 (PG, AV 2 sp.). BN II 592: ما a OF, لك b RF. MA 498 (2 sp.). KM II 597: ما a OF, كل b RF. D: Lorichs 4711 d, m only. Cerdá 368: d, m only. Weyl:G 1201: d, m only. Markov:E p. 91 no. 18: d, m only.

249. Ighranāṭah – 517 – dinar.

As 168.

V 1616 (AV). Dorn I p. 55, no. 9, 10 (2 sp.): ما a OF, لك b RF.

250. Ighranāṭah – 518 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1617. MA 499.

251. Ighranāṭah – 519 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1618 (AH, UV 2 sp., PG, AV). MA 500. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. L:Calvert 49: لب b RF.

252. Ighranāṭah – 519 – dinar.

As 152 except RM: (date) عام (mint) بسم الله امر بضرب هذا الديناررفي.

V 1619 (AH 2 sp., 1 other). MA 501.

253. Ighranāṭah – 520 – dinar.

As 252.

V 1620 (UV, AV). KM II 598: لم b RF (reported as ornament). L: Khedivial p. 329. Ø 2087: description of RM inaccurate.

254 Ighranāṭah – 520 – dinar.

As 252 plus وزن a RF and قديم b RF (outside of inner circle).

V 1621 (AH, AV). MA 502. KM II 599 (pl. III): لم b RF (reported as ornament). Cerdá 374: description incomplete. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only.

255. Ighranāṭah – 521 – dinar.

As 254.

V 1622 (AV, 1 other). BN II 593 (pl. IV): لم (read as ل) b RF. MA 503. KM II 600; لم b RF (reported as ornament). C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. Weyl:G 1205: d, m only. Markov:E p. 91, no. 25: d, m only.

256. Ighranāṭah – 522 – dinar. Plate I

As 254.

V 1623 (PG, AV). BM V 32 (pl. I): لم (read on p. XXI as عمر) b RF. BN II 594: لم (read as ل) b RF. MA 504 (2 sp.). C:Tratado p. 198, no. 5 (pl. XX): لم b RF. B 883 (pl. XII): لم b RF.

257. Qurṭubah – 503 – dinar.

As 152 except OF, top line of which is changed to:لا اله الا الله.

V 1654 (PG). MA 520 (2 sp.). KM II 603: اح (read as اد) b RF. Rivero:E (pl. III, no. 4): اح b RF. González p. 96 (fig. 25): illegible letter b RF.

258. Laushah? – 511 – dinar.

As 153.

B 869 (pl. XIII): mint given as "EL OUAKHA (LOJA)", for which correct Arabic name is Laushah, plate shows الوشة (?), no letter b RF. This may be a poorly engraved specimen of 278.

259. Mālaqah – 500 – dinar.

As 152 or 184.

D:Lorichs 4708: d, m only. Ø 2078: مون b RF.

260. Mālaqah – 501 – dinar.

As 184.

V 1604 (AV). BN II 598 (pl. IV): ز b RF. Longpérier:D p.430: d, m only. Cerdá 360: d, m only.

261. Mālaqah – 502 – dinar.

Probably as 184.

Colson p. 242: d, m only.

262. Mālaqah – 506 – dinar.

As 153 except RM, in which في precedes سنة.

V 1605 (PG).

263. Mursiyah – 501 – dinar.

As 152.

V 1624 (UV, PG, AV, 1 other). BM V II: م outside o inner circle. KM II 606: م outside o inner circle. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only. Colson p. 242: d, m only.

264. Mursiyah – 502 – dinar.

As 152.

V 1625 (FC, AV 2 sp.). Colson p. 242: d, m only.

265. Mursiyah – 502 – dinar.

As 184.

KM II 607: ه a OF (error?), و b RF (error for م?).

266. Mursiyah – 503 – dinar.

As 152.

V 1626 (UV, AV, 1 other).

267. Mursiyah – 504 – dinar.

As 152.

V 1627 (PG, FC, AV 3 sp., 1 other). Colson p. 242: d, m only. Sotheby 380: d, m only. Ø 2079: no letter b RF.

268. Mursiyah – 505 – dinar.

As 152.

ANS: no letter b RF. V 1628 (AV, 2 others). BM V 13. no letter b RF. BN II 599 (pl. IV): no letter b RF. MA 505. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only Colson p. 242 (2 sp.): d, m only. Ø 2081: no letter b RF.

269. Mursiyah – 506 – dinar.

As 152.

V 1629 (PG, AV, 1 other). MA 506. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only.

270. Mursiyah – 508 – dinar.

As 184.

V 1630 (AV), 1631 (AV, 2 others). BN II 600: no letter b RF. Colson p. 242 (2 sp.): d, m only.

271. Mursiyah – 509 – dinar.

As 184.

V 1632 (UV, PG, 1 other). MA 507. Colson p. 242 (2 sp.): d, m only. Ø 2084. B 865 (coin illustrated under no. 865 in pl. XIII is 272): م b RF, description inaccurate.

272. Mursiyah – 512 – dinar.

As 184.

V 1633 (PG, FC, AV, 2 others). BM X p. 4, no. 18f: م b RF. C:Donativo 10. S:Gotha 978 (pl. XI): م b RF. B 870 (pl. XIII, under no. 865): م b RF (misread as و), description inaccurate.

273. al-Marīyah – 506 – dinar.

As 152.

V 1637 (Morales), 1638: الدير for الدينار in RM (engraving error). BM V 14: الدير for الدينار in RM, no letter b RF. Condé p. 281 (pl. IV, no. 4): misread, apparently this date. B 863: م (read as ام) b RF, description inaccurate.

274. al-Marīyah? – 507 – dinar.

As 153.

Soret:D 88: ك b RF, mint uncertain.

275. Madīnat al-Marīyah – 508 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1639. BM V 15: ح b RF. Marsden 353 (pl. XXI): ح b RF. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only.

276. Madīnat al-Marīyah – 509 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1640 (AV).

277. al-Marīyah – 510 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1641 (UV 2 sp., AV). MA 508. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only.

278. al-Marīyah – 511 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1642. MA 509. D: García 6084.

279. al-Marīyah – 512 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1643 (AV).

280. al-Marīyah – 513 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1644 (AV).

281. al-Marīyah – 514 – dinar.

As 168.

V 1645 (UV, PG, AV). BN II 601 (pl. IV): no letter b RF.

282. al-Marīyah – 515 – dinar.

As 153.

Adler:C 86 (pl. VI): م b RF. Thorburn.

283. al-Marīyah – 515 – dinar.

As 168.

HSA 7895, 13147 (2 sp.): م b RF. V 1646 (UV 2 sp., PG, FC, AV 2 sp.). BM X p. 5, no. 20d: م b RF. BN II 602: م b RF. MA 510 (5 sp.). KM II 608: م b RF. Fraehn: N p. 87, no. 1: image at end of RM. Cerdá 364: d, m only. Dorn I p. 54, no. 1 p. 55, no. 2, 3 (3 sp.): م (read as مر) 6 RF. London p. 92 (2 sp.): date given as 525 but probably this year since Sīr is not designated heir. Weyl:G 1196: d, m only. L:Oriental p. 235. date given as 525 but Sīr not designated. Markov:E p. 90, no. 13: d, m only. S:Judice II 3091.

284. al-Marīyah – 516 – dinar.

As 168.

HSA 13165: م b RF, لن at end of RM. V 1647 (PG, AV): image at end of RM. BN II 603, 604 (2 sp.): م b RF. MA 511. KM II 609: م b RF, س (?) at end of OM and of RM. Welzl 12236. Longpérieri:D p. 430. d, m only. Fraehn: B 13: م b RF. Cerdá 366: d, m only. Weyl:G 1198: d, m only. Spink (1898) 46649, (1901) 68381 (2 sp.): d, m only. S:White 2181: d, m only. Ø 2085: RM misread. B 875 (pl. XIII): م b RF. Lisbon.

285. al-Marīyah – 517 – dinar.

As 168.

V 1648 (UV, PG 2 sp., AV 3 sp.). BN II 605: م b RF. KM II 610: م b RF. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only. Fraehn: N p. 87, no. 3: م (read as مر) b RF. D: Lorichs 4712: d, m only. Dorn I p. 56, no. 12: م (read as مر) b RF. Weyli:G 1200: d, m only. Markov:E p. 91, no. 17: d, m only.

286. al-Marīyah – 518 – dinar.

As 168.

V 1649 (UV, AV 2 sp.). BN II 606: م b RF. MA 512. KM II 611: م – b RF. Dorn:A p. 401. Fraehn: N p. 87, no. 5: م (read as مر) b RF. Cerdá 370: d, m only. Dorn I p. 56, no. 14: م (read as م) b RF. B 877: description incomplete.

287. al-Marīyah – 519 – dinar.

As 168.

HSA 13148: م b RF, ه outside inner R circle. UM: م b RF. V 1650 (AH, PG, AV 2 sp.). BM V 26: م b RF. Weyl:G 1203: d, m only. Markov :E p. 91, no. 24: d, m only. Spink (1902) 79535: d, m only. S:Judice II 3096 (pl. II): date given as 529 (corrected from plate), م b RF, ه outside inner R circle.

288. Madīnat al-Marīyah – 520 – dinar.

Presumably as 168.

B 881: ك b RF, description incomplete.

289. al-Marīyah – 520 – dinar.

As 184.

V 1651 (UV, PG 2 sp., AV 2 sp.). BM V 28: م b RF. BN II 607: م b RF, ه outside inner R circle. MA 513 (2 sp.). Longpérier:A pl. LV, no. 8): م b RF. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only, with heir Tāshfīn (error). D. Lorichs 4713: d, m only. Cerdá 373: d, m only.

290. al-Marīyah – 521 – dinar.

As 153.

V 1652 (AH, PG, AV, 1 other). BN II 608: م b RF ه outside inner R circle. Tornberg p. 275, no. 2: المؤمنين for المسلمين in of (error), م (read as مر) b RF. Soret:F 134: م b RF. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only, with heir Tāshfīn (error). Fraehn: N p. 87, no. 6: م (read as مر) b RF, عام for سنة in RM (error?). Cerdá 377: d, m only. Dorn I p. 56, no. 17: م (read as مر) b RF, عام for سنة in RM (error?).

291. al-Marīyah – 522 – dinar.

As 168.

V 1653 (UV, PG, AV). BM V 31:م b RF, ه outside inner R circle. BN II 609: م b RF, ه outside circle. MA 514 (2 sp.). Cerdá 379: d, m only. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. Markov :E p. 881, no. 25a: d, m only. L: Khedivial p. 329:م b RF, ه outside circle.

'Alī without heir; recapitulation of types. All coins as 153, standard type of 'Alī, with following modifications (coins on which عام replaces سنة in RM are designated by *).

Standard: 153–167, 168*, 170*, 171*. 181–183, 185, 186–193*, 195–198*, 200*, 202–209, 229*, 230, 231–233* 241–244, 245*, 246, 247*, 248, 249*, 250, 251, 258, 274–280, 281*, 282, 283–287*, 288*?, 290, 291*.

Top line OF: لا اله الا/ الله: 211–213, 214*. 215, 216.

As preceding type with سنة repeated in RM: 217.

As type of 211 with ياشر b RF: 218–220, 221*.

With الرحمن الرحيم after بسم الله in RM: 152, 169, 184*, 194?, 199*, 201, 222–227, 228*, 235–237, 239, 240, 259?, 260*, 261*?, 263, 264, 265*, 266–269, 270–272*, 273, 289*.

As preceding type with top line OF لا اله الا الله: 257.

With في preceding سنة in RM: 262.

With RM: بسم الله امر بضرب هذا الدينار في: 252*, 253*.

As preceding type plus وزن قديم in RF: 254–256*.

Last 2 lines OF: يوسف/الامير على بن: 172–180, 234.

As preceding type with top line OF: لا اله الا الله: 238.

Without margins (half dinar): 210.

With heir

Sīr ibn-'Alī

A.H. 522–533

A.D. 1128–1139

292. Aghmāt – 523 – dinar.

Probably as 295.

B 901: d, m only.

293. Aghmāt – 527 – dinar.

Probably as 295.

B 914: d, m only, ك b RF.

294. Aghmāt – 528 – dinar.

Probably as 295.

B 921: d, m only, ك b RF.

295. Aghmāt – 529 – dinar.

As 153 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين علي بن

يوسف ولي عهده

الامير سير

V 1723 (UV 2 sp.). MA 564. Weyl:G 1207: d, m only. Markov:E p. 91, no. 26: d, m only.

B 924: d, m only, ك b RF

296. Aghmāt – 530 – dinar.

As 295.

HSA 15793: ك b RF. V 1724 (FC, AV). Cerdá 388: description incomplete. Markov:E p. 91, no. 27: d, m only.

297. Aghmāt – 531 – dinar.

As 295.

V 1725. BN II 551 (pl. III): ك b RF. Weyl:G 1208: d, m only. Markov:E p. 91, no. 30: d, m only. B 930: d, m only.

298. Aghmāt – 532? – dinar.

As 295.

V 1726 (UV): date uncertain.

299. Aghmāt – 533 – dinar.

As 295.

V 1727 (UV 3 sp.): date uncertain. B 957 (pl. xlv): ك b RF, Tāshfīn for Sīr (disproved by plate), description inaccurate.

300. Sijilmāsah – 523 – dinar.

As 153 and 295 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين علي بن يوسف

ولي عهده الامير

سير

V 1713 (UV).

301. Sijilmāsah – 524 – dinar.

As 300.

HSA 13166: no letter b RF. S:White 2182: d, m only.

302. Sijilmāsah – 525 – dinar.

As 300.

V 1714. BN II 554, 555 (2 sp.): no letter b RF.

303. Sijilmāsah – 526 – dinar.

As 300.

V 1715. BN II 556 (pl. III): no letter b RF. B 911:d, m only.

304. Sijilmāsah – 527 – dinar.

As 300.

V 1716. BN II 557: no letter b RF. KM II 592: no letter b RF.

305. Sijilmāsah – 528 – dinar.

As 300.

V 1717 (UV).

306. Sijilmāsah – 529? – dinar.

As 300.

V 1718 (UV): date uncertain.

307. Sijilmāsah – 530 – dinar.

As 300.

V 1719 (AV). B 929: d, m only.

308. Sijilmāsah – 531 – dinar.

As 300.

V 1720 (UV 2 sp.). B 935: d, m only.

309. Sijilmāsah – 532 – dinar.

As 300.

V 1721. BN II 558: no letter b RF. S: Judice II 3097. B 937: d, m only.

310. Sijilmāsah – 533 – dinar.

As 300.

V 1722 (PG, AV). KM II 593: no letter b RF.

311. Madīnat Fās – 524 – dinar.

As 295 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة

V 1728 (AV). B 905 (pl. XIV): ك b RF; plate not clear, may be 311a.

311a. Madīnat Fās – 524 – dinar.

As 311 but with يو shifted from 4th to end of 3rd line of OF.

BN II 561: ك b RF.

312. Madīnat Fās – 525 – dinar.

As 311.

V 1729 (UV 2 sp., PG, 1 other). B 907 (without Madīnat?), 908 (2 sp.?): ك b RF, description incomplete.

313. Madīnat Fās – 526 – dinar.

May be as 311 or as 314.

Sotheby 381: d, m only.

314. Madīnat Fās – 527 – dinar.

As 168 and 311 except OF:

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين علي

ولى عهده

الامير سير

V 1758 (UV 2 sp., PG, AV 2 sp.). MA 565 (3 sp.). C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. B 915: d, m only.

315. Madīnat Fās – 528 – dinar.

As 314.

V 1759 (UV, AV). MA 566. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. B 920: d, m only.

316. Madīnat Fās – 529 – dinar.

As 314.

V 1760 (AV). BN II 562: ك b RF. B 922: d, m only.

317. Madīnat Fās – 530 – dinar.

As 314.

V 1761 (UV, AV). MA 567. B 927: d, m only.

318. Madīnat Fās – 531 – dinar.

As 314.

V 1762 (UV, AV 2 sp.). BN II 563: ك b RF. Weyl:G 1210: d, m only. Markov:E p. 91, no. 28, 29 (2 sp.): d, m only. Ø 2101: RM incorrectly reported, Sīr misread as شين illegible letter b RF. B 932 (coin illustrated under no. 932 in pl. XIV is 319): d, m only.

319. Madīnat Fās – 532 – dinar.

As 314.

V 1763 (PG, AV 2 sp., 1 other). BN II 564: ك b RF C:Donativo 12. B 936 (pl. XIV, under no. 932): date given as 523 (misprint), ك b RF.

320. Madīnat Fās – 533 – dinar.

As 314.

V 1764 (PG). BM X p. 5, no. 39d: وولي for ولي on OF (engraving error?), ك b RF. B 938: d, m only.

321. Marrākush – 522 – dinar.

As 311.

V 1734 (PG). Soret:S 76. B 896 bis: ك b RF, description incomplete.

322. Marrākush – 523 – dinar.

As 311.

V 1735 (AV). BN II 569: ك b RF. MA 561. D: Lorichs 4714. B 899: ك b RF, description incomplete.

323. Marrākush – 524 – dinar.

As 311.

V 1736 (UV). KM II 604: ك b RF. Ø 2089: RM incorrectly described. B 904 (pl. XIV): ك b RF, description inaccurate, date illegible in plate.

324. Marrākush – 525 – dinar.

As 311.

HSA 13152: ك b RF V 1737 (UV, AV). MA 562. S:Judice II 3095. Rivero:M 108 (pl. III): ك b RF. B 906: ك b RF.

325. Marrākush – 527 – dinar.

As 311.

V 1738 (UV, AV). KM II 605: ك b RF. B 916: d, m only, ك b RF.

326. Marrākush – 528 – dinar.

As 311.

V 1739 (AV). B 918: d, m only, ك b RF.

327. Marrākush – 529 – dinar.

As 295.

V 1740. BM II 570: ك b RF. B 923: d, m only, ك b RF.

328. Marrākush – 530 – dinar.

May be as 295 or 311.

B 926: d, m only, ك b RF. B 895 with this date and mint is, from its numerical position, presumably a misprint for an undeterminable date. Lisbon: d, m only.

329. Marrākush – 531 – dinar.

As 311.

HSA 13131: ك b RF. B 934: d, m only, ك b RF.

330. Marrākush – 533 – dinar.

Presumably as 311.

B 940: d, m only.

— Nūl Lamṭah – 520 – dinar.

B 894: this date, with Sīr, is obviously a misprint.

331. Nūl Lamṭah – 522 – dinar.

As 153 and 295 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين علي

ولي عهده الامير

سير

B 898 (pl. XIV, under no. 897): ك b RF, description inaccurate.

332. Nūl Lamṭah – 523 – dinar.

As 153 and 295 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين علي بن

يوسف والامير

سير

V 1711 (UV). MA 553: الامير for والامير in fourth line of OF (error?). C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. B 897 (pl. XIV, under no. 898): ك b RF, description inaccurate.

333. Nūl Lamṭah – 524 – dinar.

May be as 295 or 332.

B 902. description incomplete.

334. Nūl Lamṭah – 525 – dinar.

As 295.

HSA 13153: ك b RF. V 1730 (PG, AV). S.Judice II 3094 (pl. II): ك b RF. B (pl. XIV, under no. 939, R only; o is 385): not described, ك b RF.

335. Nūl Lamṭah – 527 – dinar.

As 153 and 295 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين علي

بن يوسف والا

مير سير

V 1712 (AV). B 917: d, m only.

336. Nūl Lamṭah – [52]8 – dinar.

As 295.

V 1731 (UV): date partially illegible.

337. Nūl Lamṭah – 530 – dinar.

As 295.

V 1732 (PG, AV). MA 563. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. B 925: d, m only, ك b RF.

338. Nūl Lamṭah – 531 – dinar.

As 295.

V 1733 (PG, 1 other). BM V 38 (pl. I): الخا for الخاسرين in OM, ك b RF. BN II 573: ك b RF.

KM II 629: ك b RF. B 931 (pl. XIV): ك b RF.

338a. Nūl Lamṭah – 532 – dinar.

As 295.

Ø 2090: misread, identified from impression furnished by Galster.

338b. Nūl Lamṭah – 533 – dinar.

Presumably as 295.

Thorburn.

Spanish mints.

339. Ishbīliyah – 522 – dinar.

As 331, except RM, in which عام replaces سنة, and RF, under which ياشر occurs.

HSA 13185: د following ياشر. V 1754 (AH, AV, 1 other). BM V 30: د following ياشر Cerdá 381: description incomplete. B 896 (pl. XIV): د following ياشر description inaccurate.

340. Ishbīliyah – 523 – dinar.

As 295 plus ياشر b RF.

V 1755 (AV). KM II 588: سة for سنة in RM (engraving error). B 900: description incomplete.

341. Ishbīliyah – 524 – dinar.

Presumably as 340.

B 903: description incomplete.

342. Ishbīliyah – 525 – dinar.

As 340.

V 1756 (AV). BM V 36: د following ياشر Cerdá 383: description incomplete. B 910: description incomplete.

343. Ishbīliyah – 526 – dinar.

As 340.

V 1757 (AV). Cerdá 384: description incomplete.

344. Ighranāṭah – 523 – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله محمد

رسول الله صلىالله

عليه امير المسلمين

علي بن يوسف

OM as OM of 152.

RM as RM of 252.

V 1710. BM V 33: لم (read on p. xxi as عمر) b RF.

RF الامام

عبد الله

امير المؤمنين

الامير سير

345. Ighranāṭah? – 524 – dinar.

Probably as 311.

Leite 22: description incomplete, ك b RF.

346. Ighranāṭah – 527 – dinar.

Probably as 344.

Cerdá 385: description incomplete.

347. al-Marīyah – 522 – dinar.

As 295 except OF, as OF of 311a.

V 1741 (PG, AV, 1 other): as 295 (error?). MA 554. Ø 2088: RM incorrectly described.

348. al-Marīyah – 522 – dinar.

As 311a.

KM II 612: ل at end of OM, م b RF, ه outside inner R circle. C: Tratado p. 200, no. 8 (pl. XX): م b RF, ه outside circle.

349. al-Marīyah – 523 – dinar.

As 347.

V 1742 (PG, AV): as 295 (error?). BM V 34: م b RF, ه outside circle. Marsden 356 (pl. XXI): م b RF, ه outside circle, description inaccurate. Longpérier:D p. 430 (2 sp.): d, m only. Markov:E p. 881, no. 25b: d, m only. L: Khedivial p. 329: م b RF, ه outside circle.

350. al-Marīyah – 524 – dinar.

As 347.

V 1743 (UV, PG, AV): as 295 (error?). BM V 35: م b RF, ه outside circle. MA 555 (2 sp.). KM II 613: ل at end of OM, م b RF, ه outside circle. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only, with heir Tāshfīn (error).

351. al-Marīyah – 525 – dinar.

As 347.

V 1744 (PG, AV 2 sp.): as 295 (error?). BN II 610: as 295, م b RF, ه outside circle. MA 556. KM II 614: م b RF, ه outside circle. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only, with heir Tāshfīn (error). Cerdá 382: description incomplete. Weyl:G 1206: d, m only. S:Karabaczek 863: wrong reference given. S:Dodgson 59: wrong reference given. B 909: م b RF, description incomplete.

352. al-Marīyah – 526 – dinar.

As 311.

V 1745 (PG, AV). MA 557: as 311a (error). KM II 615: م b RF, ه outside circle. D: Lorichs 4715. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. B 912 (pl. XIV): م b RF.

353. al-Marīyah – 527 – dinar.

As 295.

V 1746 (UV, PG, FC, AV). B 913: d, m only, م b RF.

354. al-Marīyah – 528 – dinar.

As 295.

V 1747 (UV, PG). BN II 611: م b RF, ه outside circle. KM II 616: م b RF, ه outside circle.

B 919: d, m only, م b RF.

355. al-Marīyah – 529 – dinar.

As 295.

V 1748 (PG, AV). MA 558: as 347 (error). Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only. Cerdá 386: description incomplete. Sotheby 382: d, m only.

356. al-Marīyah – 529 – dinar.

As 311.

V 1749 (AV). BN II 612: م b RF, ه outside circle. MA 558 note: as 311a (error). KM II 617: م b RF, ه outside circle. Cerdá 387: description incomplete. C:Donativo 11.

357. al-Marīyah – 530 – dinar.

As 311.

V 1750 (PG, AV 3 sp.). BM V 37: م b RF, ه outside circle. MA 559: as 311a (error). KM II 618: م b RF, ه outside circle; 619: م b RF (2 sp.). B 928: d, m only, م b RF.

358. al-Marīyah – 531 – dinar.

As 311.

V 1751 (PG, AV). BN II 613: م b RF. KM II 620: م b RF. Weyl:G 1209: d, m only. Markov:E p. 91, no. 31: d, m only. Spink (1898) 46652, (1901) 68383, (1902) 79538 (3 sp.). B 933: d, m only, م b RF.

359. al-Marīyah – 532 – dinar.

As 295, but with بن repeated before 5th line of OF (engraving error).

HSA 15795: م b RF. KM II 621: م b RF.

360. al-Marīyah – 532 – dinar.

As 311.

V 1752 (PG, AV 2 sp.). BN II 614: م b RF. MA 560: as 311a (error). C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only. Spink (1898) 46653, (1901) 68382, (1902) 79539 (3 sp.).

361. al-Marīyah – 533 – dinar.

As 311.

V 1753 (AV). KM II 622: م b RF. Condé p. 280 (pl. IV, no. 3): م b RF, several slight errors.

Longpérier:D p. 430 d, m only.

'Alī with Sīr as heir; recapitulation of types. All coins as 153, standard type of 'Alī, with following modifications (coins on which عام replaces سنة in RM are designated by *).

Last 3 lines of OF: الامير سير/يوسف ولي عهده/امير المسلمين علي بن: 292–299, 311*, 312*, 313*?, 321–326*, 327, 328–330*, 333?, 334, 336–338b, 345*, 352*, 353–355, 356–358*, 360*, 361*.

As preceding type with ياشر b RF: 340–343.

As type of 292 with بن repeated before last line of OF: 359.

Last 3 lines of OF: الامير سير/سف ولي عهده/امير المسلمين علي بن يو: 311a*, 347, 348*, 349–351.

Last 3 lines of OF: سير / ولي عهده الامير/ امير المسلمين علي بن يوسف: 300–310.

Last 3 lines of OF: سير /ولي عهده الامير/ امير المسلمين علي: 331.

As preceding type with ياشر b RF: 339*.

Last 3 lines of OF: الامير سير/ولي عهده/ امير المسلمين علي: 314–320*.

Last 3 lines of OF: سير /يوسف والامير / امير المسلمين علي بن: 332.

Last 3 lines of OF: مير سير / بن يوسف والا/ امير المسلمين علي: 335.

Different OF and RM; RF: الامير ستر /امير المومنين / عبد الله/ الامام: 344*, 346*?.

With heir

Tāshfīn ibn-'Alī

A.H. 533–537

A.D. 1139–1143

362. Aghmāt – 533 – dinar.

As 153 and 295 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين علي بن

يوسف ولي عهده

الامير تاشفين

V 1790 (PG, AV, 1 other). D: Lorichs 4716: description incomplete. Markov:E p. 91, no. 32: d, m only. S: Gotha 979.

363. Aghmāt – 533 – dinar.

As 153 and 362 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين علي بن

يوسف والامير

تاشفين

V 1779. BM V 39: ك b RF. BN II 552: ك b RF.

364. Aghmāt – 535 – dinar.

As 363.

V 1780. MA 575. B 951: ك b RF, description inaccurate.

365. Aghmāt – 536 – dinar.

As 363.

V 1781 (AV). B 959: ك b RF, description inaccurate.

366. Madīnat Tilimsān – 534 – dinar.

OF as OF of 362.

OM as OM of 152 and 362 plus بسم الله

RM as RM of 168 and 311.

RF as RF of 152 and 362.

V 1800. BN II 553 (pl. III): ك b RF.

367. Madīnat Tilimsān – 535 – dinar.

As 366.

V 1801. BM V 43: ك b RF.

368. Madīnat Tilimsān – 536 – dinar.

As 366.

V 1802 (PG). MA 578.

369. Sijilmāsah – 533 – dinar.

As 153 and 362 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين على بن يوسف

ولي عهده الامير

تاشفين

HSA 13151: no letter b RF. V 1782 (AV). MA 576: date uncertain. C:Monedas p. 381: d, m only.

370. Sijilmāsah – 534 – dinar.

As 362 or 369.

B 948: ك b RF, description incomplete.

371. Sijilmāsah – 535 – dinar.

As 362 but with يو shifted from 4th to end of 3rd line of OF.

V 1789: OF as OF of 362 (error). BN II 559: و after سف in 4th line of OF (error), no letter b RF.

372. Sijilmāsah – 536 – dinar.

Probably as 362 or 371.

B 961: description incomplete.

373. Madīnat Fās – 533 – dinar.

As 153 and 362 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة, and OF:

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين علي

ولي عهده الامير

تاشفين

V 1783 (PG?, 1 other).

374. Madīnat Fās – 534 – dinar.

As 373.

ANS: ك b RF. V 1784 (UV, PG, AV). BM V 42: ك b OF and b RF.

375. Fās – 534 – dinar.

As 362.

B 947: ك b RF.

376. Fās – 535 – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين علي

ولي عهده

اتاشفين

RF as RF of 152 and 362.

OM as OM of 152 and 362 plus صدق الله.

RM as RM of 184.

KM II 601: ك b RF.

377. Fās – 535 – dinar. Plate I

As 376: except RF: الامام

العباسي

عبد الله

امير المؤمنين

HSA 13134: ك b RF. V 1807 (PG, FC, AV). BM X p. 5, no. 42f (pl. XXI): ك b RF. BN II 565 pl. III): ك b RF. MA 579. Adler:C 87 (pl. VI): ك b RF. Cerdá 396 description incomplete. Weyl:G 1211: d, m only. Markov:E p. 91, no. 33: d, m only. B 949: ك b RF, description incomplete, RF as RF of 379 (error?).

378. Madīnat Fās – 536 – dinar.

OF لا اله الا

الله

محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين

يوسف ولي عهده

الامير تاشفين

RF الامام

عبد الله

العباسي

امير المومنين

OM as OM of 152 and 362 plus امنت بالله.

RM (date) عام (mint) بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم عونك بالله ضرب هذا الدينارب.

HSA 13132: ك b RF. V 1808 (PG, FC, AV, 1 other): والامير for الامير on OF (error?). BM V 45 (pl. I) ك b RF BN 11 566: ك b RF. KM II 602: ك b RF. C:Decadencia p. 381, no. 7 (pl. I): ك b RF. B 956 (pl. XIV): ك b RF, description inaccurate. Mateu I p. 482 (pl. XXXV, no. 1): ك b RF.

379. Madīnat Fās – 537 – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين علي ولي

عهده الامير

تاشفين

RF الامام

عبد الله

امير المؤمنين

العباسي

OM as OM of 152 and 362.

RM as RM of 184 and 376.

V 1809 (AV): OM as OM of 366 (error?). BN 11 508: ك b RF.

380. Marrākush – 533 – dinar.

As 362 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة.

V 1791 (UV, PG, AV). B 958 (coin illustrated under no. 958 in pl. XIV is 383): ك b RF, description inaccurate.

381. Marrākush – 534 – dinar.

As 380.

V 1792 (PG). BN II 571 (pl. III): ك b RF. Markov:E p. 881, no. 32a: d, m only.

382. Marrākush – 535 – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله صلى الله

عليه وسلم امير المسلمين

علي بن يوسف ولي عهده

الامير تاشفين

RF الامام

عبد

الله

امير المؤمنين العبا

سي

OM as OM of 366.

RM as RM of 184 and 376.

V 1803 (UV). B 950: ك b RF, description inaccurate.

383. Marrākush – 536 – dinar.

OF as OF of 382.

OM as OM of 152 and 362.

RM as RM of 152.

RF as RF of 382.

B 954 (pl. XIV, under no. 958): ك b RF, description inaccurate.

384. Marrākush – 537 – dinar.

As 382 except OM, as OM of 152 and 362.

V 1804: as 382 (error?). BM V 46: ك b RF.

385. Nūl Lamṭah – 533 – dinar.

Probably as 371.

B 939 (pl. XIV, o only; R is 334): not described.

386. Nūl Lamṭah – [5]33 – dinar.

As 362 except last line of OF: تاشفين.

V 1785. BM V 41: ك b RF.

387. Nūl Lamṭah – 534 – dinar.

As 362.

V 1793 (AV).

388. Nūl Lamṭah – 534 – dinar.

As 386.

V 1786 (PG, AV 2 sp.). J:Mohammedan p. 267: d, m only. Sotheby 381: d, m only. Rivero:M 109 (pl. III): ك b RF. Lisbon.

389. Nūl Lamṭah – 535 – dinar.

As 386.

V 1787 (UV 2 sp.). B 952: ك b RF, description inaccurate.

390. Nūl Lamṭah – 536 – dinar.

Probably as 386.

B 955: description incomplete.

391. Nūl Lamṭah – 537 – dinar.

As 362.

Soret:S 77 (pl. XV, no. 13: mint only): as 380 (error?). Figanier 277 (pl. V): ك b RF (given as لك, corrected from plate).

392. Nūl Lamṭah – 537 – dinar.

As 386.

V 1788 (PG). BN II 574: ك b RF. MA 577. B 962: description inaccurate.

Spanish mints.

393. Ishbīliyah – 535 – dinar.

Probably as 394.

B 953: illegible letter b RF, description incomplete.

394. Ishbīliyah – 536 – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله صلى

الله عليه وسلم تسليما

امير المسلمين علي ولي

عهده الامير تا

شفين

RF الامام

عبد

الله

امير المؤمنين

العباسى

OM as OM of 152 and 362.

RM (date) عام (mint) بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب ب.

V 1805 (PG, AV, 1 other): علي or ع b RF. BM X p. 6, no. 44d: ك b RF (confirmed by letter from John Walker).

395. Ishbīliyah – 537 – dinar.

As 394.

V 1806 (Howland): ع b RF. KM II 589 (pl. III): ع b RF, المسل for المسلمين in OF (engraving error).

396. al-Marīyah – 533 – dinar.

As 380.

V 1794 (PG, AV). BM V 40: م b RF. BN II 615: م b RF.

397. al-Marīyah – 534 – dinar.

As 362.

ANS: م b RF. V 1795 (PG, AV, 1 other). Cerdá 395: description incomplete. Sotheby 382: d, m only.

398. al-Marīyah – 534 – dinar.

As 371.

KM II 623: م b RF. Fraehn: B 14.

399. al-Marīyah – 534 – dinar.

As 380.

V 1796. BM X p. 5, no. 40f: م b RF.

400. al-Marīyah – 535 – dinar.

As 380.

V 1797 (PG 2 sp., AV 2 sp.). BN II 616: م b RF. Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only.

400a. al-Marīyah – 535 – dinar.

As 371 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة.

BM V 44 م b RF. KM II 624, 625 (2 sp.): م b RF.

401. al-Marīyah – 536 – dinar.

As 380.

HSA 13133: م b RF. V 1798 (PG, AV 2 sp.). BN II 617: م b RF. Cerdá 397: description incomplete. B 960 (pl. XIV): م b RF, description inaccurate.

401a. al-Marīyah – 536 – dinar.

As 400a.

HSA 13197: م b RF.

402. al-Marīyah – 537 – dinar.

As 362.

V 1799 (PG 2 sp., AV). Longpérier:D p. 430 d, m only. Markov:E p. 881, no. 33a: d, m only. S: Beyram 289. Balog: d, m only.

402a. al-Marīyah – 537 – dinar.

As 371.

KM II 626, 627 (2 sp.): م b RF. C: Tratado p. 201, no. 11 (pl. XX): م b RF.

403. al-Marīyah – 537 – dinar.

As 400a.

BM X p. 6, no. 45m: م b RF.

'Alī with Tāshfīn as heir; recapitulation of types. All coins as 153, standard type of 'Alī, with following modifications (coins on which عام replaces سنة in RM are designated by *).

Last 3 lines of OF: تاشفين/يوفس والامير/امير المسلمين علي بن: 363–365.

Last 3 lines of OF: الامير تاشفين/يوسف ولي عهده/امير المسلمين علي بن: 362, 372?, 375, 380*, 381*, 387, 391, 396*, 397, 399*, 400*, 401*, 402.

As preceding type plus بسم الله at end of OM: 366–368*.

As type of 362 but with يو in 3rd line: 371, 385?, 398, 400a*, 401a*, 402a, 403*.

Last 3 lines of OF: تاشفين / ولي عهده الامير/امير المسلمين علي: 369, 370?.

As type of 362 with الامير omitted from last line of OF: 386, 388–390, 392.

Last 3 lines of OF: تاشفين /ولي عهده الامير /امير المسلمين علي: 373*, 374*.

Last 3 lines of OF: تاشفين /ولي عهده/امير المسلمين علي: 376* (margins with added words).

As preceding type except RF: امير المؤمنين /عبد الله/ العباسي /الامام: 377*

Different OF, OM, RM; RF:امير المؤمنين / العباسي /عبد الله/ الامام: 378*.

Different OF, OM, RM; RF: العباسي/ امير المؤمنين /عبد الله /الامام: 379*.

Different OF, RM; RF: العباسي /امير المؤمنين/ لله /عبد /الامام: 393–395*.

Different OF, OM, RM; RF: سي/ امير المومنين العبا/الله/عبد/ الامام: 382*, 383, 384*.

Tāshfīn ibn-'Alī

A.H. 537–540

A.D. 1143–1145

404. Aghmāt – 537 – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

صلى الله عليه وسلم

امير المسلمين تاشفين

بن علي بن يوسف

RF الامام

عبد

الله

امير المؤمنين العبا

سي

OM ومن يبتغ غير الاسلام دينا فلن يقبل منه وهو في الاخر من الخاسرين

RM (date) عام (mint) بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هدا الدينارب.

B 971 (coin illustrated under no. 971 in pl. XV is 422): ك b RF, description incomplete.

405. Aghmāt – 538 – dinar.

Probably as 404.

B 974: ك b RF, 983: with heir Ibrāhīm (error?) (2 sp.?): description inaccurate.

406. Madīnat Tilimsān – 540 – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين وناصر

الدين تاشفين

انب علي

RF الامام

عبد

الله العباسي

امير المومنين

Margins as on 404.

V 1865: error in engraving mint (misprint?). MA 593.

407. Sijilmāsah – 544 (presumably for 540) – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين

تاشفين بن علي

RF الامام

عبد

الله

امير المومنين

OM as OM 404.

RM (date) عام (mint) بسم الله ضرب هذا الدينارب.

V 1860. BM X p. 7, no. 70p.

408. Madīnat Fās – 537 – dinar.

OF ال اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

المسلمين تاشفين بن علي

بن يوسف بن تاشفين

RF الامام

عبد الله

العباسي

امير المومنين

Margins as on 404.

V 1853. BN II 567: ك b RF.

409. Madīnat Fās – 537 – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

المسلمين تاشفين بن

علي بت يوسف ين

تاشفين

RF as RF of 404.

OM as OM of 404 plus بسم الله.

RM as RM of 404.

V 1851. MA 588. OM without بسم الله, corrected by Vives.

410. Madīnat Fās – 538 – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

المسلمين تاشفين بن علي

ابن يوسف بن تا

شفين

RF الامام

عبد

الله امير

المؤمنين العبا

سي

OM as OM of 409.

RM as RM of 407.

V 1852 (PG, AV). BN II 638 (pl. IV): ك b RF. MA 589: RF and OM incorrectly described, corrected by Vives. S: Gotha 982. B 973 (pl. XV):ك b RF, description inaccurate. Figanier 278: OM without بسم الله (misprint, corrected by letter).

411. Marrākush – 537 – dinar.

As 404.

B 970 (pl. XV): ك b RF.

412. Marrākush – 538 – dinar.

As 404.

V 1857 (AV), 1858. BN II 640 (pl. IV): ك b RF.

413. Nūl Lamṭah – 537 – dinar.

As 407 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين تاشفين

بن علي

B 972: ك b RF.

414. Nūl Lamṭah – 538 – dinar.

As 413 except RM in which سنة replaces عام.

V 1854. BN II 641 (pl. IV): ك b RF. KM II 652: ك b RF. Höst: E and N 3 (pl.XXXIII): ك b RF.

Ø 2103: illegible letter b RF. B 975 (pl. XV): ك b RF, description inaccurate.

415. Nūl Lamṭah – 539 – dinar.

As 414.

V 1855. MA 591.

416. Nūl Lamṭah – 540 – dinar.

As 414.

V 1856 (AV).

Spanish mints.

417. Ishbīliyah – 538 – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله صلى

الله عليه وسلم تسليما

امير المسلمين تاشفين

بن علي بن يوسف

RF الامام

عبد

الله

امير المومنين

العباسي

Margins as on 404.

V 1859. BN II 642 (pl. IV): م to left and ح to right of العباسي in RF.

418. al-Marīyah – 538 – dinar.

As 407 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين وناصر

الدين تاشفين بن علي

بن يوسف

V 1861 (AV 2 sp., 2 others). BN II 643 (pl. IV): م b RF. KM II 649: م b RF. Longpéier:D p. 430: d, m only. B 976 (pl. XV): م b RF.

419. al-Marīyah – 538 – dinar.

As 418 except RM, in which سنة replaces عام.

V 1862 (PG). BN II 644: م b RF. KM II 648: م b RF.

420. al-Marīyah, – 539 – dinar.

As 418.

V 1863 (PG, AV). MA 590.

421. al-Marīyah – 539 – dinar.

As 419 except RM, in which الرحمن الرحيم follows بسم الله.

V 1864 (PG).

With heir

Ibrāhīm ibn-Tāshfīn

A.H. 538–540

A.D. 1144–1145

422. Aghmāt – 539 – dinar.

OF apparently as OF of 427.

OM as OM of 404.

RM as RM of 414.

RF as RF of 404.

B (pl. XV, under no. 971): not described, reconstructed from plate, OF not clear, ك b RF.

423. Aghmāt – 539 – dinar.

As 414 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله صلى الله

عليه امير المسلميت تاشفين

بن علي ولي عهده

الامير ابراهم

V 1866 (AV): RM wrongly reported.

424. Madīnat Sijilmāsah – 538? – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين تاشفين

بن علي ولي عهده

الامير ابراهيم

RF as RF of 417.

OM as OM of 404.

RM as RM of 407.

B 981: ك b RF.

425. Madīnat Fās – 539 – dinar.

OF as OF of 424.

OM as OM of 404.

RM as RM of 407.

RF as RF of 404.

V 1867: RM wrongly reported. BM V 68: ك b RF. B 982 (pl. XV): mint given as Fās and date as 538 (corrected from plate), ك b RF, عام omitted from RM (engraving error), description inaccurate.

426. Madīnat Fās – 539 – dinar.

As 425 except RF, as RF of 410.

BN II 639: ك b RF, عهد for عهده in fourth line of OF (engraving error).

427. Marrākush – 539 – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله صلى الله

عليه وسلم امير المسلمين

تاشفين علي بن يوسف

الامير ابراهيم

RF as RF of 404.

OM as OM of 409.

RM as RM of 404.

B 984 (pl. XV): date given as 537 (corrected from plate); 985 (2 sp.): ك b RF, description inaccurate.

428. Marrākush – 540 – dinar.

Probably as 427.

B 987: description incomplete.

429. Nūl Lamṭah – 539 – dinar.

Probably as 427.

B 986: description incomplete.

Spanish mints.

430. Ishbīliyah – 539 – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله صلى الله

عليه وسلم تسليما امير

المسلمين تاشفين بن علي ولي

عهده الامير ابراهيم

RF as RF of 417.

Margins as margins of 404, but with سنة replacing عام in RM.

V 1868 (PG, Gil). C: Tratado p. 203, no. 1 (pl. XXI): ع b RF.

430a. Ishbīliyah – 539 – dinar.

Apparently as 430 except OF, as OF of 424.

D: Lorichs 4717: description incomplete.

431. Ishbīliyah – 540 – dinar.

As 417 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله صلى الله

عليه وسلم تسليما امير

المسلمين تاشفين بن علي

ولي عهده الامير

ابرهيم

V 1869. BM V 70 (pl. 1): ك b RF.

432. al-Marīyah – 539 – dinar.

As 409 except RM, in which سنة replaces عام and OF:

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله امير

المسلمين وناصر الدين

تاشفين بن علي ولي عهده

الامير ابراهيم

V 1870 (AV, 2 others). BM V 69: ه of عهده shifted to start of last line of OF, ع b OF م, b RF. BN II 645–647 (3 sp.):ه of عهده omitted (error), ع b OF, م 6 RF. MA 592 (3 sp.): ع b OF, OM without بسم الله, corrected by Vives. KM II 650 (pl. III), 651 (2 sp.): ع b OF, OM without بسم الله (visible in plate), م b RF, المسلمين for المؤمنين in RF (error). Fraehn:B 15: ع b OF, م (read as مر) b RF. Sawaszkiewicz p. 204: d, m only. Longpérier: D p.431: d, m only. Markov:E p. 92, no. 43: d, m only. Rodgers 7981: ع b OF, description inaccurate. C: Decadencia p. 383, no. 8 (pl. I): ع b OF, م b RF. Ziya 2029 (pl. II): ع b OF, description inaccurate, plate illegible. Rivero:M III (pl. III): ع b OF, م b RF.

Ibrāhīm ibn-Tāshfin

A.H. 540–540

A.D. 1145–1145

No coins reported.

Isḥāq ibn-'Alī

A.H. 540–541

A.D. 1145–1147

433. Aghmāt – 540 – dinar.

As 425 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

صلى الله عليه وسلم

امير المسلمين اسحق

بن علي بن يوسف

B 995: ك b RF, description incomplete.

434. Marrākush – 540 – dinar.

As 433.

B 994: ك b RF, description inaccurate.

435. Marrākush – 541 – dinar.

As 433.

B 996 (pl. XV): ك b RF.

436. Nūl Lamṭah – 540 – dinar.

As 414 except OF, in which اسحاق replaces تاشفين.

B 993 (pl. xv): ك b RF, description incorrect.

Spanish mints.

437. Ishbīliyah – 541 – dinar.

As 417 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله صلى

الله عليه وسلم تسليما

امير المسلمين اسحاق

V 1892 (AV): الرحمن الرحيم not reported in RM (error?). KM II 656 (pl. III): ك b RF. Rivero:M 115 (pl. III): ك b RF.

438. Ighranāṭah – 540 – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين اسحاق

بن علي بن يوسف

RF as RF of 406.

OM as OM of 404.

RM as RM of 407, but with هذ الدينار badly confused in engraving.

V 1889. BN II 653 (pl. IV): ف (read as و) b OF, بكر (?) b RF. KM II 657: ف b OF, بكر (?) b RF.

439. Ighranāṭah – 540 – dinar. Plate I

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله صلى الله

عليه وسلم امير المسلمين

اسحاق بن علي بن يوسف

RF الامام

عبد

الله

امير المؤمنين العباسي

OM as OM of 404 plus صدق الله بسم الله.

RM as RM of 404.

HSA 13202: ف b OF, بكر (?) b RF. V 1890 (PG, AV). BN II 652 (pl. IV): ف (read as و) b OF, بكر (?) b RF, صدق الله omitted (visible on plate). KM II 658: ف b OF, بكر (?) b RF, صدق الله omitted (error?). S: Michael I 1669: ف b OF, بكر (?) b RF.

440. Ighranāṭah – 541 – dinar.

OF as OF of 439.

OM as OM of 404.

RM as RM of 407.

RF as RF of 439.

HSA 15794: ك b RF, RM largely illegible, date and mint uncertain. V 1891 (FC). Sawaszkiewicz p. 204: d, m only.

441. Qurṭubah – 540 – dinar struck presumably by Ḥamdīn ibn-Muḥammad.

As 417 and 437 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين اسحاق

بن علي ين يوسف

V 1888 (Codera Imp.).

442. Qurṭubah – 541 – dinar struck presumably by Ḥamdīn ibn-Muḥammad.

OF as OF of 437.

OM as OM of 409.

RM as RM of 421.

RF as RF of 417 and 437.

V 1893. BN II 654 (pl. V): ح b RF.

Murābiṭ partisans after A.H. 541 (A.D. 1147).

Many coins in Murābiṭ styles were struck after the downfall of the main dynasty at the death of Isḥāq; most of these were struck in Spain by local rulers and are therefore excluded from this corpus, but can be found in section 6a of Vives; those with North African mints, or with Spanish mints but struck in the name of the "Banī-Tāshfīn", follow.

Struck in North Africa.

443. Sabtah – 543 – dinar struck by a final Murābiṭ rebel against Muwaḥḥid rule, Yaḥyâ ibn-Abī-Bakr ibn-'Alī, called al-Ṣaḥrāwī.

As 404 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله المهدى

الذى يشرك النبي امير

المسلمين يحيى بن ابى بكر

بن علي بن يوسف

C:Familia p. 155.

— Sijilmāsah – 544 – dinar.

See 407.

444. Nūl Lamṭah – 542 – anonymous dinar struck by an unidentified governor.

As 153 and 436 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

صلى الله عليه

B 1004 (pl. XV): ك b RF, plate largely illegible.

Struck in Spain in the name of the Banī-Tāshfīn.

445. Madīnat Gharnāṭah – 545 – dinar struck by the Lamtūnah Berber governor Maymūn ibn-Badr, who surrendered in 549.

As 407 except OF: الله

لا اله الا

محمد رسول الله

اللهم ارحم امرا المسلمين

بني تاشفين

V 1979 (Codera Imp.).

446. Madīnat Qurṭubah – 542 – dinar struck by the Massūfah Berber governor Yaḥyâ ibn-'Alī, known as Ibn-Ghāniyah, who died in 543. Plate I

OF as OF of 445.

OM as OM of 404.

RM as RM of 153 and 414.

RF as RF of 406.

HSA 14169: لك b RF. V 1978 (AV, 2 others). BM V 81 (pl. I): لك b RF, اللهم ارحم misread as الامم برحم.

Coins struck by the descendants of Ibn-Ghāniyah during their reign in the Balearics are excluded from this corpus, and no coins are known to have been struck by them during their North African invasions in the later Muwaḥḥid and early Ḥafṣid periods.

Muwaḥḥid Gold

struck in North Africa and Spain

by the Kūmiyah Berber rulers of

the Muwaḥḥidūn sect

in Naskhī script.

Debased gold struck by Muwaḥḥid partisans in North Africa before the downfall of the Murābiṭs in A.H. 541 (A.D. 1147), in the name of the Mahdī, Muḥammad ibn-Tūmart.

446a. (no mint) – quarter dinar: Kūfī script. Plate II

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامام الحق

RF الله ربنا

محمد رسولنا

المهدى امامنا

ربع الدينر

HSA 14156. S: Judice II 3105 (pl. II): 4th line of OF uncertain, 4th line of RF illegible.

abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-al-Mu'min ibn-'Alī

A.H. 524–558

A.D. 1130–1163

447. Bijāyah (b OF and b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 547. Plate II

OF لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

RF المهدى امام

الامة القائم

بامر الله

OS — صلى الله على محمد (left) — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم (top)

— الطاهرين (right) — واله الطيبين (bottom)

RS — المومن بن علي — ابو محمد عبد

— الحمد لله رب العالمين — امير المومنين

ANS.

448. Madīnat (a RF) Bijāyah. (b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 547.

As 447.

V 2056. P 1k. MA 663. B 1024.

449. Tadghah? (a RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.

As 447.

Bartholomaei 62: mint given as Bad'ah.

450. Tūnis (b OF and b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 554.

As 447.

J:Gold 2. Sotheby 384: m only.

451. Sabtah (b OF and b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 541.

As 447.

V 2055. P 1j. BM V 84 (pl. II). L:Inedited 10. Weyl:G 1218. S:White 2183. B 1027, 1028 (2 sp.).

452. Sabtah (b OF, a RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 541.

As 447.

S: Gotha 986 (pl. XII).

453. Sabtah (b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 541.

As 447.

ANS. V 2054 (PG). P 1i. BM V 85. Weyl:G 1219 (2 sp.). S: Karabaczek 914, 918? (2 sp.?).

C: Lebrija p. 564.

454. Salā (b OF and b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.

As 447.

P 10. B 1008 bis (pl. XVI, under no. 1008).

455. Salā (b OF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.

As 447.

V 2059. P 1n. BN II 711 (pl. VI). Markov:E p. 93, no. 1: m only. S: Michael I 1670. S: Gotha 985.

456. Fās (b OF and b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.

As 447.

V 2051. P 1e. BM X p. 8, no. 84d. L: Khedivial p. 329. S: Ciscar 34 (pl. I): mint illegible in plate. S: Comte 664. B 1011–1021 (11 sp.).

457. Fās (a OF, b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.

As 447.

J:Gold 3. B 1010 (pl. XVI, under no. 1010 bis): description inaccurate, mint illegible in plate.

458. Fās (b OF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.

As 447.

HSA 13192: ء b RF. V 2048 (PG, AV). P 1b. BN II 712. MA 661. Sotheby 383: m only. S: Judice II 3106: ع(?) b RF.

459. Fās (a OF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.

As 447.

V 2049. P 1c. MA 662. KM II 683 (pl. IV): بفارس for فاس a RF and وسلم at end of 4th OS (both disproved by plate). Thorburn.

460. Fās (b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.

As 447.

HSA 13191. V 2050 (AV 2 sp.). P 1d.

461. Madīnat (b RF) Fās (b OF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.

As 447.

P 1f.

462. Madīnat (a RF) Fās (b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.

As 447.

Vollers 13 (pl. I): عام for فاس b RF (disproved by plate).

463. Madīnat (a RF) Marrākush (b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 541.

As 447.

B 1022 (pl. XVI), 1023 (2 sp.): mint illegible in plate.

464. Miknāsah (b OF and b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.

As 447.

V 2053 (AV). P 1h. B 1025 (pl. XVI), 1026 (2 sp.): mint illegible in plate.

465. Miknāsah (b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 540.

As 447.

V 2052 (AV). P 1g. BN II 713 (pl. VI). KM II 684. Cerdá 420: description incomplete.

S: Ciscar 35.

466. (no mint) – dinar struck presumably after A.H. 540.

As 447.

ANS: س b RF. HSA 535, 7899, 10627, 13167, 13172, 13189 (6 sp.). V 2047 (AH, PG 12 sp., AV 7 sp.): لقلئم for القائم in RF (misprint). P 1a (pl. I). BM V 86, 87 (2 sp.). BN II 715: س b OF and b RF, 716 (2 sp.). MA 660, 664: س b OF and b RF (2 sp.). KM II 686–688 (3 sp.). Condé p. 285 (pl. III, no. 8): slightly misread. Welzl 12238. D: Garcia 6128. Cerdá 421: description incomplete. L: Muwaḥḥids p. 154, no. 1 (pl. VI) 2 (2 sp.). Weyl:G 1217: slight errors in OM and RF. Spink (1901) 68337: س b RF, 68338, 68339, (1902) 79540, 79541 (5 sp.): mintless, not described. J:Gold 1 (2 sp.). Sotheby 383 (2 sp.). Maguelonne p. 22 (fig. 2). S: Karabaczek 916. S: Castro 421. S: Gotha 987. Ø 2109. B 1033–1045 (13 sp.): mint-marks include س,ل,بر,م b OF, RF, or both. Rivero:E (pl. IV, no. 10). Lisbon.

467. (no mint) – half dinar.

OF as OF of 447.

RF المهدى

خليفة

OS — الرحمن الحيم — بسم الله

— خاتم النبيين — صلى الله على محمد

RS as RS of 447.

V 2060 (PG, AV, 2 others). P 2 (pl. I). BM V 88 (pl. II). BN II 717. S: Karabaczek 917. S: Beyram 371. S:Grantley 2160. B 1009 (pl. XVI): description inaccurate.

468. (no mint) – half dinar.

OF as OF of 447 and 467.

RF as RF of 467.

OS — الرحمن الرحيم — بسم الله

— محمد خاتم النبيين — صلى الله على

RS as RS of 447 and 467.

V 2060 note.

Spanish mints.

469. Ishbīliyha (b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 541.

As 447.

V 2057. P1 l. BM X p. 8, no. 85d: mint spelled Ishbiliyah. S: Karabaczek 915. Rivero:M 132 (pl. III).

470. Madīnat (a RF) Ishbīliyah (b RF) – dinar struck after A.H. 541.

As 447.

HSA 10628?, 13190, 13193 (3 sp.?). V 2058 (PG 2 sp., AV 2 sp., 1 other). P 1m. BN II 714: لله for لله in 4th RS (misprint). Cerdá 419: Madīnat misread as Mursiyah, description incomplete. C: Tratado p. 221, no. 3 (pl. XXII). S: Judice II 3107. B 1031, 1032 (2 sp.).

471. Jayyān (location on coin not indicated) – dinar struck after A.H. 541.

Presumably as 447.

C:Çecas p. 343: m only, given as جاين (error), termed double dinar (error).

472. Madīnat (a OF) Qurṭubah (b OF) – dinar struck after A.H. 542.

As 447.

B 1029.

With heir

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad ibn-'Abd-al-Mu'min

A.H. 551–558

A.D. 1156–1163

473. Bijāyah – dinar.

OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

المهدى امام الامة

(mint)

RF القائم بامر الله

الخليفة ابو محمد

عبد المومن بن علي

امير المومنين

OS — اله واحد — والهكم

— الرحمن الرحيم — لا اله الا هو

RS — ابو عبد الله — الامير الاجل

— امير المومنين — محمد بن

V 2072 (AV). P 9d. Spink (1901) 68377, (1902) 79555 (2 sp.): m only, ascribed to 'Abd-Allāh. J:Gold 16 (2 sp.). Sotheby 389: m only, ascribed to "Abd-Mohammad". S: Michael I 1671. B 1148 (pl. XVI): description incomplete, mint illegible in plate.

474. Madīnat Bijāyah – dinar.

As 473.

B 1147: description incomplete.

475. Ribāṭ al-Fatḥ – dinar.

As 473.

V 2071 (AV): ربط for رباط (error). P 9b (pl. I): ربط for رباط (disproved by plate).

476. Fās – dinar.

As 473.

B 1150: description incomplete.

477. Madīnat Fās – dinar. Plate II

As 473.

HSA 7898. P 9c. Spink (1901) 68376, (1902) 79554 (2 sp.): m only, ascribed to 'Abd-Allāh. J:Gold 17 (2 sp.). Sotheby 389: m only, ascribed to "Abd-Mohammad".

478. Marrākush – dinar.

As 473.

HSA 13170. V 2070 (AV). P 9a. Cerdá 426: description incomplete. Spink (1901) 68374, 68375, (1902) 79553 (3 sp.): m only, ascribed to 'Abd-Allāh. J:Gold 18 (3 sp.). Sotheby 389 (2 sp.): m only, ascribed to "Abd-Mohammad". Rivero:M 135 (pl. III). B 1149 (pl. XVI): description incomplete, mint illegible in plate.

479. Madīnat Marrākush – dinar.

As 473.

HSA 13194. Leite 24: الاجل omitted from 1st RS (misprint?), الله وحده for اله واحد in 2nd OS (error). J:Gold 19. S: Judice II 3108 (pl. II): mint and RS illegible in plate.

480. (no mint) – dinar.

As 473.

Sacy p. 539: الاحد for الاجل in 1st RS (error). Maguelonne p. 22 (fig. l): misread.

With heir

abū-Ya'qūb Yūsuf ibn-'Abd-al-Mu'min

A.H. 558–558

A.D. 1163–1163

Since the coins struck while Yūsuf was heir are identical with those struck during the early part of his reign, they are listed under his own name as amīr: 481–492.

abū-Ya'qūb Yūsuf I ibn-'Abd-al-Mu'min

A.H. 558–580

A.D. 1163–1184

First series: as amīr

A.H. 558–563

A.D. 1163–1168

481. Bijāyah – dinar.

As 473 except RS:

— ابو يعقوب — الامير الاجل

— امير المومنين — يوسف بن

V 2064 (AV). P 3b. BN II 724 (pl. VI). Spink (1901) 68350. Sotheby 384: m only. B 1083, 1084 (2 sp.) (pl. XVI, unnumbered). Rivero:E (pl. IV, no. 11): mint uncertain.

482. Madīnat Bijāyah – dinar.

As 481.

Spink (1901) 68349. J:Gold 6.

483. Madīnat Tilimsān – dinar.

As 481.

J:Gold 7. Sotheby 385: m only.

484. Tūnis – dinar.

As 481.

Spink (1901) 68368, (1902) 79552 (2 sp.): m only. J:Gold 8 (2 sp.). Sotheby 385: m only.

485. Sijilmāsah – dinar.

As 481.

P 3d (p. 113). KM II 691. J:Gold 9. Sotheby 385: m only. B 1077. Mateu II 21 (pl. XVIII, no. 3).

486. Madīnat Fās – dinar.

As 481.

Spink (1901) 68340–68343, (1902) 79542, 79543 (6 sp.): m only. J:Gold 10 (5 sp.). Sotheby 387: m only.

487. Marrākush – dinar.

As 481.

Spink (1901) 68357–68363, (1902) 79548 (8 sp.): m only. J:Gold 11 (15 sp.). Sotheby 387 (3 sp.): m only.

488. Ḥaḍr Marrākush – dinar.

As 481.

P 3c (pl. I): حضرة for حضر (disproved by plate). Spink (1901) 68364–68367, (1902) 79549, 79550 (6 sp.): m only. J:Gold 12 (8 sp.). B 1078 (pl. XVI): ضرب for حضر b OF (error), Marrākush b RF (error?), illegible in plate.

489. Madīnat Marrākush – dinar.

As 481.

Spink (1901) 68354–68356, (1902) 79546, 79547 (5 sp.). J:Gold 13 (4 sp.). B 1079–1082 (4 sp.): Marrākush repeated b RF (error?).

490. Nūl Lamṭah? – dinar.

As 481.

Spink (1901) 68351–68353 (3 sp.): mint given as image. J:Gold 14 (5 sp.): mint given as image.

491. (no mint) – dinar.

As 481.

V 2063. P 3a. BM V 89 (pl. II: O only). BN 11 726–728 (3 sp.). KM 11 692. Condé p. 284 (pl. III, no. 7): misread, name of amīr uncertain. Sacy p. 534: الاحد for الاجل in 1st RS (error). L: Khedivial p. 329. Spink (1901) 68369–68372, (1902) 79551 (5 sp.): mintless, not described. J:Gold 4 (231 sp.). Sotheby 386 (5 sp.): mintless, not described. S: Karabaczek 919: misread. Spink (1917) 57100: mintless, not described. Codrington, H.: Ceylon 1. S: Gotha 988. Ø 2113. B 1085–1099 (15 sp.).

Spanish mint.

492. Ishbīliyah – dinar.

As 481.

J:Gold 5 (9 sp.). Sotheby 384: m only.

Second series: as amīr al-mu'minīn

A.H. 563–580

A.D. 1168–1184

493. Sabtah – dinar.

As 481 except 1st RS: – امير المومنين.

S:White 2185: reference uncertain, may be as 481.

494. Marrākush – dinar.

As 493.

HSA 10629. P 4b (pl. I).

495. (no mint) – dinar.

As 493.

ANS (2 sp.). HSA 10630, 13169, I3171, 13195 (4 sp.). V 2061 (AH, AV 4 sp.). P 4a. BM V 90–96 (pl. II: 92) (7 sp.). MA 670 (3 sp.). KM II 693. Castiglioni 244 (pl. X). Fraehn:R p. 623, no. 1. Sacy p. 540. D: García 6130. D: Lorichs 4721. Cerdá 424: description inadequate. L: Muwaḥḥids p. 157, no. 3 (pl. VI). Weyl:F 6494 (4 sp.). C: Tratado p. 222, no. 5 (pl. XXII). Weyl:G 1224. Lagumina p. 101, no. 1. Markov.E p. 93, no. 2: mintless, not described. L: Khedivial p. 329. S: Karabaczek 920. S: Beyram 290. S: Ciscar 36–38 (pl. I: 36) (3 sp.). S: Castro 422. C: Lebrija p. 564. Codrington, H.: Ceylon p. 158. Rivero:M 133 (pl. III). Spink (1933) 22476. Mateu II 20 (pl. XVIII, no. 2). Thorbum.

496. (no mint) – half dinar.

OF لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

RF المهدى

خليفة

الله

OS — ابو محمد — امير المومنين

— بن علي — عبد المومن

RS — ابويعقوب — امير المومنين

— امير المومنين — يوسف

UM. V 2065 (AV). P 5 (pl. I). Cerdá 425: description inadequate. B 1100 (pl. XVI), 1101 (2 sp.). Rivero:E (pl. IV, no. 13).

Spanish mints.

497. Ishbīliyah – dinar.

As 493.

HSA 13168. V 2062. P 4c. BN II 725 (pl. VI). D: Lorichs 4720. Spink (1901) 68344–68348, (1902) 79544, 79545 (7 sp.). S:White 2184.

498. Madīnat Ishbīliyah – dinar.

As 493.

Demaeght v. VIII, p. 245 (fig.): ب preceding mint (error?).

Mazdara 'ibn-Ḥayyān

rebel at Tāzā

A.H. 559–559

A.D. 1164–1164

499. (Tāzā?) – dinar?

OF مزدرع

الغريب

RF نضره الله

قريب

Ibn-Abī-Zar (... Rawḍ al-qirṭās, ed. Tornberg, p. 137, line 21) notes coins of this Ṣanhājah Berber rebel bearing the inscription noted, but does not specify metal or style, or divide the inscription into lines or even into obverse and reverse. As no specimens have been reported in modern collections, this reconstruction is tentative.

abū-Yūsuf Ya 'qūb ibn-Yūsuf I

A.H. 580–595

A.D. 1184–1199

500. Fās – double dinar.

OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

والحمد لله وحده

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

المهدىامام الامة

(mint)

RF القائم بامر الله الخليفة

ابو محمد عبد المومن بن

علي امير المومنين

امير المومنين ابو يعقوب

يوسف بن امير المومنين

OS — لا اله الا هو الرحمن الرحيم — والهكم اله واحد

— وما اوفيقي الا بالله — وما بكم من نعمة فمن الله

RS — ابو يوسف يعقوب — امير المومنين

— بن امير المومنين — بن امير المومنين

V 2067. P 6b. BM V 99.

501. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 500.

ANS (electrotype). HSA 13175. V 2066 (AV). P 6a (pl. I). BM V 100, 101 (2 sp.). BN II 729. Sacy p. 530 (pl.), p. 539 (2 sp.): OS slightly misread. Grotefend p. 242 (fig.): cross soldered over RF. L: Muwaḥḥids p. 158, no. 1: يكن for بكم in 3rd OS (error). Weyl:F 6495 (2 sp.): mintless, not described. Weyl:G 1225: description incomplete. Lagumina p. 102, no. 2. L: Khedivial p. 329: description uncertain, may be 502. Holu 749: بن omitted from 3rd RS (error). Spink (1901) 68373. J:Gold 15 (2 sp.). Dieulafoy p.57 (140 sp.): description inaccurate. Sotheby 388 (2 sp.): mintless, not described. S: Beyram 291: "variant", may be 502. Spink (1917) 57101: mintless, not described. Rivero:M 134 (pl. III). B 1103–1123 (21 sp.): description incomplete. Rivero:E (pl. IV, no. 12).

502. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 500 but with بن shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd line of RF.

BM V 102 (pl. II), 103 (2 sp.). KM II 694 (pl. IV), 695 (2 sp.). L: Muwaḥḥids p. 159, no. 2, 3 (pl. VI) (2 sp.): يكن for بكم in 3rd OS (error). S:White 2186. B 1102 (pl. XVI): description incomplete.

— (no mint) – dinar.

As 502 but with weight of dinar.

L: Muwaḥḥids p. 159, no. 4, 5 (2 sp.): it seems improbable that these coins were intended as dinars.

503. (no mint) – half dinar.

OF لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

RF المهدي خليفة

الله امير المومنين

ابو محمد بن علي

OS — ابو يوسف — امير المومنين

— الاميرين — يعقوب بن

RS as RS of 496.

V 2069: 3rd and 4th OS misread. P7: 4th OS misread. Weyl:G 1226: description incomplete.

With heir

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad ibn-Ya'qūb

A.H. 587–595

A.D. 1191–1199

No gold reported.

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad ibn-Ya'qūb

A.H. 595–610

A.D. 1199–1213

Dinars 473–480, usually ascribed to this khalīfah, were struck by 'Abd-al-Mu'min with heir Muḥammad.

504. Fās (b OF) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 500.

OS — ابو عبد الله محمد — امير المومنين

— الراشدين — بن الخلفا

RS as RS of 500.

RF as RF of 502.

P 8b (pl. I): mint obscure in plate. Mateu I p. 483 (pl. XXXVI, no. 8): given as 508 (disproved by plate), mint obscure in plate.

505. Fās (b RF) – double dinar.

As 504.

B 1124 (pl. XVI), 1125 (2 sp.): description incomplete, plate partly illegible, including mint.

506. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 504.

HSA 13181. V 2073 (AV). P 8a. BN II 732: ابن الخليفة for ين الخلفا in 3rd OS (engraving error), 2nd RS largely illegible. KM II 696. Sotheby 388: mintless, not described. Rivero:A p. 24, no. 11 (pl. IX). B 1126–1146 (21 sp.). González p. 106 (fig. 29).

abū-Ya'qūb Yūsuf II ibn-Muḥammad

A.H. 610–620

A.D. 1213–1224

507. Fās (b OF) – double dinar. Plate II

OF as OF of 500 and 504.

OS — ابو يعقوب — امير الومنين

— الراشدين — يوسف بن الخلفا

RS — يعقوب بن الخليفتين — امير المومنين ابو يوسف

— محمد بن اصرا المومنين — امير المومنين ابو عبد الله

RF as RF of 502 and 504.

V 2075: ابو omitted from 3rd RS (corrected by Prieto), امير for امرا in 4th RS (error). P 10b: امير for امرا in 4th RS (error). BN II 733 (pl. VI): ابو omitted from 3rd RS, امير for امرا in 4th RS (both corrected from plate).

508. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 507.

P 10a (pl. II): امير for امرا in 4th RS (disproved by plate). Sallet p. 147 (fig. 2). KM II 698: امير for امرا (error).

509. (no mint) – dinar.

OF as OF of 473 and 493.

OS — ابو يعقوب — امير المومنين

— الراشدين — بن الخلفا

RS as RS of 493.

RF as RF of 473 and 493.

P 11. BM V 97, 98 (pl. II) (2 sp.): ascribed to Yūsuf I. L: Muwaḥḥids p. 156, no. 1, p. 157, no. 2 (2 sp.): ascribed to Yūsuf I. L: Khedivial p. 329: ascribed to Yūsuf I. Rodgers 7982.

abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-al-Wāḥid I ibn-Yūsuf I

A.H. 620–621

A.D. 1224–1224

(opposed during 621 by 'Abd-Allāh).

No coins reported

abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-Allāh ibn-Ya'qūb

A.H. 621–624

A.D. 1224–1227

(opposed during 621 by 'Abd-al-Wāḥid I and during 624 by Yaḥyâ).

510. Marrākush – dinar.

Not described.

S:White 2187. Coins ascribed to this ruler by Spink were presumably struck by 'Abd-al-Mu'min with heir Muḥammad: 473, 477, 478.

abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-Allāh ibn-Muḥammad

rebel at Baeza (Bayyāsah)

A.H. 621–626

A.D. 1224–1229

No coins reported.

abū'l-'Ulâ Idrīs I ibn-Ya'qūb

A.H. 624–629

A.D. 1227–1232

(opposed 624–629 by Yaḥyâ).

First series: before suppression of al-Mahdī's name

A.H. 624–627

A.D. 1227–1230

511. (no mint) – double dinar. Plate II

OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

صلى الله على محمد واله

والحمد لله وحده

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

المهدى امام الامة

RF القائم بامر الله الخليفة

ابو محمد عبد المومن بن علي

امير المومنين ابو يعقوب

يوسف بن امير المومنين

امير المومنين ابو يوسف

يعقوب بن الخليفتين

OS — امير المومنين ابو العلى — المجاهد المامون

— بن الخليفتين اميري المومنين — ادريس بن المنصور المير المومنين

RS — محمد بن امرا المومنين — امير المومنين ابوعبد الله

— يوسف بن الخلفا الراشدين — امير المومنين ابو يعقوب

V 2076 (AV): امير for اميري in 4th OS (corrected by Prieto), امير for امرا in 2nd RS (error). P 13 (pl. II): امير for امرا (disproved by plate). BM V 106 (pl. II): امير for امرا (disproved by plate), الجاهد for المجاهد in 1st OS (error). B 1151 (pl. XVI): description incomplete, plate partly illegible.

Second series: after suppression of al-Mahdī's name

A.H. 627–629

A.D. 1230–1232

No coins reported.

abū-Zakarīyā' Yaḥyâ ibn-Muḥammad

A.H. 624–633

A.D. 1227–1236

(opposed during 624 by 'Abd-Allāh, 624–629 by Idrīs I, and 630–633 by 'Abd-al-Wāḥid II).

512. (no mint) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 500.

RF القائم بامر الله الخليفة ابو محمد

عبد المومن بن علي امير المومنين

امير المومنين ابو يعقوب يوسف

ابن الخليفة امير المومنين ابو يوسف

يعقوب بن الخليفتين

OS — ابو زكريا — امير المومنين

— الراشدين — يحيى ابن الخلفا

RS — محمد بن الخلفا — امير المومنين ابو عبد الله

— يوسف بن الخلفا — امير المومنين ابو يعقوب

P 12 (pl. II). Sawaszkiewicz p. 205: ruler only, may be this coin.

abū-Mūsâ 'Imrān ibn-Ya'qūb

rebel amīr at Sabtah

A.H. 629–630

A.D. 1232–1232

No gold reported.

abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-al-Wāḥid II ibn-Idrīs I

A.H. 630–640

A.D. 1232–1242

(opposed 630–633 by Yaḥyâ).

First series: before restoration of al-Mahdī's name

A.H. 630–631

A.D. 1232–1234

513. (no mint) – double dinar. Plate II

OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

صلى الله على محمد واله

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

القران حجة الله

RF الفام بامر الله الخليفة

ابو محمد عبد المومن بن علي

امير المومنين ابو يعقوب

امير المومنين ابويوسف

ابن الخلفا الراشدين

OS — ابو محمد عبد الواحد — امير المومنين الرشيد

— ابي العلى بن امير المومنين المنصور — بن امير المومنين المامون

RS — امير المومنين — المجاهد في سبيل الله

— ابن الخلفا الراشدين — المامون ابو العلى

P 14. Figanier 158 (pl.): حجا for حجة in last line of OF.

Second series: after restoration of al-Mahdī's name

A.H. 631–640

A.D. 1234–1242

514. Azammūr (b OF) – double dinar.

As 513 except last line of OF: الممهدى امام الامة.

B 1152: mint in 4th RS (error?), 1153 (2 sp.): description inaccurate.

515. Sabtah (b OF) – double dinar struck after A.H. 635.

As 514.

P 15b. B 1154: description inaccurate.

516. (mint?) – double dinar. Plate II

As 514.

P 15c (pl. II): mint given as Mālaqah (error), plate shows image.

517. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 514.

V 2077 (Canovas). P 15a. BM V 107 (pl. II): اجاهد for المجاهد in 1st RS (error). BN II 734: المنصور omitted from 4th OS. Weyl:G 1227: description incomplete. B 1155 (pl. XVI): description inaccurate, plate largely illegible.

abū'l-Ḥasan 'Alī ibn-Idrīs I

A.H. 640–646

A.D. 1242–1248

518. Sabtah (location on coin not indicated) – double dinar struck, if mint is correctly identified, in A.H. 640 before revolt.

OF as OF 514.

RF القائم بامر الله الخليفة ابو محمد

عبد المومن بن علي امير المومنين

ابو يعقوب امير المومنين ابو يوسف

امير المومنين المجاهد في

سبيل الله المامون

OS — المعتضد بالله ابو الحسن — امير المومنين الاسعد

— ابن الخلفا الراشيد — ابن امير المومنين المامون

RS — امير المومنين الرشيد — ابو العلى بن الخلفا الراشدين

— ابن امير المومنين المامون — ابو محمد عبد الواحد

B 1157.

519. (no mint) – double dinar. Plate II

As 518.

V 2078: several errors. P 16 (pl. II). MA 672: several errors. Ø 2108: many errors, ascribed to 'Abd-al-Mu'min. B 1156 (pl. XVII): plate partly illegible.

520. (no mint) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 500.

امير المومنين المامون

OS المعتضد بالله — امير المومنين الاسعد

— ابن امير المومنين — ابو الحسن بن امير المومنين

RS ابن امير المومنين — امير المومنين الرشيد

— ابن الخلفا الراشدين — المامون ابي العلى

P 17:ابو for ابي in 3rd RS (error?).

RF as RF of 513 except last line:

521. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 520 but with بن علي shifted to the start of 3rd line of RF.

P 17 note: ابو for ابي in 3rd RS (error?).

abū-Ḥafṣ 'Umar ibn-Iṣhāq

A.H. 646–665

A.D. 1248–1266

(opposed during 665 by Idrīs II).

522. Sabtah – double dinar struck after A.H. 647.

OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

صلى الله على محمد

والحمد لله وحده

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

(mint)

RF المهدى امام الامة

القائم بامر الله

الخليفة الامام

ابو محمد عبد المومن

ابن علي امير المومنين

OS — الله ابو حفص بن الامير — امير المومنين المرتضى لامر

— ابن الخلفتين — الطاهر ابي ابرهيم

RS — ابو يعقوب — امير المومنين

— ابن الخليفة — يوسف

ANS. BM V 113.

523. Sabtah – double dinar struck after A.H. 647.

As 522 plus واله at end of 2nd line of OF.

P 18b: الحمد for والحمد in 3rd line of OF (error?).

524. Sabtah – double dinar struck after A.H. 647.

As 523 except OS:

— بالله المرتضى ابو حفص — امير المومنين المومن

— ابراهيم بن الخليفتين —ابن الامير الطاهر ابي

P 19c: several slight differences (errors?). BM V 112. B 1174–1184 (11 sp.): some of these specimens may have mint Madīnat Sabtah. Seco p. 469.

525. Madīnat Sabtah – double dinar struck after A.H. 647.

As 524.

V 2081 (AV): several slight differences (errors?). P 19b: several slight differences (errors?). BM V 108–111 (pl. 11: 108) (4 sp.). BN II 735. MA 674 (3 sp.). D: García 6135 (pl. XVI, no. 5, not pl. XV): ب before mint (disproved by plate). L: Muwaḥḥids p. 162, no. 1 (pl. VI), p. 163, no. 2–3 (3 sp.). L: Khedivial p. 329. B 1165, 1173 (pl. XVII both) (2 sp.). Mateu I p. 483 (pl. XXXVI, no. 9): given As 531 (disproved by plate).

526. Sabtah – dinar struck after A.H. 647.

OF as OF of 473.

OS — ابو حفص بن — امير المومنين

— ابي ابرهيم — الامير الطاهر

RS — يعقوب يوسف — امير المومنين ابو

— امير المومنين — ابن الخليفة

RF as RF of 473.

P 20c. BM X p. 9, no. 117d.

527. Madīnat Sabtah – dinar struck after A.H. 647.

As 526.

V 2084 (AV): ابن for ابي in 4th OS (error). P 20b (pl. III). B 1185–1188 (pl. XVII: 1185) (4 sp.). González p. 109 (fig. 31).

528. Sijilmāsah – double dinar.

As 524.

V 2082 (AV): several slight differences (errors?). P 19d: several slight differences (errors?). BM V 114. MA 675 (2 sp.). Rivero:M 136 (pl. III): misread slightly. B 1159–1164 (pl. XVII: 1159) (6 sp.).

529. Sijilmāsah – dinar.

As 526.

B 1166–1172 (pl. XVII: 1166) (7 sp.): description inaccurate.

530. (mint?) – double dinar. Plate II

As 524.

P 19e (pl. III): mint given as Mālaqah (error), plate shows الحمد؛ سعله for والحمد in 3rd line of OF (disproved by plate).

531. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 523.

V 2079 (AV): الحمد for والحمد in 3rd line of OF (error). P 18a (pl. II): الحمد for والحمد (disproved by plate). BM V 116.

532. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 523 but with OS divided differently:

— لامر الله ابو حفص بن — امير المومنين المرتضى

— ابرهيم ابن الخليفتين — الامير الطاهر ابي

V 2079 note: الحمد for والحمد in 3rd line of OF (error?). P 18 note: الحمد for والحمد (error?). BM V 117.

533. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 524.

V 2080 (AH, PG, AV 3 sp.): several slight differences (errors?). P 19a: several slight differences (errors?). BM V 115. BN II 736, 737 (2 sp.). MA 673 (II sp.). KM II 699:بو حف for ابو حفص in 2nd OS (engraving error). Tychsen, O.: Introductionis p. 49. Condé p. 285 (pl. IV, no. 1). Sacy p. 537. Soret:F 134 note. D: García 6136. D: Lorichs 4723. L: Muwaḥḥids p. 163, no. 4, 5 (2 sp.). C:Trutado p. 224, no. 4 (pl. XXII). Markov:E p. 93, no. 3: mintless, not described. Sotheby 390: mintless, not described. S: Karabaczek 921 (pl. II). S: Gotha 989. Ø 2114: engraving errors, 2115 (2 sp.). B 1189–1209 (21 sp.). Figanier 279 (pl.): OS slightly misread. Mateu I p. 483 (pl. XXXVI, no. 10). Seco p. 468 (pl. XXIII) (4 sp.).

534. (no mint) – dinar.

As 526.

V 2083 (PG, AV): ابن for ابي in 4th OS (error). P 20a. BM X p. 9, no. 117e, 117f (2 sp.). B 1210–1219 (coin illustrated under no. 1219 in pl. XVII is 536) (10 sp.). Thorburn.

535. (no mint) – dinar.

As 526 except RS:

— ابو يعقوب — امير المومنين

— امير المومنين — يوسف بن

HSA 13187. P 20 note. MA 676: الطاهرين for الطاهر in 3rd OS (error).

536. (no mint) – half dinar.

As 503 except OS:

— ابو حفص — امير المومنين

— ابي ابرهيم — بن الامير

V 2085 (PG, AV). P 21 (pl. III). BM X p. 8, no. 103k (pl. XXI): ascribed to Ya'qūb, apparently this coin with 2nd and 4th OS misread. BN II 738 (pl. VI): ابو omitted from 2nd RS (error). MA 677: OS misread. KM II 700 (pl. IV).D: García 6137–6139 (3 sp.). S: Gotha 990. B 1220, 1221 (pl. XVII, under no. 1219, 1220, 1221) (3 sp.): description incomplete, plate partly illegible.

See also medal of this ruler M1.

abū'l-'Ulâ Idrīs II ibn-Muḥammad

A.H. 665–668

A.D. 1266–1269

(opposed during 665 by 'Umar).

537. (no mint) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 523.

OS — بالله ابو العلى ابن — امير المومنين الواثق

— سيد ابي حفص بن الخليفة — سيد ابي عبد الله ابن

RS as RS of 522.

RF as RF of 522.

V 2086. BM V 118, 119 (2 sp.). L: Muwaḥḥids p. 164. no. 1 (pl. VI).

538. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 537 but with سيدنا for سيد in 3rd and 4th. OS.

V 2080 note. P 22. BM V 120 (pl. II). Sotheby 390. not described. B 1222–1225 (pl. XVII. under no. 1226 bis) (4 sp.): description incomplete. Thorburn.

539. (no mint) – half dinar.

As 503 and 536 except OS:

— الواثق — امير المومنين

— ابو العلى — المعتمد

V 2087 (PG). P 23 (pl. III). MA 678 (2 sp.). D: García 6140–6142 (3 sp.): 4th RS misread. Rivero:M 137 (pl. III). B 1226–1228 (pl. XVII: 1226) (3 sp.).

No coins are known to have been struck by the several Muwaḥḥid pretendess who arose in North Africa for decades after the downfall of the dynasty in A.H. 668 (A.D. 1269).

Hūdid Gold

struck in North Africa by the Banū-Hūd of Murcia (Mursiyah) (or by their contemporaries) in Naskhī script.

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad I ibn-Yūsuf

A.H. 625–635

A.D. 1228–1238

Anonymous gold (Muwaḥḥid style) probably struck in A.H. 630, when this ruler controlled Sabtah for three months, in the name of the 'Abbāsid khalīfah, who was not individually identified:

al-Mustanṣir-bi-Allāh, abū-Ja'far al-Manṣūr ibn-Muḥammad

A.H. 623–640

A.D. 1226–1242

540. (no mint) – double dinar. Plate III

OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

صلى الله على محمد واله

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

RF القائم بامر الله

الخليفة الامام

العباسي امير المومنين

ابن الخلفا الرشدين

OS — الامام —الخليفة

— امير المومنين —العباسي

RS — اله واحد —والهكم

— الرحمن الرحيم —لا اله الا هو

P 63 (pl. VII). Weyl:G 1212 and S: Katabaczek 926: described as double dinars with legends in four lines, may be specimens of this coin.

Anonymous gold (Ḥafṣid style) probably struck at Sabtah between A.H. 647 and 656 by the independent amīr abu'l-Qāsim Ibrāhīm ibn-abī'l-'Abbās, al-'Azafī, in the name of the last 'Abbāsid khalīfah, who was not individually identified:

al-Musta'ṣim-bi-Allāh, abū-Aḥmad 'Abd-Allāh ibn-al-Manṣūr

A.H. 640–656

A.D. 1242–1258

541. (no mint) – double dinar. Plate III

OF الواحد الله

محمد رسول الله

العباسي امام الامة

RF الشكر لله

والمنة لله

والحول والقوة لله

OS — صلى الله على محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— تسليما — وعلى اله سلم

RS — امير المومنين — الخليفة

— ايدهم الله — ابن امير المومنين

P 62 (pl. VII): بالله for لله in 3rd line of RF, ايده for ايدهم in 4th RS (errors, corrected by Fasmer). D: García 6134 (pl. XVI, no 4): ascribed to Muwaḥḥid Idrīs I.

Ḥafṣid Gold

struck in North Africa and Spain by the Maṣmūdah Berber rulers of Tunisia and eastern Algeria, the Banū-Ḥafṣ in Naskhī or ornamented Kūfī script.

abū-Zakarīyā' Yaḥyâ I ibn-'Abd-al-Wādḥid

A.H. 627–647

A.D. 1230–1249

First series: with Muwaḥḥid name

A.H. 627–634

A.D. 1230–1236

542. Madīnat (a OF)? (b OF) – double dinar

OF الواحد الله

محمد رسول الله

المهدى خليفة الله

RF ابو محمد عبد المومن

بن على امير المومنين

الحمد لله رب العالمين

OS — صلى الله على محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الحيم

— لا اله الا هوت الرحمن الرحيم — والهكم اله واحد

RS — وما بكو من نعمة فمن الله — وما من اله الله

— وافوض امرى الى الله — وما تويفي الا بالله

B 1007 (pl. XVI): mint obscure in plate, read as Madīnat Fās (error?), ascribed to the Muwaḥḥid 'Abd-al-Mu'min.

543. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 542.

Prieto no. o (p. 112). KM II 685. B 1008 (coin illustrated under no. 1008 in pl. XVI is 454).

All ascribed to 'Abd-al-Mu'min.

544. (no mint) – half dinar with diameter of dinar. Attribution tentative.

OF لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

RF المهدى

خليفة

الله

OS — [?] — [بسم الله الرحمن [الرحيم

— [?] — [?]

RS — [?] — [بسم الله الرحمن [الرحيم

— [?] — [?]

BN II 1032, 1033 (2 sp.): segments largely illegible.

Second series: with both Muwaḥḥid and Ḥafṣid names

A.H. 634–640

A.D. 1236–1242

545. (no mint) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 542.

OS as OS of 542 except 2nd: — صلى الله على سيدنا محمد.

RS — ابو زكريا يحيى —الامير الاجل

— بن ابي حفص — بن ابي محمد

RF as RF of 542.

P 29. BN II 935: الله for هو in last OS (error).

546. (no mint) – dinar. Plate III

OF لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

RF المهدى امام

الامة القائم

بامر الله

OS — صلى الله على محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الحيم

— بن علي امير المومنين — ابو محمد عبد المومن

RS as RS of 545.

P 30 (pl. IV). BM V 159. B 1229 (pl. XVIII), 1230 (pl. XVIII: o only) (2 sp.): description incomplete, plates largely illegible.

Third series: with Ḥafṣid name only

A.H. 640–647

A.D. 1242–1249

547. Bijāyah (b OF) – double dinar.

As 545 except RF: الشكر لله

والمنة لله

والحول والقوة بالله

P 31b (pl. IV). B 1233 (pl. XVIII): mint b RF (disproved by plate).

548. Tilimsān (b OF) – double dinar struck probably in A.H. 640.

As 547.

P 31c (coin illustrated under no. 31c in pl. IV is 556). D:García 6641. Rivero:M 142 (pl. III): description inaccurate.

549. Jazā'ir (b OF) – double dinar.

As 547.

Soret:F 138: اله for لله in 1st and 2nd lines of RF (error), mint read as حرالد (?).

550. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 547.

P 31a. BN II 936 (pl. IX), 937 (2 sp.): الله for هو in 4th OS (disproved by plate). B 1231: description incomplete.

551. (no mint) – dinar.

As 546 except 3rd and 4th OS:

— وسلم اسليما — وعلى اله

ANS. P 32. BM V 158 (pl. III). BN II 938. KM II 857 (pl. V), 858 (2 sp.). Lavoix:H p. 260 (pl. CXCI, no. 1): termed quarter dinar. Chalon p. 389 (fig.): termed quarter dinar. Weyl:G 1228. S:White 2193. S: Karabaczek 867. Ziya 1764 (pl. II). S: Gotha 991. Ø 2116: incorrectly reported. F:Hafsites 1 (pl. I). B 1235 (pl. XVIII).

552. (no mint) – half dinar.

OF as OF of 544.

OS as RS of 545.

RS — وما بكم — امنت بالله

— فمن الله — من نعمة

RF as RF of 544.

P 33 (pl. IV). BN II 939 (pl. IX), 940 (2 sp.). KM II 859. Weyl:F 6498: wrong reference. Dorn II p. 65, no. 1. Spink (1933) 22477. F:Hafsites 1 note. B 1236 (pl. XVIII, o only; R belongs to an unidentified coin, illegible), 1237 (pl. XVIII): diameter of dinar (2 sp.).

— There is historical testimony that in A.H. 673 this ruler struck a few gold coins for gifts to courtiers in denominations of 2/5 and 1/5 of a dinar.

Ḥafṣid partisans in Morocco.

553. Sabtah (b OF) – double dinar struck between A.H. 643 and 647 by abū-'Alī ibn-Khalāṣ or his successor abū-Yaḥyâ ibn-Zakarīyā', called Ibn-al-Shahīd.

As 547.

P 31d. B 1234 (pl. XVIII): mint b RF (error), illegible in plate.

554. Sijilmāsah (b OF) – dinar (Muwaḥḥid style) struck in A.H. 640 or 641 by 'Abd-Allāh ibn-Zakarīyā', al-Khazrajī.

As 493 except OS, as RS of 545.

P p. 53.

Ḥafṣid partisans in Spain.

555. Ishbīliyah (b OF) – double dinar struck presumably by abū-Fāris ibn-Yūnus, cousin and representative of Yaḥyâ I A.H. 641–643, 644–646.

11

As 547, but without سيدنا in 2nd OS.

P 311 (pl. IV): ascribed to siege. Seco p. 469: mint illegible.

556. Gharnāṭah (b RF) – double dinar struck presumably by abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad ibn-Yūsui, called Ibn-al-Aḥmar, before A.H. 647, when he became independent as the first ruler of the Naṣrid dynasty. Plate III

As 547.

P 31e (pl. IV, under no. 31c, noted by Fasmer). B 1232 (pl. XVIII: R only).

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad I ibn-Yaḥyâ I

A.H. 647–675

A.D. 1249–1277

First series: as amīr

A.H. 647–650

A.D. 1249–1253

557. Bijāyah (b OF) – double dinar.

As 547 except RS:

— عبد الله محمد بن — الامير الاجل ابو

— ابي محمد بن ابي حفص — الامير ابي زكريابن

BN II 941 (pl. IX).

558. Bijāyah (b RF) – dinar.

As 551 except RS, as RS of 557.

B 1239 (pl. XVIII): plate shows reverse of 2 sp., no obverse, description inaccurate.

559. (no mint) – dinar.

As 558.

ANS: و of وسلم shifted to end of 3rd OS. BN II 943: و shifted to end of 3rd OS (not noticed by Lavoix; read by G. C. Miles). Lavoix:H p. 262 (pl. CXCII, no. I). Weyl:G 1229: description incomplete. L: Khedivial p. 329. S: Karabaczek 866. F:Hafsites 4(pl. I): و shifted to end of 3rd OS.

560. (no mint) – half dinar.

OF لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

RF زكريا بن

ابي محمد بن

ابي خفص

OS — المهدى — امنت بالله

— الله — خليفة

RS — جل ابو عبد — الامير الا

— الامير ابي — الله محمد بن

BM V 159a (pl. III). D. García 6645: description inaccurate. Ø 2117. F:Hafsites 4 note.

561. (no mint) – quarter dinar.

OF لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

RF ثقتي بالله

وحده عليه

توكلت

OS — الاجل — الامير

— الله محمد — ابو عبد

RS — ابي زكريا بن — بن الامير

— ابي حفص — ابي محمد بن

Soret:F 139: R obscure, misread. F:Hafsites 4 note.

Second series: as amīr al-mu'minin

A.H. 650–675

A.D. 1253–1277

562. Bijāyah (b RF) – double dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.

OF المهدى خليفة

الله الشكر لله

والحول والقوة بالله

RF ابو عبد الله

محمد بن المرا

الراشدين

OS — صلى الله على سيدنا — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— محمد رسول الله — محمد لا اله الا الله

RS — بالله المنصور — المستنصر

— امير المومنين — بفضل الله

S: Karabaczek 922 (pl. II). F:Hafsites 2 (pl. I). B 1238 (pl. XVIII).

563. Bijāyah (b OF) – dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.

OF المهدى

جليفة

الشكر لله

RF ابو عبد الله

بن الامرا

الراشدين

OS as OS of 562.

RS as RS of 562.

BN II 942 (pl. X): OF misread.

564. (no mint) – double dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.

As 562.

BM X p. 11, no. 160k (pl. XXI, R only), 160l (2 sp.): ascribed to Muḥammad II. BN II 946. D: García 6131: script not specified, ascribed to Muwaḥḥids. F:Hafsites 3. B 1240.

565. (no mint) – dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.

As 563.

Condé p. 286 (pl. III, no. 6). Cimino p. 220 (fig. 30, bottom: R only). Rivero:M 143 (pl. III) description inaccurate.

566. (no mint) – dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.

As 563 except RF, as RF of 562.

D: García 6132: script not specified, ascribed to Muwaḥḥids. B 1241. 566 may be 565 misread.

abū-Zakarīyā' Yaḥyâ II ibn-Muḥammad I

A.H. 675–678

A.D. 1277–1279

(opposed 677–678 by Ibrāhīm I).

567. (no mint) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 562.

RF ابو زكريا

يحيى بن الامرا

الراشدين

OS as OS of 562.

RS — المويد بفضل — الواثق بالله

— المومنين — الله امير

BM V 160 (pl. III). B 1242 (pl. XVIII).

11*

568. (no mint) – dinar.

OF as OF of 563.

OS as OS of 562 and 567.

RS as RS of 567.

RF as RF of 567.

B 1243 (pl. XVIII).

abū-Isḥāq Ibrāhīm I ibn-Yaḥyâ I

A.H. 677–681

A.D. 1279–1283

(opposed 677–678 by Yaḥyâ II and during 681 by Aḥmad ibn-Marzūq).

569. (no mint) – double dinar. Plate III

OF as OF of 542.

RF ابي زكريا يحيى

بن اني محمد

بن ابي حفص

OS as OS of 545.

RS — الامير الاجل ابو — المجاهد في سبيل الله

— بن الامير الاجل — اسحق ابراهيم

BN II 947 (pl. X): سيدنا omitted from 2nd OS (error). KM II 860. Tychsen, O. p. 128: misread. Lagumina p. 105, no. 2: الجاهد for المجاهد in 1st RS (error). B 1244, 1245 (pl. XVIII: both) (2 sp.): description incorrect.

Aḥmad ibn-Marzūq

called Ibn-abī-'Umarah

pretending to be

abū'l-'Abbās al-Faḍl ibn-Yaḥyâ II

A.H. 681–683

A.D. 1282–1284

(opposed during 681 by Ibrāhīm I, 681–682 by 'Abd-al-'Azīz I, and during 683 by 'Umar I).

570. Tūnis (b RF) – double dinar. Plate III

OF المهدى خليفة الله

الشكر لله

والحول والقوة بالله

RF الفضل

امير المومنين بن

امير المومنين

OS as OS of 562.

RS — القائم بحق الله — المنصور بفضل الله

— ابو العباس — امير المومنين

B 1252 (pl. XIX): wrongly ascribed.

abū-Fāris 'Abd-al-'Azīz I ibn-Ibrāhīm I

at Bijāyah

A.H. 681–682

A.D. 1283–1283

(opposed 681–682 by Aḥmad ibn-Marzūq).

No coins reported.

abū-Ḥafṣ 'Umar I ibn-Yaḥyâ I

A.H. 683–694

A.D. 1284–1295

(opposed during 683 by Aḥmad ibn-Marzūq and 683–694 by Yaḥyâ).

571. Bijāyah (b RF) – double dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.

Presumably as 572.

B 1248 bis: m only. If mint is correctly given, this coin must have been struck in A.H. 683 or 684, as 'Umar I lost Bijāyah to Yaḥyâ in 684.

572. Tūnis (b RF) – double dinar: ornamented Kūfī script. Plate III

OF as OF of 562.

RF ابو حفص

عمر بن الامرا

الراشدين

OS as OS of 562.

RS — بالله المويد — المستنصر

— امير المومنين — بنصر الله

BM X p. 11, no. 160d (pl. XXI). BN II 948 (pl. x), 949 (2, sp.). Longpérier: A (pl. LV, no. 9). D:García 6133: المنصور for المويد in 2nd RS (error?), بفضل for بنصر in 3rd RS (error?), mint misspelled, script not specified, ascribed to Muwaḥḥids. Lavoix:H p. 265 (pl. CXCI, no. 3): description inaccurate. S: Gotha 992 (pl. XII). F:Hafsites 5 (pl. I), 6 (2 sp.). B 1247–1249 (pl. XVIII: all; o and R of 1248 in plate belong to different specimens) (3 sp.): segments of 1249 clipped off.

573. Tūnis (b RF) – dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.

OF as of OF 563.

RF ابو حفص

بن الامرا

الراشدين

OS as OS of 562 and 572.

RS as RS of 572.

F:Hafsites 7: الاميرا for الامرا in RF (misprint).

abū-Zakarīyā' Yaḥyâ ibn-Ibrāhīm I

amīr at Bijāyah

A.H. 683–700

A.D. 1284–1301

(opposed 683–694 by 'Umar I and 694–700 by Muḥammad II).

574. Bijāyah (b RF) – double dinar struck after A.H. 684.

OF as OF of 542.

OS as OS of 545.

RS — الاحيا دين الله — الامير المنتخب

— الامرا الراشدين — ابو زكريا بن

RF as RF of 547.

F:Hafsites 8 (pl. I), 9 (2 sp.).

575. Bijāyah (b OF) – double dinar struck after A.H. 684: ornamented Kūfī script.

As 574 except OS:

— صلى الله على — بسم الله الرحمن الحيم

— واله وسلم تسليما — سيدنا محمد

B 1246 (pl. XVIII): والحمد for والمنة in RF (disproved by plate).

576. (no mint) – double dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.

As 575 (Fasmer I p. 213 reads لله for بالله in 3rd line of RF).

BN II 950 (pl. x): partly illegible, الحمد for والمنة in RF (illegible in plate). Lavoix:H p. 266 (pl. CXCII, no. 2): partly illegible, الحمد for والمنة in RF (disproved by plate).

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad II ibn-Yaḥyâ II

A.H. 694–709

A.D. 1295–1309

(opposed 694–700 by Yaḥyâ and 700–709 by Khālid I).

577. Tūnis (b RF) – double dinar.

As 562 except RF: ابو عبد الله محمد

بن امير المومنين

نب امير المومينين

F:Hafsites 10, 11 (pl. I) (2 sp.).

577a. Tūnis (b RF) – double dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.

As 577.

F:Hafsites 12 (pl. I), 13 (2 sp.): as 562 (error, corrected by letter).

578. Tūnis (b RF) – double dinar.

As 577 but with ابو shifted from top line of RF to end of 4th RS.

F:Hafsites 14.

579. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 578.

Lagumina p. 104, no. 1: segments partly illegible, ascribed to Muḥammad I.

abū'l-Baqā' Khālid I ibn-Yaḥyâ

A.H. 700–711

A.D.1301–1311

(opposed 700–709 by Muḥammad II, during 709 by Abū-Bakr I, 710–711 by Abū-Bakr II, and during 711 by Zakarīyā' I).

First series: as amīr at Bijāyah

A.H. 700–709

A.D. 1301–1309

No coins reported.

Second series: as amīr al-mu'minīn

A.H. 709–711

A.D. 1309–1311

580. (mint?) (b RF) – double dinar: ornamented Kūfī script. Plate III

OF as OF of 562.

RF ابو البقا خالد

ابن الامرا

الراشدين

OS as OS of 562.

RS — الله المنصور — الناصر لدين

— امير المومنين — بفصل الله

BN II 951 (pl. X): mint obscure in plate, given as Ṭarābulus (error).

abū-Yaḥyâ Abū-Bakr I ibn-'Abd-al-Raḥmān

A.H. 709–709

A.D. 1309–1309

(opposed during 709 by Khālid I).

No coins reported.

abū-Yaḥyâ Abū-Bakr II ibn-Yaḥyâ

A.H. 710–747

A.D. 1310–1346

(opposed 710–711 by Khālid I, 711–717 by Zakarīyā' I, 717–723 by Muḥammad III, 721–730 by Muḥammad ibn-Abī-Bakr, 724–725 by Ibrāhīm, and 729–732 by 'Abd-al-Wāḥid).

First series: as amīr at Bijāyah and Qusanṭīnah

A.H. 710–718

A.D. 1310–1318

581. Bijāyah (b RF) – double dinar.

Presumably as 582, though OS may differ.

Lagumina p. 106, no. 3: المقتدر for المويد in 3rd RS, ابن repeated before الراشدين in RF (errors?); OS dubious, given as:

— صلى الله على سيدنا محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— [?] — وعلى اله واصحبه

582. Qusanṭīnah (b RF) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 542.

RF ابويحيى ابوبكر

ابن الامرا

الرشدين

OS as OS of 575 but with واله omitted from 4th s.

RS — المتوكل على الله — الاميى الاجل

— بنصو الله — المويد

BN II 960 (pl. X): OS largely illegible, plate does not show امير المومنين reported at end of 4th RS.

— (no mint) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 544.

OS — صلى الله على يسن محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— والقوة بالله — الشكر والحول

RS — ماشت كل بقدر — ادين الله [?]

— بنصر الله انت المويد — الله المويد

RF as RF of 582.

Ziya 1765: probably a poor specimen of 581 or 582 misread.

583. (no mint) – dinar.

OF الشكر

المهدى

خليفة الله

RF ابوبكر

بن الامرا

الراشدين

OS as OS of 562.

RS — على الله — المتوكل

— ابو يحيى — المويد

F:Hafsites 30.

Second series: as amīr al-mu'minīn

A.H. 718–747

A.D. 1318–1346

584. Bijāyah (b OF and b RF) – double dinar.

OF الشكر لله

والحول والقوة بالله

المهدى خليفة الله

RF as RF of 582.

OS — صلى الله على سيدنا محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— محمد رسول الله — لا اله الا الله

RS — الله المويد — المتوكل على

— امير المومنين — بنصر الله

BN II 952 (pl. X), 955–957 (4 sp.). Lavoix:H p. 268 (pl. CXCI, no. 4): description incomplete.

585. Bijāyah (b OF) – double dinar.

As 584.

F:Hafsites 19.

585a. Bijāyah (b OF) – double dinar.

As 584 except RS, rotated counter-clockwise 90 degrees.

B 1250 (pl. XIX): description incomplete.

586. Bijāyah (b RF) – double dinar.

As 584.

BN II 953, 954 (2 sp.). KM II 863: اميرا for امير in 3rd RS, RS divided differently (errors?).

B 1251 (pl. XIX).

586a. Bijāyah (b RF) – double dinar.

As 585a.

F:Hafsites 20 (pl. II), 21 (2 sp.): mint above 3rd line of RF (disproved by plate), RS as RS of 584 (disproved by plate).

587. Qafṣah (b RF) – double dinar struck after capitulation in A.H. 735.

As 584, but with محمد shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd OS.

F:Hafsites 23 (pl. III): OS as OS of 584 (disproved by plate).

588. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 584.

BN II 958, 959 (2 sp.): ascribed to Bijāyah. Ø 2118 (pl. VI): المومن for المويد in 2nd RS (disproved by plate). F:Hafsites 24–29 (pl. III: 28) (6 sp.).

589. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 587.

Codrington, O. p. 6: الحول for والحول in OF (misprint?).

590. (no mint) – dinar.

OF as OF of 563.

OS as OS of 562 and 583.

RS — على الله امير — المتوكل

— ابو يحيى — المومنين

RF as RF of 583.

BM X p. 12, no. 160t (pl. XXI).

591. (no mint) – half dinar.

OF as OF of 560.

OS as OS of 560.

RS — المومنين — امير

— يحيى — ابو

RF as RF of 583.

BN II 961 (pl. X). F:Hafsites 31–35 (p1. III: 31) (5 sp.).

abū-Yaḥyâ Zakarīyā' I ibn-Aḥmad

A.H. 711–717

A.D. 1311–1318

(opposed during 711 by Khālid I and 711–717 by Abū-Bakr II).

592. (no mint) – double dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

المهدى خليفة الله

RF ابو يحيى زكريا

ابن الامرا

الراشدين

OS — والهداية من الله — المنة لله

— والتوكل على الله — والاستعانة بالله

RS — المنصور — القائم بامر الله

— امير المومنين — بفضل الله

F:Hafsites 16 (pl. II), 17 (2 sp.).

593. (no mint) – dinar.

OF محمد رسول الله

الله المهدى

خليفة الله

RF زكريا

ابن الامرا

الراشدين

OS — [?] — الملك لله

— [?] — [?]

RS — بامر الله — القائم

— المومنين — امير

F:Hafsites 18: OS largely illegible.

abū-'Abd-Allāh Moḥammad III ibn-Zakarīyā' I

A.H. 717–723

A.D. 1317–1323

(opposed 717–723 by Abū-Bakr II and 721–723 by Muḥammad ibn-Abī-Bakr).

594. (no mint) – double dinar.

OF الواحد الله

الحول والقوة بالله

المهدى امام الامة

RF ابو]عبد الله محمد]

ابن الامرا الراشدين

[ايده الله [تعلى

OS — [? الرحيم] — بسم الله الرحمن

— [?] — [?]

RS — [المجاهد المو [يد — [?]الامير

— [?] — [?]

BN II 980 (pl. XI): ascribed to Muḥammad V, partly illegible.

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad ibn-Abī-Bakr

pretender

A.H. 721–730

A.D. 1321–1330

(opposed 721–730 by Abū-Bakr II, 721–723 by Muḥammad III, 724–725 by Ibrāhīm, and 729–730 by 'Abd-al-Wāḥid).

No coins reported.

abū-Isḥāq Ibrāhīm ibn-Abī-Bakr I

pretender

A.H. 724–725

A.D. 1324–1325

(opposed 724–725 by Abū-Bakr II and Muḥammad ibn-Abī-Bakr).

No coins reported.

abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-al-Wāḥid ibn-Zukarīyā I

pretender

A.H. 729–732

A.D. 1329–1332

(opposed 729–732 by Abū-Bakr II and 729–730 by Muḥammad ibn-Abī-Bakr).

No coins reported.

abū-Ḥafṣ 'Umar II ibn-Abī-Bakr II

A.H. 747–748

A.D. 1346–1347

(opposed during 747 by Aḥmad I).

595. (no mint) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 584.

RF ابو حفص عمر

ابن امير المومنين

ابو يحيى ابو بكر

OS as OS of 562.

RS as RS of 580.

F:Hafsites 30 (pl. III): OS as OS of 584 (disproved by plate).

596. (no mint) – eighth dinar.

OF لا اله

الا الله

وحده

RF امير المو

منين ابو

حفص

No segment inscriptions.

BN II 962 (pl. X).

abū'l-'Abbās Aḥmad I ibn-Abi-Bdkr II

A.H. 747–747

A.D. 1346–1346

(opposed during 747 by 'Umar II).

No coins reported.

abū'l-'Abbās al-Faḍl ibn-Abī-Bakr II

A.H. 749–751

A.D. 1348–1350

(opposed 749–751 by 'Abd-al-Raḥmān and Muḥammad).

First series: as amīr al-mu'minīn at Bijāyah

A.H. 749–749

A.D. 1348–1349

597. Bijāyah (b RF) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 584.

RF ابو العباس الفضل

ابن امير المومنين

ابى يحيى ابي بكر

OS as OS of 562.

RS as RS of 584.

F:Hafsites 37 (pl. III)

598. Ṭarābulus (b OF) – double dinar.

As 597.

F:Hafsites 38 (pl. IV). B 1252 bis (p. 271): m only. Ashmolean.

Second series: as amīr al-mu'minīn at Tūnis

A.H. 750–751

A.D. 1350–1350

599. Tūnis (b RF) – double dinar struck in A.H. 750 or 751.

OF as OF of 584 and 597.

RF ابو العباس الفضل

امير المومنين

بن امير المومنين

OS as OS of 562 and 597.

RS — المويد بنصر الله — المتوكل علي الله

— بن امير المومنين — المير المومنين

B 1253: description of OS uncertain, بفضل for بنصر in 2nd RS (error?).

600. (no mint) – half dinar.

OF لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

RF الفضل

ابن امير

المومنين

OS — المهدى — العزة لله

— الله — جليفة

RS — المومنين — امير

— العباس — ابو

F:Hafsites 39.

abū-Zayd 'Abd-al-Raḥmān ibn-Muḥammad

amīr at Qusanṭīnah

A.H. 749–755

A.D. 1348–1355

(opposed 749–751 by al-Faḍl and 751–755 by Ibrāhīm II).

601. Qusanṭīnah (b RF) – double dinar.

OF الشكر لله

الحول والقوة بالله

المهدى خليفة الله

RF اوب زيد عبد

الرحمن بن الامرا

الراشدين

OS — صلى الله على سيدنا محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— وسلم تسليما — وعلى اله وصحابه

RS — [? المظفر بالله] — [?]

— [? المنصور بفضل الله] — [?]

Bigonet p. 97: RS largely illegible.

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad ibn-Yaḥyâ

amīr at Bijāyah

A.H. 749–753, 761–767

A.D. 1348–1352, 1360–1366

(opposed 749–751 by al-Faḍl, 761–767 by Ibrāhīm II, and 761–767 by Aḥmad II).

First reign:

A.H. 749–753

A.D. 1348–1352

602. (no mint) – double dinar.

OF as OF 601.

RF ابو عبد الله بن

يحيى بن امير المومنين

ابن الامرا الراشدين

OS as OS of 584.

RS — المويد بنصر — المستنصر بالله

— بفضل الله — الله المنصور

F:Hafsites 15 (pl. II): يحيى obscure in plate; ascribed to Muḥammad II.

Second reign: Marīnid influence

A.H. 761–767

A.D. 1360–1366

603. Madīnat (at end of 1st RS) Bijāyah (at start of 2nd RS) – double dinar. Plate III

OF الحمد لله و الشكر لله

ولا حول قوة الا بالله

المهدى خليفة الله

RF محمد امير المومنين

بن الامير ابي زكريا بن

ابي بكر امير المومنين

OS as OS of 562.

RS — المحروسة (mint) — ضرب بمدينة

— المستنصر — عن امر عبد الله

BN II 968 (pl. XI): بن in 4th RS (apparently disproved by plate), wrongly ascribed. Lavoix:H p. 270 (pl. CXCII, no. 4).

abū-Isḥāq Ibrāhīm II ibn-Abī-Bakr II

A.H. 751–770

A.D. 1350–1369

(opposed 751–755 by 'Abd-al-Raḥmān, 761–767 by Muḥammad, and 755–758, 761–770 by Aḥmad II).

604. Ṭarābulus (b OF) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 584.

RF ابو اسحاق ابراهيم

ابن امير المومنين

ابى يحيى ابي يكر

OS as OS of 562.

RS as RS of 562.

BN II 966 (pl. XI): بن before ابي بكر in 3rd line of RF (error?, blurred in plate), بالله at end of 1st RS (disproved by plate). F:Hafsites 41: ابو for ابي twice in 3rd line of RF, segments partly illegible.

605. Qafṣah (b OF) – double dinar.

As 604.

F.Hafsites 40 (pl. IV): ابو for ابي twice in 3rd line of RF, segments partly illegible.

606. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 604.

BM V 161 (pl. III): RS rotated counterclockwise 90 degrees (disproved by plate), ابو for ابي in middle of 3rd line of RF (plate seems to have ابو for ابي twice in 3rd line of RF). F:Hafsites 42: ابو for ابي twice in 3rd line of RF.

607. (no mint) – double dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.

As 604.

BN II 967: بن before ابي بكر in 3rd line of RF (error?).

abū'l-'Abbās Aḥmad II ibn-Muḥammad

A.H. 755–758, 761–796

A.D. 1354–1357, 1360–1394

(opposed 761–767 by Muḥammd, 755–758, 761–770 by Ibrāhīm II, and 770–772 by Khālid II).

First reign:

A.H. 755–758

A.D. 1354–1357

608. (no mint) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 584.

RF ابو العباس احمد

ابن الامرا

الراشدين

OS as OS of 562.

RS as RS of 584.

BN II 964 (pl. X), 965 (2 sp.): ascribed to al-Faḍl.

Second reign: Marīnid influence

A.H. 761–796

A.D. 1360–1394

609. (no mint) – double dinar. Plate III

OF الحمد لله والشكر

لله والحول والقوة

بالله وما النصر

الا من عند الله

المهدى خليفة الله

RF ابو العباس احمد

بن الامير (ابي) عبد

الله محمد بن امير

المومنين ابي بكر

ابن الامرا الراشدين

OS as OS of 562 and 608.

RS — المويد بنصر الله — المتوكل على الله

— امير المومنين — المنصور بفضل الله

BN II 963 (pl. X): ابي omitted from 2nd line of RF (engraving error), ascribed to al-Faḍl. Lavoix:H p. 269 (pl. CXCII, no. 3): ابي omitted.

abū'l-Baqā' Khālid II ibn-Ibrāhīm II

A.H. 770–772

A.D. 1369–1370

(opposed 770–772 by Aḥmad II).

No coins reported.

abū-Fāris 'Abd-al-'Azīz II ibn-Aḥmad II

A.H. 796–837

A.D. 1394–1434

610. Bijāyah (b RF) – double dinar with diameter of half dinar.

OF as OF of 584.

RF ابو فارس العزيز

ابن امير المومنين ابو

العباي احمد

OS as OS of 584.

RS — المويد بنصر الله — المتوكل على الله

— امير المومنين — المجاهد في سبيل الله

F:Hafsites 44 (pl. IV): segments illegible.

611. Biskirah? (b RF) – double dinar.

As 610 but with ابو shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd line of RF.

F:Hafsites 43 (pl. IV): mint uncertain in plate, which shows ابي for ابو in 3rd line of RF.

612. Tūnis (b RF) – double dinar.

As 610.

F:Hafsites 51 (pl. V).

613. Tūnis (b RF) – double dinar.

As 611.

BN II 969 (pl. XI): mint poorly engraved. Lavoix:H p. 271 (pl. CXCI, no. 5; not, as given, pl. CXCII, no. 3): description incomplete.

614. Tūnis (b RF) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 584 and 610.

OS — صلى الله على سيدنا — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— لا اله الا الله — محمد واله وسلم

RS — الله]المجاهد] — [المو]يد [بنصر]

— امير المومنين — في سبيل الله

RF as RF of 611.

BM V 162 (pl. III): 1st and 2nd RS misread.

615. Tūnis (b RF) – dinar

OF as OF of 583.

RF ابو فارس

عبد العزيز

امير المومنين

OS — اله واحد — والهكم

— الرحمن الرحيم — لا اله الا هو

RS — بنصر الله — المويد

— سبيل الله — المجاهد فى

BM V 163 (pl. III): الجاهد for المجاهد in 2nd RS (error). Marsden 360 (pl. XXI): misread, ascribed to Sharīfs.

616. al-Ḥāmmah (b RF) – double dinar.

As 611 except OS, as OS of 562.

F:Hafsites 45 (pl. IV): mint read as al-Ḥammah (disproved by plate), segments partly illegible.

617. Ṭarābulus (b RF) – double dinar with diameter of dinar.

As 611.

Cimino (fig. 31, lower left: R only) may be this coin; o not shown or described, RS largely illegible. F:Hafsites 49 (pl. V), 50 (2 sp.): segments largely illegible.

618. Qusanṭīnah (b RF) – double dinar with diameter of half dinar.

As 616.

BN II 970 (pl. XI): as 611 (apparently disproved by plate).

619. Qafṣah (b RF) – double dinar.

As 610.

F:Hafsites 46 (pl. IV): segments partly illegible, as 611 (disproved by plate).

620. Qafṣah (b RF) – dinar.

As 615, but with في shifted from 3rd to start of 4th RS.

F:Hafsites 47 (pl. V).

621. Mahdīyah? (b RF) – dinar.

As 615.

F:Hafsites 48 (pl. V): mint illegible in plate, segments largely illegible.

622. (no mint) – dinar.

As 615.

F:Hafsites 52: weight of double dinar; 53, 54 (3 sp.): بن added to end of 2nd line of RF of 53 and 54 (error?).

623. (no mint) – dinar with diameter of half dinar.

As 615.

BN II 971: segments largely illegible.

— (no mint) – dinar with diameter of half dinar.

As 615 except 2nd line of OF: والحول والقوة بالله.

BM V 164: 3rd line of OF and all segments illegible; may be a poor specimen of 623 misread.

624. (no mint) – half dinar with diameter of quarter dinar.

OF as OF of 583 and 615.

RF ابو فارس

عبد الع

زيز

Segments illegible.

F:Hafsites 55. B 1254 (pl. XIX): plate illegible.

625. (no mint) – half dinar.

OF as OF of 601.

OS apparently as OS of 615.

RS apparently as RS of 615.

RF as RF of 615.

Marsden 361 (pl. XXI): misread, clipped, ascribed to Sharīfs.

— (no mint) – half dinar with diameter of quarter dinar.

OF الشكر لله

والامركله لله

والحمد لله

RF ابو فارس

عبدا

لعزيز

Segments largely illegible.

BM V 165: probably a poor specimen of 625 misread.

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad IV ibn-Muḥammad

A.H. 837–839

A.D. 1434–1435

626. (no mint) – double dinar. Attribution tentative.

OF as OF of 584.

RF ابو عبد الله محمد

ابن الامرا

الراشدين

OS as OS of 562.

RS as RS of 572.

BN II 944: ascribed to Muḥammad I. Longpérier: A (pl. LV, no. 11). Lavoix:H p. 262 (pl. CXCI, no. 2): OS not given, reconstructed from plate, ascribed to Muḥammad I. Blancard p. 6 (fig.): OS misread, ascribed to Muḥammad I.

abū'l-Ḥasan 'Alī ibn-'Abd-al-'Azīz II

amīr at Bijāyah

A.H. 839–856

A.D. 1435–1452

(opposed 839–856 by 'Uthmān).

627. Bijāyah (b RF) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 584.

RF ابو الحسن علي

ابن امير المومنين

ابو فارس عبد العزيز

OS apparently as OS of 584.

RS illegible except 1st: — المتوكل على الله.

Soret:D 93 (pl. II, no. 12): OS tentatively reconstructed from plate; امير المومنين given for 4th RS illegible in plate, probably error.

abū-'Amr 'Uthmān ibn-Muḥammad

A.H. 839–893

A.D. 1435–1488

(opposed 839–856 by 'Alī).

First series: Ḥafṣid style

628. Tūzar (b RF) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 584.

RF ابو عمرو عثمان

امير المومنين ابن

الامراالراشدين

12

OS apparently as OS of 584.

RS illegible.

F:Hafsites 56 (pl. V): segments largely illegible.

629. Ṭarābulus (b RF) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 584 and 628.

OS — محمد رسول الله — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— صلى الله على محمد — لا اله الا الله

RS — الله الواثق — المتوكل على

— في سبيل الله — بالله المجاهد

RF as RF of 628.

BN II 975 (pl. XI): عمر for عمرو in top line of RF. F:Hafsites 57 (pl. V) segments illegible, diameter of half dinar.

630. Ṭarābulus? (b RF) – dinar.

OF as OF of 583.

RF ابو عمرو

عثمان امير

المومنين

OS illegible.

RS — على — المتوكل

— وحده — الله

BN II 976: segments largely illegible, mint uncertain, عمر for عمرو in top line of RF; 1st OS starts القائم,الامير in a RS (both tentative). F:Hafsites 58: 1st OS starts الامير (misprint الامر, corrected by letter), mint uncertain, diameter of a half dinar.

631. Qusanṭīnah (b RF) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 584 and 628.

OS as OS of 562.

RS — على الله — المتوكل

— في سبيل الله — المجاهد

RF as RF of 628.

B 1256 (pl. XIX): عمر for عمرو in top line of RF.

632. (no mint) – double dinar.

Presumably as 628.

BN II 977 (pl. XI): segments clipped off, عمر for عمرو in top line of RF, plate shows traces of mint. Sacy p. 541: segments illegible, size not indicated, slightly misread, ascribed to Marīnid.

633. (no mint) – double dinar.

Presumably as 628 except OF, as OF of 601.

Sacy p. 541: segments illegible, slightly misread, ascribed to Marīnid.

634. (no mint) – dinar with diameter of half dinar.

Presumably as 628.

BN II 978: segments illegible.

635. (no mint) – dinar.

OF as OF of 583 and 630.

RF ابو عمرو

عثمان

امير المومنين

Segments illegible.

F:Hafsites 60.

636. (no mint) – half dinar.

OF as OF of 583 and 630.

OS illegible.

RS as RS of 630.

RF as RF of 635.

F:Hafsites 59 (pl. V): OS starts الملك لله (not visible in plate).

Second series; Ḥafṣid style with 4-line RF

637. Jazā'ir (b RF) – double dinar: modified Kūfī script. Plate III

OF as OF of 584 and 628.

RF امير المومنين

الملك السلطان

ابو عمرو عثمان بن

الامرا الراشد بن

OS — [? حيم] — بسم الله الرحمن الر

— صلى الله على — محمد لا اله الا الله

RS — امير المومنين — المتوكل على الله

— المويد بنصر الله — المجاهد في سبيل الله

BN II 974 (pl. XI): segments partly illegible, عمر for عمرو in 3rd line of RF. KM II 861 (pl. V): segments partly illegible.

638. Jazā'ir (b RF) – double dinar: modified Kūfī script.

As 637 but with ابن shifted to start of 4th line of RF.

KM II 862: engraving errors, عمو for عمرو in 3rd line of RF. Weyl: F 6744 (pl. XLII) (2 sp.): apparently poor specimens of this coin misread.

Third series: Marīnid style with 4-line OF and RF

639. Tilimsān (b OF and b RF) – double dinar.

OF الحمد لله

الشكر لله

ولا حول ولاقوة

الابالله

RF عن امر عبد

الله امير المومنين

ابي عمر عثمان

ايده الله تعالى

Segments illegible.

B 1255 (pl. XIX): نصره for ايده in 4th line of RF (disproved by plate), 1st RS starts بسم الله.

640. Tanas (b OF and b RF) – double dinar.

OF الحمد لله

الشكر لله

الحول والقوة بالله

المهدى خليفة الله

RF عن امر عبد الله

امير المومنين

ابى عمر عثمان

ايده الله تعالى

OS — حمن الر — بسم الله الر

— على سيدنا محمد — حيم صلى الله

RS — الرحمن الر — بسم الله

— على سيدنا محمد — حيم صلى الله

BN II 972 (pl. XI): ابو for ابي in 3rd line of RF (plate seems to show لبي).

abū-Zakarīyā' Yaḥyâ III ibn-Muḥammad

A.H. 893–894

A.D. 1488–1489

(opposed during 894 by 'Abd-al-Mu'min).

No coins reported.

abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-al-Mu'min ibn-Ibrāhīm

A.H. 894–895

A.D. 1489–1490

(opposed during 894 by Yaḥyâ III).

No coins reported.

abū- Yaḥyâ Zakarīyā' II ibn-Yaḥyâ III

A.H. 895–899

A.D. 1490–1494

No coins reported.

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad V ibn-al-Ḥasan

A.H. 899–932

A.D. 1494–1526

641. (no mint) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 584.

RF [ابو عبد الله [محمد

[امير المومنين [بن

[الامرا [الراشدين

OS — [?] — [?]

— محمد رسول الله — لا اله الا الله

RS — [? الله] — المتوكل على

—الله [?] — [?]

BN II 979 (pl. XI): 4th RS given as لا اله الا الله (disproved by plate).

642. (no mint) – double dinar with diameter of dinar.

OF الشكر لله

الحول بالله

الامر كله لله

RF ابو عبد الله محمد

امير المومنين

ابن الامرا الراشدين

Segments illegible.

BN II 981; 3rd line of OF uncertain.

643. (no mint) – half dinar. Attribution tentative. Plate III

OF محمد امير

المومنين

RF ابو عبد

الله

No inscriptions in segments.

ANS. BN II 982 (pl. XL).

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad VI ibn-Muḥammad V

A.H. 932–941, 942–948

A.D. 1526–1534, 1535–1542

First reign: as amīr al-mu'minīn

A.H. 932–941

A.D. 1526–1534

644. (no mint) – double dinar. Plate III

OF as OF of 584.

RF ابو عبد الله محمد

الحسن امير المومنين

بن ابي عبد]الله محمد]

Segments illegible except 1st RS: — السلطان.

BN II 983 (pl. XI). Lavoix:H p. 274 (pl. CXCII, no. 5).

Second reign: as vassal of Charles I of Spain

A.H. 942–948

A.D. 1535–1542

No coins reported.

abū-'l-Abbās Aḥmad III ibn-Muḥammad VI

A.H. 948–977

A.D. 1542–1569

No gold reported.

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad VII ibn-Muḥammad VI

vassal of Philip II of Spain

A.H. 981–982

A.D. 1573–1574

No coins reported.

No coins are known to have been struck by the many independent Ḥafṣid amīrs who flourished between the death of 'Uthmān in A.H. 893 and the end of Ḥafṣid rule in A.H. 982, nor by local Arab and Berber rebels, while coins struck by the Ottoman sultans and their local Turkish allies, and those struck by Spanish and Portuguese rulers, are excluded from this corpus.

Ziyānid Gold

struck in North Africa by the Zanātah Berber rulers of western Algeria, the Banū-Ziyān in Naskhī script.

abū-Yaḥyâ Yaghmurāsan ibn-Ziyān

A.H. 633–681

A.D. 1236–1283

Anonymous gold (Ḥafṣid style) presumably struck by this ruler under nominal Ḥafṣid suzerainty after A.H. 640.

645. Tilimsān (b OF) – double dinar. Attribution tentative.

OF الواحد الله

محمد رسول الله

القران كلام الله

RF الشكر لله

والمنة لله

والحول والقوة بالله

OS — صلى الله على سيدنا محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— لا اله الا هو الرحمن الرحيم — والهكم اله واحد

RS — والظاهر والباطن — هو الاول والاخر

— شي عليم — وهو بكل

B 1346 (pl XXIV), ascribed to Marīnids.

abū-Sa'īd 'Uthmān I ibn-Yaghmurāsan

A.H. 681–703

A.D. 1283–1304

No coins reported.

abū-Ziyān Muḥammad I ibn-'Uthmān I

A.H. 703–707

A.D. 1304–1308

No coins reported.

abū-Ḥammū Mūsâ I ibn-'Uthmān I

A.H. 707–718

A.D. 1308–1318

646. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – double dinar. Plate IV

OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

صلى الله على محمد واله

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

ما قرب فرح الله

RF عن امر عبد الله

موسي امير

المسلمين المتوكل

على رب العالمين

ايده الله ونصره

OS — واحد لا اله — والهكم اله

— الرحمن الرحيم — الا هو

RS — (mint) — ضرب بمدينة

— تعالى وامنها — حرسها الله

BN II 1010. Demaeght v. VII, p. 66 (fig.). Berchem p. 326, no. 1, 2 (2 sp.): اله shifted from 1st to start of 2nd RS (error?). B 1323 (pl. XXII, under no. 1322): ascribed to Marīnids, mint given as Madīnat Fās (error), segments illegible, apparently this coin misread; 1395 description inaccurate (2 sp.?).

abū-Tāshfīn 'Abd-al-Raḥmān I ibn-Mūsâ I

A.H. 718–737

A.D. 1318–1337

647. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – double dinar.

OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

صلى الله على محمد

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

ما اقرب فرخ الله

RF عن امر عبد الله

المتوكل على الله

عبد الرحمن

امير المسلمين

ايده الله ونصره

OS — اله واحد — والهكم

— الرحمن الرحيم — لا اله الا هو

RS as RS of 646.

BN II 1012.

648. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – double dinar. Attribution very doubtful. Plate IV

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

ولا غالب الا الله

والامر كله لله

ولا قوة الا بالله

RF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

صلى الله على محمد واله

والحمد لله رب العالمين

والشكر لله على نعمته

يوم الدين[?]

OS — عبد الرحمان — امير المومنين

— الراشدين — ابن الخلفا

RS — (mint) — ضرب بمدينة

— للمسلمين — ابقاها الله تعالى

BM V 195 (pl. V): last line of RF starts والشكر الله (error), نعمة for نعمته in 4th line of RF (error). BN II 1011: last line of RF starts والشكر لله (error). Soret:F 137 (pl. II): segments slightly misread. Ø 2125: last line of RF starts وما اكبر الله (error). B 1396 (pl. XXV): last line of RF starts حمدا كترا الى (error), نعمة for نعمته in 4th line of RF (error). Thorburn.

649. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Jazā'ir (2nd RS) – double dinar. Attribution very doubtful.

As 648.

B 1396 bis.

abū-Sa'īd 'Uthmān II ibn-'Abd-al-Raḥhmān

A.H. 749–753

A.D. 1348–1352

No coins reported, though Yaḥyâ Ibn-Khaldūn says he struck gold.

abū-Thābit al-Za'īm I ibn-'Abd-al-Raḥmān

A.H. 753–753

A.D. 1352–1352

No coins reported.

abū-Ḥammū Mūsâ II ibn-Yūsuf

A.H. 760–791

A.D. 1359–1389

(opposed 762–779 by Muḥammad ibn-'Uthmān II and 788–791 by 'Abd-al-Raḥmān II).

650. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – double dinar. Plate IV

OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

صلى الله على محمد واله

والحمد لله وحده

الا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

RF عن امر عبد الله

موسى

امير المسلمين

المتوكل على

رب العالمين

OS as OS of 647.

RS as RS of 646.

BM V 194 (pl. V). Demaeght v. VII, p. 69 (fig.). Berchem p. 326, no. 3.

651. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – dinar. Attribution tentative.

OF لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

RF عبد الله

موسى

ايده الله

OS — ومابكم — ما شاالله

— فمن الله — من نعمة

RS as RS of 646.

Demaeght v. VII, p. 71 (fig.).

abū-Ziyān Muḥammad ibn-'Uthmān II

pretender

A.H. 762–779

A.D. 1360–1377

(opposed 762–779 by Mūsâ II).

No coins reported.

abū-Tāshfīn 'Abd-al-Raḥmān II ibn-Mūsâ II

A.H. 788–795

A.D. 1387–1393

(opposed 788–791 by Mūsâ II).

652. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 650.

RF عن امر عبد الله

عبد الرحمن

امير المسلمين

المتوكل على

رب العالمين

OS as OS of 647.

RS as RS of 646.

B 1394 (pl. XXV): description incomplete, division into lines and segments not indicated; tentatively reconstructed from partly illegible plate; name of ruler uncertain, ascribed to Yaghmurāsan.

abū-Thābit al-Za'īm II ibn-'Abd-al-Raḥmān II

A.H. 795–795

A.D. 1393–1393

No coins reported.

abū'l-Ḥajjāj Yūsyf ibn-Mūsâ II

A.H. 795–796

A.D. 1393–1394

No coins reported.

abū-Ziyān Muḥammad II ibn-Mūsâ II

A.H. 796–802

A.D. 1394–1399

653. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – double dinar.

OF ان الله يامر بالعدل

ولاحسان وايتا

ذى القربى وينهى عن

الفحشا والمنكر

والبغي

RF عن امر عبد الله

محمد الغني بالله

امير المسلمين المتو

كل على رب العالمين

ايده الله ونصره

OS illegible except 2nd: – صلى الله على.

RS as RS of 646.

Moyse 4: اعن for عن in top line of RF (misprint?).

abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-Allāh I ibn-Mūsâ II

A.H. 802–804

A.D. 1399–1402

654. Presumably Madīnat Tilimsān – double dinar.

OF ومن يتوكل على

الله فهو

حسبه ان الله

بالغ امره قد جعل

الله لكل شي قدرا

RF عن امر عبد الله

ابو محمد عبد الله

امير المسلمين

المتوكل على رب

العلمين ايده الله

Segments illegible.

BN II 1014 (pl. XII): ascribed to Muḥammad V, RF misread.

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad III ibn-Mūsâ II

A.H. 804–813

A.D. 1402–1411

655. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – double dinar. Plate IV

OF وعد الله الذين

امنوا منكم وعملو

الصالحات ليستخلفنهم

في الارض كما استخلف

الذين من قبلهم

RF عن امر عبد الله

الواثق بالله

محمد امير المسلمين

المتوكل على رب

العالمين ايده الله

OS — الرحمن الرحيم — بسم الله

— سيدنا محمد — صلى الله على

RS — (mint) — ضرب بمدينة

— الله تعالى — امنها

B 1326, 1327 (pl. XXII: both) (2 sp.): plate partly illegible, OS misread, ascribed to Marīnids.

656. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – double dinar.

OF وعد الله الذين امنوا

منكم وعملوا الصالحات

ليستخلفنهم فى الارض

كما اتخلف الذين

من قبلهم

RF عن امر عبد الله

محمد الواثق بالله

امير المسلمين

المتوكل على رب العالمين

ايده الله ونضره

OS — صلى الله على سيدنا — بسم الله الرحمن الحيم

— وسلم تسليما — محمد وعلى اله

RS as RS of 646.

Moyse 1: ومنها for وامنها in 4th RS (misprint?).

657. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – dinar.

OF يا ايها الذين

امنوا اطيعوا

الله واطيعوا

الرسول واولى

الامر منكم

RF عن امر عبد الله

محمد الواثق بالله

امير المسلمين

ايد الله امره

واعز نصره

OS — صلى الله على — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— ومسلم تسليما — محمد وعلى اله

RS as RS of 646.

Demaeght v. X, p. 229 (fig.): several slight errors.

abū-Tāshfīn 'Abd-al-Raḥmān III ibn-Muḥammad III

A.H. 813–814

A.D. 1411–1411

658. Tilimsān (in 2nd RS) – dinar. Attribution tentative

OF ومن يتق

الله يجعل له

مخرجا ويرزقه

من حيث لا يحتسب

RF عن امر عبد

الله المتوكل

على الله

[عبد الرحمان]

OS — الرحمن الرحيم — بسم الله

— على محمد — صلى الله

RS — (mint)ب — ضرب

— تعالى وامنها — حرسها الله

BN II 1016 (pl. XIII): 4th line of RF uncertain.

abū-? al-Sa'īd ibn-Mūsâ II

A.H. 814–814

A.D. 1411–1411

No coins reported.

abū-Mālik 'Abd-al-Wāḥid ibn-Mūsâ II

A.H. 814–827, 831–833

A.D. 1411–1424, 1428–1430

659. Madīnat (in 3rd RS) Tilimsān (4th RS) – double dinar.

OF ومن يتوكل على

الله فهو حسبه

ان الله بالغ امره

قد جعل الله

لكل شي قدرا

RF عن امر عبد الله

امير المسلمين

المتوكل على الله

عبد الواحد

ايده الله ونصره

OS — الرحيم صلى — بسم الله الرحمن

— و على اله — الله على محمد

RS — ضرب — بسم الله

— (mint) — بمدينة

D: Lorichs 4725: division into lines and segments not indicated, حمود for عبد الواحد (error).

660. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – double dinar. Plate IV

OF as OF of 659.

RF عن امر عبد الله

المتوكل على الله

عبد الواحد

امير المسلمين

ايده الله ونصره

OS — الرحيم صلى — بسم الله الرحمن

— محمد — الله على

RS as RS of 646.

HSA 10622.

661. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – double dinar.

As 660 except OS:

— الرحيم صلى الله على — بسم الله الرحمن

— وسلم تسليما — محمد وعلى اله

Moyse 2: الموكل for المتوكل in 2nd line of RF (misprint?). B 1397 (pl. XXV, unnumbered): description incomplete, plate partly illegible.

662. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Tilimsān (2nd RS) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 659.

RF as RF of 660.

OS — الرحيم وصلى الله — بسم الله الرحمن

— مولا نا محمد — على سيدناو

RS — (mint) — صرب بمدينة

— الله تعالى — حرسها

Demaeght v. X, p. 226 (fig.): several slight errors, ascribed to Muḥammad V.

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad IV ibn-'Abd-al-Raḥmān II

A.H. 827–831, 833–834

A.D. 1424–1428, 1430–1431

663. Madīnat (in 2nd RS) Tilimsān (3rd RS) – double dinar. Plate IV

OF as OF of 659.

RF عن امر عبد الله

المتوكل على الله

امير المسلمين

ابو عبد الله

ايده الله ونصره

OS as OS 655.

RS — بمدينة — ضرب

— حرسها الله — (mint)

Rivero: A p. 13, no. 2 (pl. V). Rivero: M 145 (pl. III): several slight errors. B 1399 (pl XXV): description incomplete, plate largely illegible.

664. Tilimsān (in 4th RS) – dinar.

OF ومن يتوكل

على الله فهو

حسبه ان

الله بالغ امره

RF عن امر عبد

الله المتوكل

على الله ابو

عبد الله

OS not given.

RS — الرحمن الر — بسم الله

— (mint)ب — حيم ضرب

Brosselard p. 111.

abū'l-'Abbās Aḥmad I ibn-Mūsâ II

A.H. 834–866

A.D. 1431–1462

665. Madīnat (in 2nd RS) Tilimsān (3rd RS) – double dinar.

OF اعتصمت با

لله من يعتصم با

لله فقد هدي

الى صراط

مستقيم

RF عن امر عبد الله

المعتصم بالله

ابي العباس احمد

امير المسلمين

ايده الله ونصره

OS illegible except 1st: — بسم الله الرحمن

RS as RS of 663.

Mareschal p. 309 (2 sp.).

— Madīnat (in 2nd RS)? –double dinar.

As 665 except RF عن امر عبد الله

احمد امير المسلمين

المعتصم بالله

نب امير المسلمين

[?] ابي

ايده الله ونصره

B 1398 bis: largely illegible, probably a poor specimen of 665 misread.

666. Madīnat (in 2nd RS) Tilimsān (3rd and 4th RS) – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الحمد لله

الشكر لله

RF عن امر عبد الله

المعتصم بالله

ابي العباس احمد

ايده الله ونصره

OS — من نعمة — ومابكم

— الله — فمن

RS — بمدينة — ضرب

— مسان — تل

B 1398 (p1. XXV): segments largely illegible in plate.

667. Presumably Madīnat Tilimsān – dinar. Plate IV

OF ومن يعتصم

بالله فقد

هدي الى صراط

مستقيم

RF عن امر عبد الله

اامعتصم بالله

امير المسلمين

ابى العباس احمد

OS illegible.

RS illegible except 4th, which ends in الله.

BN II 1013 (pl. XII): 4th line of RF ابي العبا حمد (engraving error).

668 Madīnat (in 2nd OS) Tilimsān (3rd OS) – half dinar.

OF لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

RF عبد الله

ابوالعباس

احمد

OS as RS of 663 and 665

RS — بكم — وما

— فمن الله — من نعمة

Mareschal p. 308 (4 sp.).

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad V ibn-Muḥammad

A.H. 866–873

A.D. 1462–1468

669. Madīnat (in 2nd OS) Tilimsān (3rd and 4th OS) – half dinar. Attribution tentative.

OF لا له الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

RF ابو عبد

الله محمد

نصره الله

OS — بمدينة — ضرب

— سان — تل

RS — الله — بسم

— الرحيم — الرحمن

BN II 1015 (pl. XIII): margins interchanged (error), mint largely illegible, ascribed to Muḥammad VI or VII.

abū-Tāshfīn 'Abd-al-Raḥmān IV ibn-Muḥammad V

A.H. 873–873

A.D. 1468–1468

No coins reported.

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad VI ibn-Muḥammad V

A.H. 873–910

A.D. 1468–1505

No coins reported.

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad VII ibn-Muḥammad VI

A.H. 910–922

A.D. 1505–1516

vassal of Ferdinand II of Aragon after A.H. 918 (A.D. 1512).

No coins reported.

abū-Ziyān Aḥmad II ibn-Muḥammad VI

vassal of Salīm I (Ottoman)

A.H. 922–922, 923–924

A.D. 1516–1516, 1517–1518

(opposed 923–924 by Mūsâ III).

No coins reported.

abū-Ḥammū Mūsâ III ibn-Muḥammad V

vassal of Charles I of Spain

A.H. 922–934

A.D. 1516–1528.

(opposed 923–924 by Aḥmad II).

No coins reported.

abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-Allāh II ibn-Muḥammad V

A.H 934–947

A.D. 1528–1540

vassal of Sulaymān I (Ottoman)

A.H 934–942

A.D. 1528–1535

Struck in the name of the Ottoman sulṭān

Sulaymān I ibn-Salīm I

A.H. 926–974

A.D. 1520–1566

670. Madīnat (in 2nd RS) (mint in 3rd RS illegible, presumably Tilimsān) – double dinar.

OF عن امر عبد الله

المتوكل على الله

امير المسلمين

عبد الله ايده

الله ونصره

RF بسم الله الرحمن الحيم

عن امر عبد الله

امير المومنين

ابي الربيع سليمن

ايده الله ونصره

OS apparently as OS of 655.

RS — بمدينة — طبع

— حرسها]الله] — (mint)

BN II 987: segments partly illegible, ابو for ابي in 4th line of RF (error), ascribed to Sulaymān the Marīnid. L:Khedivial p. 329: segments partly illegible, ascribed to Sulaymān the Marīnid. Ascribed by Prieto (p. 86) to an unidentified vassal of the Ziyānids.

vassal of Charles I of Spain

A.H. 942–947

A.D. 1535–1540

No coins reported.

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammd VIII ibn-'Abd-Allāh II

A.H 947–949, 949–950

A.D. 1540–1543, 1543–1543

vassal of Sulaymān I (Ottoman)

A.H. 947–949

A.D. 1540–1543

Struck in the name of the Ottoman sulṭān

Sulaymān I ibn-Salīm I

A.H. 926–974

A.D. 1520–1566

671. Madīnat (in 2nd RS) Tilimsān (3rd RS) – double dinar. Plate IV

OF عن امر عبد الله

المتوكل على الله

امير المسلمين

ابي عبد الله محمد

ايده الله ونصره

OS as OS of 655.

RS as RS of 670.

RF as RF of 670.

BN II 986 (pl. XII): ابو for ابي in 4th line of OF and of RF (disproved by plate), ascribed to Sulaymān the Marīnid. Ascribed by Prieto as 670.

vassal of Charles I of Spain

A.H. 949–950

A.D. 1543–1543

No coins reported.

abū-Ziyān Aḥmad III ibn-'Abd-Allāh II

vassal of Sulaymān I (Ottoman)

A.H. 949–949 950–957

A.D. 1543–1543. 1543–1550

No coins reported.

abū-Muḥammad Ḥasan ibn-'Abd-Allāh II

A.H. 957–964

A.D. 1550–1556

672. Madīnat (in 2nd RS) Tilimsān (3rd and 4th RS) – half dinar.

OF as OF of 669.

RF ابو محمد

حسن

ايده الله

OS as RS of 669.

RS as OS of 669.

Moyse 3: ابي for ابو in top line of RF (misprint?).

No coins are known to have been struck by local Arab and Berber rulers, while coins struck by the Ottoman sultans and their local Turkish allies, and those struck by Spanish and Portuguese rulers, are excluded from this corpus.

Marīnid Gold

struck in North Africa by the Zanātah Berber rulers of Morocco, the Banū-Marīn in Naskhī or ornamented Kūfī script.

The Marīnids from time to time controlled areas of varying extent in Spain, but no coins with Spanish mints are reported for this dynasty.

abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq I ibn-Maḥyū

A.H. 592–614

A.D. 1196–1217

No coins reported.

abū-Sa'īd 'Uthmān I ibn-'Abd-al-Ḥaqq I

A.H. 614–638

A.D. 1217–1240

No coins reported.

abū-Ma'rūf Muḥammad I ibn-'Abd-al-Ḥaqq I

A.H. 638–642

A.D. 1240–1244

No coins reported.

abū-Yaḥyâ Abū-Bakr ibn-'Abd-al-Ḥaqq I

A.H. 642–656

A.D. 1244–1258

Anonymous gold (Ḥafṣid style) presumably struck by this ruler and his successor under nominal Ḥafṣid suzerainty, chiefly before the conquest of Marrākush in A.H. 668 (A.D. 1269). Mint names appear beneath OF unless otherwise specified.

673. Tūnis? – dinar.

OF لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

OS — صل الله على سيدنا محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— سلم تسليم — وعلى اله و

RS — الامن عند الله — وماالنصر

— الحكيم — العزيز

F:Hafsites 66. This mint seems improbable, historically, although Farrugia affirms its correctness by letter.

RF الملك

والحمد

والشكر

674. Sabtah? – double dinar.

OF الواحد الله

محمد رسول الله

القران كلام الله

OS — صلى الله على سيدنا محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— لا اله الا هو الرحمن الرحيم — والهكم اله واحد

RS — والظاهر والباطن — هو الاول والاخر

— شي عليم — وهو بكل

Höst:E and N 1 (pl. XXXIII): no mint given, plate seems to indicate this mint, without Madīnat.

RF الشكر لله

والمنة لله

والحول والقوة بالله

675. Madīnat Sabtah – double dinar.

As 674.

P 34c (pl. IV). D:García 6657. B 1347 (pl. XXIV).

676. Madīnat Sabtah – dinar.

As 673 except 2nd OS: — صلى الله علىمحمد

P 38c: الناصر for النصر in 1st RS (error).

677. Madīnat Sabtah – dinar.

As 676 except RF: الحمد لله

والملك لله

والشكر لله

P 38d: الناصر for النصر in 1st RS (error).

678. Sijilmāsah – double dinar. Plate IV

As 674.

P 34d. BM V 215 (pl. V), 216 (2 sp.). BN II 1019, 1020 (2 sp.): probably this coin with OS misread. Soret:F 135. Weyl: G 1215. S:Karabaczek 924. B 1349, 1352–1355 (pl. XXIV: 1352–1355; coin illustrated under no. 1349 in pl. XXIII is H 10) (5 sp.).

679. Sijilmāsah – double dinar: ornamented Kūfi script. Plate IV

OF as RF of 673.

RF العظيم لله

والقدرة لله

ولا قوة الا بالله

OS — صلى الله على سيدنا — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— محمد رسول الله — محمد لا اله الا الله

RS — اله واحد — والهكم

— الرحمن الرحيم — لا اله الا هو

B 1356 (pl. XXIV), 1357 (pl. XXIII, under no. 1381; coin illustrated under no. 1357 in pl. XXIV is 680), 1380 (pl. XXIII): description inaccurate (3 sp.).

680. Sijilmāsah – dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.

OF as RF of 673.

OS — الرحيم صلى — بسم الله الرحمن

— محمد واله — الله على سيدنا

RS as RS of 679.

B 1380 bis (pl. XXIV, under no. 1357; coin illustrated under no. 1380 bis is 691): description inaccurate.

RF العظيم لله

والشكر لله

ولا قوة الا بالله

681. Sijilmāsah – dinar.

As 677, but with و shifted from 3rd to start of 4th OS.

P 38e: الناصر for النصر in 1st RS (error), OS as 677 (error?). BM X p. 30, no. 224a.

— Sijilmāsah (in an OS) – dinar.

OF and RF (identical) لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

لا حول ولا قوة الا بالله

OS starts: (mint) صرب ب

RS — من الله — نصر

— قريب — وفتح

B 1371: description uncertain. This coin must be rejected, or possibly classed with the hybrid gold.

682. Fās – double dinar.

As 674.

ANS. P 34b. BM V 217, 218 (2 sp.). BN II 1023. Höst: E and N 2 (pl. XXXIII): apparently this mint. Soret:F 135 note. Lavoix:H p. 273 (pl. CXCI, no. 6): slightly misread. B 1341, 1342, 1342 bis (pl. XXIV, under no. 1358, 1359, coins illustrated under no. 1341, 1342 in pl. XXIII are 721) (3 sp.). Thorburn.

683. Madīnat (b RF) Fās (b OF) – double dinar.

As 674,

KM II 868.

684. Fās – double dinar.

As 674 except RF: الحمد لله

الشكر لله

لا قوة الا بالله

BM V 221.

685. Fās – double dinar.

OF as OF of 674.

OS as OS of 681.

RS as RS of 673.

P 35: الناصر for النصر in 1st RS (error).

RF as RF of 684.

686. Fās – double dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.

As 679.

B 1379 (pl. XXIII).

687. Fās – dinar.

As 676.

P 38b: الناصر for النصر in 1st rs (error). BN II 1024: و shifted from 3rd to start of 4th RS (error?).

688. Fās – half dinar.

OF as OF of 673.

OS — الله — حسبي

— الوكيل — ونعم

RS — من الله — نصر

— قريب — وفتح

B 1376 (pl. XXIV): description inaccurate, plate partly illegible.

RF التوكل

على لله

العظيمة لله

689. Marrākush – double dinar struck presumably in, or shortly after, A.H. 668.

As 674.

P 34e. BM V 219. B 1348: description incomplete.

— Madīnat Marrākush (in OS) – dinar.

OF الحمد لله

رب

العالمين

RF وفتح

قريب

OS (mint) ب [?]

RS نصر من الله

B 1368, 1369 (2 sp.): description incomplete. This coin and its mint must be considered dubious.

690. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 674.

P 34a. BM V 220. BN II 1030, 1031 (2 sp.). D: García 6658: description uncertain. Fraehn: N p. 88, no. 4. Sotheby 395. S: Karabaczek 923: description incomplete. S: Gotha 995 (pl. XII). Ø 2119–2121 (3 sp.). F: Hafsites 67, 68 (2 sp.). B 1298 (pl. XXI), 1299? (pl. XXI): both ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz with mint given as Madīnat Marrākush (disproved by plate), segments largely illegible; 1360 (3 sp.?).

691. (no mint) – double dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمدرسول الله

الامر كله لله

OS as OS of 681 plus وصليه at end of 3rd.

RS — بيده الملك — تبارك الذي

— شي قدير — وهو على كل

P 37 (pl. V). B 1381 (pl. XXIV, under no. 1380 bis; coin illustrated under no. 1381 in pl. XXIII is 679): OS uncertain.

RF الملك لله

محمد رسول الله

الامر كله لله

691a. (no mint) – double dinar?

As 679, but without و at start of 2nd line of OF.

Tychsen, O. p. 127: RS misread.

692. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 679 except RS, in which محمد is shifted from 3rd to end of 2nd s.

P 36. BM V 222 (pl. V).

693. (no mint) – double dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.

As 679.

P 36 note: RS as RS of 692 (error?). BN II 1028, 1029 (2 sp.): description of RS uncertain.

B 1383 (pl. XXIV; coin illustrated under no. 1383 in pl. XXIII is half of 694 and half of 698): description inaccurate.

694. (no mint) – dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.

As 680.

B 1384 (pl. XXIII, under no. 1382 top half and no. 1383 top half): description inaccurate, والقدرة for والشكر in 2nd line of RF (error).

695. (no mint) – dinar. Plate IV

As 676.

P 38a (pl. V): الناصر for النصر in 1st RS (error). BM V 224. L: Khedivial p. 330. F:Hafsites 69.

B 1373 (pl. XXIV, under no. 1372 and 1373) (2 sp. illustrated, though only 1 recorded).

696. (no mint) – dinar.

As 681.

BM X p. 30, no. 224b.

RF as RF of 684.

697. (no mint) – dinar.

OF as OF of 673.

OS as RS of 679.

RS as RS of 673, but with الله shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd s.

P 39: الناصر for النصر in 1st RS (error). BM X p. 30, no. 224c: الله for لله in top line of RF (misprint). B 1372 (coin illustrated under no. 1372 in pl. XXIV is 695).

RF as RF of 684.

698. (no mint) – dinar: ornamented Kūfī script.

OF as OF of 673.

RF الحمد

لله رب

العالمين

OS — الرحمن الرحيم — بسم الله

— على محمد — صلى الله

RS — ان يشا الله ان — وما تشاون الا

— عليما حكيما — الله كان

B 1382 (pl. XXIII, under no. 1382 bottom half and no. 1383 bottom half).

699. (no mint) – dinar.

OF وما توفيقي

الا بالله

عليه توكلت

Segments illegible.

BM X p. 32, no. 224g: هو for من in 2nd line of RF (error, corrected by John Walker).

RFالله ربي

من توكل

[عليه[؟

700. (no mint) – half dinar. Plate IV

As 688.

P 40 (pl. V). BN II 1036–1038 (3 sp.). L: Khedivial p. 330.

701. (no mint) – half dinar.

OF as OF of 673.

OS — بكم — وما

— فمن الله — من نعمة

RS as RS of 688.

P 41: ومن for وما in 1st OS (misprint). BN II 1035.

RF التوكل

على الله

العزة لله

702. (no mint) – half dinar.

OF as OF of 673.

OS — صلى الله — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— محمد — على

RS — الله — نصر من

— قرييب — وفتح

P 42. BN II 1034 (pl. XIII).

RF ومابكم

من نعمة

فمن الله

703. (no mint) – half dinar.

OF as OF of 673.

OS — صلى الله — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— وعلى الله — على محمد

RS as RS of 688.

BM X p. 32, no. 224p (pl. XXIII), 224q (2 sp.). Dorn II p. 66, no. 2 (pl. I): OS misread, partly illegible. B 1374 (pl. XXIV): diameter of quarter dinar, OS uncertain. Fasmer I p. 212 suggests that these coins are specimens of 702 misread; the plate in Brèthes disproves this.

RF as RF of 702.

704. (no mint) – half dinar: ornamented. Kūfī script.

OF امنت

بالله

OS — لله — الشكر

— لله — العظيم

RS as RS of 688.

BN II 1039: OS not described. B 1385: diameter of quarter dinar, division into lines and segments not indicated.

RF يوكلت

على الله

705. (no mint) – half dinar with diameter of quarter dinar.

OF نصر

من الله

No segments.

B 1375: division into lines and segments not indicated.

RF وفتح

قرييب

706. (no mint) – quarter dinar. Plate IV

OF الله

حسبي

No segments.

HSA 13174. P43 (pl. V). BN II 1041: diameter of eighth dinar. Condé (pl. III, no. 9). S: Gotha 996. Ø 2130: RF read differently (error?, impression furnished by Galster appears to be this coin). F: Hafsites 70. B 1377 (coin illustrated under no. 1377 in pl. XXIV is 708).

RF الله

الحافظ

707. (no mint) – quarter dinar.

OF بالله

اصنت

No segments.

B 1378.

RF الله

الحافظ

708. (no mint) – quarter dinar.

OF الله

حسبي

No segments.

B 1378 bis (pl. XXIV, under no. 1377).

RF بالله

امنت

709. (no mint) – quarter dinar with diameter of eighth dinar.

OF امنت

No segments.

P 44. BN II 1040.

RF بالله

710. (no mint) – quarter dinar.

OF على الله

تو

كلت

No segments.

F: Hafsites 72 (8 sp.).

RF وبشر

المو

منين

711. (no mint) – eighth dinar.

OF as OF of 710.

No segments.

F: Hafsites 73 (45 sp.).

RF وبشر

المومنين

712. (no mint) – eighth dinar.

OF امنت بالله

عليه

توكلت

No segments.

F: Hafsites 71.

RF as RF of 710.

abū-Ḥafṣ 'Umar ibn-Abī-Bakr

A.H. 656–658

A.D. 1258–1259

(opposed 656–658 by Ya'qūb ).

No coins reported.

abū-Yūsuf Ya'qūb ibn-'Abd-al-Ḥaqq I

A.H. 656–685

A.D. 1258–1286

(opposed 656–658 by 'Umar).

See also anonymous gold (Ḥafṣid style) listed under Abū-Bakr 673712 but struck presumably by both rulers, chiefly before A.H. 668.

713. (no mint) – double dinar.

OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

صلى الله على محمد

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامر كله لله

OS — اله واحد لا — والهكم

— الرحمن الرحيم — اله الا هو

RS as RS of 674.

B 1274 (pl. XX), 1274 bis, 1274 ter (3 sp.): بالله for لله in 2nd line of RF (disproved by plate).

RF امير المسلمين وناصر

الدين القائم لله

باعلا دين الحق

عبد الله يعقوب

ابن عبد الحق

714. (no mint) – dinar. Plate V

OF as OF of 713, but without 5th line.

OS as RS of 679.

RS — والعظمة لله — الملك

— والحول والقوة بالله — والقدرة لله

P 67 (pl. VIII). Fasmer reads لله for بالله in 4th RS.

RF امير المسلمين

القائم لله باعلا

دين الحق عبد الله

يعقوب بن عبد الحق

abū-Ya'qūb Yūsuf ibn-Ya'qūb

A.H. 685–706

A.D. 1286–1307

Anonymous gold struck presumably by this ruler.

715. Sabtah (b OF) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 713.

OS as RS of 674.

RS as RS of 679.

P 45d, and note: الناصر for النصر in 4th line of RF (error), description incomplete. BM V 204: الله for اله in 2nd RS (engraving error). BN II 1018. KM II 866. B 1366: الله for اله in 2nd RS (engraving error); 1366 bis (pl. XXIII: both) (2 sp.).

RF الملك لله وحده

لا قوة الا بالله

العظمة لله

وما نصر الا من عند الله

العزيز الحكيم

715a. Ḥaḍrat Sabtah (b OF) – double dinar.

As 715.

S: Karabaczek 925 حضرة misread as ضرب ب

716. Madīnat Sabtah (b OF) – double dinar.

As 715.

P45e, and note: الناصر for النصر in 4th line of RF (error), description incomplete. BM V 201–203 (3 Sp.). KM II 865 (pl. V): slight engraving errors. D: García 6647: description inadequate. Weyl: G 1214.

717. Sijilmāsah (b OF) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 713 and 715, plus واله at end of 2nd line.

OS — اله واحد لا اله — والهكم

— الرحمن الرحيم — الا هو

RS as RS of 674 and OS of 715.

P 45c (pl. V): الناصر for النصر in 4th line of RF, OS as RS of 679 and 715 (both disproved by plate). D: García 6646: description inaccurate.

RF as RF of 715.

718. Sijilmāsah (b OF) – double dinar.

As 717 but with طن of والباطن shifted from 3rd to start of 4th RS, and with اله shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd OS.

BM V 196.

719. Fās (b OF) – double dinar.

As 717.

P 45b: الناصر for النصر in 4th line of RF, OS as RS of 679 and 715 (both errors). BM V 199: اله shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd OS (error).

720. Fās (b OF) – double dinar.

As 715 but with margins interchanged.

BN II 1022.

721. Fās (b OF) – double dinar.

As 720 but with لا shifted from 3rd to end of 2nd OS.

BM V 197, 198 (2 sp.). B 1367 (pl. XXIII, under no. 1341 and 1342) (2 sp. illustrated, though only 1 recorded).

722. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 715.

P 45a, and note: الناصر for النصر in 4th line of RF (error), description incomplete. BM V 204a.

723. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 715 but with طن of والباطن shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd OS, and لا from 3rd to end of 2nd RS.

BN II 1027.

724. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 721.

Anderson.

725. (no mint) – double dinar. Plate V

As 717 but with اله shifted from 2nd to end of 1st OS.

P 45a: الناصر for النصر in 4th line of RF (error), OS as RS of 679 and 716 (error?). BM V 200 (pl. V).

— (no mint) – double dinar.

As 725 except 5th line of OF: القران كلام الله

B 1361: 3rd and 4th lines of RF not described. This coin is probably a poor specimen of 725 misread.

abū-Thābit 'Āmir ibn-'Abd-Allāh

A.H. 706–708

A.D. 1307–1308

No coins reported.

abū'l-Rabī' Sulaymān ibn-'Abd-Allāh

A.H. 708–710

A.D. 1308–1310

No coins reported. Coins frequently ascribed to this ruler are listed under the later Ziyānid rulers: 670, 671.

abu-Sa'īd 'Uthmān II ibn-Ya'qūb

A.H. 710–731

A.D. 1310–1331

(opposed 714–731 by 'Umar ).

726. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Azammūr (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

صلى الله على محمد واله

الحمد لله وحده

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

RF امنها الله (mint)

عن امر عبد الله

ابي سعيد عثمان

امير المسلمين

ايده الله ونصره

OS as RS of 674.

RS — والهكم اله واحد — ضرب بمدينة

— الرحمن الرحيم — لا اله الا هو

P 70c. BM X p. 13, no. 165f: والحمد for الحمد in 3rd line of OF.

727. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sabtah (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

As 726.

P 70b (pl. VIII). B 1282; description incomplete.

728. Madīnat (in 1st line of RF) Sijilmāsah (in 2nd line of RF) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 726.

OS and RS (identical) as RS of 679.

P 68. BN II 988 (pl. XII).

RF صرب بمدينة

عن (mint)

امر عبد الله ابي

سعيد عثمان

ايده الله ونصره

729. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (2nd RS) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 726.

OS as RS of 679 and 728.

RS — (mint) — ضرب بمدينة

—[لأ تعالى[بمنه — حرسها]الله]

P 73. BM X p. 14, no. 165h: RS partly illegible, والحمد for الحمد in 3rd line of OF (error?).

RF عن امر عبد الله

المستنصر بالله

ابي سعيد عثمان

امير المسلمين

ايده الله ونصره

730. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (2nd RS) – double dinar.

As 729 except OS, as OS of 726 and RS of 674.

P 72.

731. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (2nd RS) – double dinar.

As 730 except 2nd line of RF: ابن الخلفا الرشدين and RS:

— (mint) — ضرب بمدينة

— [الله [بمنه — حرسها

P 74 (pl. VIII): RS given as RS of 729 (corrected from plate, partly by Fasmer I p. 215), mint illegible on plate.

732. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

As 726 except OS, as RS of 679 and 728.

P 71b. BM X p. 14, no. 165g (pl. XXI): 1st RS not described (legible on plate), والحمد for الحمد in 3rd line of OF (disproved by plate). S:White 2189.

733. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

As 726, but with RS shifted clockwise 90 degrees.

B 1275 (pl. XX): description inaccurate, reconstructed from plate.

734. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (2nd RS) – dinar.

OF لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

الحمد لله

OS as RS of 697.

RS as RS of 731.

B 1277 (pl. XX): m only, reconstructed from plate, 4th RS partly illegible.

RF عن امر عبد

الله ابي سعيد

عثمان امير

المسلمين

735. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

As 728 except RF:

(mint) ضرب بمدينة

عن امر عبد الله

ابي سعيد عثمان

امتر المسلمين

ايده الله ونصره

BM X p. 15, no. 165k: والحمد for الحمد in 3rd line of OF (error?).

736. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar. Plate V

As 735 except OS, as RS of 674 and OS of 726.

HSA 10623. P 69 (pl. VIII). BM X p. 15, no. 165m (pl. XXI): والحمد for الحمد in 3rd line of OF (disproved by plate). BN II 989 (pl. XII). Spink (1902) 79556.

737. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

As 735 except RS, as RS of 674 and OS of 726.

B 1279 (pl. XX): description incomplete, reconstructed from plate.

738. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

As 732.

P 71a. BM X p. 14, no. 165i: والحمد for الحمد in 3rd line of of (error?). 1st RS not described (correct reading given by John Walker).

739. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

As 726.

P 70a. BM X p. 15, no. 165l: والحمد for الحمد in 3rd line of OF (error?). BN II 990 (pl. XII).

Dombay p. 789: OS not described, divisions not indicated. B 1276 (pl. XX): reconstructed from plate.

740. Madīnat (in 1st OS and 1st RS) Fās (in 1st line of OF and of RF) – double dinar.

Both sides as reverse of 739, presumably by an error in striking.

BM X p. 15, no. 165n.

741. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

OF as OF 726, but without واله at end of 2nd line.

OS as RS of 674 and OS of 726.

RS — والهكم اله — ضرب بمدينة

— الرحمن الرحيم — واحد لا اله الا هو

B 1280 (pl. XX): ascribed to date of death, description incomplete, reconstructed from plate.

RF as RF of 726 except 5th line: رحمه

742. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd RS) dinar.

OF as OF of 734.

OS as RS of 697 and OS of 734.

RS — امنها (mint) — ضرب بمدينة

— عن امر — الله

BM X p. 16, no. 165x (pl. XXI): RS partly illegible. Dombay p. 788: بمنه added to 3rd RS (error?), divisions not indicated. B 1328: تعالى for عن امر in 4th RS (error?), ascribed to 'Uthmān III.

RF عبد الله

ابي سعيد

عثمان امير

المسلمين

743. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd RS) – dinar.

OF as OF of 734.

OS as RS of 697 and OS of 734.

RS — حر (mint) — ضرب بمدينة

— بمنه عن — سها الله

P 76: الا at end of 1st OS (error?). BN II 991: الا at end of 1st OS (error?). Demaeght v. X, p. 232 (fig.): 4th RS illegible. B 1278 (pl. XX): m only, reconstructed from plate.

RF as RF of 742 plus امر at start of top line.

744. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Marrākush (2nd RS) – dinar.

OF as OF of 734.

OS as RS of 697 and OS of 734.

RS — (mint) — ضرب بمدينة

— عن امر — امنها الله

P 75. BM X p. 16, no. 165y: mint uncertain.

RF عبد الله

ابي سعيد

عثمان ايده

الله ونصره

— Madīnat Marrākush (in R?) – half dinar.

OF as OF of 673.

OS — من عند الله — وما النصر الا

— الحكيم — العزيز

RS not described.

B 1281: division into lines and segments not indicated; as no reason is given for the ascription to 'Uthmān II, this coin must be tentatively rejected.

RF not described.

745. (mint?) – half dinar.

OF لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

Segments illegible.

B 1273 (pl. XX): description inaccurate, ascribed to 'Uthmān I, 1329: 'Uthmān omitted (error?), ascribed to 'Uthmān III (2 sp.?).

RF عبد الله

ابو سعيد

عثمان

abū-'Alī 'Umar ibn-'Uthmān II

amīr at Sijilmāsah

A.H. 714–733

A.D. 1315–1333

(opposed 714–731 by 'Uthmān II and 731–733 by 'Alī).

No coins reported.

abū'l-Ḥasan 'Alī ibn-'Uthmān II

A.H. 731–752

A.D. 1331–1351

(opposed 731–733 by 'Umar and 749–752 by Fāris).

First series: anonymous

746. Madīnat (in 1st OS) Azammūr (2nd OS, spelt Azamwār) – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول

الله لا قوة

الا بالله

OS — (mint) — ضرب بمدينة

— الله تعالى — حرسها

RS — اله واحد — والهكم

— الرحمن الرحيم — لا اله الا هو

P 52. BM X p. 31, no. 224d.

RF الحمد لله

ولا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

747. Madīnat (in 1st OS) Azammūr (2nd OS, spelt al-Zamwār) – dinar. Plate V*

OF as OF of 746.

OS as OS of 746.

RS as RS of 746.

P 54: OF divided differently (error?). BM X p. 32, no. 224f (pl. XIII, under no. 224e).

RF الحمد لله وحده

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

748. Madīnat (in 1st OS) Azammūr (2nd OS, spelt al-Zamwār) – dinar.

As 747 except OF: لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

لا قوة لا بالله

P 53. BM X p. 31, no. 224e (coin illustrated under no. 224e in pl. XXIII is 747): الله for لله in 1st line of RF (disproved by plate).

749. (no mint) – double dinar.

OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

صلى الله على محمد واله

والحمد لله وحده

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

OS — والظاهر والباطن — هو الاول والاخر

— شي عليم — وهو بكل

RS as RS of 746.

P 47 (pl. VI).

RF الملك لله

والحمد لله

والمنة لله

والعزة لله

والشكر لله

Second series: anonymous with Naṣrid inscription

لا غالب الا الله

Struck probably before the defeat at Tarifa in A.H. 740 (A.D. 1340).

750. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (2nd RS) – double dinar.

OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

صلى الله على محمد

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامر كله لله

OS as RS of 746.

RS as OS of 746.

P 48 note: description incomplete, termed hybrid. BM V 210. Moyse p. 501.

RF الشكر لله

والمنة لله

والعظمة لله

ولا غالب الا الله

ولامر كله لله

751. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (2nd RS) – double dinar.

As 750 except OF: بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

BM V 209.

صلى الله على محمد

والحمد لله وحده

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

752. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (2nd RS) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 749.

OS as RS of 746.

RS as OS of 746.

P 48c. Moyse p. 500.

RF as RF of 750.

753. Fās (b RF) – double dinar. Plate V

As 752 except RS, as OS of 749.

P 48a. BM V 205–207 (pl. V: 205) (3 sp.): OS wrongly reported.

754. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (2nd RS) – double dinar.

As 752 except RS:

— (mint) — ضرب بمدينة

— تعالى وامنها — حرسها الله

P 48b (pl. VI). BM V 208.

755. Fās (b RF) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 749.

OS as RS of 746.

RS as OS of 749.

P 46 (pl. V).

RF الحمد لله

الشكر لله

العزة لله

لا غالب الا الله

الامر كله لله

756. Fās (b OF) – dinar.

OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

لا اله ا لا الله

محمد رسول الله

القران كلام الله

OS — الا من عند — وما النضر

— الحكيم — الله العزيز

RS — من يشا — والله يهدى

— مستقيم — الى صراط

P 50b: الناصر for النصر in 1st OS (error). B 1358, 1359 (coins illustrated under no. 1358 and 1359 in pl. XXIV are 682) (2 sp.). This coin may be 756a misread.

RF الحافظ الله

لا غالب الا الله

الحول والقوة لله

نعم القادر الله

756a. Fās (b OF) – dinar.

As 756 but with الله shifted from 3rd to end of 2nd OS.

Ø 2126: misread, RS illegible. B 1343, 1344 (pl. XXIII: both) (2 sp.): description inaccurate, reconstructed from plate.

757. (no mint) – dinar.

As 756.

P 50a (pl. VI): الناصر for النصر in 1st OS (error). BM X p. 29, no. 223d (pl. XXIII). B 1363: description inaccurate.

758. (no mint) – half dinar with diameter of dinar.

OF as OF of 756.

OS — صلى اله على سيدنا محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— محمد رسول الله — لا اله الا الله

RS as OS of 756.

P 51: الناصر for النصر in 1st RS (error). BM X p. 30, no. 223e.

RF الحافظ الله

نعم القادر الله

لا غالب الا الله

الامر كله لله

Third series: anonymous with Ziyānid inscription

ماأقرب فرج الله

Struck presumably after the conquest of Tilimsān in A.H. 737 (A.D. 1337).

759. Ḥaḍrat Bijāyah (b OF) – double dinar struck in A.H. 748 or 749.

OF الواحد الله

محمد رسول الله

القران كلام الله

نعم القادر الله

ما اقرب فرج الله

OS — صلى الله على سيدنا محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— لا اله الا هو الرحمن الرحيم — والهكم اله واحد

RS as OS of 749.

F. Hafsites 63: ب before mint. B 1340 (pl. XXIII): description incomplete, mint given as Manṣūrīyah (error), apparently this mint, plate largely illegible.

RF الشكر لله

والمنة لله

والحمد لله

والعظمة لله

والحول والقوة بالله

760. Madīnat Tilimsān (b OF) – double dinar struck between A.H. 737 and 749. Plate V

As 759.

HSA 13180: ب before mint.

761. Tūnis (b OF) – double dinar struck in A.H. 748 or 749.

As 759.

L: Calvert 52.

762. Ḥaḍrat Tūnis (b RF) – double dinar struck in A.H. 748 or 749.

As 759.

F: Hafsites 64, 65 (2 sp.): ب before mint.

763. Jazā'ir (b RF) – double dinar struck between A.H. 748 and 750.

As 759.

B 1345.

764. Sijilmāsah (b OF) – double dinar.

As 759.

B 1350. 1351 (2 sp.) (pl. XXIII: 1351, obverse only, reproduced twice; coin illustrated under no. 1350 is hybrid, not described): description inaccurate.

765. Sijilmāsah (b OF and in 4th RS) – double dinar.

As 759 except 3rd and 4th RS:

— (mint) ضرب ب — وهو بكل شي عليم

P 49d. BN II 1021: والامر لله instead of والقوة بالله in 5th line of RF (error?).

766. Sijilmāsah (in 4th RS) – double dinar.

As 765 but with لله for بالله in 5th line of RF.

P 49c (pl. VI). BM V 214. KM II 867.

767. Madīnat Fās (b OF) – double dinar.

As 759.

ANS. P 49b. BM V 211–213 (3 sp.): 5th line of OF misread. BN II 1025, 1026 (2 sp.): والامر لله for والقوة بالله in 5th line of RF (error?). Sotheby 395.

768. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 759.

P 49a. BM V 213a: 5th line of OF misread. B 1362: 4th line of RF misread.

abū-'Inān Fāris ibn-'Alī

A.H. 749–759

A.D. 1348–1358

(opposed 749–752 by 'Alī).

First series: Marīnid style

769. Bijāyah (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar struck after A.H. 753.

OF as OF of 749.

OS as RS of 746.

RS as OS of 749.

P 77f: RF incorrectly divided. B 1287, 1288 (pl. XXI) (2 sp.): description incomplete, reconstructed from plate.

RF (mint) ضرب ب

عن امر عبد الله

فارس امير

المومنين المتوكل

على رب العالمين

770. Madīnat (in 1st line of RF) Tilimsān (in 2nd line of RF) – double dinar struck after conquest in A.H. 753.

OF as OF of 751.

OS as RS of 746 and OS of 769.

RS as OS of 749 and RS of 769.

P 77d and note. BM V 187. Spink (1901) 68388: m only. S:White 2192. B 1294 (pl. XXI): description inaccurate.

RF ضرب بمدينة

عن امر عبد (mint)

الله فارس امير

المومنين المتوكل

على رب العالمين

771. Sijilmāsah (in 1st and 2nd lines of RF, divided سجلما /سة) – double dinar.

As 770, without Madīnat in 1st line of RF.

P 77c and note. BN II 1003. B 1290 (pl. XXI; coin illustrated under no. 1290 in pl. XX is 776): description inaccurate.

772. Madīnat (in 1st line of RF) Sijilmāsah (in 2nd line of RF) – double dinar.

As 769 except RF: ضرب بمدينة

عن (mint)

امر عبد الله فارس

امر المومنين المتوكل

على رب العالمين

P77b: RF incorrectly divided. BM V 186. BN II 1004: without واله in 2nd line of OF (error?) Demaeght v. VII, p. 134 (fig.).

773. Madīnat (in 1st line of RF) Sijilmāsah (in 2nd line of RF) – double dinar.

As 772 except OS, identical witn RS.

B 1291 (pl. XXI): description incorrect.

774. Madīnat (in 1st line of RF) Fās (in 2nd line of RF) – double dinar.

As 770.

P 77a and note. BN II 1007, 1008 (2 sp.). Spink (1902) 79561.

775. Madīnat (in 1st line of RF) Fās (in 2nd line of RF) – double dinar. Plate V

As 770 except OF, as OF of 749 and 769.

P 77a (pl. VIII). BM V 183–185 (pl. IV: 184) (3 sp.). Soret.F 136 (pl. II): العلن for العالمين in 5th line of RF (engraving error), ascription by Fraehn. Demaeght v. VII, p. 133 (fig.). Rivero:M 144 (pl, III). B 1289 (pl. XXI, under left no. 1289; coin illustrated under right no. 1289 is 783): description inaccurate.

776. Madīnat (in 1st line of RF) Marrākush (in 2nd line of RF) – double dinar.

As 775.

P 77e. Madīnat omitted (error?). B 1292 (pl. XX, under no. 1290; coin illustrated under no. 1292 in pl. XXI is 785): description incomplete, reconstructed from plate.

777. Marrākush (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

As 769 except RF:

Demaeght v. VII, p. 135 (fig.).

(mint) ضرب ب

عن امر عبد الله

فارس امير المومنبن

المتوكل

على رب العالمين

Second series: Ḥafṣid style

778. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Brjāyah (2nd RS) – double dinar struck after A.H. 753. Plate V

OF الا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

والتوكل على الله

OS as RS of 746 and OS of 769.

RS as OS of 746.

P 79d. BM V 193 (pl. IV): والمتوكل for والتوكل in 3rd line of OF (disproved by plate).

This misreading is common to all published descriptions of all coins in this series.

RF عبد الله المتوكل

على الله

امير المومنين ايده الله

779. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (2nd RS) – double dinar.

As 778.

P 79c. BM V 191. BN II 1005, 1006 (2 sp.). Thorburn: mint uncertain.

780. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (2nd RS) – dinar.

OF لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

OS as RS of 746 and OS of 769.

RS as OS of 746 and RS of 778.

P 80.

RF عبد الله فارس

امير المومنين

ايده الله

781. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (2nd RS) – dinar.

As 780 except OS:

— وما بكم — نصر من الله

— فمن الله — من نعمة

P 80 note. BM X p. 24, no. 193k (pl. XXII), 193l (2 sp.).

782. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (2nd RS) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 778.

OS as OS of 759.

RS as RS of 754.

BM V 190. BN II 1009. Dombay p. 790: فارس omitted (error?), slightly misread, division into lines and segments not indicated.

RF as RF of 778.

783. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (2nd RS) – double dinar.

As 782 except OS, as OS of 749 and RS of 769.

B 1286 (pl. XXI, under right no. 1289): description incomplete, reconstructed from plate.

784. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (2nd RS) – double dinar.

As 778.

P 79a. BM V 189.

785. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Marrākush (2nd RS) – double dinar.

As 778.

P 79b (pl. IX). BM V 192. S: Gotha 994. B (pl. XXI, under no. 1292): not described, reconstructed from plate.

786. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Marrākush (2nd RS) – dinar.

Apparently as 780.

B 1293 (pl. XXI): description inaccurate, segmenss largely illegible in plate.

— (no mint) – half dinar?

OF as OF of 780.

RF لمولانا

ابي عنان

المريني

No segments.

Dombay p. 791: division into lines not indicated; must be tentatively rejected because of improbable reverse inscription.

abū-Ziyān Muḥammad ibn-Fāris pretender

A.H. 759–759

A.D. 1358–1358

No coins reported.

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad II ibn-Fāris

A.H. 759–760

A.D. 1358–1359

787. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd RS) – double dinar. Attribution tentative.

OF قل لن يصيبنا الا

ما كتب الله لنا

هو مولا نا وعلى

الله فليتوكل

المومنون قل هل تربصون

OS — صلى الله على — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— [اله وصحته و[سلم — سيدنا محمد وعلى

RS — حرسها (mint) — ضرب بمدينة

— بمنه وكرمه — الله تعالى

RF عن امر عبد الله

المتوكل على الله

الملك الرشيد

ابي عبد الله محمد

السعيد نصره الله

P 88: ابو for ابي in 4th line of RF (error), ascribed to Muḥammad IV. BM X p. 19, no. 171t (pl. XXII): ابن for ابي in 4th line of RF (error), 5th line of OF partly illegible, ascribed to al-Rashīd ibn-al-Sa'īd.

abū-Sālim Ibrāhām ibn-'Alī

A.H. 760–762

A.D. 1359–1361

788. Madīnat (in 1st RS)? (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar. Plate V

OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

حسبي الله لا

اله الا هو عليه

توكلت وهو رب

العرش العظيم

OS — سيدنا محمد — صلى الله على

— [تسليما] —[وعلى[اله وسلم

RS — والهكم اله واحد — ضرب بمدينة

— الرحمن الرحيم — الا اله الا هو

RF عن امر عبد (mint)

[الله المستع[ين

[بالله ابي [سالم

امير المسلمين

ايده الله ونصره

B 1295 (pl. XXI): description incomplete, reconstructed from plate, 3rd and 4th OS and 2nd and 3rd lines of RF largely illegible, mint given as Madīnat Fās (error), wrongly ascribed.

abū-'Umar Tāshfīn ibn-'Alī

A.H. 762–763

A.D. 1361–1361

No coins reported.

abū-Muḥammad 'Abd-al-Ḥalīm ibn-'Umar

A.H. 763–764

A.D. 1361–1362

(opposed 763–764 by Muḥammad III).

No coins reported.

abū-Ziyān Muḥammad III ibn-Ya'qūb

A.H. 763–767

A.D. 1361–1366

(opposed 763–764 by 'Abd-al-Ḥalīm and 764–765 by 'Abd-al-Mu'min).

789. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Salā (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.

OF من ذنبك وما تاخر

ويتم نعمنهوا عليك

و يهديك صراطا

مستقيما وينصرك

الله نصرا عزيزا

OS — صلى الله على محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— ليغفر لك الله ما تقدم — انافتحا لك فتحا مبينا

RS as RS of 787.

P 87 (pl. IX) نعمتة for نعمتهوا in 2nd line of OF (disproved by plate), ascribed to Muḥammad IV. BM X p. 17, no. 169p (pl. XXII).

RF عن امر عبد الله

المتوكل على الله

امير المسلمين

محمد السعيد

ايده الله ونصره

790. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.

OF الله ما تقدم من ذنبك

وما تاخر ويتم نعمتهوا

عليك ويهديك

صراط مستقيما

وينصرك الله نصرا عزيزا

OS — صلى الله على محمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— مبينا ليغفر لك — انا فتحنا لك فتحا

RS as RS of 787 and 789.

B 1307, 1308 (pl. XXII: both) (2 sp.): plate partly illegible, ascribed to Muḥammad IV.

RF as RF of 789.

791. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.

As 790, but with امنها for حرسها in 2nd RS.

B 1309 (pl. XXII): plate largely illegible, ascribed to Muḥammad IV.

792. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās? (in 2nd RS) – dinar. Attribution tentative.

OF لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

RF عن امر عبد الله

المتوكل على الله

محمد السعيد

نصره الله

Segments illegible except for mint in RS preceded by ضرب ب

B 1310 (pl. XXII: plate largely illegible, ascribed to Muḥammad IV.

abū-Mālik 'Abd-al-Mu'min ibn-'Umar

amīr at Sijilmāsah

A.H. 764–765

A.D. 1362–1363

(opposed 764–765 by Muḥammad III).

793. Madīnat Sijilmāsah (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar. Plate V

OF as OF of 749.

RF (mint) ضرب بمدينة

عن امر عبد الله امير

المسلمين ابو ما

OS as RS of 746.

RS legible but unintelligible.

P 81: اني for ابو in 5th line of RF (error). BM X p. 27, no. 193ee (pl. XXII).

لك عبد المومن ابن

امير المسلمين ابو علي عمب

abū-Fāris 'Abd-al-'Azīz I ibn-'Alī

A.H. 768–774

A.D. 1366–1372

794. Madīnat Tilimsān (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar struck after conquest in A.H. 772.

OF as OF of 749.

OS as RS of 746.

RS as OS of 749.

P 82b. BM V 168. B 1304 (pl. XXI).

RF (mint) ضرب بمدينة

عن امر عبد الله امير

المسلمين عبد العزيز

ابن الخلفا الراشدين

ايده الله ونصره

795. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

As 794.

P 82a. BM V 167 (pl. IV, R only): الا له for اله in 2nd OS (engraving error). S:White 2190: الا له for اله in 2nd OS. B 1304 bis.

796. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

As 794, but with ابن shifted from 4th to end of 3rd line of RF.

BN II 993. Spink (1902) 79557.

abū-Ziyān Muḥammad IV ibn-'Abd-al-'Azīz I

A.H. 774–776

A.D. 1372–1374

797. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

As 794 except RF:

P 86. BM V 170. BN II 998. Metropolitan 103204.

(mint) ضرب بمدينة

عن امر عبد الله امير

المسلمين محمد السعيد

ابن الخافا الراشدين

ايده الله ونصره

798. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

As 797, but with لا shifted from 3rd to end of 2nd OS.

BM V 171 (pl. IV).

799. Madīnat (in 1st line of RF) Fās (in 2nd line of RF) – dinar.

OF الحمد لله

لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

RF ضرب بمدينة

عن امر (mint)

عبد الله محمد

السعيد

OS as RS of 746.

RS — الا من عند الله — وما التصر

— الحكيم — العزيز

P 89. BM X p. 18, no. 171f (pl. XXII).

abū'l-'Abbās Aḥmad ibn-Ibrāhīm

A.H. 775–786, 789–796

A.D. 1373–1384, 1387–1393

(opposed. 776–784 by 'Abd-al-Raḥmān).

First series: without amīr al-muslimīn

800. Madīnat (in 1st line of RF) Azammūr (in 2nd line of RF, spelt al-Zamwār) – dinar.

OF الحمد لله

لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

OS — اله واحد — والهكمك

— الرحمن الرحيم — لا اله الا هو

RS —الامن عند — وما النصر

— الحكيم — الله العزيز

P 99. BM X p. 21, no. 181f.

RF ضرب بمدينة

عن (mint)

امر عبد الله

احمد ايده الله

801. Madīnat (in 1st line of RF) Fās (in 2nd line of RF) – dinar.

OF الحمد لله

ولا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

OS as OS of 800.

RS — الامن عند الله — وماالنصر

— الحكيم — العزيز

P 100: OF as OF of 800 (error?). BM X. p. 21, no. 181g.

RF ضرب بمدينة

عن امر(mint)

عبد الله احمد

المستنصر بالله

802. Marrākush (in 1st RS) – double dinar.

OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

صلى الله على محمد واله

والحمد لله وحده

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

OS as OS of 800.

RS — عن امر عبد الله — (mint) ضرب ب

— بالله احمد — المستنصر

P 96.

RF الملك لله

والحمد لله وحده

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامر كله لله

803. Madīnat (in 2nd RS)? (3rd RS) – half dinar.

OF لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

OS — من الله — نصر

— قريب — وفتح

RS — بمدينة — ضرب

— حرسها الله — (mint)

P 103. BM X p. 23, no. 181p: mint illegible.

RF عن امر عبد

الله احمد

ايده الله

804. (no mint) – half dinar.

Both sides as obverse of 803, presumably by an error in striking.

BM X p. 23, no. 181s, 181t (2 sp.).

805. (no mint?) – half dinar.

OF as OF of 803.

OS as OS of 803.

RS illegible.

BM X p. 23, no. 181q.

RF [?] احمد

المستنصر

نصره الله

Second series: without amīr al-muslimīn, with Naṣrid inscription

ولا غالب الا الله

806. Sijilmāsah (in 1st and 2nd RS, divided سجاما/سة) – double dinar. Plate V

OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

صلى الله على محمد

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامر كله لله

OS as OS of 800.

RS – عن (mint, continued) – (mint) ضرب ب

— الله احمد — امرعبد

HSA 13176.

RF الشكر لله

والمنة لله

والعظمة لله

ولا غالب الا الله

والامر كله لله

807. Marrākush (in 1st RS) – double dinar.

As 802 except RF:

الملك لله

والحمد لله

والمنة لله

والعزة لله

ولا غالب الا الله

P 97.

808. Marrākush (4th RS) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 802.

OS — والظاهر والباطن — هو الاول والاخر

— شي عليم — وهو ركل

RS — مولا نا المستنصر — عن امر

— (mint) — بالله احمد\

RF as RF of 807 except 1st line: الشكر لله.

B 1316: description uncertain, division into lines and segments not indicated.

809. (no mint) – double dinar.

As 806 except RS:

—المس]تنصر] — عبد الله

— مولانا احمد — بالله

Moyse p. 503.

Third series: with amīr al-muslimīn

— A double dinar is ascribed to this ruler with date 788, and is said to be of the type of BM V 68 (a Murābiṭ dinar dated 539) by the following: S:Judice III 6950: Spink 33305. As the reference is wrong and the date extremely unlikely, this coin must be tentatively rejected.

810. Madīnat Azammūr (in 1st line of RF, spelt Azamwār) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 802.

OS — اله واحد لا — ولهكم

— الرحمن الرحيم — اله الا هو

RS — خر والظاهر — هو الاول والا

— بكل شي عليم — رالباطن وهو

P 94c: segments incorrectly divided, Madīnat omitted (error). BM V 178. B 1314 (pl XXII): description incomplete, plate partly illegible.

RF (mint) ضرب بمدينة

من امر عبد الله

المستنصر بالله

احمد امير المسلمين

ابن الخلفا الراشدين

811. Madīnat (in 2nd RS) Azammūr (3rd RS) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 802.

RF عن امر عبد الله

المستنصر بالله

احمد امير المسلمين

ابن الخلفا الراشدين

ايده الله ونصره

OS as OS of 800.

RS as RS of 803.

P 95 note. BM V 172 (pl. IV): الله for لله in 3rd line of OF (engraving error).

812. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Azammūr (2nd RS, spelt al-Zammūr) – double dinar.

As 811 except RS:

— (mint) — ضرب بمدينة

— الله تعالى — حرسها

BM V 173.

813. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Azammūr (2nd RS, spelt al-Zamwār) – double dinar.

As 812, but with لا shifted from 3rd to end of 2nd OS.

BM V 177.

814. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Azammūr (2nd RS, spelt al-Zamwār) – double dinar.

As 812.

P 95 note (pl. X). BM V 174 (pl. IV, R only), 175 (2 sp.). BN II 999.

815. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Azammūr (2nd RS, spelt Azamwār) – double dinar.

As 811 except RS:

— (mint) — ضرب بمدينة

— تعالى وامنها — حرسها الله

P 95.

816. Madīnat (in 1st RS), Azammūr (2nd RS, spelt Azamwār) – double dinar.

As 815 except 5th line of RF: ايده الله تعالى

P 95 note. BM V 176.

817. Madīnat (in 2nd RS) Azammūr (3rd RS, spelt Azammū) – dinar.

OF as OF of 801.

OS as OS of 800.

RS as RS of 803.

P 101: و omitted from 2nd line of OF (error?). BM X p. 20, no. 181d: حرصها for حرسها in. 4th RS (engraving error). S:White 2191 (pl. I): description incomplete, plate obscure.

Sotheby 393: m only. Thorburn: engraving errors.

RF عن امر عبد

الله المستنصر

بالله احمد

امير المسلمين

818. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Taṭwān (2nd RS) – double dinar.

Presumably as 812.

B 1315: description incomplete, spelling of mint not given.

819. Madīnat Sabtah (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 802.

OS as OS of 808.

RS as OS of 800.

B 1312: description of OF uncertain, division into lines and segments not indicated.

RF as RF of 810 except 5th line: ايده الله نصره.

820. Madīnat Sabtah (in RS) – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

والحمد لله

لا قوة الا بالله

OS as OS of 803.

RS illegible except mint.

B 1313 (pl. XXII): plate partly illegible.

RF عن امر عبد

الله احمد

امير المسلمين

ايده الله ونصره

821. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

As 819 except RS:

— واحد لا اله — والهكم اله

— الرحيم — الاهو الرحمن

BN II 1000: RS as OS of 800 (error?). Rivero: A p. 13, no. 1 (pl. V): OS obscure in plate.

822. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

As 821, but with طن of والباطن shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd OS.

HSA 13179. P 93 (pl. IX): segments incorrectly divided (corrected from plate by Fasmer I P. 215).

823. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

As 810 except 2nd line of OF: صلى الله على محمد.

BM V 179 (pl. IV, R only). BM X p. 20, no. 176a: description inadequate, corrected by John Walker. S: Gotha 993.

824. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 823, but without و at start of 3rd line.

OS as OS of 800.

RS as OS of 808.

Demaeght v. VII, p. 238.

RF as RF of 810.

825. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 802.

OS as OS of 800.

RS as OS of 808.

HSA 13177. P 94a: RF as RF of 810 (error). BM V 180. BN II 1001. B 1311 (pl XXII): description incomplete, reconstructed from partly illegible plate. Thorburn: apparently this coin.

RF (mint) ضرب بمدينة

عن امر عبد الله

المستنصر بالله

احمد امير المسلمين ابن

الخلفا لراشين

826. Madīnat Fās? (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

As 825 except OS, as OS of 810.

Metropolitan 103203: mint uncertain.

827. Madīnat Fās? (in 1st RS) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 806.

OS — والاخر والظا — هو الاول

— بكل شي عليم — هر والباطن وهو

RS — والهكم اله واحد — (mint) ضرب بمدينة

— الرحمن الرحيم — لا اله الا هو

BN II 992 (pl. XII): mint uncertain, OS incorrectly divided, RF misread.

RF عن امر عبد الله

المستنصر بالله

ابى العباس احمد

امير المسلمين

ايده الله ونصره

828. Fās (in 2nd RS – dinar.

OF الحمد لله وحده

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

OS as OS of 800.

RS (mint) ب — ضرب

— الله — حرسها

P 98. BM X p. 22, no. 181k: ب omitted from 2nd RS (engraving error).

RF عن امر عبد الله

المستنصر بالله

احمد امير المسلمين

829. Marrākush (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 823.

OS as OS of 808.

RS as OS of 800.

P 94b: OF as OF of 802 (error?). BM V 181 termed barbarous.

Fourth series: with amīr al-muslimīn and Naṣrid inscription

لا غالب الا الله

830. Madīnat (in 2nd RS Marrākush (3rd RS) – dinar.

OF لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

لا غالب الا الله

OS as OS of 800.

RS as RS of 803.

P 102. BM X p. 22, no. 181i.

RF عن امر عبد الله

المستنصر

بالله احمد

امير المسلمين

abū-Zayd 'Abd-al-Raḥmān ibn-'Alī

sayyid at Marrākush

A.H. 776–784

A.D. 1374–1382

(opposed 776–784 by Aḥmad).

831. Marrākush (in 4th RS) – double dinar. Plate V

OF يرزقه من

حيث لايحتسب

ومن يتوكل على

الله فهو حسبه

ان الله بالغ امره

OS — صلى الله علىمحمد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— يجعل له مخرجا — ومن يتق الله

RS — بالله وافوض امري — وما توفيقي الا

— (mint) بالعباد — الى الله ان الله بصير

P 90 (pl. IX) بمنن for بمنة in 5th line of RF (misprint).

RF الله ولى من توكل

عليه ونصر من يقضى

امره السيد عبد الرحمن

ابن على اعانه الله

ونصر بمنة يمينه

832. Marrākush (4th RS) – dinar.

OF الا بالله

عليه توكلت

واليه انيب

OS — وفتح قريب — نصر من الله

— وما توفيقى — وبشر المومنين

RS illegible except for mint.

P 91: all but 4th OS illegible. BN II 1002 (pl. XII): 3rd OS not described, RS misread, mint uncertain. B 1317, 1318 (pl. XXII: both) (2 sp.); RS misread, mint uncertain.

RF السيد عبد

الرحمن ابن

على ايده الله

abū-Fāris Mūsâ ibn-Fāris

A.H. 786–788

A.D. 1384–1386

833. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar. Plate VI

OF as OF of 802.

OS as OS of 800.

RS as OS of 808.

P 105. BM V 182 (pl. IV): موسى misread as اسحق (?). B 1322 (coin illustrated under no. 1322 in pl. XXII is 646).

RF (mint) ضرب بمدينة

عن امر عبد الله

ابي كل على الله

امير المسلمين

المتوكل على الله

834. Madīnat (in 2nd RS) Fās (3rd RS) – dinar.

OF لا اله الا

لله محمد

رسول الله

الحمد لله

OS as OS of 800 and 833.

RS — بمدينة — ضرب

— امنها الله — (mint)

B 1324 (pl. XXII) المومنين for المسلمين 2nd line of RF (disproved by plate), OF and RS uncertain.

RF عن امر عبد

الله امير المسلمين

موسى المتو

كل على الله

abū-Ziyān Muḥammad V ibn-Aḥmad

A.H. 788–788

A.D. 1386–1386

835. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

OF not described.

OS not described.

RS as OS of 808.

B 1325. division into lines and segments not indicated. Seaby G993: mint and ruler only.

RF (mint) ضرب بمدينة

عن امر عبد الله

المنتصر بالله

محمد امير المسلمين

بن الخلفا الراشدين

abū-Ziyān Muḥammad VI ibn-Muḥammad

A.H. 788–789

A.D. 1386–1387

No coins reported.

abū-Fāris 'Abd-al-'Azīz II ibn-Aḥmad

A.H. 796–799

A.D. 1393–1396

First series: Marīnid style

836. Madīnat Fās (in 1st line of RF) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 802.

OS as OS of 808.

RS as OS of 800.

P 83: ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I.

RF (mint) ضرب بمدينة

عن امر عبد الله

المستنصر بالله

عبد العزيز ايده

الله تعالى ونصره

837. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Marrākush (2nd RS) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 823.

OS as OS of 808 and 836.

RS — (mint) — ضرب بمدينة

— عبد العزيز — عن امر مولا نا

B 1296 (coin illustrated under no. 1296 in pl. XXI is 845): ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I, division into lines and segments not indicated, السيد for مولانا in 3rd RS (error?).

RF الملك لله

والمنة لله

ولا اله الا الله

ولاغالب الا الله

الامر كله لله

838. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Marrākush (in 2nd RS) – double dinar. Plate VI

OF as OF of 823 and 837.

OS as OS of 800 and RS of 836.

RS — عن (mint) — ضرب بمدينة

— عبد العزيز — امر مولانا

P 84: ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I. BM V 166 (pl. IV): ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I. B 1297 (pl. XXI): description inaccurate ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I.

RF الملك لله

والحمد لله

والعزة لله

والمنة لله

والشكر لله

839. Madīnat (in 1st line of RF) Marrākush (2nd line of RF) – double dinar.

OF probably as OF of 802 and 836.

OS as OS of 800 and RS of 836.

RS as OS of 808 and 836.

B 1305: ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I, OF uncertain, division into lines and segments not indicated.

RF ضرب بمدينة

(mint)

عن امر عبد الله

امير المومنين

عبد العزيز

Second series: Ḥafṣid style

840. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Azammūr (in 2nd RS, spelt al-Zammūr) – double dinar.

OF الحمد لله

والمنة لله

ولا قوة الا بالله

OS — صلى اللهعلى سيدنا — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— وسلم تسليما — محمد واله وصحبه

RS — حرسها (mint) —ضرب بمدينة

— بمنه عن امر — الله تعالى

BM X p. 33, no. 226b (pl. XXIII): و omitted from 2nd and 3rd lines of OF (disproved by plate).

RF عبد الله

المسنتصر بالله

عبد العزيز

841. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Azammūr (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.

As 840 except 3rd and 4th OS:

— صحبه وسلم تسليما — محمد وعلى اله و

P 106b: صحبته for صحبه in 4th OS (misprint?).

842. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Azammūr (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.

As 841, but without و on 2nd and 3rd lines of OF.

B 1301 (pl. XXI, under no. 1300): segments partly illegible, ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I.

843. Madīnat Sijilmāsah (in RS) – dinar.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

والحمد لله

Segments illegible except mint.

B 1301 bis: division into lines and segments not indicated, ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I.

RF as RF of 840.

844. Sijilmāsah (b OF) – half dinar.

OF لا اله الا

الله

محمد رسول الله

No segments, as field inscriptions fill coin.

B 1303 (pl. XXI): description inaccurate, reconstructed from partly illegible plate, ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I.

RF as RF of 840.

845. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd RS) – double dinar. Plate VI

As 841.

P 106a (pl. X): صحبته for صحبه in 4th OS (misprint?, obscure in plate). B 1300 (pl. XXI, under no. 1296; coin illustrated under no. 1300 is 842): OS uncertain, ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I.

846. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (2nd RS) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 840, but without و at start RF as RF of 840.

of 2nd line.

OS — صلى الله على سيد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— وسلم تسليما — نا محمد

RS — (mint) — ضرب بمدينة

— بمنه عن امر — حرسها الله

BN II 994: ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I.

847. Madīnat (in 1st RS) [Fās] (2nd RS) — double dinar.

As 846, but without و on 3rd line of OF.

BM V 226: segments largely illegible, including mint.

848. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd RS) – dinar.

OF لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

OS — صلى الله على — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— وسلم تسليما — سيدنا محمد

RS — حرسها (mint) — ضرب بمدينة

— عن امر — الله بمنه

P 107. BN II 995, 996 (2 sp.): ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I, محمد added to 2nd RS (misprint?).

RF as RF of 840.

849. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd RS) – dinar.

As 848 except 3rd and 4th OS:

— اله وسلم تسليما — سيدنا محمد و

BM V 225.

850. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Marrākush (2nd RS) – dinar.

OF as OF of 848.

OS — عند الله — وما النصر الا من

— الحكيم — العزيز

RS — (mint) — ضرب بمدينة

— الله تعالى — حرسها

P 85: ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I. B 1297 bis: description uncertain, ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I.

RF عن امر امولا نا

عبد العزيز

نصر ه الله

851. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Marrākush (2nd RS) – dinar.

As 850 except OS, as RS 800.

B 1302 (pl. XXI): ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I.

852. (mint?) – dinar. Plate VI

Apparently as 850.

BN II 997 (pl XII): ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I, segments largely illegible. Weyl: G 1230: description incomplete.

853. (mint?) – half dinar. Plate VI

OF as OF of 848.

Segments illegible.

BM V 169 (pl. IV): ascribed to 'Abd-al-'Azīz I, traces of mint b RF.

RF عبد العزيز

امير المومنين

ايده الله

— (mint?) – half dinar.

OF as OF of 848.

OS as OS of 848.

RS illegible.

B 1306: division into lines not indicated. Inscription is so improbable that this coin must be tentatively rejected.

RF عبد العزيز

خليفة

الله

854. (no mint) – dinar.

OF as OF of 848.

OS — الا]من عند] — [وما النصر]

— الحكيم — الله العزيز

RS — بالله [?] —[?] امير

— بالله — المستنصر

KM II 864: segments partly illegible.

RF عبد العزيز

ايده الله

ونصره

abū-'Āmir 'Abd-Allāh ibn-Aḥmad

A.H. 799–800

A.D. 1396–1398

Ḥafṣid style

855. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Azammūr (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 842.

OS — صلى الله على — بسم الله الرحمن الحيم

— اله وسلم تسليما — سيدنا محمد وعلى

RS as RS of 840.

P 110c.

RF عبد الله

المستنصر بالله

عبد الله

856. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Azammūr (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.

As 855, but with سها of حرسها shifted from 2nd to start of 3rd RS, and تعالى from 3rd to start of 4th RS.

BM X p. 25, no. 193v: segments partly illegible.

857. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.

As 855.

P 110b.

858. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd RS) – double dinar. Plate VI

As 855 except OF, as OF of 840.

BM X p. 25, no. 193t (pl. XXII): as 855 (disproved by plate). B 1283 (pl. XX): segments obscure, mint illegible in plate, wrongly ascribed.

859. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.

As 855.

P 110a (pl. X).

abū-Sa'īd 'Uthmān III ibn-Aḥmad

A.H. 800–823

A.D. 1398–1420

Ḥafṣid style

860. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sabtah (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 842.

OS as OS of 855.

RS as RS of 840.

HSA 9173: segments partly illegible. P 109: OS incorrectly divided. BM X p. 26, no. 193cc (pl. XXII): RS partly illegible.

RF عبد الله

المستنصر بالله

عثمان ايده الله

861. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 840.

OS — صلى الله على سيدنا — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— وسلم تسليما — محمد وعلى اله

RS as RS of 840 and 860.

P 108b (pl. X). B 1272 (pl. XX): description uncertain, plate largely illegible, ascribed to 'Uthmān I.

RF عبد الله عثمان

امير المسلمين

ايدهالله

862. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (in 2nd RS) – double dinar: modified Kūfī script.

As 861.

B 1271 (pl. XX): description uncertain, plate largely illegible, ascribed to 'Uthmān I, o and R illustrated belong to different specimens.

863. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Sijilmāsah (2nd RS) – double dinar.

OF as OF of 842 and 860.

OS as OS of 861.

RF as RF of 861.

RS as RS of 846.

BM X p. 26, no. 193aa, 193bb: termed barbarous (2 sp.).

864. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd. RS) – double dinar.

As 861.

P 108a. B 1284 (pl. XX): description inaccurate and uncertain, plate partly illegible, wrongly ascribed.

865. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Fās (in 2nd RS) – double dinar. Plate VI

As 861 except OS:

— صلى الله على سيد — بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

— وسلم تسليما — نا محمد واله

BN II 984 (pl. XII), 985 (2 sp.): ascribed to 'Uthmān I.

866. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Marrākush (in 2nd RS) – double dinar.

As 861.

P 108c.

867. (no mint) – half dinar.

OF as OF of 848.

OS and RS (identical):

— كله — الامر

— وحده — لله

RF عثمان

امير المومنين

ايده الله

Soret:B 111: ascribed to 'Uthmān II.

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad VII ibn-'Abd-Allāh

A.H. 823–830

A.D. 1420–1427

(opposed 823–830 by 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq II).

No coins reported.

abū-Muḥmmad 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq II ibn-'Uthmān II

A.H. 823–869

A.D. 1420–1465

(opposed 823–830 by Muḥammad VII).

No gold reported.

End Notes

*
Mistakenly numbered as 746 on plate.

Naṣrid Gold

struck in North Africa by the Banū-Naṣr of Granada (Gharnāṭah) in Naskhī script.

The Naṣrids controlled Sabtah from A.H. 705 to 709 and from 786 to 789.

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad I ibn-Yūsuf

A.H. 629–671

A.D. 1232–1273

This ruler struck no coins in Africa. The only coin struck by him which falls within the scope of this survey is one bearing the name of his Ḥafṣid suzerain before he declared his independence in A.H. 647, and it is therefore listed with Ḥafṣid coins: 556.

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad III ibn-Muḥammad II

A.H. 701–708

A.D. 1302–1309

No African gold reported.

abū'l-Juyūsh Naṣr ibn-Muḥammad II

A.H. 708–713

A.D. 1309–1314

No African gold reported.

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad V ibn-Yūsuf I

A.H. 755–760, 763–793

A.D. 1354–1359, 1362–1391

Struck between A.H. 786 and 789.

868. Madīnat (in 2nd OS) Sabtah (3rd OS) – double dinar. Plate VI

OF يا ايها الذين

امنوا اصبروا

وصابروا وربطوا

واتقوا الله

لعلكم تفلحون

OS — بمدينة — طبع

— حرسها الله — (mint)

RS — ولا غالب الا الله — ولا غالب الا الله

— ولا غالب الا الله — ولا غالب الا الله

P:Granadina p. 8 (pl. I).

RF الامير عبد الله

الغني بالله محمد

ابن يوسف بن

اسماعيل بن نصر

اعانة الله ونصره

Waṭṭāsid Gold

struck in North Africa by the Zanātah Berber rulers of Morocco, the Banu-Waṭṭās in Naskhī script.

abū-Zakarīyā' Yaḥyâ I ibn-Ziyān

regent for 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq II (Marīnid)

A.H. 823–852

A.D. 1420–1448

No coins reported.

abū'l-Ḥasan 'Alī I ibn-Yūtsuf

regent for 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq II (Marīnid)

A.H. 852–863

A.D. 1448–1458

No coins reported.

abū-Zakarīyā' Yaḥyâ II ibn-Yaḥyâ I

regent for 'Abd-al-Ḥaqq II (Marīnid)

A.H. 863–863

A.D. 1458–1459

No coins reported.

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad I ibn-Yaḥyâ I

A.H. 869–910

A.D. 1465–1504

869. Madīnat (in 1st RS) Azammūr (2nd RS) – dinar. Attribution tentative.

OF illegible.

OS illegible.

RS — (mint) — ضرب بمدينة

— عن امر — حرسها الله

B 1387 (pl. XXV: R only): plate largely illegible.

RF عبد الله

محمد

السعيد

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad II ibn-Muḥammad I

A.H. 910–932

A.D. 1504–1525

— Fās (position on coin not indicated) – (denomination not indicated).

Not described.

Spink 33306: m only. This unsupported ascription cannot be considered probable.

870. (mint?) – dinar. Attribution tentative. Plate VI

OF الحمد لله

رب

العلمين

Margins illegible.

BM X p. 28, no. 193ff (pl. XXIII): الله for لله in 1st line of OF (misprint).

RF محمد

امير

المسلمين

abū'l-Ḥasan 'Alī II ibn-Muḥammad I

A.H. 932–932, 961–961

A.D. 1525–1526, 1554–1554

No gold reported.

abū'l-'Abbās Aḥmad ibn-Muḥammad II

A.H. 932–952, 956–957

A.D. 1526–1545, 1549–1550

— Madīnat Azammūr (position on coin not indicated) – (denomination not indicated).

Not described.

Spink 33307: m only. This unsupported ascription cannot be considered probable.

abū-'Abd-Allāh Muḥammad III ibn-Aḥmad

A.H. 952–956

A.D. 1545–1549

No coins reported.

Coins struck by the Sharīfian rivals and successors of the Waṭṭasids, and those struck by Spanish and Portuguese rulers, are excluded from this corpus.

Ottoman Gold

struck in North Africa before the Ottoman conquest in the name of the Turkish sulṭāns, the Banū-'Uthmān of Istanbul (al-Qusṭanṭīnah).

Ottoman coins in general fall outside the scope of this corpus. The only exceptions to this rule are two gold coins struck in the name of the Ottoman sulṭān by the later Ziyānid rulers, which are therefore listed under the latter dynasty: 670, 671.

Hybrid Gold

in which an obverse and a reverse not intended for use together are accidentally or fraudul­ently combined.

Muwaḥḥid style

H1. Obverse of 750; reverse of 500.

V 2068: ascribed to Ya'qūb. P recognized as hybrid.

H2. Obverse of 750; reverse of 502.

MA 671: ascribed to Ya'qūb.

H3. Obverse like 506, but with الخليفة for الخلفا in 3rd OS; reverse of 522. Plate VI

V 2074: الخلفا for الخليفة in 3rd OS (error), ascribed to Muḥammad. P recognized as hybrid. BM V 104 (pl. II). BN II 730, 731 (2 sp.). KM II 697 (pl. IV). D: Lorichs 4722. L: Muwaḥḥids p. 161, no. 2 (pl. VI): 3rd RS misread, corrected from plate. Cimino p. 220 (fig. 30, top).

H4. Obverse like 506, but with الخليفتين for الخلفا in 3rd OS; reverse of 522.

BM V 105: termed barbarous. L: Muwaḥḥids p. 160, no. 1.

H5. Obverse like 508; reverse like 522.

MA 679: RS illegible, OS legible through يوسف.

Ḥafṣid style

H6. Obverse of 589; reverse of 564 but in Naskhī script.

BN II 945. Lavoix:H p. 264: description incomplete.

H7. Obverse like 546; reverse as 590 with mint Qusanṭīnah.

F: Hafsites 22 (pl. II): OS illegible. Farrugia states by letter that this is not a hybrid.

H8. Obverse like 546; reverse of 640.

BN II 973: segments largely illegible, ابو for ابى in 3rd line of RF (error?).

Marīnid style

H9. As 674 except OF, which is identical with RF.

P 34 note. BM V 223. Weyl: G 1213.

H10. OF as OF of 751. RF as RF of 806 except 1st line: الملك لله.

OS and RS (identica) as RS of 750 but with امها for حرسها in 3rd segment.

B 1370 (pl. XXIII, under no. 1349): partly illegible.

H11. OF as OF of 751. RF as RF of 759. Plate VI

OS as OS of 746 with mint Sijilmāsah.

RS as RS of 765.

B (pl. XXIII, under no. 1350): not described.

H12. Obverse of 768; reverse of 771.

P 78. BM V 188: 5th line of RF misread.

H13. Obverse like 828; reverse of 800.

P 99 note: termed hybrid. BM X p. 20, no. 181e (pl. XXII). Thorburn.

H14. Obverse of 799; reverse like 828.

BM X p. 21, no. 181h.

— BN II 1017 (pl. XIII) and 1121 are contemporary imitations or counterfeits. Similar specimens are found in the HSA collection: 10621, 13206. Plate VI

Gold Medal

The only gold medal known appertaining to these dynasties was struck by the Muwaḥḥid khalīfah

abū-Ḥafṣ 'Umar ibn-Isḥāq

A.H. 646–665

A.D. 1248–1266

M1. (no mint) – twenty-one dinar weight (49.4 grams); 65 millimeters in diameter, 1 millimeter thick. Plate II

OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

صلى الله على سيدنا ومولانا

محمد وعلى اله وصحبه

الاكرمين لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

OS — المرنضى لا مره امير المومنين ابو حفص — الخليفة الامام المومن بالله تعالى

— ابراهيم بن سيدينا الخليفتين — ابن سيدنا الامير الطاهر ابى

RS — المومنين ابو يعقوب — الخليفة الامام امير

— امير المومنين — ابن الخليفة الامام

B 1158 (plate on cover, title page, and half-title page for chapter VIII).

RF المهدى امام الامة

القائم بامر الله تعلى

الخليفة الامام امير

المومنين ابو محمد

عبد المومن ابن على

SILVER AND ELECTRUM

'Abbāsid Silver

struck in North Africa after A.H. 439 (A.D. 1047) in the name of the Sunnite khalīfahs, the Banū'l-'Abbās of Baghdād.

As the 'Abbāsids exercised no direct control over North Africa during this period, all silver bearing their name was actually struck by Hūdid rulers, and is therefore listed under the latter dynasty.

Fāṭimid Silver

struck in North Africa after A.H 439 (A.D. 1047) in the name of the Shī'ite imāms, the Banū-Fāṭimah of Cairo (al-Qāhirah).

None reported.

Zīrid Silver

struck in North Africa after A.H. 439 (A.D. 1047) by the Ṣanhājah Berber rulers of Tunisia, the Banū-Zīrī in Kūfī script.

abū-Tamīm al-Mu'izz ibn-Bādīs

A.H. 406–454

A.D. 1016–1062

Sunnite series:

Struck anonymously by al-Mu'izz between A.H. 441 and 449 after his repudiation of Fāṭimid suzerainty.

871. (mint?) – (date?) – half dirhem.

OF (as OF of 3)

لا اله الا الله

وحده لا شريك له

محمد رسول الله

Margins illegible.

F:Fatimites 172 (pl. IV): of illegible in plate.

RF (as RF of 3)

ومن يبتغ غير

الاسلام دينا

فاين يقبل منه

No silver is reported for other Zīrid rulers or rebels.

Ḥammādid Silver

struck in North Africa after A.H. 439 (A.D. 1047) by the Ṣanhājah Berber rulers of eastern Algeria, the Banū-Ḥammād.

None reported.

Ḥammūdid Silver

struck in North Africa after A.H. 439 (A.D. 1047) in the name of the Banū-Ḥammūd of Malaga (Mālaqah) or of their Barghawāṭah Berber governors in Kūfī script.

These rulers and their virtually independent governors controlled Sabtah and the surrounding territory until the Murābiṭ conquest in A.H. 476.

Idrīs II ibn-Yaḥyâ I

A.H. 434–446

A.D. 1043–1055

(opposed 438–444 by Muḥammad I, 444–445 by Idrīs III, and 445–446 by al-Qāsim II).

With heir

Muḥammad ibn-Idrīs II

A.H. 439–446

A.D. 1047–1055

872. Sabtah – (4)39 – dirhem.

OF لا اله الا

الله وحده

لا شريك له

OM (date) سنة (mint) بسم الله ضرب هدذا الدرهم ب

RM محمد رسول الله ارسله بالهدى ودين الحق لظهره على

P:Reyes 94a: العلى for العالى in 3rd line of RF (error), base silver.

RF الامير

الامام ادريس

العالى بالله

امير المومنين

محمد

873. Madīnat Sabtah – (4)40? – dirhem.

As 872.

V 834 (AV): date and mint uncertain, P:Reyes 94b: date incomplete, base silver.

874. Madīnat Sabtah – (44)1 – dirhem. Plate VII

As 872.

V 835 (Cabré). C:Estudio p. 462, no. 1 (pl. II). P:Reyes 94c (pl. IV): base silver.

874a. Madīnat Sabtah – 441 – dirhem.

As 872 but without الامير محمد in 1st and 5th lines of RF.

S:Judice II 3081.

875. Madīnat Sabtah – (44)2 – dirhem.

As 872 except RM, which ends at الحق and 1st line of RF: ولى العهد.

V 836 (FC); date uncertain. Guillén p. 421 (pl. II, no. 16): mint illegible in plate, copper (error for base silver?). P:Reyes 95a: العلى for العالى in 3rd line of RF, base silver.

876. Sabtah – (44)3 – dirhem.

As 875.

P:Reyes 95b: base silver.

877. Madīnat Sabtah – (44)4 – dirhem.

As 875.

V 837 (AH). C:Estudio p. 462, no. 2 (pl. II). P:Reyes 95c: base silver.

878. Madīnat Sabtah – (44)6? – dirhem.

As 875.

V 838 (PG): date uncertain, rejected by Rivero: M p. 104.

879. Madīnat Sabtah – (44)x – dirhem.

As 875.

V 839 (PG, AV). P:Reyes 95d: base silver.

No silver with North African mint is reported for other late Ḥammūdid rulers.

Saqaut ibn-Muḥammad

governor at Sabtah

A.H. 453–471

A.D. 1061–1078

With heir

al-'Izz ibn-Saqaut

A.H. 453–471

A.D. 1061–1078

880. Madīnat Sabtah – (45)5? – dirhem.

OF المنصور

الا اله الا

الله وحده

لا شريك له

المعان

سقوت

OM as OM of 872.

RM as RM of 872, but ending with ليظهره.

V 874 (AV). Rivero: M p. 104 says this coin does not exist.

RF احاجب

الامام

عبد الله

امير المومنين

بها الدولة

العز

881. Madīnat Sabtah – (45)6? – dirhem.

As 880.

V 875 (AV): date uncertain. Rivero: M p. 104 says this coin does not exist.

882. Madīnat Sabtah – (4)62? – dirhem.

As 880.

V 876 (AV): date uncertain. Rivero: M p. 104 says this coin does not exist. See also copper: 1157.

883. Madīnat Sabtah – (4)64 – dirhem. Plate VII

As 880.

HSA 14217: date uncertain, base silver. V 877 (FC, AV 3 sp.). P:Reyes 126a (pl. V): base silver. See also copper: 1158.

884. Madīnat Sabtah – (4)65 – dirhem.

As 880.

V 878 (PG 2 sp., AV 2 sp.). P:Reyes 126b: base silver. See also copper: 1159.

885. Madīnat Sabtah – (4)66 – dirhem.

As 880.

V 879 (FC?, AV 3 sp.). P:Reyes 126c: base silver.

— Madīnat Sabtah – (4)66 – dirhem.

As 880, but with 5th line of RF: المنصور بالله 6th line: ايو يحيى.

BM IX p. 145, no. 155g: base silver. Probably a poor specimen of 885 misread.

886. Madīnat Sabtah – (4)67 – dirhem.

As 880.

V 880 (PG 2 sp., FC, AV 6 sp.). P:Reyes 126d: base silver. See also copper: 1160.

al-'Izz ibn-Saqaut

governor at Sabtah

A.H. 471–476

A.D. 1078–1083

With heir

Saqaut ibn-al-'Izz

A.H. 471–476

A.D. 1078–1083

887. (no mint) – (no date) – dirhem. Plate VII

OF (in octagon) الحاجب

لا اله الا الله

وحده لا شريك له

ضياو الدولة

سقوت

RF (in octagon) ضياو الدولة

الامام

عبد الله

امير المومنين

العز

OM and RM (identical) as RM of 880.

HSA 14218: partly illegible, base silver. V 881 (FC). P:Reyes 127: 1st line of RF partly illegible, base silver.

Murābiṭ Silver and Electrum

struck in North Africa and Spain by the Lamtūnah Berber rulers of the Murābiṭūn sect in Kūfī or Naskhī script.

Abū-Bakr ibn-'Umar

A.H. 448–480

A.D. 1056–1087

888. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat. Plate VII

OF لا اله الا

الله

محمد رسول الله

RF الامير

ابو بكر

بن عمر

No margins.

V 1443 (PG 2 sp., AV). BN II 513 (pl. II): plate shows traces of margin. MA 486. Rivero: M 98 (pl. II). B 819 (pl. XIII): plate shows traces of margin.

889. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.

OF لا ا]له الا الله]

محم]د رسول]

ا]لله]

No margins.

V 1444 3rd line of RF largely illegible. MA 487: 3rd line of RF largely illegible. V:Indicación p. 518 calls this a half qirat struck with the die of a qirat and notes a 4-line OF, though descriptions indicate a 3-line OF.

RF as RF of 888.

890. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.

OF blank.

No margins.

V 1445 (PG).

RF as RF of 888.

Yūsuf ibn-Tāshfīn

A.H. 480–500

A.D. 1087–1106

891. Fās (divided فا/س) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 888.

RF (mint)

الامير يوسف

بن تاشفين

(mint, continued)

No margins.

V 1534. MA 491. D: García 6081. B 855 (pl. XIII): mint misread.

892. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 888 and 891.

No margins.

D: García 6082. B 853, 854 (2 sp.).

RF الامير يوسف

بن تاشفين

893. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

No margins.

ANS. V 1538 (AV 3 sp.). Dombay p. 786: division into lines not indicated.

RF as RF of 892.

894. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat. Plate VII

OF as OF of 888 and 891.

No margins.

ANS. HSA 13733. V 1535 (PG 14 sp., FC, AV 8 sp.). BN II 546. MA 490 (4 sp.). KM II 572–581 (10 sp.). Condé p. 295: الامام for الامير in 1st line of RF (error). C: Tratado p. 196, no. 2 (pl. XX): س b RF. S:Judice II 3090. Ø 2076, 2077 (pl. VI) (2 sp.).

RF الامير

يوسف بن

تاشفين

895. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 889.

No margins.

V 1536 (PG 9 sp., AV). BN II 545. KM II 566–570 (pl. III: 566) (5 sp.). Soret: B 109.

RF as RF of 894.

896. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 893.

No margins.

V 1537 (AV). KM II 571. Rivero: M 102 (pl. II). Rivero: E (pl. III, no. 2).

RF as RF of 894.

897. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

As 896, but with an illegible word b OF, another a RF.

Thorburn.

898. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.

OF blank.

RF الامير

يوسف

No margins.

V 1539 (PG 2 sp.).

899. (no mint) – (no date) – quarter qirat.

OF blank.

No margins.

V 1540 (PG).

RF يوسف

Spanish mint.

900. Sanlūkah – (no date?) – qirat.

OF ابن تاشفين

OM لا له الا الله محمد رسول الله ارسله بالهدى

RM (?) سنة (mint) بسم الله ضرب هذا الدرهم ب

V 1531 (AV): no date, سنه uncertain.

RF حسبي الله

الامير يوسف

901. Sanlūkah – (no date) – half qirat.

OF as OF of 900.

OM as OM 900.

RM (mint) بسم الله ضرب هذا الدرهم ب

V 1532 (AV).

RF الامير يوسف

With heir

'Alī ibn-Yūsuf

A.H. 496–500

A.D. 1103–1106

902. Mad[īnat]? – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا

الله وحده

لا شريك له

RF الامير

يوسف والا

مير على

OM محمد رسول الله ارسله بالهدى ودين الحق

RM as RM of 901.

V 1542: mint uncertain. MA 492. mint uncertain.

902a. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول

No margins.

Dombay p. 781: division into lines not indicated.

RF الامير يوسف بن

تاشفين والامير علي

903. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامير علي

No margins.

V 1541 (PG 2 sp., AV). C: Tratado p. 197, no. 3 (pl. XX).

RF as RF of 894.

Spanish mint.

904. Qurṭubah – (no date) – qirat. Plate VII

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

سعد

No margins.

V 1533 (AV). Rivero: M 103 (pl. II). Rivero: E (pl. III, no. 3).

RF الامير يوسف

الامير علي

(mint)

'Alī ibn-Yūsuf

A.H. 500–537

A.D. 1106–1143

905. Sabtah – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول

الله

No margins.

V 1684 (PG 2 sp., FC, AV). BN II 618. MA 544. D: García 6104: 3-line OF (error).

RF امير المسلمين

علي بن يوسف

(mint)

906. Miknāsah – (no date) – qirat. Plate VII

OF as OF of 905.

RF على

امير المسلمين

وناصر الدين

Semicircle b RF: (mint). No other margins.

ANS. V 1707. MA 552: semicircle not indicated, mint misspelled. D: García 6105: 3-line OF, ناصر for وناصر in 3rd line of RF (errors). B 889 (pl. XIV, under no. 989): OF partly illegible in plate; 891 (pl. XIV): RF largely illegible in plate (2 sp.?).

907. Miknāsah – (no date) – half qirat.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسو ل الله

(?) بن كوكب

No OM.

RM (mint) بسم الله ضرب هذا الدرهم ب

V 1673 (AV): 3rd line of OF read بن كوكعر (?).

RF امير

المسلمين

على

908. (no mint?) – (no date?) – dirhem.

OF لا اله لا

الله وحده

لا شريك له

Margins, if any, illegible.

V 1835. fragment. MA 535: fragment. P:Reyes 444d: base silver, fragments.

RF محمد رسول الله

امير المسلمين

علي بن يوسف

909. (no mint?) – (no date?) – dirhem.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

Margins, if any, illegible.

V 1844 (AV).

RF امير المسلمين

على بن يو سف

910. (no mint?) – (no date?) – dirhem.

OF as OF of 909.

Margins, if any, illegible.

V 1842 (AV 2 sp.). See also copper: 1168.

RF امير

المسلمين

علي بن يوسف

911. (mint?) – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا

[الله محمد]

[رسول الله]

No margins.

MA 587: OF largely illegible; illegible word (mint?) b RF.

RF as RF of 910.

912. (no mint) – 506 – qirat.

OF as OF of 909.

No OM.

RM (date) ضرب هذ الدرهم سنة

V 1674 (AV): بالاندلس (?) for الدرهم in RM (error).

RF as RF of 909.

913. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 888.

No margins.

V 1697 (AV).

RF الامير علي

ابن امير

المسلمين

914. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول

الله

No margins.

V 1689 (AV).

RF الامير علي

ابن الامير

يوسف

915. (no mini) – (no date)– qirat.

OF as OF of 914.

No margins.

V 1686. MA 529 (1 complete specimen, 1 fragment).

RF الامير

علي بن

يوسف

916. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 914.

No margins.

V 1688 (AV).

RF الامير علي

ابن يوسف

917. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 914.

No margins.

V 1687 (PG, AV). MA 530.

RF على

الامير

ابن يوسف

918. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF الله

لا اله الا

محمد رسول

الله

No margins.

V 1695 MA 543: س b RF.

RF علي

امير المسلمين

بن يوسف

919. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF الله

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول

No margins.

B 887 (pl. XIV): description inaccurate.

RF as RF of 909.

920. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

No margins.

Müller p. 59.

RF as RF of 909.

921. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 909.

No margins.

V 1694 (AV 2 sp.). D:García 6113: base silver. Ø 2093: description inadequate.

RF as RF of 909.

922. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 914.

No margins.

V 1696 (FC, AV 2 sp.). MA 540 (2 sp.): not noted by Vives. Soret:D 90. Ø 2097: description incomplete. Pedersen 229 (pl. XCVII).

RF امير

المسلمين علي

بن يوسف

923. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

No margins.

V 1699 (AV). MA 539 (3 sp.).

RF as RF of 922.

924. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 914.

No margins.

V 1700 (PG). L: Khedivial p. 329.

RF بسم الله

امير

المسلمين

علي بن يوسف

925. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 905.

No margins.

V 1704 (AV). MA 546 (2 sp.).

RF ايد الله

امير المسلمين

علي بن يوسف

926. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat. Plate VII

OF محمد

رسول الله

Semicircle a OF لا اله الا الله

No other margins.

ANS: ك to left and ل to right of علي in RF. V 1703 (PG, FC, AV sp.). MA 545: semicircle not indicated.

RF الله

ايد

امير

المسلمين

على

927. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 923.

No margins.

V 1701 (PG 10 sp., FC, AV 5 sp.). BM V 49 (pl. I). BN II 621, 622 (2 sp.). MA 548 (7 sp.). K.M II 630, 631 (2 sp.). Condé p. 291: misread. D:García 6106–6108 (5 sp.): description inaccurate. C: Tratado p. 199, no. 6 (pl. XX). Ø 2099: الله above وعلي (misprint); impression furnished by Galster shows د to left and ا to right of على in RF. B 893 (pl. XIV): description inaccurate. Pedersen 230, 231 (pl. XCVII) (2 sp.): د to left and ا to right of علي in RF. Figanier 183 (2 sp.). Thorburn: د to left and ا to right of علي in RF.

RF الله ولى

امير

المسلمين

علي

928. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 905.

No margins.

ANS: ك b RF. UM: illegible letter b RF. V 1708 (PG, AV 3 sp.). MA 551 (2 sp.). Condé p. 280 (pl. III, no. 11): misread, ك b RF. Münter 306: identified by Galster. Ø 2095, 2096: ك (read as د b RF (2 sp.): description inaccurate. B 886 bis: ك b RF. Thorburn: ك b RF.

RF امير المسلمين

وناصر الدين

على بن يوسف

929. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 914

No margins.

B 888 (pl. XIV): س b RF, description inaccurate; 892? (pl. XIV): description inaccurate, OF illegible in plate (2 sp.?).

RF as RF of 928.

930. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 920.

No margins.

V 1709 (AV).

RF علي

امير المسلمين

وناصر الدين

ابن يوسف

931. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا

الله

عليه

Semicircle a OF (?) صلوات الله

Semicircle b OF (?) محمدعبد الله ورسول

No other margins.

BM X p. 6, no. 47a: description not clear

RF as RF of 928.

932. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF محمد

لا اله الا الله

رسول الله

Semicircle a RF المسلمين

No other margins.

V 1702. MA 547 (4 sp.): امير omitted from RF (misprint?), semicircle not indicated.

RF علي

امير

نصره الله

933. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 918.

No margins.

V 1698 (PG 2 sp.). BN II 619: مالك uncertain.

RF علي

امير

المسلمين

مالك

934. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.

OF blank.

No margins.

V 1690 (PG, AV 4 sp.).

RF الامير

علي

935. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.

OF ornament.

No margins.

V 1705 (Campaner). Not listed in v:Indicación

RF الله

ايد

علي

936. (no mint) – (no date) – quarter qirat.

OF blank.

No margins.

V 1691 (FC, AV): RF not described. V:Indicación p. 518 terms this a quarter qirat struck with the die of a half qirat.

RF as RF of 934.

937. (no mint) – (no date) – eighth qirat.

OF blank.

No margins.

V 1693 (PG, AV). Not listed in V:Indicación.

938. (no mint) – (no date) – eighth qirat.

RF على

RF as RF of 938.

No margins.

OF ح

V 1692 (PG, AV 5 sp.). MA 531: ج for ح in OF.

electrum

939. (no mint) – (no date) – denomination unknown.

OF لا اله الا

الله وحده

RF as RF of 909.

No margins.

V 1845 (AV 2 sp.). MA 538.D:García 6112. P:Reyes 449. Ø 2091: 1/3 gold and 2/3 copper instead of electrum (according to letter from G. Galster). See also copper: 1169.

Spanish mints.

940. Ishbīliyah – (no date) – qirat.

OF الله

حسبي

(mint)

OM لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله وعبده

No RM.

V 1678. MA 549. Rivero: E (pl. III, no. 8, not no. 10, as given).

RF as RF of 907.

941. Ishbīliyah – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 918.

Semicircle b OF صلوات الله عليه وعلى اله

Semicircle a RF يستعين

Semicircle b RF (mint)

No other margins.

V 1675 (pG): واله for وعلى اله b OF (error?). BM V 48. C: Tratado p. 199, no. 7 (pl. XX).

RF بالله

امير

المسلمين

علي

942. Ishbīliyah – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الاالله

صلوات الله

عليه

Semicircle b OF محمد عبده ورسوله

Semicircle a RF يستعين

Semicircle b RF (mint)

No other margins.

V 1676(AV 2 sp.).

RF as RF of 941.

943. Ishbīliyah – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 942.

Inverted semicircle b OF محمد عبد الله ورسوله

Semicircle a RF يستعين

Semicircle b RF (mint)

No other margins.

V 1677 (AV): عبده for عبد الله b OF (error?). BM V 47 (pl. l). C:Decadencia p. 379, no. 5 (pl. l): عبده for عبد الله b OF (disproved by plate). Rivero: E (pl. III, no. 6).

RF as RF of 941.

944. Ishbīliyah – (no date) – half qirat.

OF blank.

RF على

امير

المسلمين

(mint)

No margins.

V 1679 (AV). Not listed in V:Indicación.

945. Ishbīliyah – (no date) – half qirat.

OF blank.

No margins.

V 1680. MA 533; ب before mint.

RF على

(mint)

946. Ishbīliyah – (no date) – quarter qirat.

OF blank.

No margins.

V 1681. MA 534.

— Ighranāṭah – 519–520 and no date – dirhems.

See 951–953.

RF (mint)

علي

947. Balansiyah – 503 – dirhem.

OF as OF of 908.

OM محمد رسول الله ارسله بالهدى ودين الحق ليظهره على الدين كله ولو كره المشركون

RM (date) سنة (mint) بسم الله ضرب هذا الدرهم ب

V 1832 (PG). P:Reyes 444a: base silver.

RF as RF of 908.

948. Saraqusṭah – 504 – dirhem.

As 947.

V 1833 (AV). P:Reyes 444b (pl. XVI): base silver.

949. Saraqusṭah – 509 – dirhem.

OF as OF of 909.

OM as OM of 947.

RM as RM of 947.

V 1837 (AV): RM partly illegible. P:Reyes 446a: base silver. See also copper: 1162.

RF as RF of 909.

950. Sharīsh – (no date?) – qirat?

Not described.

C:Çecas p. 375: m only.

951. Ighranāṭah – 519 – dirhem.

OF as OF of 923.

OM as OM of 947 through الدين.

RM as RM of 947.

ANS: ل b RF. V 1839 (PG 2 sp., FC, AV). P:Reyes 450a: base silver.

RF as RF of 907.

952. Ighranāṭah – 520 – dirhem.

As 951 except RM, on which عام replaces سنة.

V 1840 (AV). D:García 6086. Sotheby 382: d, m only. P:Reyes 450b (pl. XVI): ل b RF, base silver. Rivero:E (pl. III, no. 9, not no. 8 as given): plate partly illegible. Thorburn: لد (?) b RF, base silver. See also copper: 1164.

953. Ighranāṭah – (no date) – dirhem. Plate VII

OF لا اله الا

الله محمد رسول

الله

RF as RF of 928.

OM (with flat top) بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم وما توفيقى الا بالله عليه يوكلت

RM (with flat top) (mint) بسم الله الرحمن الحيم ضرب هذ الدرهم ب

ANS: ع a RF. HSA 14147. S:Judice II 3098 (pl. II).

954. Madīnat Gharnāṭah – (no date) – dirhem.

As 949 except RM: (mint)بسم الله ضرب هذا الدرهم ب.

D: García 6109: ع and ornament b OF.

955. Madīnat Gharnāṭah – (no date) – dirhem.

OF as OF of 914.

RF as RF of 909.

OM ربنا عليك توكلنا واليك انبنا واليك المصير

RM as RM of 954.

P: Reyes 448: base silver.

956. Madīnat Gharnāṭah – (no date) – dirhem.

As 955 except OF, as OF of 909.

V 1843 (PG 6 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 2 sp.). D: García 6110: m only. P: Reyes 446c: base silver.

Ø 2092: OM illegible. See also copper: 1165.

957. Madīnat Gharnāṭah – (no date) – dirhem.

OF as OF of 909.

OM as OM of 955.

RM as RM of 954.

RF as RF of 910.

V 1841 (AV 2 sp.). D: García 6111: description inadequate. P: Reyes 447: base silver. Rivero:M 110 (pl. III): base silver, margins partly illegible. See also copper: 1166.

958. Qurṭubah – 502 – qirat: Kūfī and Naskhī script.

OF: Naskhī بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

لا اله الاالله

محمد رسول الله

RF: Kūfī امير المسلمين

علي

(mint)

No OM.

RM: Kūfī (date) بسم الله ضرب هذ لدرهم عام.

V 1667 (PG, AV). C: Decadencia p. 376, no. 3 (pl. I). Rivero:E (pl. III, no. 7, not no. 9, as given): plate largely illegible.

959. Qurṭubah – 505 – qirat.

OF as OF of 923.

RF علي

الامير

(mint)

No OM.

RM (date) بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب في سنة

V 1669 (AV). Longpérier:D p. 430: d, m only.

960. Qurṭubah – 505 – qirat.

As 959 but without في in RM.

V 1670 (AV).

961. Qurṭubah. – 505 – Qirat.

As 959 except RM, in which عام replaces سنة.

V 1668 (AV). C: Decadencia p. 377, no. 4 (Pl. I).

962. Qurṭubah – 506 – qirat.

As 961.

V 1671 (AV).

963. Qurṭubah – 507 – qirat.

As 959, 960, or 961.

V 1672: RM uncertain. MA 532: RM uncertain.

964. Qurṭubah – (no date) – qirat.

As 921, with mint b OF.

V 1682 (Delgado).

965. Qurtubah – (no date) – qirat. Plate VII

OF لا اله الا

الله

وحده لا شريك له

RF as RF of 928, with mint b RF.

Up right side of OF محمد

Across top of OF عبده

Down left side of OF ورسوله

In cartouche a RF الله نصره (Naskhī script)

No other margins.

V 1706: وحد for وحده in 3rd line of OF (error?), one-line cartouche (error). MA 550 (2 sp.). C: Decadencia p. 380, no. b (pl. I). Zambaur I 66 (pl. I). Rivero:M 106 (pl. II) وحد for وحده in 3rd line of OF (disproved by plate). Rivero:E (pl. III, no. 5).

966. [Q]ūnkah – 506 – dirhem.

As 947.

V 1834 (AV): RM uncertain. P: Reyes 444c: base silver.

967. Mālaqah – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 918.

RF الامير

علي بن يوسف

(mint)

No margins.

V 1683 (AV).

968. Madīnat Mursiyah – 502 – dirhem (anonymous). Plate VII

OF as OF of 939.

RF محمد

رسوله وعبده

OM و من يبتغ غير الاسلام دينا فلن من وهو في الاخرة من الخاسرين

RM (date) سنة (mint) بسم الله ضرب هذ الدرهم ب

V 1830 (FC, AV). P: Reyes 443a (pl. XVI): base silver.

969. Madīnat Mursiyah – 503 – dirhem (anonymous).

As 968.

V 1831 (PG, AV). P: Reyes 443b: base silver.

970. Madīnat Mursiyah – 508 – dirhem.

OF as OF of 914.

OM as OM of 947.

RM as RM of 947.

RF as RF of 918.

V 1836 (PG, FC, AV 2 sp.). See also copper: 1167.

971. Madīnat Mursiyah – 508 – dirhem.

As 970 except OM, which starts with ارسله and ends with مشرك (sic, pointed out by Fasmer II p. 224).

P: Reyes 445 (pl. XVI): base silver. Rivero:E p. 14 fig. b.

972. Madīnat Mursiyah – 511 – dirhem.

As 949 except RM, on which عام replaces سنة.

V 1838 (PG). P: Reyes 446b: as 949 (error?), base silver.

With heir

Sīr ibn-ʿAlī

A.H. 522–533

A.D. 1128–1139

973. Sabtah – (no date) – qirat

OF لا اله الا

الله

محمد رسول الله

(mint)

RF امير المسلمين

على بن يوسف

ولي عهده سير

No margins.

V 1778 (PG 4 sp., AV 3 sp.). MA 573 (2 sp.): عهد for عهده in 3rd line of RF (misprint?).

974. Ṭanjah – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا له الا

الله محمد رسول

الله

(mint)

RF بسم الله

امير المسلمين

علي والامير

سير

No margins.

V 1765 (Domeck).

975. (no mint?) – (no date?) – dirhem.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

RF امير المسلمين

علي بن يوفس ولي

عهده الامير

سير

Margins, if any, illegible.

V 1848 (AV). Cerdá 389: description inadequate.

976. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF الله

لا اله الا

محمد رسول

الله

RFعلي

امير

المسلمين

والامير

سير

No margins.

ANS (3 sp.). HSA 15905, 27807, 27808 (3 sp.). V 1768 (PG 13 sp., FC, AV 5 sp.). BM V 53. BN II 624–627 (4 sp.). MA 568 (15 sp.). KM II 633, 634 (2 sp.). D: García 6093–6095 (5 sp.): without و on 4th line of RF (error?). C: Tratado p. 201, no. 9 (pl. XX). S: Castro 413. Pedersen 232. Nasir 39 (pl. I).

977. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

لامير سير

RF امير

المسلمين علي

ابن يوسف

No margins.

V 1767 (AV). Ø 2100: description uncertain, identified from impression furnished by Galster.

978. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 977.

RF ولي الله

امير المسلمين

علي بن يوسف

No margins.

V 1772. D: García 6091. Script not indicated, may be Naskhī.

979. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat: Naskhī script.

OFلا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامير سير

RF ولي الله

امير المسلمين

علي بن يوسف

No margins.

V 1771 (PG, AV): script not indicated. BN II 623: المؤمنين for المسلمين in 2nd line of RF (error).

980. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول

الله الامير سير

RF نصر الله

امير المسلمين

علي بن يوسف

No margins.

V 1773 (AV). Script not indicated, may be Naskhī.

981. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 977.

RF امير

المسلمين

وناصر الدين

علي ين يوسف

No margins.

D: García 6092. Weyl:G 1192 (3 sp.). B 941 (pl. XIV), 942 (pl. XIV), 944?, 945? (4 sp.?): description incomplete, plates partly illegible.

982. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 979.

RF as RF of 981.

No margins.

ANS. HSA 13734–13736, 13908–13914 (10 sp.). V 1775 (PG 14 sp., FC 6 sp., AV 3 sp.). BM V 52. BN II 628–630 (3 sp.); 632: differs in ornamentation. MA 572 (4 sp.). KM II 635. S: Judice II 3099 (3 sp.). S: Ciscar 32. S: Castro 413. Pedersen 233 (pl. XCVII); 235: differs in ornamentation. Lisbon. Thorburn.

983. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat. Plate VII

OF as OF of 979.

RF امير المسلمين

وناصر الدين

علي بن يوسف

No Margins.

ANS. HSA 13915: ط b RF; 13916 (2 sp.). V 1774 (PG 15 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 4 sp.). BM V 50 (pl. I), 51 (2 sp.). BN II 631: ك b RF. MA 571 (6 sp.). KM II 636–638 (3 sp.). Dombay p. 783: سيدي for سير in last line of OF (error), division into lines not indicated. D: García 6088a, 6089 (3 sp.): without و in 2nd line of RF (error). C: Tratado p. 201, no. 10 (pl. XX): ك b RF. Weyl:G 1193. Lopes 17. S: Judice II 3099. S: Castro 413. Ø 2094, 2098 (2 sp.). Pedersen 234. Nasir 41 (pl. I). Lisbon. Thorburn.

984. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد

رسول الله الا

مير سير

RF as RF of 983.

No margins.

V 1776 (AV).

985. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامير

سير

RF امير

المسلمين

ماصرالدين

علي

No margins.

Soret:D 89: ح a RF. B 946: description inaccurate, ج a RF.

986. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

As 985 except 1st line of OF: لا اله الا الله

Thorburn:ج a RF.

987. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 975.

RF امير المسلمين

وناصر الدين

علي والامير

سير

No margins.

V 1777 (AV).

988. (no mint) – (no date) half qirat.

OF ornament.

RFعلي

الامير

سير

No margins.

V 1685: سال (?) forسير in RF, corrected by Vives; 1770 (PG 4 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 5 sp.).

BN II 620: سال (?) for سيرin RF (error). MA 569, 570 (6 sp.). KM II 632 (pl. III). Condé (pl. III, no. 14): may be this coin, plate obscue.

989. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.

OF blank.

RF بسم الله

الامير علي الا

مير سير

No margins.

HSA 13919, 13922, 13923 (3 sp.?): all doubtful. V 1766 (AV).

990. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.

OF blank.

RF علي

امير المسلمين

الامير سير

No margins.

V 1769 (AV).

electrum

991. (no mint) – (no date) – denomination unknown.

OF لا اله الا

الله وحده

RF امير المسلمين علي

ولي عهده الامير

سير

No margins.

V 1849 (AV 2 sp.). MA 574: RF partly illegible. P: Reyes 453.

992. (no mint) – (no date) – denomination unknown.

OF as OF of 991.

RF علي

امير المسلمين

ولي عهده الامير

سير

No margins.

V 1850 (AV 2 sp.). D: García 6097. P: Reyes 454.

Spanish mint.

993. Madīnat Mursiyah – 525 – dirhem. Plate VII

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول

الله

RF as RF of 975.

OM as OM of 947.

RM as RM of 947.

V 1846 (PG, AV): 2nd line of OF inaccurately reported, date uncertain. P: Reyes 451 (pl. XVI): base silver.

994. Mursiyah – 526 – dirhem.

As 993 except OF, as OF of 975.

V 1847 (PG, AV). P: Reyes 452 (fig.): base silver.

With heir

Tāshfīn ibn-ʿAlī

A.H. 533–537

A.D. 1139–1143

995. Sabtah – (no date) – half qirat.

OF blank.

RF علي

امير المسلمين

والامير تاشفين

(mint)

No margins.

V 1811 (AV 2 sp.).

996. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 975.

RF امير المسلمين

علي والاميرنا

شفين

No margins.

V 1812 (AV 2 Sp.).

997. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامير تاشفين

RF as RF of 979.

No margins.

V 1820 (PG 3 sp., AV 3 sp.). BM V 59. BN II 633. MA 583. Nasir 38 (pl. I).

998. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 997.

RF امير المسلمين

وناصر الدين علي

بن يوسف

No margins.

HSA 14154. V 1825 (AV). S: Judice II 3100.

999. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 997.

RF as RF of 983.

No margins.

HSA 13737: ك b RF. V 1824 (PG 6 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 5 sp.). BM V 56, 57 (2 sp.): ل b RF. MA 582: not noted by Vives. KM II 642, 643 (2 sp.): ك b RF. Castiglioni 239 (pl. X): 3-line OF (disproved by plate), ك b RF. S: Castro 415. B 963–965 (pl. XIV: 963, 965), 968, 969 (5 sp.). ك b RF. Nasir 40 (pl. I).

1000. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامير تاشفين

RF as RF of 983.

No margins.

V 1823 (PG?). MA 581 (2 sp.). Condé p. 290: presumably this coin misread. Münter 307: identified by Galster. D: García 6099–6101 (3 sp.): description uncertain. Zambaur:W 85. Ø 2102: description uncertain, identified from impression furnished by Galster.

1001. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat: Naskhī script. Plate VII

OF as OF of 1000.

RF as RF of 981.

No margins.

HSA 13917, 13918 (2 sp.). V 1822 (PG 9 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 3 sp.). BM V 60–62 (pl. I: 60) (3 sp.). BN II 635. MA 580 (3 sp.). KM II 644 (pl. III): الا placed above اله in 1st line of OF. Condé p. 289: presumably this coin misread. D: García 6098: without و in 3rd line of RF (error). Lisbon.

1002. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF الله

لا اله الا

محمد رسول

الله الامير

تاشفين

RF as RF of 981.

No margins.

BN II 634. MA 584. KM II 645. Figanier 184.

1003. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

As 1002, but without و in 3rd line of RF.

HSA 13740. V 1826 (PG 7 sp., FC 4 sp., AV 3 sp.). BM V 58. S: Judice II 3101. S: Castro 415. B 966: description incomplete.

1004. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat. Plate VII

OF. لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الاميرتا

شفين

RF as RF of 985.

No margins.

ANS (4 sp.): ج a RF. HSA 13738: ج a RF. V 1827 (PG 9 sp., FC 3 sp., AV 3 sp.). BM V 54, 55 (2 sp.): ج a RF. BM X p. 6, no. 55d: ج a RF. BN II 636, 637 (2 sp.): ج a RF. MA 585 (4 sp.): ج a RF. KM II 639–641 (3 sp.): ج a RF. D: García 6103: description incomplete, ح a RF. C: Tratado p. 202, no. 12 (pl. XX): ج a RF. Weyl:G 1191 (2 sp.): ج a RF. Lopes 18. S: Judice II 3101. S: Castro 415. Thorburn: ج a RF.

1005. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول

الله

RF امير المسلمين

وناصرالدين علي

والامير تاشفين

No margins.

V 1828 (AV 2 sp.).

1006. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 975.

RF as RF of 1005.

No margins.

V 1829 (AV).

1007. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 975.

RF امير المسلمين

علي بن يوسف

ولي عهده تاشفين

No margins.

Welzl 12237.

1008. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 973.

RF علي

امير المسلمين

ول عهده

تاشفين

No margins.

V 1816 (PG, AV).

1009. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.

OF ornament.

RF الامير علي

الامير تا

شفين

No margins.

V 1815 (PG 3 sp., FC 3 sp., AV 3 sp.). S: Castro 414.

1010. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.

OF blank.

RF امير

المسلمين علي

الامير تاشفين

No margins.

V 1813 (PG, AV 2 sp.).

1011. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.

OF as OF of 976.

RF الله ينصر

امير المسلمين علي

الامير تاشفين

No margins.

V 1821 (AV): top line of RF misread, corrected p. 552. V:Indicación p. 518 calls this a half qirat struck with the die of a qirat.

1012. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.

OF ornament.

RF علي

الامير

ولي عهده تا

شفين

No margins.

V 1817 (PG, AV 3 sp.). Script not indicated, may be Naskhī.

1013. (no mint) – (no date) – quarter qirat.

OF blank.

RF علي

الامير

تاشفين

No margins.

HSA 13921. V 1814 (PG, FC). Rivero:M 107 (pl. II): ornament on OF. Rivero:E (pl. III, no. 16): ornament on OF.

1014. (no mint) – (no date) – quarter qirat: Naskhī script.

OF as OF of 975.

RF as RF of 1012.

No margins.

HSA 13920, 13924 (2 sp.). V 1818 (PG 2 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 4 sp.): script not indicated. MA 586: script not indicated.

1015. (no mint) – (no date) – quarter qirat: Naskhī script.

OF as OF of 975.

RF الامير علي

ولي عهده تا

شفين

No margins.

BM V 63–65 (pl. I: 63) (3 sp.).

1016. (no mint) – (no date) – sixteenth qirat.

OF blank.

RF as RF of 1015.

No margins.

V 1819 (AV 3 sp.). Script not indicated, may be Naskhī.

Spanish mints.

1016a. Ishbīliyah – (no date) – qirat?

Not described.

Cerdá 400.

1016b. Ishbīliyah – (no date) – half qirat?

Not described, except that OF has no legend.

Cerdá 401.

1017. Jayyān – 536 – dirhem. Plate VII

OF لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

سعد

RF as RF of 983.

(in tiny letters)

OM بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ولي العهد الامير تاشفين

RM (date) عام (mint) بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هذا الدرهم

ANS: سعد not visible. V 1810 (AV). Cerdá 398: description incomplete. Rivero:M 109 bis (fig. on p. XI). Rivero:E p. 14, fig. a.

Tāshfīn ibn-ʿAlī

A.H. 537–540

A.D. 1143–1145

— (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامير تاشفين

RF الامام عبد الله

العباسي

امير المؤمين

No margins.

B 979: division into lines not indicated. This is the only Murābiṭ silver reported to have been struck in the name of the ʿAbbāsid khalīfah; it must be considered very dubious.

1018. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول

الله

RF امير المسلمين

تاشفين

No margins.

V 1872 (Codera).

1019. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول

الله

RF امير المسلمين

تاشفين بن علي

No margins.

V 1871 (AV). MA 594. B 978: description incomplete.

1020. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat

OF as OF of 1019.

RF امير المسلمين

وناصر الدين

تاشفين بن علي

No margins.

V 1887 (AV): termed dirhem. B 980 (pl. XV).

1021. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

RF as RF of 1020.

No margins.

V 1881 (PG 2 sp.).

1022. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat: Naskhī script. Plate VII

OF as OF of 1021.

RF امير

المسلمين

تاصر الدين

تاشفين

بن علي

No margins.

HSA 13739, 15911, 15912, (3 sp.). V 1882 (PG 2 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 4 sp.): script not indicated. BM V 73 (pl. I), 74 (2 sp.). MA 596: script not indicated, وناصر for ناصر in 3rd line of RF (error?). S: judice II 3102. Thorburn.

1023. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF بسم الله

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول

الله

RF علي

امير

المسلمين

ناصرالدين

تاشفين

بن

No margins.

V 1883 (AV). Script not indicated, may be Naskhī.

1024. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.

OF ornament.

RF الامير

تاشفين

No margins.

V 1878 (PG, AV 6 sp.): termed eighth qirat (error). MA 599. KM II 655. As a half qirat, this coin does not fit into the table in V:Indicación p. 519.

1025. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.

OF ornament.

RF امير

المسامين

تاشفين

No margins.

V 1877 (PG, AV 3 sp.). MA 597 (2 sp.). Rivero:M 113 (pl. III). B 977 (pl. XV). Rivero:E (pl. III, no. 17).

1026. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.

OF ornament.

RF امير المسلمين

تاشفين

بن علي

No margins.

V 1873 (PG, AV): عل بن for بن عليin 3rd line of RF (misprint?). MA 595 (4 sp.).

1027. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.

OF الله ولي

امير المسامين

RF الامير تاشفين

No margins.

ANS. Does not fit into the table in V:Indicación p. 519.

1028. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.

Variant of 1025.

S: Castro 416: described as an unpublished variant of V 1877.

1029. (no mint) – (no date) – quarter qirat.

OF as OF of 1021.

RF as RF of 1026.

No margins.

V 1874 (PG, AV 6 sp.). BM V 75.

1030. (no mint) – (no date) – quarter qirat.

OF and RF (identical) as RF of 1026.

No margins.

V 1875: termed hybrid in V:Indicación p. 519; it was apparently struck in error, and was recorded by Codera.

1031. (no mint) – (no date) – eighth qirat.

OF blank.

RF علي

تاشفين

بن

No margins.

V 1879 (AV).

1032. (no mint) – (no date) – eighth qirat.

OF الامير

RF تا

شفين

No margins.

HSA 15910, 15913–15915 (4 sp.). V 1880 (PG 6 sp., FC 4 sp., AV 5 sp.). BM V 76 (pl. I), 77 (2 sp.). BN II 648–650 (3 sp.). MA 598 (25 sp., of which Vives noted 5). C: Tratado p. 203, no 2 (pl. XXI). Rivero:M 114 (pl. III).

1033. (no mint) – (no date) – sixteenth qirat.

OF blank.

RF as RF of 1018.

No margins.

V 1876 (AV).

With heir

Ibrāhīm ibn-Tāshfīn

A.H. 538–540

A.D. 1144–1145

1034. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامير ابراهيم

RF as RF of 1020.

No margins.

BN II 651: عم a RF. B 988 (pl. XV): no letters a RF.

1035. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

As 1034 except 1st line of OF: لا اله الا الله

ANS: ع م a RF. HSA 15909, 15917, 15918, 15920, (4 sp.): ع م a RF. V 1885 (PG 6 sp., FC 4 sp., AV 4 sp.). BM V 71 (pl. I), 72 (2 sp.): ع م a RF. MA 600 (5 sp.): ابرهيم for ابراهيم in 4th line of OF (misprint?). Soret:R 3. C: Tratado p. 204, no. 3 (pl. XXI): ع م a RF. S: Castro 416. B 991: ع م b RF; 992: ع م a RF (pl. XV: both) (2 sp.). Figanier 187 (pl.): ابرهيم for ابراهيم 4th line of OF (disproved by plate).

1036. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat. Plate VII

As 1035 but with ابرهيم for ابراهيم in 4th line of OF, and without و in 2nd line of RF. HSA 15916, 15919 (2 sp.). KM II 653 (pl. III). D: García 6114. Kivero:M 112 (pl. III). B 989, 990, 990 bis, 990 ter (pl. XV: all) (4 sp.).

1037. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.

OF ابرهيم

RF as RF of 1024.

No margins.

V 1886 (AV). KM II 654. Longpérier:D p. 431: description incomplete.

Spanish mint.

1038. Qurṭubah (divided طبة / قر) – (no date) – quarter qirat, struck presumably by Ḥamdīn ibn-Muḥammad.

OF (mint, continued)

الامير ابرا

(mint) هيم

RF as RF of 1025.

No margins.

V 1884 (AV 2 sp.). V:Indicación p. 518 gives ابر for ابرا in 2nd line of OF.

Isḥāq ibn-ʿAlī

A.H. 540–541

A.D. 1145–1147

1039. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 1019.

RF امير المسلمين

وناصرالدين

اسحاق بن علي

No margins.

V 1895 (PG 5 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 3 sp.). Höst:E and N 12 (pl. XXXIII). B 1000 (pl. XV): ك b RF.

1040. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

As 1039, but without و in 2nd line of RF.

HSA 15921, 15922 (2 sp.): no letter b RF. BN II 657, 658 (2 sp.). MA 602. KM II 659, 660 (2 sp.). Condé p. 291: this is the coin described, not that illustrated. D: García 6116, 6117 (2 sp.): 3-line OF (error). Rivero:M 116 (pl. III): no letter b RF. B 999 (pl. XV), 1001 (2 sp.). Thorburn.

1041. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat. Plate VII

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

RF المسلمين

امير

ناصر الدين

اسحاق بن علي

No margins.

HSA 13741, 15923 (2 sp.). V 1896 (PG 3 sp., FC, AV 2 sp.): و at start of 3rd line of RF (error?). BM V 78 (pl. I), 79 (2 sp.). BN II 656. MA 603 (4 sp.): with و (error?). KM II 662. Condé p. 291 (pl. III, no. 10): apparently this coin misread; differently misread on p. 279. Marsden 348 (pl. XX): apparently this coin misread, attributed to Ḥammūdids (corrected by Codera: Errores p. 16, and by Fraehn:O p. 25). D: García 6118 (2 sp.): description uncertain. C: Tratado p. 204, no. 4 (pl. XXI). S: Judice II 3103a.

1042. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 1019.

RF as RF of 1041, with و at start of 3rd line.

No margins.

V 1897 (AV).

1043. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF as OF of 1018.

RF اسحاق

امير المسلمين

ناصر الدين

ابن علي

No margins.

V 1901. D: García 6119, 6120 (2 sp.).

1044. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

As 1043, but with و at end of 2nd line of RF.

Ø 2104: description uncertain, impression furnished by Galster appears identical with 1045.

1045. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF الله

لا اله الا

محمد رسول

الله

RF as RF of 1043.

No margins.

V 1900 (Cumano). KM II 661. S: Castro 417. B 1002 (pl. XV).

1046. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا الله

[محمد[رسول الله

الاميرا

سحاق

RF بن

امير

المسلمين

ناصر الدين

علي

No margins.

Soret:D 91. Soret:B 110.

1047. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.

OF ابم علي

RF الامير

اسحاق

No margins

V 1902 (PG): termed qirat, corrected on p. 552. KM II 664. Condé p. 291 misread.

1048. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.

OF ابن

علي

RF امير

المسلمين

اسحاق

No margins

KM II 663 (pl. III). Does not fit into the table in V:Indicación p. 519.

1049. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.

OF ornament.

RF as RF of 1048.

No margins.

V 1898 (AV). MA 604. KM II 665 (pl. III). Rivero:E (pl. III, no. 18).

1050. (no mint) – (no date) – quarter qirat.

OF ornament.

RF as RF of 1048.

No margins.

V 1899 (AV). C: Decadencia p. 385, no. 9 (pl. I). Rivero:E (pl. III, no. 19).

1051. (no mint) – (no date) – eighth qirat.

OF امير

المسلمين

RF اسحاق

No margins.

B 1003 (pl. XV): same specimen shown twice in plate, illegible.

Spanish mint.

1052. Qurṭubah – (no date) – qirat: Naskhī script; struck presumably by Ḥamdīn ibn-Muḥammad or by Ibn-Ghāniyah. Plate VII

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

(mint)

RF امير

المسلمين

ناصر الدين اسحاق

بن علي

No margins.

ANS. HSA 14155. V 1894 (PG 2 sp., AV 4 sp.): و at start of 3rd line of RF (error?). BM V 80. BN II 655. MA 601 (2 sp.): with و (error?). Longpérier:D p. 431 (several sp.): m only. C: Tratado p. 205, no. 5 (pl. XXI). Sotheby 382: m only; with date 541 (error?). S: Judice II 3103. Rivero:M 117 (pl. III): with و (disproved by plate). B 997, 998 (pl. XV: both) (2 sp): with و (disproved by plate).

— Mālaqah – (no date) – qirat?

Sawaszkiewicz p. 204 apparently refers to silver of this mint and ruler, but too vaguely to be accepted.

Murābiṭ. partisans after A.H. 541 (A.D. 1147)

Many coins in Murābiṭ styles were struck after the downfall of the main dynasty at the death of Isḥāq; most of these were struck in Spain by local rulers and are therefore excluded from this corpus, but can be found in section 6a of Vives; mintless coins struck in Spain in the name of the “Banī-Tāshfīn” follow.

1053. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد

رسول الله

RF اللهم ارحم

امرا المسلمين

بني تاشفين

No margins.

V 1980 (AV). MA 611. Script not indicated; probably Kūfī obverse and Naskhī reverse.

1054. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF: Kūfī script الله

لا اله الا

محمد رسول الله

RF as RF of 1053: Naskhī script.

No margins.

V 1981 (AV): script not indicated. C: Decadencia p. 391, no. 15 (pl. II): لك b OF.

1055. (no mint) – (no date) – qirat.

OF and RF (identical) as RF of 1053: presumably Naskhī script.

No margins.

V 1982 (Cumano): apparently an error in striking.

1056. (no mint) – (no date) – half qirat.

OF: Naskhī script ارحم

اللهم

امرا المسلمين

RF: Kūfī script بني

تاشفين

No margins.

V 1983: script not indicated. MA 612. C Monedas p. 381. C.Decadencia p. 391, no. 16 (pl. II): لك b RF.

Muwaḥḥid Silver

struck in North Africa and Spain by the Kūmiyah Berber rulers of the Muwaḥḥidūn sect in Naskhī or Kūfī script.

Silver struck by Muwaḥḥid partisans in North Africa and Spain before the downfall of the Murābiṭs in A.H. 541 (A.D. 1147).

Struck in North Africa in the name of the Mahdī Muḥammad ibn-Tūmart about A.H. 540 (A.D. 1145).

1057. Sabtah – qirat: Kūfī script?

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

(mint)

RF الله

مهدي الدين

الذي بشر به

رسول

V 2017 (AV).

1058. Sabtah – qirat: Kūfī script?

OF as OF of 1057.

RF الله ربنا

ومحمد نبينا

والمهدى اما

منا

V 2018 (AV).

1059. (no mint) – qirat: Kūfī script?

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامام

RF الله ربنا

محمد رسولنا

المهدى اما

منا

V 2014 (AV) Lisbon.

1060. (no mint) – qirat: Kūfī script.

OF الله

لا اله الا

محمد رسول الله

الامام عبد

الله

RF الله

ربنا

محمد رسولنا

المهدى امامنا

V 2016 (AV). C: Tratado p. 225, no. 6 (pl. XXII).

1061. (no mint) – half qirat: Kūfī script?

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامام الحق

RF as RF of 1059.

V 2015 (AV): 4th line of OF uncertain. May be an unusually debased specimen of 446a misread. Lisbon has a partly illegible variant.

Struck in Spain in the name of abū-Muḥmmad ʿAbd-al-Muʾmin ibn-ʿAlī about A.H. 540 (A.D. 1145).

1062. (no mint) – qirat. Plate VII

OF الله ربنا

ومحمد نبينا

والمهدى

امامنا

RF امير المؤمنين

عبد المؤمن

ابن علي

HSA 14168. V 2043 (PG 4 sp., AV, 1 other). MA 659 (2 sp.): without و in 3rd line of OF (corrected by Vives). Rivero:E (pl. III, no. 10).

1062a. (no mint) – dirhem.

As 1062; legends in square, segments ornamented.

V 2045 (AV).

1063. (no mint) – qirat.

As 1062, but with رسولنا for نبينا in 2nd line of OF; و omitted from 2nd and 3rd lines of OF. BN II 721–723 (3 sp.). Condé p. 289.

1064. (no mint) – half qirat.

OF ornament.

RF عبد المؤمنم

ابم علي

V 2044. MA 658.

abū-Muḥammad ʿAbd-al-Muʾmin ibn-ʿAlī

A.H. 524–558

A.D. 1130–1163

1065. Fās (b RF) – square half-dirhem struck after A.H. 540.

OF الحمد لله

رب

العالمين

RF ابو محمد عبد

المؤمن

بن علي امير المؤمين

Weyl:F 6493.

1066. (no mint) – round dirhem. Plate VII

As 1065; legends in square, segments ornamented.

V 2046 (AH 2 sp., AV 2 sp.). P 26 (pl. iii): ascribed (p. 32) to Idrīs I. BM V 88a (pl. II). BM X, p. 10, no. 88b, 88c? (cut square) (2 sp.?). BN II 718, 719 (2 sp.). MA 665 (4 sp., of which Vives noted 2): termed half dirhem (error). KM II 689. Weyl:G 1221. S: Castro 420. Bel p. 18. Rivero:M 131 (pl. III) Ø 2110. B 1046–1049 (pl. XVI: 1046) (4 sp.). Rivero:E (pl. IV, no. 8). Thorburn.

1067. (no mint) – square dirhem.

As 1065.

B 1050 (pl. XVI).

1068. (no mint) – square half dirhem. Plate VII

As 1065.

ANS. HSA 13906, 14164 (2 sp.). V 2113 (AH 2 sp., PG 10 sp., FC, AV 12 sp.). P 25a. BN II 720. MA 666 (90 sp., of which Vives noted 16). KM II 690: gold instead of silver (misprint). Adler:C 89 (pl. VI). Moura 2 (fig.). D: García 6129. Cerdá 423: description incomplete. Leite 23. S: Judice II 3126. S: Castro 420. Bel p. 14 (fig. 2, 3). Ø 2111, 2112 (2 sp.). B 1051–1054 (pl. XVI: 1051) (4 sp.). Figanier 169 (2 sp.). Lisbon. Thorburn.

1069. (no mint) – square quarter dirhem.

As 1065.

MA 667 (not noted by Vives).

Spanish mints.

1070. Ishbīliyah (b RF) – square half dirhem struck after A.H. 541

As 1065.

V 2116. P 25d. MA 669.

1071. Jayyān (b RF) – square half dirhem struck after A.H. 541.

As 1065.

V 2114 (PG). P 25b. C: Tratado p. 220, no. 2 (pl. XXII).

1072. Gharnāṭah (b RF) – square half dirhem struck after A.H. 549.

As 1065.

P 25f (pl. III).

— Suhal? – square half dirhem.

As 1065.

Zambaur II 269: mint uncertain, above instead of beneath RF. This mint is unidentified, and because of its position is probably merely an ornament on a specimen of 1068.

1073. Mālaqah (b RF) – square half dirhem struck after A.H. 548.

As 1065.

V 2115. P 25c. MA 668.

1074. Mursiyah (b RF) – square half dirhem (posthumous) struck after A.H. 567.

As 1065.

V 2117 (AV 3 sp.). P 25e. Cerdá 422: m only. S: Judice II 3127.

abū-Yūsuf Yaʿqūb ibn-Yūsuf I

A.H. 580–595

A.D. 1184–1199

— (no mint) – denomination not specified.

Nor described.

Sawaszkiewicz p. 205, no. 25 (2 sp.). This unsupported ascription must be considered dubious.

With heir

abū-ʿAbd-Allāh Muḥammad ibn-Yaʿqūb

A.H. 587–595

A.D. 1191–1199

1075. (no mint) – square half dirhem. Attribution doubtful. Plate VII

OF وما بكم من

نعمة فمن الله

حسبي الله

وحده

RF ولي العهد

الامير ابو عبد

الله بن الامرا

V 2127. P 28 (pl. III). MA 708.

abū-Mūsâ ʿImrān ibn-Yaʿqūb

rebel amīr at Sabtah

A.H. 629–630

A.D. 1232–1232

1076. (no mint) – square dirhem. Plate VII

OF لا اله الا الله>

محمد رسول الله

الامر كله لله

RF الامير الوميد بالله

ابومومسى عمران

ابن الامرا الارشين

P 27 (pl. III): 3rd line of OF given as لا قوة الا بالله (disproved by plate). MA 707. Fasmer I 3.

1077. (no mint) – square dirhem.

As 1076 except 3rd line of OF: لا قوة الا بالله

V 2121 (AV). May be 1076 misread.

abū-Muḥammad ʿAbd-al-Wāḥid II ibn-Idrīs I

A.H. 630–640

A.D. 1232–1242

Struck before restoration of al-Mahdī's name

A.H. 630–631

A.D. 1232–1234

1078. Ribāṭ (in 4th OS and 2nd RS) al-Fatḥ (in 1st OS and 3rd RS) – (date?) – qirat.

OF لا حول ولا

قوة الا

بالله

RF الله ربنا

محمد رسولنا

الرشيد امامنا

OS — [?] عام — (mint, continued)

— (mint) ب — ضرب

RS — (mint) ب — ضرب

— [?] عام — (mint, continued)

KM II 698a: segments worn, no date?, OS as RS (error?).

1079. Sijilmāsah (in 4th and 1st OS and 2nd and 3rd RS; divided سجل\ماسة – (date?) – qirat.

As 1078.

L: Johnston p. 169 (2 sp.): m only, date obscure. Thorburn: date uncertain, read as ه.

1080. Ḥaḍrat (in 4th OS and 2nd RS) Fās (in 1st OS and 3rd RS) – (date?)–qirat. Plate VII

As 1078.

KM II 698b, 698c (2 sp.): OS as RS (error?). Fraehn:R p. 624, no. 3: largely illegible, mint uncertain, ستما in RS (error?). Soret :D 92: المهدى for الرشيد in 3rd line of RF (error?), segments largely illegible. Weyl:F 6496: not described, mint given as Fās; probably this coin. L: Bodleian 319: wrongly recorded, apparently this coin, segments largely illegible, RS as OS?. Thorburn.

1081. Ḥaḍrat (in 4th OS and 2nd RS) Fās (in 1st OS and 3rd RS) – (date?) – qirat.

As 1078 except 3rd line of RF: الرشيد

امامنا

Adler:C 90 (pl. VI): segments largely illegible, ستماة in 2nd RS (error?), may be another specimen of 1080.

1082. Marrākush. (in 4th and 1st OS and 2nd and 3rd RS; division not specified) – (date?) – qirat.

As 1078.

Geitlin p. 234: segments uncertain, may be a poor specimen of 1083.

1083. Ḥaḍrat (in 4th OS and 2nd RS) Marrākush (in 1st OS and 3rd RS) – (date?) – qirat.

As 1078.

Markov: E p. 921, no. 2a: not described, mint given as Marrākush; corrected by Fasmer I 1, with description.

1084. (mint?) – (date?) – qirat.

OF as OF of 1078.

RF ربنا الله

محمد رسول الله

الرشيد بالله

Segments illegible.

L:Calivert 50, 51 (2 sp.).

— (mint Fās?) – (date?) – qirat. see Plate VII

As 1084 except 1st line of RF: الله ربنا.

L: Bodleian 319, 320? (2 sp.?). Apparently a misreading of poor additional specimens of 1080, according to photographs furnished by J. G. Milne.

Anonymous silver

struck presumably by all Muwaḥḥid rulers except ʿAbd-al-Muʾmin and by several early Ḥafṣid rulers.

1085. Bijāyah (b OF) – square dirhem. Plate VII

OF لا اله الا الله

الامر كله لله

لا قوة الا بالله

RF الله ربنا

وحمد ربنا

المهدى امامنا

ANS. HSA 13886. V 2100 (AH, PG 5 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 3 sp.). P 24ba. BM V 121 (pl. III). BN II 739. MA 689 (29 sp., of which Vives noted 12). KM II 701–703 (pl. IV: 701), 723? (4 sp.?). L: Muwaḥḥids p. 165. Zambaur:W 86. S: Judice II 3120. Bel p. 25 (fig. 9, 10). Ø 2145. B 1056, 1056 bis (pl. XVII: both) (2 sp.).

1086. Tilimsān (b OF and b RF) – square dirhem struck before A.H. 640.

As 1085.

V 2102 (FC). P 24bc. MA 696.

1087. Tilimsān (b OF) – square dirhem struck before A.H. 640. Plate VII

As 1085.

HSA 13882,13887, (2 sp.). V 2101 (AH 3 sp., PG4 sp., FC, AV 9 sp.). P 24bb. BM V 122–124 (pl. III: 123) (3 sp.). BN II 740, 741 (2 sp.). MA 697 (35 sp., of which Vives noted 10): mint misspelled. KM II 704, L: Muwaḥḥids p. 165 (pl. VI) (2 sp.). L: Khedivial p. 329. S: Judice II 3121 (2 sp.). Boneschi 32 (pl). Bel p. 22 (fig. 6, 7, 8). B 1055 (pl. XVII).

1088. Tūnis (b OF) – square dirhem. Plate VII

As 1085.

ANS. V 2103 (AV 2 sp.). P 24bd. BN II 742, 743 (2 sp.). 694. KM II 724: mint uncertain.

Adler:M p. 169 (fig. on p. 98): description inaccurate. Castiglioni 241. Krehl p. 36, no. 1. L: Muwaḥḥids p. 165. Markov:E p. 93, no. 4, p. 921 no. 4a (2 sp.). Rivero:M 140 (pl. III, under no. 141). Bel p. 25 (fig. 11, 12). F:Hafsites 75, 76 (pl. V: both) (2 sp.). Ø 2141, 2142 (2 sp.). B 1257–1259 (pl. XIX: all) (3 sp.).

1088a. Tūnis (b RF) – square dirhem.

As 1085.

ANS (2 sp.). KM II 705.

1089. Tīn Mallal? (b OF) – square dirhem.

As 1085.

Bel p. 25 (3 sp.) (fig. 9, 10): mint uncertain, given as Tin Mallal.

1090. Jarbah (b RF) – square dirhem. Plate VII

As 1085.

B 1263 (pl. XIX).

1091. al-Jazāʾir (b OF) – square dirhem. Plate VII

As 1085.

ANS.

1092. Ribāṭ al-Fatḥ (b OF) – square dirhem.

As 1085.

HSA 13857: mint uncertain. V 2104 (PG, AV): ربط for رباط (error). P 24be: ربط for رباط (error). MA 695 (5 sp.): ربط for رباط (error). Bel p. 28 (fig. 13). Cottevieille p. 214 (pl. VIII). B 1063 (pl. XVII).

1093. Sabtah (b OF) – square dirhem.

As 1085.

ANS (2 sp.). HSA 13884: mint uncertain. V 2105 (AH 4 sp., PG 4 sp., FC, AV 11 sp.). P 24bf. BM V 129 (pl. III). BN II 744, 745 (2 sp.,). MA 690 (74 sp., of which Vives noted 12). KM II 708–710(3 sp.). D: García 6150. Cerdá 430: m only. L: Muwaḥḥids p. 165. S:White 2188 (2sp.). S: Beyram 292b (2sp.). S: Castro 423: mint uncertain. Belp. 23 (fig. 9, 10). Ø 2152.

1094. Sijilmāsah (b OF) – square dirhem.

As 1085.

V 2106 (AH 2 sp., AV 4 sp.). P 24bg. MA 693 (8 sp., of which Vives noted 2). Bel p. 25 (fig. 11).

1095. Fās (b OF and b RF) – square dirhem.

As 1085.

ANS. V 2108 (AV). P 24bi. S: Judice II 3123.

1096. Fās (b OF) – square dirhem.

As 1085.

ANS (4 sp.?): mint uncertain on 1 sp. HSA (15 sp.?): mint uncertain on 1 sp. UM. V 2107 (AH 9 sp., PG 9 sp., FC 3 sp., AV 20 sp.), 2111: mint misread as بارس (?). P 24bh. BM V 130–133 (pl. III: 130) (4 sp.). BM X p. 10, no. 133a, 133b (2 sp.). BN 11 746–748 (3 sp.). MA 691 (116 sp., of which Vives noted 20), 698: mint misread باس as (?)(9 sp.), 699: mint misread as بارس (?). KM II 711–178 (8 sp.). Tychsen, O. p. 123. Schiepati 72. Castiglioni 240. Welzl 12240. D.García 6145–6148 (12 sp.). Fraehn:N p. 88, no. 2a. D:Lorichs 4850 (2 sp.): m only. Cerdá 427: m only. L: Muwaḥḥids p. 165. Weyl:F 6491 (4 sp.). Markov:E p. 93, no. 5. S:White 2188. S: Judice II 3122 (6 sp.). S: Beyram 292c. S: Castro 423. Bel p. 19 (fig. 4, 5, 6). Ø 2144, 2146, 2149, 2150 (4 sp.). B 1057 (pl. XVII.). Lisbon. see also copper: 1170.

1097. Fās (b OF) – square dirhem. Plate VII

OF as OF of 1085, with mint, RF as OF of 1085, without mint.

HSA 13812. Presumably an error in striking.

— Maḥad? (b OF) – square dirhem.

As 1085.

V 2112. MA 700. This mint is unidentified, and is probably either misread or poorly engraved.

1098. Marrākush (b OF) – square dirhem.

As 1085.

ANS: mint uncertain. HSA 13817?, 14160 (2 sp.?). V 2109 (AH 2 sp., AV 3 sp.). P 24bj. BM V 134 (pl. III). MA 692 (4 sp.). Welzl 12239. S: Judice II 3124. Ø 2148: mint uncertain. B 1058 (pl. XVII): mint illegible in plate.

1099. Miknāsah (b OF) – square dirhem.

As 1085.

V 2110 (AV). P 24bk. D: García 6149. Rivero:M 141 (pl. III, O only, under no. 140). Bel p. 25 (fig. 11, 12).

1100. (Nūl) Lamṭah? (b OF) – square dirhem.

As 1085.

S:Judicc II 3125 (pl. II, R only): mint uncertain.

1100a. (no mint) – square double dirhem.

As 1085.

KM II 727.

1101. (no mint) – square dirhem. Plate VIII

As 1085.

ANS (20 sp.). HSA (101 sp., of which 1 — no. 10632 — is gilded). UM. V 2088 (AH 63 sp., PG 42 sp., FC 23 sp., AV 15 sp.). P 24a. BM V 141–157, 147a (pl. III: 144, 145) (18 sp.). BN II 758–766 (9 sp.). MA 680 (4689 sp., of which Vives noted 60). KM II 728–773 (46 sp.). And additional specimens too numerous and scattered to list. Many of these coins are contemporary European imitations (millares) with intentionally distorted engraving of the words محمد,الله, and المهدى. A few specimens (termed Ḥafṣid by Farrugia) have horizontal rules between lines of the inscriptions. See also copper: 1171.

1102. (no mint) – square dirhem. Plate VIII

As 1085 counterstamped on OF ط (for طيب).

F: Dragut 13 (pl. II): clipped so that much of legend is missing; probably Ḥafṣid counterstamped by Turks.

1103. (no mint) – square dirhem: Kūfī script. Plate VIII

As 1085.

ANS (3 sp.). HSA (11 sp.). BM V 136–139 (pl. III: 136) (4 sp.). BN II 757. KM II 774–776 (3 sp.). Condé p. 283 (pl. V, no. 2). L: Bodleian 321. Lagumina p. 103, no. 4. Zambaur:W 87. S: Judice II 3113 (2 sp.). Vollers 14 (pl. I). S: Castro 423. Bel p. 40 (fig. 20, 22). B 1060 (pl. XVII). Script is not specified by, among others, V(ives), P(rieto), or MA, so some coins listed as 1101 may belong here.

1103a. (no mint) – square dirhem: Naskhī and Kūfī script.

As 1085 OF in Kūfī script, RF in Naskhī script.

Bel p. 41 (frg. 20, 22).

— (no mint) – square dirhem. Plate VIII

As 1085, with الغر لله b OF.

B 1266, 1267 (2 sp.) (pl. XIX): 4th line of OF doubtful, illegible in plate. This is probably a coin with mint b OF, misread.

1104. (no mint) – square dirhem. Plate VIII

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الامر كله لله

RF as RF of 1085.

Bel p. 11 (fig. 1).

1105. (no mint) – square half dirhem.

OF as OF of 1065.

RF as RF of 1085.

Bel p. 17 (fig. 2).

Spanish mints.

1106. Ishbīliyah (b OF) – square dirhem.

As 1085.

HSA 13805?, 14161? (2 sp.?): mint uncertain. V 2089 (PG 2 sp., FC, AV 6 sp.). P 24cb. BM X p. 10, no. 120k. BN II 749. MA 681 (35 sp., of which Vives noted 11). KM II 700a. Dombay p. 782. D: García 6143–6144 (3 sp.). Cerdá 429: m only. S:Judice II 3116. Bel p. 32. B 1071 (pl. XVII).

1107. Balansiyah (b OF) – square dirhem.

As 1085.

HSA 14157?, 14158? (2 sp.?): mint uncertain. V 2090 (PG, AV 2 sp.). P 24cc (pl. III).

BN II 750. MA 682 (2 sp.). S: Judice II 3117 (2 sp.). B 1064 (pl. XVII).

— Bayyāsah (location on coin not specified) – square dirhem.

This mint is listed by Vazquez Queipo III: 536 note, but has not been identified on surviving coins and must be considered dubious.

1108. Jayyān (b OF) – square dirhem.

As 1085.

V 2091 (AV). P 24cd. BN II 751, 752 (2 sp.). MA 683 (2 sp., not 3 as in Vives). B 1065 (pl. XVII).

1109. Dāniyah (b OF) – square dirhem.

As 1085.

V 2099 (Vilá). P 24ca. BM V 127 (pl. III), 128 (2 sp.).

1110. Sharīsh (b OF) – square dirhem.

As 1085.

V 2098 (AV 3 sp.). P 24ck. MA 688 (7 sp.). Rivero:M 139 (pl. III).

1111. Gharnāṭah (b OF) – square dirhem.

As 1085.

HSA 13852: mint uncertain. V 2097 (AH, PG 3 sp., FC, AV 3 sp.). P 24cj. MA 687 (7 sp., of which Vives noted 3). B 1070 (pl. XVII).

1112. Qurṭubah (b OF) – square dirhem.

As 1085.

ANS. HSA 14162, 14163 (2 sp.). V 2092 (PG 3 sp., AV 3 sp.). P 24ce. MA 684 (12 sp., of which Vives noted 7). C: Tratado p. 219, no. 7 (pl. XXII). S: Judice II 3118 (2 sp.). Bel p. 29 (fig. 14, 15). B 1069 (pl. XVII): mint illegible in plate.

1113. Mālaqah (b OF) – square dirhem.

As 1085.

V 2095 (AH 2 sp., PG 3 sp., FC 2 sp., AV 5 sp.). P 24ch. MA 685 (20 sp., of which Vives noted 4). Guillén p. 426 (fig.). Calvo p. 192 (pl. XI, no. 8). Bel p. 29 (fig. 14).

1114. Mānurqah (b OF) – square dirhem struck after A.H. 599.

As 1085.

V 2094 (PG, FC, AV). P 24cg. Campaner:N and M 7 (pl. I). Rivero:M 138 (pl. III, O only): mint illegible in plate.

1115. Mursiyah (b OF) – square dirhem struck after A.H. 567.

As 1085.

HSA 13858, 13885 (2 sp.). V 2096 (PG 4 sp., FC, AV 7 sp.). P 24ci. BM V 135 (pl. III). BN II 753, 754 (2 sp.). MA 686 (25 sp., of which Vives noted 12). KM II 720–722: م omitted from mint in 722 (3 sp.). Tychsen, O. p. 123 (pl. II, no. 27). Dombay p. 782. Cerdá 428: m only. S: Judice II 3119 (3 sp.). Bel p. 29 (fig. 14, 15), Ø 2151: mint uncertain. B 1068 (pl. XVII): mint illegible in plate. Lisbon.

1116. Mayūrqah (b OF) – square dirhem struck after A.H. 599.

As 1085.

V 2093 (PG 2 sp., FC, AV). P 24cf. D:Lorichs 4849: m only. Campaner:N and M 6 (pl. I). Bel p. 29 (fig. 14). B 1066 (pl. XVII): mint illegible in plate. Lisbon.

— B 1072–1076 (pl. XVII: 1072–1074) are silver amulets with religious inscriptions, not coins. Plate VIII

Hūdid Silver

struck in North Africa by the Banū-Hūd of Murcia (Mursiyah) (or by their contemporaries) in Naskhī script.

abū-ʿAbd-Allāh Muḥammad I ibn-Yūsuf

A.H. 625–635

A.D. 1228–1238

Anonymous silver (Muwaḥḥid style) probably struck in A.H. 630, when this ruler controlled Sabtah for three months, in the name of the ʿAbbāsid khalīfah, who was not individually identified:

al-Mustanṣir-bi-Allāh, abū-Jaʿfar al-Manṣūr ibn-Muḥammad

A.H. 623–640

A.D. 1226–1242

1117. Sabtah (b OF)– square dirhem. Plate VIII

OF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

المرر كله لله

RF الله ربنا

محمد رسولنا

العباسي امامنا

P 65b (pl. VII, under no. 64b). Bel p. 52 (fig. 28).

1118. (no mint) – square dirhem.

As 1117.

P 65a. Bel p. 50 (fig. 27).

1119. (no mint) – square dirhem. Plate VIII

OF لا اله الا الله

الامر كله لله

لا قوة الا بالله

RF as RF of 1117.

HSA 13808: مر (?) b OF. P 64 (pl. VII, under no. 66). MA 702 (4 sp.). B 1062 (pl. XVII, R only), 1365 bis (2 sp.).

1120. (no mint) – square dirhem. Plate VIII

As 1119 except 2nd line of OF: محمد رسول الله.

V 2129 (AH 2 sp., AV). P 66 (pl. VII, under no. 65): vestiges of a mint in plate noted by Fasmer I p. 215.

Anonymous silver (Hūdid style) struck at Sabtah in A.H. 635 by the independent amīr abūʾl-ʿAbbās Aḥmad al-Yānashtī, in the name of the ʿAbbāsid khalīfah

al-Mustanṣir-bi-Allāh, abū-Jaʿfar al-Manṣūr ibn-Muḥammad

A.H. 623–640

A.D. 1226–1242

1121. Sabtah – 635 (divided 6/35) – dirhem. Plate VIII

OF الخليفة

المام المستنصر

بالله ابى جعفر

امير المؤمنين

RF (mint) ضرب ب

المحروسة عام

(date)

(date, continued)

No margins.

Soret:F 171: ابو for ابي in 3rd line of OF (error), date divided ثلا ث\ين (error?), attributed to ʿImrān. Soret:K p. 556 (fig. 7): ابو for ابي in 3rd line of OF (error), date divided ثلا ث\ين (error?), correctly attributed. B 427 (pl. IX): attributed to Hūdids. The reference in C: Tratado p. 228 to Sabtah as a Hūdid mint may refer to this coin, to 1117, or to an unreported coin.

Ḥafṣid Silver

struck in North Africa by the Maṣmūdah. Berber rulers of Tunisia and eastern Algeria, the Banū-Ḥafṣ in Naskhī or ornamented Kūfī script.

Anonymous silver struck presumabyy by several Ḥafṣid rulers between A.H. 650 and 711 (A.D. 1253 and 1311), to which should be added many specimens of Muwaḥḥid-style dirhems 1085–1088a, 1090, 1091, 1101–1105, struck over a somewhat longer period and indistinguishable from their Muwaḥḥid prototypes.

1122. Tūnis (b RF) – square dirhem: ornamented Kūfī script.

As 1085.

BM V 125 (pl. XIII), 126 (2 sp.). KM II 706, 707 (2 sp.): apparently this script. Weyl:F 6492: probably this script. L Muwaḥḥids p. 165 (pl. VI). Ø 2143. F:Hafsites 74 (pl. V). Script is not specified by Vives, Prieto, or MA, so some coins listed as 1088 probably belong here.

1123. (no mint) – square dirhem: ornamented Kūfi script. Plate VIII

As 1085.

ANS (2 sp.). HSA 13775, 13776 (2 sp.). BM V 140 (pl. XIII). BN II 755, 756 (2 sp.). S: Judice II 3114 (2 sp.). Bel p. 42 (fig. 24). Ø 2139, 2140 (2 sp.). B 1059 (pl. XVII), 1269 (2 sp.). Script is not specified by Vives, Prieto, or MA, so some coins listed as 1101 probably belong here.

abūʾl-ʿAbbās Aḥmad III ibn-Muḥammad VI

A.H. 948–977

A.D. 1542–1569

1124. Tūnis – (9)52 (in figures: ٥٢) – square dirhem.

OF ومن يتوكلى على

الله فهو حسبه

ان الله بالغ امره

RF عن امر مولانا

السلطان احمد عز

نصره ضرب سنة

(date)

(mint)

F:Somâ p.55 (5sp.).

18

1125. Tūnis – (9)54 (in figures: ٥٤) – square dirhem.

As 1124.

F:Somâ p. 55 (11 sp.).

1126. Tūnis – (9)55 (in figures: ٥٥) – square dirhem.

As 1124.

F:Somâ p. 56 (8 sp.).

1127. Tūnis – (9)56 (in figures: ٥٦) – square double dirhem. Plate VIII

OF لا اله الا الله محمد

رسول الله الامر

كله لله قوة الا

بالله المهدى خليفة الله

RFعن امر عزة عبد الله المتوكل

على الله مولانا

السلطان احمد عز

(date) سنة

(mint) نصره ضرب في

F:Somâ p. 56 (pl.): RF emendations confirmed by letter.

1128. Tūnis – (9)58 (in figures: ٥٨)– square dirhem.

As 1124.

F:Somâ p. 56 (11 sp.).

1129. Tūnis – (date?, in figures) – square dirhem. Plate VIII

As 1124.

ANS. F:Somâ p. 56 (pl.) 23 sp.).

1130. Tūnis – 961 (in figures: ٩٦١) – square dirhem.

OF [لا اله الا الله]

محمد رسول الله

نصرتنا بالله

(mint)

RF احمد سلطان

ابن الحسن

(date) عز نصره

Monchicourt p. 306: illustrated in vol. V, fig. 14; OF clipped.

1131. Tūnis? – 962 (in figures: ٩٦٢) – square half dirhem?

Not described, illegible on plate.

Monchicourt in vol. V, fig. 14 (R only).

1132. Tūnis – 964 (in figures: presumably ٩٦٤) – square dirhem.

As 1130

Monchicourt p. 306.

Ziyānid Silver

struck in North Africa by the Zanātah Berber rulers of western Algeria, the Banū-Ziyān in Naskhī script.

None reliably reported. Silver with Ziyānid inscriptions was probably struck by Marīnid rulers, and is therefore listed under that dynasty: 1147. Leo Africanus asserts that the later Ziyānids struck both silver and copper, and by analogy with the later Ḥafṣids this is probably correct, but such coins have not yet been recognized, if indeed any survive.

Marīnid Silver

struck in North Africa by the Zanātah Berber rulers of Morocco, the Banū-Marīn in Naskhī script.

abū-Yaḥyâ Abū-Bakr ibn-ʿAbd-al-Ḥaqq I

A.H. 642–656

A.D. 1244–1258

Anonymous silver struck presumably by this ruler and his successor, chiefly before the conquest of Marrākush in A.H. 668 (A.D. 1269).

1133. (no mint) – square half dirhem.

OF لا اله الا

الله محمد

رسول الله

RFوما بكم

من نعمة

فمن الله

V 2211 (AV).

1134. (no mint) – square quarter dirhem.

OF as OF of 1133.

RF الله نصر

من توكل

عليه

P 60: ناصر for نصر in 1st line of RF (error?).

abū-Yūsuf Yaʿqūb ibn-ʿAbd-al-Ḥaqq I

A.H. 656–685

A.D. 1258–1286

Anonymous silver struck presumably by this ruler. See also anonymous silver listed under Abū-Bakr 1133, 1134 but struck presumably by both rulers, chiefly before A.H. 668.

— (no mint) – square dirhem.

OF بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

صلى الله على محمد واله

لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

[?]

RF لا اله الا الله

محمد رسول الله

الله خير حافظا

وهو ارحم الراحمين

ولله الحق وله الملك

Ø 2131: الا for اله in 3rd line of OF (this and other misspellings visible on impression furnished by Galster). Because of its errors and duplicated inscriptions this coin must be considered doubtful.

1135. (no mint) – square half dirhem. Plate VIII

OF الحمد لله

رب

العالمين

RF الله خبر

حافظا وهو

ارحم الراحمين

V 2128. P 59 (pl. VII). MA 704.

abū-Yaʿqūb Yūsuf ibn-Yaʿqūb

A.H. 685–706

A.D. 1286–1307

Anonymous silver struck presumably by this ruler.

1136. Sabtah – square quarter dirhem.

OF الامر كله

لله وحده

(mint)

RF لا قوة الا

بالله

B 1365 ter.

1137. (no mint) – square half dirhem. Plate VIII

OF as OF of 1135.

RF الامر كله

لله لاقوة

الا بالله

V 2118 (PG, AV 2 sp.). P 58 (pl. VII). BM V 157a (pl. III). BN II 767. MA 703 (3 sp.). Bel p. 17 (fig. 2). B 1265 (pl. XIX): description incomplete.

1138. (no mint) – square quarter dirhem.

As 1136.

P 61. B p. 180. Mateu III 44 (pl. XVIII, no. 12): OF misread, corrected from plate.

1139. (no mint) – square quarter dirhem.

OF as OF of 1135.

RF وما النصر

الامن

عند الله

V 2213 (AV). Mateu III 44 (pl. XVIII, no. 16–18) (4 sp.).

1140. (no mint) – square eighth dirhem.

As 1139

V 2214 (AV 2 sp.).

abūʾl-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn-ʿUthmān II

A.H. 731–752

A.D. 1331–1351

First series: anonymous

1141. Sabtah – square half dirhem.

OF لا اله الا الله

الامر كله لله

لا قوة الا بالله

(mint)

RF الله ربنا

محمد رسولنا

القران امامنا

Ø 2154. B p. 180 (7 sp.).

1142. Sijilmāsah – square dirhem. Plate VIII

As 1141.

HSA 13813.

1143. Sijilmāsah – square half dirhem.

As 1141.

P 55b (pl. VI). Bel p. 44 (fig. 25, 26). B p. 180 (8 sp.).

1144. Fās – square half dirhem.

As 1141.

ANS: mint uncertain. KM II 719, 726? (2sp.?). Ø 2155: mint uncertain. B p. 180 (100 sp.)

1145. (no mint) – square dirhem.

As 1141.

B 1364, 1365 (pl. XXIV) (337 sp.?).

1146. (no mint) – square half dirhem.

As 1141.

V 2130 (PG 2 sp., AV 2 sp.). P 55a. KM II 777, 778, 779? (3 sp.?). Höst:E and N 14 (pl. XXXIII). Adler:C 91. Tychsen, O. p. 124. Tychsen, T. p. 93. Moura 3 (fig.). S: Castro 425 (4 sp.). Ø 2153.

Second series: anonymous with Naṣrid inscription

ولا عالب إلا الله

See silver ascribed to Naṣrids – 1153 and succeeding rejected coins —, which may have been struck by this ruler.

Third series: anonymous with Ziyānid inscription

ما قرب فرج الله

Struck after the conquest of Tilimsān in A.H. 737 (A.D. 1337).

1147. Tilimsān – square dirhem struck before A.H. 749. Plate VIII

As 1141 except 3rd line of OF: ما قرب فرج الله.

P 56 (pl. VI). Ø 2156: OF largely illegible.

abū-Sālim Ibrāhīm ibn-ʿAlī

A.H. 760–762

A.D. 1359–1361

Anonymous silver struck presumably by this ruler.

1148. (no mint) – square half dirhem. Plate VIII

OF as OF of 1135.

RF استعين

بالله

نعم المعين

P 57 (pl. VII).

abūʾl-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn-Ibrāhīm

A.H. 775–786, 789–796

A.D. 1373–1384, 1387–1393

1149. (no mint) – square half dirhem. Attribution tentative. Plate VIII

OF as OF of 1135.

RF عبد الله

احمد امير

المسلمين

V 2126 (AV): المؤمنين for المسلمبن in 3rd line of RF (termed error by Prieto and Fasmer). P 104 (pl. X). S: Beyram 294. This coin differs from 1156 only in style.

abū-Zayd ʿAbd-al-Raḥmān ibn-ʿAlī

sayyid at Marrākush

A.H. 776–784

A.D. 1374–1382

1150. (no mint) – square dirhem. Plate VIII

OF as OF of 1141.

RF المتوكل على

الله عبد

الرحمن بن علي

P 92 (pl. IX).

— (no mint) – square dirhem.

As 1150 except 2nd line of OF: محمد رسول الله.

V 2124 (PG). Probably a poor specimen of 1150 misread.

abū-Muḥammad ʿAbd-al-Ḥaqq II ibn-ʿUthmān III

A.H. 823–869

A.D. 1420–1465

1151. (no mint) – square dirhem.

OF as OF of 1135.

RF عبد الحق

امير

المسلمين

B p. 178: division into lines not indicated. The coins illustrated in Brèthes pl. XXII under no. 1319 and 1320, ascribed to ʿAbd-a-Raḥmān for mints Fās and Miknāsah, appear to be almost illegible varieties of this coin in two quite different styles, with 1320 left the obverse of which 1319 left is the reverse, and 1320 right the obverse of which 1319 right is the reverse.

1152. (no mint) – square dirhem. Attribution tentative.

OF ربنا افتح بينا وبين

قومنا بالحق وانت

خير الفاتحين

RF عن امر الحق

امير المسلمين

ايده الله ونصره

B p. 172: division into lines not indicated; ascribed to ʿAbd-al-Ḥaqq I.

Naṣrid Silver

struck in North Africa

by the Banū-Naṣr

of Granada (Gharnāṭah).

The Naṣrids controlled Sabtah from A.H. 705 to 709 and from 786 to 789. The anonymous silver struck there, identical except for mint with much of their Spanish silver, may belong to either or both of these periods, and hence to any or all of the following three rulers.

abū-ʿAbd-Allāh Muḥammad III ibn-Muḥammad II

A.H. 701–708

A.D. 1302–1309

abūʾl-Juyūsh Naṣr ibn-Muḥammad II

A.H. 708–713

A.D. 1309–1314

abū-ʿAbd-Allāh Muḥammad V ibn-Yūsuf I

A.H. 755–760, 763–793

A.D. 1354–1359, 1362–1391

1153. Sabtah – square quarter dirhem. Plate VIII

OF as OF of 1133.

RF ولا غالب

الا الله

(mint)

V 2199 (PG 3 sp., AV 6 sp.). BN II 822 (pl. VI). Figanier 166 (2 sp.). Mateu III 44 (pl. XVIII, no. 8, 9) (16 sp.). Thorburn: و not legible in 1st line of RF.

— Fās – square half dirhem.

As 1153 with تع at end of 2nd line of RF.

P 59 ter (p. 113). Naṣrids never controlled Fās, so this coin must either be erroneously reported or be a Marīnid issue, struck perhaps by ʿAlī, who struck gold with Naṣrid legends.

— Fās – square half dirhem.

OF as OF of 1141.

RF as RF of preceding rejected coin.

P 59 bis (p. 113). The same note applies to this coin.

Waṭṭāsid Silver

struck in North Africa by the Zanātah Berber rulers of Morocco, the Banū-Waṭṭās in Naskhī script.

abū-ʿAbd-Allāh Muḥammad II ibn-Muḥammad I

A.H. 910–932

A.D. 1504–1525

1154. (no mint) – square dirhem. Plate VIII

OF الحمد لله

رب

العالمين

RF عبد الله

محمد امير

المسلمين

B 1388 (pl. XXV).

abūʾl-Ḥasan ʿAlī II ibn-Muḥammad I

A.H. 932–932, 961–961

A.D. 1525–1526, 1554–1554

1155. (no mint) – square dirhem struck presumably in A.H. 932. Plate VIII

OF المتوكل

على رب

العالمين

RF عبد الله

علي امير

المسلمين

B 1392, 1393 (pl. XXV: both) (2 sp.).

abūʾl-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn-Muḥammad II

A.H. 932–952, 956–957

A.D. 1526–1545, 1549–1550

1156. (no mint) – square dirhem. Plate VIII

OF as OF of 1154.

RF عبد الله

احمد امير

المسلمين

Höst 15 (pl. XXXIII). B 1389–1391 (pl. XXV: all) (3 sp.): 1391 is clipped.

Ottoman Silver

struck in North Africa before the Ottoman conquest in the name of the Turkish sulṭāns, the Banū-ʿUthmān of Istanbul (al-Qusṭanṭīnah).

None reported which would come within the scope of this corpus, though the طْ counterstamped on coin 1102 may be Ottoman.

COPPER

ʿ Abbāsid Copper

None reported which would come within the scope of this corpus.

Fāṭimid Copper

None reported which would come within the scope of this corpus.

Zīrid Copper

None reported.

Ḥammādid Copper

None reported.

Ḥammūdid Copper

struck in North Africa after A.H. 439 (A.D. 1047) in the name of the Banū-Ḥammūd of Malaga (Mālaqah) or of their Barghawāṭah Berber governors in Kūfī script.

Saqaut ibn-Muḥammad

governor at Sabtah

A.H. 453–471

A.D. 1061–1078

With heir

al-ʿIzz ibn-Saqaut

A.H. 453–471

A.D. 1061–1078

1157. Madīnat Sabtah – (4)62 – pseudo-dirhem.

As 882.

BN II 503 (pl. II): المعاز for المعان in 5th line of OF (error). MA 356: date uncertain, slightly misread. D: García 6076: several slight errors.

1158. Madīnat Sabtah – (4)64 – pseudo-dirhem.

As 883.

BN II 504 (pl. II): المعاز for المعان of (error).

1159. Madīnat Sabtah – (4)65 – pseudo-dirhem.

As 884.

BN II 505, 506? (2 sp.?): المعاز for المعان in OF, without امير المؤمنين on RF.

1160. Madīnat Sabtah – (4)67 – pseudo-dirhem.

As 886.

MA 357. D: García 6077. Cerdá 278? largely illegible.

Murābiṭ Copper

struck in North Africa and Spain by the Lamtūnah Berber rulers of the Murābiṭun sect in Kūfū script.

Abū-Bakr ibn-ʿUmar

A.H. 448–480

A.D. 1056–1087

1161. Sijilmāsah – 470? – pseudo-dinar.

As 41.

V 1434: date uncertain. MA 485: date given as 460? (corrected by Vives).

ʿAlī ibn-Yūsuf

A.H. 500–537

A.D. 1106-1143

1162. Saraqusṭah – [50]9 – pseudo-dirhem.

As 949.

MA 541.

1163. Ighranāṭah – 509 – pseudo-dinar.

As 243.

V 1611 (AV).

1164. Ighranāṭah – 520 – pseudo-dirhem.

As 952.

BN II 595, 596 (2 sp.): د (?) b RF. KM II 647: ل (?) b RF, date illegible. Tychsen, O. p. 120: mint illegible, probably this coin. Cerdá 376: d, m only.

1165. Madinat Gharnāṭah – (no date) – pseudo-dirhem.

As 956.

ANS: ى a OF and RF, ع b OF and RF. BM V 66: ى a OF and RF, ع b OF and RF; 67 (2 sp.). KM II 646 (pl. III): ى a OF and RF, ع b OF and RF. MA 542 (2 sp.): OM misread, corrected by Vives. Tychsen, O. p. 120: mint given as al-Andalus (error), probably this coin.

1166. Madīnat Gharnāṭah – (no date) – pseudo-dirhem.

As 957.

MA 537.

1167. [Madīnat Mursiyah] – [508] – pseudo-dirhem.

As 970.

MA 536: margins illegible, probably this coin.

1168. Madīnat? – 5xx – pseudo-dirhem.

As 910.

BN II 597.

1169. (no mint) – (no date) – denomination not specified. Plate VIII

As 939 (electrum).

HSA 547: fragment. Fraehn:V 12: not described. Fraehn:N p. 279, no. 7.

Muwaḥḥid Copper

struck in North Africa by the Kūmiyah Berber rulers of the Muwaḥḥidūn sect in Naskhī script.

— None of the gilded copper dinars, reported by al-Marrākushī as minted to ransom ʿAbd-al-Muʾmin's son ʿIsâ from his Arab captors, has been reported in any modern collection; the anecdote may be apocryphal.

Anonymous.

1170. Fās – square pseudo-dirhem.

As 1096.

KM II 780.

1171. (no mint) – square pseudo-dirhem.

As 1101.

Blau:O 247a.

Hūdid Copper

None reported.

Ḥafṣid Copper

struck in North Africa by the Maṣmūdah Berber rulers of Tunisia and eastern Algeria, the Banū-Ḥafṣ in Naskhī script.

abū-ʿAbd-Allāh Muḥammad I ibn-Yaḥyâ I

A.H. 647–675

A.D. 1249–1277

1172. Copper struck by this ruler is mentioned, but not described, by Ibn-Khaldūn (Kitāb al-ʿibar, Būlāq edition, vol. VI, p. 288). Al-Zarkashī (Taʾrikh al-daulatayn …, Tūnis ed., p. 29) ascribes it to A.H. 660 (A.D. 1261). It has not been identified in any modern collection.

abūʾl-ʿAbbās Aḥmad III ibn-Muḥammad VI

A.H. 948–977

A.D. 1542–1569

1173. Tūnis (b OF) – fels. Plate VIII

OF بامر

الله

RF ابو العباس

احمد عز نصره

F:Hafsites 61 (pl. v).

1174. Tūnis – fels.

OF [عز]

نصره ضرب

(mint) ب

RF ابو

العباس

احمد

F:Hafsites 62.

— B 1270 (pl. XIX) is a copper ornament, not a coin. The 3 fels noted by Babelon (p. LXXI) as very common have not been identified. Plate VIII

Ziyāid Copper

None reported, except by Leo Africanus (see under Ziyānid silver).

Marīnid Copper

struck in North Africa by the Zanātah Berber rulers of Morocco, the Banū-Marīn.

None reliably reported. The following dated felses, ascribed to this dynasty, are apparently Sharīfian coins misread:

Weyl:F 6497: date given as 678, probably 978.

Ø 2122: date given as 780, probably 980.

B 1321: date given as 690, probably 990.

The same is probably true of the 3 specimens noted at Jena by Vollers p. 5.

Naṣrid Copper

None reported struck in North Africa.

Waṭṭāsid Copper

None reported.

Ottoman Copper

None reported which would come within the scope of this corpus.


BACK

NUMISMATIC BIBLIOGRAPHY
WITH KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS

All the sources of coins noted in the corpus are here listed in alphabetical order of the abbreviations by which they are indicated. In addition to published books and articles, the list includes the collections in America to which I have had access, letters from scholars abroad, and a few selected coin-dealers' auction catalogues. Relevant numismatic literature from which no coins are derived are separately listed in the numismatic reference bibliography.

The sequence of the arrangement of references in the corpus is as follows: first, coins which I have personally examined, including the collections of the American Numismatic Society, The Hispanic Society of America, the University (of Pennsylvania) Museum, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art; second, previous partial compilations, including Vives (Monedas de las dinastías arábigo-españolas) and Prieto (La reforma numismática de los Almohades); third, the four great public collections in Europe, those of the British Museum (catalogued by Lane-Poole, abbreviated to BM), of the Bibliothèque Nationale (catalogued by Lavoix, BN), of the Museo Arquéologico National (catalogued by Rada, MA), and of the Königliche Museen (catalogued by Nützel, KM); fourth, all other published material in chronological order, including dealers' catalogues; and finally, unpublished specimens which I have not personally examined.

Following each entry will be found a summary by dynasty and metal of the coins derived from it for this corpus; each dynasty is indicated by the first three letters of its name (except the Ḥammādids, spelled out to avoid confusion with the Ḥammūdids,) each metal is represented by its initial letter. The figure to the left of a slanting line or standing alone indicates different identifiable issues; the figure to the right of a slanting line indicates additional specimens recorded, whether duplicates, rejected coins, or inadequately described coins which cannot be identified.

Adler:C — Jakob G.C. Adler, Collectio nova numorum cuficorum seu arabicorum veterum, CXVI continens numos plerosque ineditos e museis Borgiano et Adleriano, Copenhagen, 1792. (Mur g 3; Muw s 3/2; Mar s 1)
Adler:M — Jacob G.C. Adler, Museum Cuficum Borgianum Velitris, Rome, 1782. (Muw s 1)
Anderson — P.K. Anderson's unpublished collection. (Mar g 1)
ANS — American Numismatic Society's unpublished collection. (Zir g 1; Mur g 7, s 15/7, c 1; Muw g 6/1, s 12/32; Haf g 3, s 2/1; Mar g 2, s 1)
Ashmolean — Ashmolean Museum's unpublished collection; a coin presented by A.C. Kay and described in letter from J.G. Milne. (Haf g 1)
B — J.D. Brèthes, Contribution à l'histoire du Maroc par les recherches numismatiques, Casablanca, 1939. (A superb private collection, inaccurately described and illegibly illustrated in the most exasperating numismatic treatise ever published; Zir g 1; Mur g 147/30, s 23/20; Muw g 41/149 and 1 medal, s 19/15 and 5 amulets; Hud s 2/1; Haf g 27/5, s 1/1; Ziy g 9/3; Mar g 78/29 and 1 hybrid, s 9/451; Wat g 1, s 3/3)
Babelon — Ernest Babelon, Untitled note in Bulletin Archéologique du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques (1891):LXX–LXXI. (Haf c –/3)
Balog — Dr. Paul Balog's unpublished collection, described in letters to G.C. Miles and myself. (Zir g 1; Mur g 3; Muw g –/3)
Bartholomaei — J. de Bartholomaei, "Troisième lettre … à M. F. Soret sur des monnaies koufiques inédites", in Revue de la Numismatique Belge 3:VI (1862):23–105. (Mur g 2; Muw g 1)
Bel — Alfred Bel, "Contribution à l'étude des dirhems de l'époque almohade …", in Hespéris XVI (1933):1–68. (Muw s 21/2; Hud s 2; Haf s 1; Mar s 2)
Berchem — Max van Berchem, "Titres califiens d'occident à propos de quelques monnaies mérinides et ziyanides", in Journal Asiatique 10:IX(1907):245–335. (A masterly study of titles from numismatic and epigraphic evidence, to which I have ventured to offer a few corrections; Ziy g 2/1)
Bergmann — E. von Bergmann, "Zur muhammedanischen Münzkunde", in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft XXIII (1869): 240–257. (Zir g 1)
Beylie — L. de Beylie, La Kalaa des Beni-Hammad …, Paris, 1909. (Hammadid g –/1)
Bigonet — E. Bigonet, "Dinar hafside inédit", in Revue Africaine XLV (1901): 97–100. (Haf g 1)
Blancard — Louis Blancard, "Besants d'or et d'argent de Tunis au XIIIe siècle", in Annuaire de la Société Française de Numismatique XIX(1895):5–14. (Muw s 1; Haf g 1)
Blau:N — Otto Blau, "Nachlese orientalischer Münzen", in Numismatische Zeitschrift VI/VII (1874/5):1–21; VIII(1876):45–76. (Zir g 1/2)
Blau:O — O(tto) Blau, Die orientalischen Münzen des Museums der Kaiserlichen Historisch-Archäologischen Gesellschaft zu Odessa , Odessa, 1876. (Muw s 1, c 1)
BM IV — Stanley Lane(-)Poole, Catalogue of oriental coins in the British Museum; vol. IV – The coinage of Egypt, London, 1879. (Zir g 2)
BM V — Stanley Lane(-)Poole, Catalogue of oriental coins in the British Museum; vol. V – The coins of the Moors of Africa and Spain and the kings and imams of the Yemen, London, 1880. (Mur g 47/3, s 18/11, c 1/1; Muw g 21/14 and 2 hybrids, s 10/26; Haf g 7/2, s 2/1; Ziy g 2; Mar g 47/12 and 2 hybrids, s 1)
BM IX — Stanley Lane-Poole, Catalogue of oriental coins in the British Museum; vol. IX – Additions to the oriental collection, 1876–1888; part I, London, 1889. (Ham s –/1)
BM X — Stanley Lane-Poole, Catalogue of oriental coins in the British Museum; vol. X – Additions to the oriental collection, 1876–1888; part II, London, 1890. (Several emendations of BM V and BM X were kindly supplied in a letter from the present curator, John Walker, who reports that there have been no additions to the oriental collections since their compilation; Mur g 17, s 2; Muw g 5/1, s 3/2; Haf g 3/1; Mar g 39/4 and 2 hybrids; Wat g 1)
BN II — Henri Lavoix, Catalogue des monnaies musulmanes de la Bibliothèque Nationale; vol. II – Espagne et Afrique, Paris, 1891. (Several emendations were kindly supplied by G.C. Miles; Zir g 1; Ham c 3/1; Mur g 112/6, s 20/11, c 2/1; Muw g 16/4 and 2 hybrids, s 14/18; Haf g 39/10 and 2 hybrids, s 1/1; Ziy g 9; Mar g 36/11 and 2 imitations, s 1; Nas s 1)
BN III — Henri Lavoix, Catalogue des monnaies musulmanes de la Bibliothèque Nationale; vol. III – Égypte et Syrie, Paris, 1896. (Zir g 2)
Boneschi — Paulo Boneschi, "Problemas de numismatica e metrologia maġribīnas", in Revista degli Studi Orientali X(1925):377–406. (Chiefly important as a reference work on metrology; Muw s 2)
Brooke — G.C. Brooke, "A brief survey of the coinage of Africa and Australasia", in J.G. Bartholomew, A literary and historical atlas of Africa and Australasia (pp. 65–92), London, (n.d.). (Mur g 1)
Brosselard — C. Brosselard, "Mémoire épigraphique et historique sur les tombeaux des émirs Beni-Zeiyân …", in Journal Asiatique 7:VII(1876):5–197. (Chiefly important for epigraphy; Ziy g 1)
Brosset — M. Brosset, "Collection numismatique orientale de l'Ermitage Impérial, 1852–1879", in Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg XXV(1879):col.391–409. (Mur g 2/1; Mar g –/1)
C:Çecas — F(rancisco) Codera (y Zaidin), "Çecas arábigo-españolas", in Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas, y Museos 1:IV(1874):195–197, 211–214, 227–230, 342–344, 358–360, 374–377. (Mur g 1, s 1; Muw g 1)
C:Decadencia — Francisco Codera (y Zaidin), Decadencia y desaparición de los Almoravides en España, Saragossa, 1899. (Mur g 4, s 7)
C:Donativo — Francisco Codera (y Zaidin), "Donativo de monedas árabes … por D. Francisco Caballero Infante", in Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia X(1887):17–26. (Mur g 3)
C:Estudio — Francisco Codera (y Zaidin), "Estudio crítico sobre la historia y monedas de los Hammudies de Málaga y Algeciras", in Museo Español de Antigüedades VIII(1877):421–469. (A valuable monograph; Ham s 2)
C:Familia — Francisco Codera (y Zaidin), Familia real de los Beni Texufin, Saragossa, 1903. Reprinted in his Estudios críticos … second series (pp. 75–165), Madrid, 1917. (Mur g 1)
C:Hammudies — Francisco Codera (y Zaidin), "Hammudies de Málaga y Algeciras: noticias tomadas de aben Hazam", in Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia XII(1888): 479–489. (Ham s –/1)
C:Lebrija — Francisco Codera (y Zaidin), "Dos monedas árabes de oro halladas en Lebrija", in Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia LXII(1913):564–565. (Muw g 2)
C:Monedas — (Francisco Codera y Zaidin,) "Monedas árabes adquiridas para el Museo Arqueólogico National en Córdoba y Sevilla", in Annuario del Cuerpo Facultativo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios, y Anticuarios II(1882):379–382. (Mur g 16, s 1/12)
C:Tratado — Francisco Codera y Zaidin, Tratado de numismático arábigo-española, Madrid, 1879. (The first competent survey of the coinage of the Arabs in Spain, to which all succeeding scholars owe a real debt; Mur g 6, s 11; Muw g 3, s 3)
Caballero — Francisco Caballero-Infante, Estudio sobre las monedas árabes de Denia, Denia, 1889. (Mur g 11)
Calvo — I(gnacio) Calvo and C(asto) M(aria) del Rivero, Catálogo-guia de las colecciones de monedas … en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid, 1925. (A tantalizing summary of the numbers of coins of each dynasty, dispersed during the civil war; Mur g 2/369, s –/322, c –/26; Muw g –/64, s 1/2116)
Campaner:M — Alvaro Campaner (y Fuertes), Monedas propias de las islas baleares acuñadas por los dominadores islamitas, Palma de Mallorca, 1879. (Condensed version of next entry; Muw s 2)
Campaner:N — Alvaro Campaner y Fuertes, Numismática balear, Palma de Mallorca, 1879. (Muw s 2)
Casanova — P(aul) Casanova, Inventaire sommaire de la collection des monnaies musulmanes de S. A. la Princesse Ismaïl, Paris, 1896. (Zir g 1; Muw s 1/7)
Castiglioni — (Carlo Ottavio Castiglioni,) Monete cufiche dell' I. R. Museo di Milano, Milan, 1819. (Mur s 1; Muw g 1, s 3/1)
Cerdá — M. Cerdá de Villarestan, Catálogo de las monedas arábigo-españolas, Madrid, 1861. (Ham c 1; Mur g 39, s 4/15, c 1; Muw g 6, s 7/3; Haf g –/1; Mar g –/4)
Chalon — R(ené) Chalon, "Souvenir des croisades; quart de dinar trouvé près d'Ypres", in Revue de la Numismatique Belge 4:V(1867):389–392. (Haf g 1)
Cimino — Guido Cimino, "Storia e numismatica dell' Africa del Nord", in Libya III(1927): 202–227. (Mur g –/3; Muw g 1/1 and 1 hybrid, s –/2; Haf g 1/3)
Codrington, H.: Ceylon — H(umphrey) W(illiam) Codrington (edited by Joseph Pearson,) Ceylon coins and currency, Colombo, 1924. (Muw g 1)
Codrington, H.: Colombo — H(umphrey) W(illiam) Codrington, Catalogue of coins in the Colombo Museum ; part I – Muhammadan and European, Hertford, 1914. (Muw g 1)
Codrington, O. — O(liver) Codrington, Some rare and unedited Arabic and Persian coins, Hertford, 1889. (Haf g 1)
Colson — Colson, "Notes sur les dinars trouvés, en 1851, dans l'ancienne chapelle du Monastère Del-Camp", in Revue Numismatique 1:XVIII (1853):240–243. (Mur g 28/37)
Condé — Josef Antonio Condé, "Memoria sobre la moneda arábiga y en especial la acuñada en España por los principes musulmanes", in Memorias de la Real Academia de la Historia V(1817):225–314. (A pioneer work in the field but of little present value; Mur g 4, s 9/1; Muw g 3, s 2; Haf g 1; Mar g 1)
Cottevieille — R. Cottevieille-Giraudet, "La collection Decourdemanche (monnaies musulmanes) au Cabinet des Médailles", in Revue Numismatique 4:XXXVII(1934):199–219; 4:XXXVIII (1935):19–46, 197–229. (Muw s 1)
Cunha II — J. Gerson da Cunha, Catalogue of the coins in the numismatic cabinet ; part II, Bombay, 1889. (Mur g 1)
D:García — Antonio Delgado, "Monnaies arabes", in Joseph Gaillard, Description des monnaies espagnoles … du cabinet de D. José García de la Torre (pp. 344–418), Madrid, 1852. (Ham c 2/3; Mur g 4, s 23/21; Muw g 6/4, s 6/61; Hud g 1; Haf g 5/3; Mar g 4/18, s –/1)
D:Lorichs — Antonio Delgado, Catalogue des monnaies … de Mr. Gustave Daniel de Lorichs …, Madrid, 1857. (Mur g 13/1, s–/20; Muw g 3 and 1 hybrid, s 3/12; Ziy g 1)
Demaeght — Louis Demaeght, "Contribution au recueil des monnaies frappées sous les dynasties musulmanes du nord de l'Afrique", in Bulletin Trimestriel de la Société de Géographie et d'Archéologie d'Oran VII(1887):63–75, 124–136, 235–239; VIII(1888):241–246, 293–298; IX(1889):199–203; X(1890):225–232. (Mur g 1; Muw g 1; Ziy g 5; Mar g 5)
Dieulafoy — (Marcel) Dieulafoy, "(Monnaies d'or de l'époque almohade)", in Comptes Rendus des Séances; Institut de France; Académie des Inscriptions et Belleís-Letres (1905):56–58. (Muw g 1/139)
Dombay — Franz von Dombay, "Abhandlung über die marokkanischen Gold-, Silber- und Kupfer-Münzen …", in (Eichhorn's) Allgemeine Bibliothek der Biblischen Litteratur VIII (1797/9):761–792. (Mur s 3; Muw s 2/1; Mar g 3/2)
Dorn:A — (Bernhard) Dorn, Das Asiatische Museum der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, 1846. (Mur g 2)
Dorn I — (Bernhard) Dorn, Inventaire des monnaies des khalifes orientaux et de plusieurs autres dynasties; part 1 – Classes I–IX, St. Petersburg, 1877. (Mur g 10/7; Muw s 1/8)
Dorn II — (Bernhard) Dorn, Inventaire des monnaies des khalifes orientaux et de plusieurs autres dynasties; part 2 – Classes X–XXV, St. Petersburg, 1881. (Haf g 1; Mar g 1)
Eichhorn — J.G. Eichhorn, "Nachtrag zu Reiske's Briefen über das arabische Münzwesen", in Repertorium für Biblischen und Morgenländischen Literatur XVII(1785):209–284; XVIII (1786):1–78. (Mur g –/2)
F:Dragut — J. Farrugia de Candia, "Monnaies frappées à Tripoli et à Gafsa par Dragut", in Revue Tunisienne NS:VII(1936): 85–92. (Muw s 1)
F:Fatimites — J. Farrugia de Candia, "Monnaies fatimites du musée du Bardo", in Revue Tunisienne NS:VII(1936):334–372; NS:VIII(1937):89–136. (Zir g 7/2, s 1)
F:Fatimites II — J. Farrugia de Candia, "Monnaies fātimites du musée du Bardo: premier supplément", in Revue Tunisienne 3:I(1948):103–130. (Zir g 6)
F:Hafsites — J. Farrugia de Candia, "Monnaies hafsites du musée du Bardo", in Revue Tunisienne NS:IX(1938):231–288. (An excellent monograph; emendations kindly furnished by letter; Muw s 2/1; Haf g 44/18 and 1 hybrid, s 1, c 2; Mar g 9/53)
F:Somâ — J. Farrugia de Candia, "Monnaies espagnoles et hafsites trouvées à Somâ", in Revue Tunisienne NS:XI(1940):55–58. (Haf s 6/53)
Farrugia — Unpublished letters from J. Farrugia de Candia. (Zir g 6)
Fasmer I — R(ichard) Vasmer, "Zwei neue Bücher über spanisch-arabische Numismatik; part I" (review of Prieto: Reforma), in Zeitschrift für Numismatik XXXVIII(1928):206–222. (Muw s 2)
Figanier — Joaquim Figanier, Moedas árabes: part I (711–1492); Museu Numismático Portugués, Lisbon, 1949. (emendations kindly furnished by letter; Mur g 7, s 3/1; Muw g 2, s 2/28; Nas s 1/1)
Fleischer — H.L. Fleischer, "Vermischtes; no. 5", in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft XV (1861):387–388. (Mur g 1)
Fraehn:B — Ch(ristian) M(artin) Fraehn, "Inedita aus der orientalischen Münzsammlung des H(err)n v(on) Bose in Leipzig", in Bulletin Scientifique IV(1838):col. 246–250. (Mur g 3)
Fraehn:N — Ch(ristian) M(artin) Fraehn, Nova supplementum ad recensionem numorum muhammedanorum …, St. Petersburg, 1855. (Mur g 6, c 1; Muw s 1; Mar g 1)
Fraehn:O — Chr(istian) M(artin) Fraehn, Opusculorum postumorum; vol. II, St. Petersburg, 1877. (Mur g 2)
Fraehn:R — Ch(ristian) M(artin) Fraehn, Recensio numorum muhammedanorum Academiae Imp. Scient. Petropolitanae, St. Petersburg, 1826. (A great pioneering work in Islamic numismatics, but with little of the western dynasties; Muw g 1, s 2)
Fraehn:V — Ch(ristian) M(artin) Fraehn, "Verzeichniss der … verehrten Münzen", in Bulletin Historico-Philologique III(1847):246–252. (Mur c 1)
Friedlaender — J. Friedlaender, "Die Erwerbungen des Münzkabinets im Jahre 1881", in Zeitschrift für Numismatik X(1883):1–8. (Haf g –/2)
G — L.J.G., "Monnaies arabes trouvées dans le Dauphiné", in Revue Archéologique II(1845):182. (Mur g 2)
Geitlin — Gabriel Geitlin, "Beskrifning öfver Kejserl. Alexanders-Universitets in Finland Muhammedanska myntsammling", in Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae VII(1863): 161–343. (Muw s 1)
González — Angel González-Palencia, Historia de la España musulmana (4th ed.), Barcelona, 1945. (Mur g 2/1, s –/1; Muw g 2, s 1)
Grotefend — C.L. Grotefend, "Souvenirs numismatiques des croisades", (translated by J. Dirks from original in Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für Niedersachsen (1853):414–417) in Revue de la Numismatique Belge 3:V(1861):242–248. (Muw g 1)
Guillén — Francisco Guillén Robles, "Numismática malagueña", in his Málaga Musulmana (pp. 373–428), Malaga, 1880. (Ham s 1; Muw s 1)
Holu — (Izzet Holu,) Monnaies anciennes musulmanes, Constantinople, 1901. (Muw g 1)
Höst:E — Georg Høst, Efterretninger om Marokos og Fes …, Copenhagen, 1779. (Mur g 2, s 1; Muw s 1; Mar g 2, s 1; Wat s 1)
Höst:N — Georg Höst, Nachrichten von Morokos und Fes, Copenhagen, 1781. (Translation of preceding entry, with identical plates)
HSA — Hispanic Society of America unpublished collection on deposit at American Numismatic Society. (The finest collection in the western hemisphere of coins of Spain and associated countries, including Arabic coins of Spain and North Africa; Ham s 2; Mur g 31/1, s 20/27, c 1; Muw g 14/10, s 16/134; Hud s 1; Haf s 1/1; Ziy g 1; Mar g 7, s 1)
Ibn-Abī-Zar'— Ibn-Abī-Zar' (edited by Carolus Johannes Tornberg,) Kitāb al-anis al-muṭrib birauḍ al-qirṭās …, Upsala, 1843. (A basic historical source with incidental mention of coins; Muw g 1)
Ibn-Khaldūn — Ibn-Khaldūn, Kitāb al-'ibar, Būlāq, A.H. 1284 (A.D. 1867/8). (A basic historical source with incidental mention of coins; Zir g 1; Hammadid g 1; Haf c 1)
J:Gold — J.M.C. Johnston, "Gold coins of the Muwahhids", in Numismatic Chronicle 4:II(1902): 77–80. (Muw g 19/277)
J: Mohammedan — J.M.C. Johnston, "Mohammedan coins", in Numismatic Chronicle 3:XIX (1899):265–268. (Mur g 3)
KM II — (Heinrich Nützel,) Katalog der orientalischen Münzen; vol. II – Die Münzen der muslimischen Dynastieen Spaniens und des westlichen Nordafrika; Königliche Museen zu Berlin, Berlin, 1902. (One of the great European collections, now presumably dispersed; Zir g 2; Mur g 54/5, s 21/21, c 2; Muw g 11/3 and 1 hybrid, s 15/64, c 1; Haf g 7/1, s 1/1; Mar g 5, s 2/3)
Krehl — Ludolf Krehl, De numis muhammadanis in Numophylacio Regio Dresdensi, Leipzig, 1856. (Muw s 2/4)
L:Bodleian — Stanley Lane-Poole, Catalogue of the Mohammadan coins preserved in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, Oxford, 1888. (These coins are now in the Ashmolean Museum, the curator of which, Mr. J.G. Milne, kindly supplied me with photographs; Muw s 2/1)
L:Calvert — Stanley Lane-Poole, "Fasti Arabici; II – Mr. Calvert's collection", in Numismatic Chronicle 3:V(1885):229–236. Reprinted in his Some private collections of Mohammadan coins, and other essays in oriental numismatics (pp. 9–16), London, 1892. (Mur g 5; Muw s 1/1; Mar g 1)
L:Inedited — Stanley Lane(-)Poole, "Inedited Arabic coins – I", in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society NS:VII(1875):243–261. Reprinted in his Essays in oriental numismatics; 2nd series (pp. 1–19), London, 1877. (Muw g 1)
L: Johnston — S(tanley) Lane-Poole, "Fasti Arabici; VII – Mr. J.M.C. Johnston's cabinet, etc.", in Numismatic Chronicle 3:XII(1892):160–173. Reprinted with L: Calvert (pp. 51–64). (Muw s 1/1)
L:Khedivial — Stanley Lane-Poole, Catalogue of the collection of Arabic coins preserved in the Khedivial Library at Cairo, London, 1897. (Mur g 5, s 1; Muw g 6, s 2/10; Haf g 1; Ziy g 1; Mar g 2/2)
L:Muwaḥḥids — Stanley Lane(-)Poole, "On the coins of the Muwaḥḥids in the British Museum", in Numismatic Chronicle 2:XIII(1873):147–170. (The first important monograph in this field by the great British numismatist; Muw g 8/8 and 2 hybrids, s 6/19; Haf s 1)
L:Oriental — Stanley Lane-Poole, "Oriental coins at Christ Church, Oxford", in Numismatic Chronicle 3:VI(1886): 233–238. Reprinted with L:Calvert (pp. 29–34). (Mur g 3)
Lagumina — Bartolomeo Lagumina, Catalogo delle monete arabe esistenti nella Biblioteca Communale di Palermo, Palermo, 1892. (Mur g 1; Muw g 2, s 2; Haf g 3)
Lavoix:H — Henri Lavoix, "Mémoires sur les monnaies frappées par les Beni-Hafss", in Revue Archéologique 1:IX(1852):257–275. (The first important monograph in this field by the great French numismatist; Haf g 10 and 1 hybrid; Mar g 1)
Leite — J. Pereira Leite Netto, Catalogo das moedas arabes existentes no Museu Municipal Portuense, Lisbon, 1882. (Mur g 1; Muw g 1/1, s 2/3)
Lisbon — Museo Etnológico unpublished collection, described in a letter by Joaquim Figanier. (Mur g 4/1, s 3; Muw g 1/1, s 6/2)
London — "Old coins exhumed in London", in American Journal of Numismatics XIII(1879): 92–93. (Mur g 1/1)
Longpérier:A — Adrien de Longpérier, "Histoire de l'art monétaire chez les modernes … par les monuments", in Trésor de numismatique et de glyptique, Paris, 1846. (Mur g 1; Muw s 1; Haf g 2)
Longpérier:D — Adrien de Longpérier, Documents numismatiques pour servir à l'histoire des Arabes d'Espagne; programme, Paris, 1851. Reprinted in his Oeuvres (vol. I, pp. 417–434), Paris, 1883. (Mur g 41/1, s 3/15)
Lopes — David Lopes, "Algumas moedas árabes da Peninsula encontradas no Algarve", in O Archeologo Português I(1895):97–103. (Mur s 2)
MA — Juan de Dios de la Rada y Delgado, Catálogo de monedas arábigas españolas que se conservan en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid, 1892. (Formerly one of the great European collections, dispersed during the civil war; Ham c 2/3; Mur g 66/20, s 52/89, c 5/1; Muw g 12/17 and 2 hybrids, s 27/5176; Hud s 1/3; Mar s 2/2)
Maguelonne — J. Maguelonne, "Pièces d'or de l'époque berbère trouvées à Bougie", in Recueil des Notices et Mémoires de la Société Archéologique, Historique, et Géographique de Constantine 4:X(1907):21–27. (Muw g 2)
Marçais — Georges Marçais, "Un coin monétaire almoravide du Musée Stéphane Gsell", in Annales de l'Institut d'Études Orientales II(1936):180–188. (Important for minting technique; Mur g 1)
Marcel — Jean-Joseph Marcel, Numismatique orientale: tableau général des monnaies ayant cours en Algérie, Paris, 1844. (Muw s –/1)
Mareschal — H.-R.Mareschal, "Dinar et quart de dinar du souverain de la famille des Beni Zian, Abou el-Abbès Ahmed ben Abi Hammou Mousa II, qui règna à Tlemcen, de 1431 à 1462", in Bulletin Archéologique (1925):307–311. (Ziy g 2/4)
Markov:E — A(lexei) Markov, Inventarniy katalog musulmanskikh monet; Imperatorskago Ermitazha, St. Petersburg, 1896. (This great Russian collection had relatively few western coins; they are merely listed by mint and date; Mur g 40/4, s –/15; Muw g 3, s 4/4; Haf g –/1; Mar g –/3)
Markov:T — A(lexei) Markov, Topografiya kladov vostochnikh monet (sasanidskikh i kuficheskikh), St. Petersburg, 1910. (Mur g 1)
Marsden — William Marsden, Numismata orientalia illustrata; vol. I, London, 1823. (Mur g 7, s 1; Muw s 1; Haf g 2)
Mateu — F(elipe) Mateu y Llopis, Adquisiciones en 1931; Monetario que perteneció a Don Basilio Sebastián Castellanas; Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid, 1931. (Mur g –/1)
Mateu I — Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "Hallazgos numismáticos musulmanes", in al-Andalus XII(1947):481–484. (Mur g 1; Muw g 3)
Mateu II — Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "Hallazgos numismáticos musulmanes", in al-Andalus XIV(1949):201–207. (Muw g 2)
Mateu III — Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "Hallazgos numismáticos musulmanes", in al-Andalus XV(1950):218–226, 486–490. (Mar s 2/3; Nas s 1/15)
Mateu IV — Felipe Mateu y Llopis, "Hallazgos numismáticos musulmanes", in al-Andalus XVI (1951):205–210.
Metropolitan — Metropolitan Museum of Art unpublished collection. (Mar g 2)
Miles — George C. Miles, Fātimid coins: Numismatic notes and monographs no. 121, New York, 1951. (Zir g 1)
Moeller — J.H. Moeller, De numis orientalibus in Numophylacio Gothano asservatis; part I – Numos chalifarum et dynastiarum cuficos exhibens, Gotha, 1826. (Muw s 1)
Monchicourt — Ch. Monchicourt, "Études kairouanaises, IV", in Revue Tunisienne NS: IV(1933): 285–319. (Haf s 3)
Moura — José de Santo Antonio Moura, "Memoria de cinco medalhas Africanas", in Historia e Memorias da Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa X(1827):9–15. (Muw s 2; Mar s 1)
Moyse — Camille Moyse, "Contribution à l'étude de la numismatique musulmane", in Revue Numismatique 4:XVI(1912):410–418, 500–506. (Ziy g 4; Mar g 3)
Müller — A(ugust) Müller, Katalog der Bibliothek der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft; vol. II – Handschriften, Inschriften, Münzen, Medaillen, Verschiedenes, Leipzig, 1881. (Coins read by Adolf Erman; Mur s 1)
Münter — (Friedrich C. Münter,) Museum Münterianum; part III – Numos byzantinorum aliorumque … continens, Copenhagen, 1839. (Mur s 2/1; Muw s –/11)
Nasir — Nāṣir al-Naqshabandī, "Nuqūd andalusīyah min Ishbāniyah", in Sumer VII(1951): Arabic 70–78. (Mur s 4; Muw s 1/2)
Nesselmann — G(eorg) H(einrich) F(erdinand) Nesselmann, Die orientalischen Münzen des akademischen Münzcabinets in Königsberg, Leipzig, 1858. (Muw s 1)
Ø — J. Østrup, Catalogue des monnaies arabes et turques du Cabinet Royal des Médailles du Musée National de Copenhague, Copenhagen, 1938. (corrected from impressions kindly furnished by Georg Galster; Zir g 2; Mur g 22, s 11/4; Muw g 4/1, s 9/11; Haf g 3, s 2/1; Ziy g 1; Mar g 3/5, s 4/1)
P — A(ntonio) Prieto y Vives, "La reforma numismática de los Almohades", in Miscelánea de estudios y textos árabes (pp. 11–114), Madrid, 1915. (An excellent survey of part of this coinage; Muw g 60, s 32; Hud g 2, s 4; Haf g 12; Mar g 107 and 3 hybrids, s 10; Nas s –/2)
P:Granadina — Antonio Prieto (y Vives), Numismática granadina, Madrid, 1932. (Nas g 1)
P:Miscelánea — Antonio Prieto y Vives, "Miscelánea numismática", in al-Andalus III(1935): 127–133. (Zir g 1)
P:Reyes — Antonio Prieto y Vives, Los reyes de taifas, Madrid, 1926. (Ham s 12; Mur s 19)
Pedersen — J. Pedersen Myntkatalog, Borås, 1943. (Mur s 5/2)
Rivero:A — Casto M(ari)a del Rivero and Felipe Mateu y Llopis, Adquisiciones en 1932; Collecciones de numismática y de glíptica; Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Madrid, 1933. (Muw g 1; Ziy g 1; Mar g 1)
Rivero:E — Casto M(ari)a del Rivero, "El arte monetario en la España musulmana", in Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas, y Museos LIV(1948):51–72. (Mur g 2, s 13/1; Muw g 4/1, s 2/1)
Rivero:M — Casto M(ari)a del Rivero, La moneda arābigo-española, Madrid, 1933. (Mur g 10, s 12; Muw g 6, s 5; Haf g 2; Ziy g 1; Mar g 1)
Rodgers — Cha(rle)s J(ames) Rodgers, Catalogue of the coins of the Indian Museum ; part 4, Calcutta, 1896. (Mur g 1; Muw g 1)
Romero — Tomás Romero de Castilla, Inventario de las monedas coleccionadas en el Museo de la Comisión de Monumentos de ( Badajoz ), Badajoz, 1897. (Mur g –/1)
S:Beyram — J(acques) Schulman, Collection de Mr. Moustapha Beyram Bey …, Amsterdam, 1909. (All entries under Schulman are auction catalogues prepared with unusual competence; Zir g 1; Mur g 3; Muw g 3, s 3/1; Mar s 1)
S:Castro — J(acques) Schulman, "Collection Camilo G. de Castro", in Catalogue des riches collections … de Castro … Aurell … Oosterman, Amsterdam, 1912. (Mur s 10; Muw g 2, s 6; Mar g –/1, s 1/3)
S:Ciscar — J(acques) Schulman, Collection Ciscar y Montolin …, Amsterdam, 1910. (Mur g 1, s 1; Muw g 3/2, s 1)
S:Comte — J(acques) Schulman, Catalogue d'une superbe collection … de feu Monsieur le Comte de L., Amsterdam, 1929. (Muw g 1)
S:Dodgson — J(acques) Schulman, "Collection Général Sir D. Scott Dodgson, K.C.B.", in Catalogue illustré des collections … Dodgson … et … gentleman …, Amsterdam, 1908. (Mur g 1)
S:Gotha — J(acques) Schulman, "Collection de feu le prince Philippe de Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha", in Catalogue des collections … Bucknill, … Henderson, … Vogel, … amateur …, Philippe …, Amsterdam, 1928. (Mur g 8; Muw g 6; Haf g 2; Mar g 4)
S:Grantley — J(acques) Schulman, "Collections … diverses", in Catalogue de la grande collection … Grantley …, Amsterdam, 1921. (Mur g 2; Muw g 1)
S: Judice II — J(acques) Schulman, Collection Joaquim José Judice dos Santos ; part 2, Amsterdam, 1906. (Ham s 1; Mur g 8, s 10/2; Muw g 4, s 14/99; Haf s 1/1)
S:Judice III — J(acques) Schulman, Collection Joaquim José Judice dos Santos ; part 3, Amsterdam, 1906. (Mar g –/2)
S:Karabaczek — J(acques) Schulman, "Collection de … von Karabaczek …", in Catalogue illustré des collections … Oliver … von Karaback (sic) … Bourdillon, Amsterdam, 1907. (Mur g 1; Muw g 7/1; Hud g 1; Haf g 3; Mar g 3)
S:Michael I — J(acques) Schulman, "Collection Ithiel J. Michael", in Catalogue des collections … Bleazby, … Straus(s ) …, et … Michael …, Amsterdam, 1913. (Mur g 2; Muw g 2)
S:Michael II — J(acques) Schulman, Catalogue des collections numismatiques de M. Ithiel-J. Michael … Moos … Porter, Amsterdam, 1914. (Mur g 4/2)
S:White — J(acques) Schulman, Collection White King ; 3rd part, Amsterdam, 1905. (Mur g 6; Muw g 5, s 2/1; Haf g 1; Mar g 4)
Sacy — (Antoine Isaac) Silvestre de Sacy, "Mémoire sur quelques monnaies arabes en or des Almohades et des Mérinites", in Journal des Savants (1837):530–545. (Muw g 5/2; Haf g 2)
Sallet — Alfred von Sallet, Münzen und Medaillen, Berlin, 1898. (Muw g 1)
Sawaszkiewicz — L(éopold) L(éon) Sawaszkiewicz, Le génie de l'orient, commenté par ses monuments monétaires, Brussels, 1846. (Mur g 2/3, s –/4, c –/1; Muw g 1, s –/2)
Schiepati — (Giuseppe Schiepati,) Descrizione di alcune monete cufiche del museo di Stefano de Mainoni, Milan, 1820. (Zir g 4; Muw s 1)
Seaby — B.A. Seaby, Ltd., Coin and medal bulletin # 368 (1949). (Other coins catalogued by this dealer are either duplicates of listed issues or insufficiently described; Mur g 1; Mar g 1)
Seco — Luis Seco de Lucena, "Hallazgos de monedas árabes", in al-Andalus XIV (1949): 467–469. (Muw g 2/3, s 1; Haf g 1)
Sentenach — Narciso Sentenach, "El maravedi: su grandeza y decadencia", in Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas, y Museos XII(1905):195–220. (Mur g 1)
Soret:B — F(rédéric) Soret, "Lettre à M. le Colonel aux Gardes de Bartholomae …; part 2", in Revue de la Numismatique Belge 3:II(1858):217–260, 476. (Mur s 2; Mar g 1)
Soret:D — F(rédéric) Soret, "Lettre à M. le Conseiller d'État de Dorn …; part 2", in Revue de la Numismatique Belge 2:VI(1856):129–177. (Mur g 1, s 3; Muw s 1; Haf g 1)
Soret:F — Frédéric Soret, "Lettre à S. E. Monsieur le Conseiller d'État actuel de Fraehn …", in Mémoires de la Société Impériale d'Archéologie de St. Pétersbourg V(1851):41–66, 179–214, 310–327. (Zir g 2; Mur g 4, s –/2; Muw g 1; Hud s 1; Haf g 2; Ziy g 1; Mar g 3)
Soret:K — F(rédéric) Soret, "Lettre à Mr. le Dr. L. Krehl … sur quelques monnaies orientales …", in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft XIX(1865):544–561. (Hud s 1)
Soret:R — Frédéric Soret, "Trois lettres sur des monnaies cufiques … du Musée de Genève; I – Lettre à M. Reinaud …", in Mémoires et Documents de la Société d'Histoire et d'Archéologie de Genève I(1841):54–63. (Mur s 1)
Soret:S — F(rédéric) Soret, "Lettre à M. Sawelief …", in Revue de la Numismatique Belge 2:IV(1854):273–299, 377–416. (Mur g 2)
Sotheby — Sotheby, Wilkinson, and Hodge, Catalogue of the collection of … Mohammedan coins … of the late J.M.C. Johnston …, London, 1906. (Mur g 11, s 2/13; Muw g 18/10, s –/12; Haf g –/2; Ziy g –/2; Mar g 3/8)
Spink — Spink and Son, Ltd., "Catalogue of coins and medals for sale", in Monthly Numismatic Circular, 1893–1950. (Mur g 12/10; Muw g 16/44, s 1; Haf g 1; Ziy g –/2; Mar g 4/12; Wat g –/2)
Thorburn — Philip Thorburn's unpublished collection. (Mur g 4, s 10; Muw g 4, s 4; Ziy g 1; Mar g 4 and 1 hybrid; Nas s 1)
Tornberg — Carl Johan Tornberg, Numi cufici Regii Numophylacii Holmiensis, Upsala, 1848. [(Mur g 2)
Tychsen, O. — Olaf Gerhard Tychsen, Introductio in rem numarium Muhammedanorum, Rostock, 1794. (Mur g 1, c 2; Muw s 2; Haf g 1; Mar g 1, s 1)
Tychsen, O.: Introductionis — Olaf Gerhard Tychsen, Introductionis in rem numarium Muhammedanorum additamentum I, Rostock, 1796. (Muw g 1)
Tychsen, T. — Th(omas) Chr(istian) Tychsen, "De numis orientalibus in Bibliotheca Regia Gottingensi …", in Commentationes … Recentiores; Goettingensis Societas Regia Scientiarum, Hist. Phil. Classis III(1814):89–120b. (Muw s 1/2; Mar s 1)
UM — University (of Pennsylvania) Museum; unpublished collection on loan to American Numismatic Society, formed by Yaqub Artin Bey, presented by Robert C.H. Brock. (Mur g 1, s 1; Muw g 1, s 2/1)
V — Antonio Vives y Escudero, Monedas de las dinastías arábigo-españolas, Madrid, 1893. (The first corpus of Spanish Arabic coins; includes many Ḥammūdid, Murābiṭ, and Muwaḥḥid issues but few of the later African dynasties; does not include weights or mintmarks and has many minor errors, but remains indispensable for modern scholars, as many of the collections accessible to Vives have been dispersed; Ham s 14/18; Mur g 325/271, s 142/337, c 2; Muw g 42/38 and 2 hybrids, s 38/323; Hud s 1/2; Mar s 7/7; Nas s 1/8)
Vollers — K(arl) Vollers, "Das orientalische Münzkabinett der Universität Jena im Jahre 1906", expanded from Blätter für Münzfreunde XLI(1906):3529–3537. (A tantalizing check-list of a fine collection, for a complete description of which I have inquired in vain; Zir g –/2; Mur g –/12, s –/18, c –/1; Muw g 1/20, s 1/24, c –/1; Haf g –/8; Ziy g –/2; Mar g –/7, s –/1)
Welzl — Leopold Welzl von Wellenheim, Verzeichniss der Münz- und Medaillen-Sammlung ; vol. II, part 2, Vienna, 1845. (Zir g 2/1; Mur g 2, s 1; Muw g 1, s 3/1)
Weyl:F — Adolph Weyl, Verzeichniss von Münzen … der Jules Fonrobert'schen Sammlung, Berlin, 1878. (Muw g 2/4, s 4/13; Haf g 2/1, s 1)
Weyl:G — Adolph Weyl, Verzeichniss der reichhaltigen Sammlung … des Fürsten G(agarin), Berlin, 1885. (Mur g 26/1, s 3/5; Muw g 7/4, s 2/4; Hud g 1; Haf g 2; Mar g 3 and 1 hybrid)
Yale — Yale University's unpublished collection. (Mur g 1)
Zambaur I — E(duard) von Zambaur, "Contributions á la numismatique orientale", in Numismatische Zeitschrift XXXVI(1904):43–122. (Mur s 1)
Zambaur II — E(duard) von Zambaur, "Contributions á la numismatique orientale; part 2", in Numismatische Zeitschrift XXXVII(1905): 113–198. (Mur g 2; Muw s –/1)
Zambaur:W — Eduard von Zambaur, Kollektion Ernst Prinz zu Windisch-Grätz; vol. VII, part 1 – Orientalische Münzen, Vienna, 1906. (Mur s 1; Muw s 3/7)
al-Zarkashī — al-Zarkashī, Ta'rīkh al-daulatayn al-Muwaḥḥidīyah wa'l-Ḥafṣīyah, Tunis, A.H. 1289 (A.D. 1872/3). (A basic historical source with incidental mention of coins; Haf c 1)
Ziya — Ahmed Ziya, Catalogue of Islamic coins, Constantinople, 1910. (Mur g 2; Haf g 1/1)

In addition to the sources of coins reported in the numismatic bibliography, the following works are useful for reference; they are listed alphabetically by author. No attempt has been made to include every outlying reference consulted during the preparation of this study.

Barthélemy, J.B.A.A., Nouveau manuel complet de numismatique du moyen âge et moderne, Paris, (1852). (Mur g on pp. 367–369)
Batifaud, J., Ouvrages de numismatique arabe", in Revue Critique NS:X(1880):41–48. (Review of 4 works by Codera y Zaidin)
van Berchem, Max, "Notes d'archéologie arabe: monuments et inscriptions fatimites", in Journal Asiatique 8:XVIII(1891): 46–86. (Comments on ornamented Kūfī script on pp. 70–75)
Blancard, Louis, Essai sur les monnaies de Charles Ier, Comte de Provence, Paris, 1868. (Discussion of exchange values)
Blancard, Louis, Le millarès, Marseilles, 1876. (Classic discussion of European imitations of Muwaḥḥid square silver)
Blancard, Louis, in Revue Belge de Numismatique LIII(1897):219–230. (Review of Sauvaire)
Brunschvig, R(obert), "Esquisse d'histoire monétaire almohado-ḥafṣide", in Mélanges William Marçais (pp. 63–94), Paris, 1950. (Excellent modern monograph stressing metrology)
Codera (y Zaidin), Francisco, "Collección de monedas árabes-españolas …", in Revìsta Crítica de Historia y Litteratura Españolas … I(1899):13–14. (Useful for provenance)
Codera y Zaidin, Francisco, Errores de varios numismáticos extranjeros al tratar de las monedas arábigo-españolas, e impugnacion, Madrid, 1874. (Shrewd criticisms of his predecessors by a sharp-eyed expert)
Codera (y Zaidin), Francisco, "Numismática y metrología musulmanas", in Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia XVI(1890):361–366. (Review of Sauvaire)
Codera y Zaidin, Francisco, Títulos y nombres propios en las monedas arábigo-españolas, Madrid, 1878. (Pioneer study of titles)
Codrington, O(liver), A manual of Musalman numismatics, London, 1904. (Excellent general reference work, to be used with caution)
Decourdemanche, J(ean) A(dolphe), "Étude métrologique et numismatique sur les misqals et les dirhems arabes", in Revue Numismatique 4:XII(1908):208–251. (Metrology)
Decourdemanche, J(ean) A(dolphe), Traité pratique des poids et mesures des peuples anciens et des Arabes, Paris, 1909. (Metrology)
Drouin, E(dmé), "Almohades et Hafsides", in Revue Numismatique 4:VI(1902):132–135.
Ethem, Halil, Essai d'une bibliographie pour la numismatique musulmane, Ankara, 1933. (Bibliography, less useful than Mayer)
Fasmer II — R(ichard) Vasmer, "Zwei neue Bücher über spanisch-arabische Numismatik; part II", in Zeitschrift für Numismatik XXXVIII(1928): 223–234. (Review of Prieto: Reyes)
Fiorelle, Giuseppe, "Delle monete arabe dette moumini", in Annali di Numismatice I(1853):47–48. (Notes on Muwaḥḥid silver)
Fraehn, Ch(ristian) M(artin), "Du caractère d'écriture arabe nommé carmatique; dissertation ou l'on prouve qu'il n'a jamais existé un caractere ainsi nommé", in Journal Asiatique 2: I(1828): 379–391. (Classic refutation of the Qarmaṭīfallacy, inexplicably ignored by many later orientalists)
de Gayangos (y Arce), Pascual, "The Morabeti and other coins of Mohammedan Spain", in The chronicle of James I, King of Aragon (pp. 694–695), London, 1883.
González-Palencia, Ángel, Loz mozarabes de Toledo en los siglos XII y XIII; vol. I, Madrid, 1926. (Exchange)
Guilhiermoz, P., "Note sur les poids du moyen-âge", in Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes LXVII(1906):161–233. (Metrology)
Günzburg, D.G., "Bezimenniy almokhadsky dirgem", in Zapiski Vostochnago Otdeleniya VII(1892):319. (Notes on Muwaḥḥid silver)
Hofmeier, Karl Wilhelm, "Die Verleihung des Titels "Fürst der Muslimen" an Jûsuf ibn Tāsfîn", in Wiener Zeitschrift der Kunde des Morgenlandes XXII(1908):184–199. (Murábiṭ titles)
Lane-Poole, S(tanley), "The Arabian historians on Mohammadan numismatics", in Numismatic Chronicle 3:IV(1884):66-96. (Translations of relevant passages)
de Lastanosa y Baraiz de Vera, Vincencio Juan, Museo de las medallas desconoçidas españolas, Huesca, 1645. (Early and difficult)
Leggett, Eugene, Notes on the mint-towns and coins of the Mohamedans, London, 1885. (Stimulating but inaccurate)
de Longpérier, Adrien, in Journal des Savants 3:XLI(1876):428–442. Reprinted in his Oeuvres (vol. I, pp. 475–491), Paris, 1883. (Review of Blancard: Millarès)
Massignon, Louis, Le Maroc dans les premières années du XVIe siècle, Algiers, 1906. (Exchange and metrology)
Mateu y Llopis, Felipe, "Hallazgos monetarios", in Ampurias IV(1942):215–224; V(1943): 221–238; VI(1944):215–237; VII/VIII(1945/6):233–276; IX/X (1947/8):55–95. (Spanish finds)
Mauss, C., Loi de la numismatique musulmane, Paris, 1898. (Legal)
Mayer, L(eo) A., Annual bibliography of Islamic art and archaeology, India excepted; vol. I – 1935 , vol. II – 1936 , vol. III – 1937 , Jerusalem, 1937–1939. (Includes additions to next entry)
Mayer, L(eo) A., Bibliography of Moslem numismatics, India excepted (Oriental Translation Fund, vol. XXXV), London, 1939. (Indispensable foundation for all work in this field, soon to be issued in a revised edition, of which the author generously allowed me to use the proofs)
de la Rada y Delgado, Juan de Dios, Bibliografía numismática española, Madrid, 1886. (Not entirely superseded by Mayer)
Reiske, Johann Jacob, "Briefe über das arabische Münzwesen", in Repertorium für Biblische und Morgenländische Literatur IX(1781):199–268; X(1782):165–240; XI(1783):1–44. (Early and difficult)
von Rosen, "Primychanie", in Zapiski Vostochnago Otdeleniya VII(1892):319–321. (Comments on Günzburg)
de Sacy, A(ntoine) I(saac) Silvestre, "De quelques monnoies arabes et des monnoies de Tunis d'Alger, et de Maroc …", in Magasin Encyclopédique 3:III(1797):55–69. (An early monograph)
de Sacy, (Antoine Isaac) Silvestre, in Journal des Savan(t)s (1823):131–141, 259–270, 387–399. (Review of Schiepati and Castiglioni)
de St. Elie, Anastase-Marie, An-nuqud al-'arabiyeh wa 'ilm an-nummiyât, Cairo, 1939. (Bibliography)
Sauvaire, H(enri), "Matériaux pour servir à l'histoire de la numismatique et de la métrologie musulmanes; part 1 – Monnaies", in Journal Asiatique 7:XIV(1879):455–533; 7:XV(1880): 228–277, 421–478; 7:XVIII(1881):499–516; 7:XIX(1882):23–77, 97–163, 281–327. (The fundamental work on numismatic metrology and exchange)
Soret, F(rédéric), Éléments de la numismatique musulmane, Basle, 1868. (General reference work largely superseded by Codrington)
Vasmer, see Fasmer.
Vazquez Queipo, V., Essai sur les systèmes métriques et monétaires des anciens peuples depuis les premiers temps historiques jusqu' à la fin du khalifat d'orient; vol. II, Paris, 1859. (Metrology)
Vives (y Escudero), Antonio, "Indicación del valor en las monedas arábigo-españolas", in Homenáje á D. Francisco Codera (pp. 513–522), Saragossa, 1904. (Useful monograph on design conventions)

HISTORICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

This bibliography is a list of all non-numismatic sources of the historical information, and specifically of the personal names and relationships, the place-names, and the dates used in preparing the text and corpus. It is divided into four portions: the medieval Arabic historians (that is, historians of any nationality writing in the Arabic language), from whom the vast majority of the information has been obtained; the modern compilations of medieval Arabic inscriptions on buildings, tombstones, textiles, and other surviving physical objects; the modern compilations of medieval Arabic and European letters, treaties, and other documents; and the most important of the innumerable modern historians and commentators.

Within each of these four divisions the works are arranged alphabetically by author or compiler, and to each work is prefixed an index number by which it is designated in the lists of rulers inserted at the start of each chapter on the coinage of individual dynasties.

A. ARABIC

These works are alphabetized under the name by which the author is usually known, disregarding such prefixes as al-, Abū-, and Ibn-. Editions which I have not personally consulted are included for the sake of utility, but are enclosed within parentheses. Those which I have used have naturally varied greatly in importance, from Ibn-Khaldūn and other basic historians through Yāqūt and other geographers down to travellers and eastern chroniclers who may have confirmed a single date or the spelling of a place-name. Abbreviations used in this division of the index include: ed(ited by), ex(cerpts), tr(anslated by), and w(ith) n(otes), as well as the usual p(age), v(olume), etc. Within an author heading different works, and different editions and translations of the same work, are listed chronologically.

A1. Ibn-al-Abbār — Kitāb al-ḥullah al-siyarā': (a) ex. ed. w.n. R. Dozy, Notices sur quelques manuscrits arabes (pp. 29–260), Leyden, 1847–1851; (b) ex. ed. w.n. M.J. Müller, Beiträge zur Geschichte der westlichen Araber (pp. Arabic 161–360), Munich, 1866–1878;(c) ex. ed. & tr. E. Lévi-Provençal, Documents inédits d'histoire almohade (pp. 227–230, Arabic 146–148), Paris, 1928.
A2. Ibn-al-Abbār — Kitāb al-takmilah li-kitāb al-ṣilah:(a) 2 v. ed. w.n. F. Codera y Zaidin as Complementum libri Assilah, Madrid, 1887–1889;(b) ex. ed. w.n. M. Alarcón and C.A. González Palencia, "Apéndice a la edición Codera de la Tecmila", in Miscelánea de estudios y textos arabes (pp. 149–690), Madrid, 1915;(c) ex. ed. & tr. w.n. A. Bel and M. ben Cheneb in Revue Africaine (1918):306–335;(d) v. 3 ed. w.n. A. Bel and M. ben Cheneb as Takmila-t-eṣṣila, Algiers, 1920.
A2a. 'Abd-al-Bāsiṭ — Al-rauḍ al-bāsim fī ḥawādith al-'umr wa'l-tarājim: ex. ed. & tr. w.n. R. Brunschvig in Deux récits de voyage inédits en Afrique du Nord au XVe siècle (pp. 3–136), Paris, 1936.
A3. al-'Abdarī — Al-riḥlah al-Maghribīyah: ex. tr. w. n. (A.) Cherbonneau in Journal Asiatique 5:IV (1854):144–176.
A4. Ibn-'Abdūn — Risālah:(a) ed. w.n. E. Lévi-Provençal in Journal Asiatique CCXXIV(1934): 177–299;(b) tr. w.n. E. Lévi-Provençal as Séville musulmane au début du XIIe siècle, Paris, 1947.
A5. Ibn-al-Aḥmar — Rauḍat al-nisrīn fī daulat Banī Marīn:(a) v. 2 tr. w.n. R. Dozy as "Histoire des benou-Ziyan de Tlemcen", in Journal Asiatique 4:III(1844):378–416;(b) v. 1 ed. & tr. w.n. G. Bouali and G. Marçais as "Histoire des Benî Merîn, rois de Fâs", in Bulletin de Correspondance Africaine LV(1917):i–xxi, 1–157;(c) ex. ed. & tr. w.n. E. Lévi-Provençal in Journal Asiatique CCIII(1923):219–255.
A6. Ibn-al-Athīr — Kitāb al-kāmil fī'l-ta'rīkh:(a) ed. w.n. C.J. Tornberg as Chronicon … (14 v.), Leyden, 1851–1876;(b) ex. tr. w.n. E. Fagnan as "Annales du Maghreb et de l'Espagne", in Revue Africaine XL & XLI, and Algiers, 1898–1901.
A7. Ibn-al-'Aṭṭār — Ta'rīkh balad Qusanṭīnah: tr. w.n. A. Dournon in Revue Africaine LVII(1913):265–305.
A8. al-'Aynī — Ta'rīkh al-badr (abridgment of his 'Iqd al-jumān fī ta'rīkh ahl al-zamān): ex. tr. E. Fagnan, Extraits inédits relatifs au Maghreb (pp. 262–270), Algiers, 1924.
A9. al-Bādisī — Al-maqṣad al-sharīf wa'l-manza' al-laṭīf fī dhikr ṣulaḥā' al-Rīf: tr. w.n. G.S. Colin in Archives Marocaines XXVII(1926):1–254.
A10. Ibn-Badrūn — Sharḥ qasīdat Ibn 'Abdūn: ed. w.n. R. Dozy as Commentaire historique sur le poème d'ibn-Abdoun, Leyden, 1846.
A11. al-Bakrī — Kitāb al-masālik wa'l-mamālik:(a) ex. tr. w.n. (E.M.) Quatremère as "Description de l'Afrique", in Notices et Extraits XII(1)(1831):437–664;(b) (ex. ed. MacG. de Slane, Algiers, 1857);(c) ex. tr. w.n. (MacG.) de Slane as "Description de l'Afrique septentrionale", in Journal Asiatique 5:XII(1858):412–492, 497–534; 5:XIII(1859):58–80, 97–194, 310–416, 469–519; 5:XIV(1859):117–152;(d) (rev. ed. MacG. de Slane, Algiers, 1910);(e) (rev. tr. (MacG.) de Slane, Algiers, 1913).
A12. al-Bākuwī — Talkhīṣ al-athār wa-'ajā'ib al-malik al-qahhār: ex. tr. w.n. de Guignes in Notices et Extraits II(1789):386–545.
A13. Ibn-Bashkuwāl — Kitāb al-ṣilah fī ta'rīkh a'immat al-Andalus:(a) ed. w.n. F. Codera (y Zaidin) as Assila (2 v.), Madrid, 1882–1883; (b) ex. ed. w.n. F. Codera (y Zaidin) in Ibn-al-Faraḍī's Historia vivorum doctorum Andalusiae (v. II, pp. ix–xiii, Arabic 75–120), Madrid, 1891–1892.
A.14 Ibn-Baṭṭūṭah — Tuḥfat al-nuẓẓār fī gharā'ib al-amṣār wa-'ajā'ib al-asfār:(a) ex. tr. w.n. S. Lee, London, 1829;(b) ed. & tr. w.n. C. Defrémery and B.R. Sanguinetti as Voyages (5 v.), Paris, 1853–1859 (later reprinted);ex. tr. w.n. H.A.R. Gibb, London, 1929 (reprinted 1939).
A15. al-Baydhaq — Ta'rīkh al-Muwaḥḥidīn: ed. & tr. w.n. E. Lévi-Provençal as "L'histoire des Almohades", in Documents inédits d'histoire almohade (pp. i–xii, 75–225, 232–246, Arabic 50–133), Paris, 1928.
A16. al-Ḍabbī — Kitāb bughyat al-mutalammis fī ta'rīkh rijāl ahl al-Andalus: ed. w.n. F. Codera y Zaidin and J. Ribera as Desiderium quaerentis historiam virorum populi Andalusiae, Madrid, 1885.
A17. al-Dimashqī — Kitāb nukhbat al-dahr fī 'ajā'ib al-barr wa'l-baḥr:(a) ed. w.n. A.F. Mehren as Cosmographie …, St. Petersburg, 1865–1866 (reprinted with index Leipzig, 1923);(b) (tr. A.F. Mehren, Copenhagen, 1874).
A18. Ibn-Abī-Dīnār — Al-mu'nis fī akhbār Ifrīqiyah wa-Tūnis:(a) tr. w.n. E. Pellissier and (G.) Rémusat as Histoire de l'Afrique, Paris, 1845;(b) ed. at Tunis, 1869/70.
A19. Ibn-al-Faqīh — Kitāb al-buldān: ed. w.n. M.J. de Goeje as Kitâb al-boldân, Leyden, 1885.
A20. Abū'l-Fidā' — Mukhtaṣar ta'rīkh al-bashar:(a) 2nd half ed. & tr. w.n. J.J. Reiske as Annales muslemici arabice et latine (5 v.), Copenhagen, 1789–1794;(b) (ed. at Constantinople 1869/70).
A21. Abū'l-Fidā' — Taqwīm al-buldān:(a) ed. w.n. (J.) Reinaud and MacG. de Slane as Géographie, Paris, 1840;(b) 1st half tr. w.n. (J.) Reinaud, Paris, 1848; (c) (2nd half tr. S.Guyard, Paris, 1883).
A22. Ibn-Ghalbūn — Al-tadhkirah fī man malaka Ṭarābulus …: tr. w.n. E. Rossi as La cronaca araba Tripolitana, Bologna, 1936.
A23. al-Ghubrīnī — 'Unwān al-dirāyah fī man 'urifah min 'ulamā' al-mi'ah al-sābi'ah fī Bijāyah: (a) ex. tr. w.n. A. Cherbonneau in Journal Asiatique 5:VII(1856):475–496;(b) (ed. M. ben Cheneb, Algiers, 1911).
A24. Ibn-Ḥammād — Akhbār mulūk Banī 'Ubayd wa-sīratihim: ed. & tr. w.n. (N.) Vonderheyden as Histoire des rois 'obaīdides, Algiers, 1927.
A25. Ibn-Ḥauqal — Kitāb al-masālik wa'l-mamālik:(a) ex. tr. w.n. MacG. de Slane in Journal Asiatique 3:XIII(1842):153–196, 209–258;(b) ed. w.n. M.J. de Goeje as Viae et regna, Leyden, 1872–1873;(c) ed. w.n. J.H. Kramers as Liber imaginis terrae, Leyden, 1938–1939.
A26. al-Ḥimyarī — Kitāb al-rauḍ al-mi'ṭār fī khabar al-aqṭār: ed. & tr. w. n. E. Lévi-Provençal as La péninsule ibérique au moyen-age, Leyden, 1937–1938.
A27. Ibn-al-'Idhārī — Kitāb al-bayān al-mughrib …:(a) 2 v. ed. w.n. R. Dozy as Histoire de l'Afrique et de l'Espagne, Leyden, 1848–1851;(b) 2 v. tr. w.n. E. Fagnan, Algiers, 1901–1904; (c) v. 3 ed. E. Lévi-Provençal, Paris, 1930.
A28. al-Idrīsī — Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq:(a) ex. tr. w.n. J.M. Hartmann as Africa, Göttingen, 1796 (2nd ed.);(b) ex. ed. & tr. w.n. J.A. Condé as Descripcion de España, Madrid, 1799;(c) (tr. P.A. Jaubert (2 v.), Paris, 1836–1840);(d) ex. ed. & tr. w.n. R. Dozy and M.J. de Goeje as Description de l'Afrique et de l'Espagne, Leyden, 1864–1866;(e) (ex. tr. A. Blásquez, Madrid, 1901).
A29. al-Ifrānī — Nuzhat al-ḥādī bi-akhbār mulūk al-qarn al-ḥādī:(a) ed. O. Houdas, Paris, 1888;(b) tr. w.n. O. Houdas, Paris, 1889.
A30. al-Iṣṭakhrī — Kitāb masālik al-mamālik:(a) tr. w.n. (from Persian) W. Ousely as The oriental geography of ebn Haukal, London, 1800;(b) (ed. Möller as Liber climatum, Gotha, 1839);(c) tr. w.n. A.D. Mordtmann as Das Buch der Länder, Hamburg, 1845;(d) ed. w.n. M.J. de Goeje as Viae regnorum, Leyden, 1870;(e) (rev. ed. w.n. M.J. de Goeje, Leyden, 1927).
A31. Ibn-Iyās — Nashaq al-azhār fī 'ajā'ib al-aqṭār: ex. ed. w.n. L. Langlès as "Cosmographie", in Notices et Extraits VIII(1)(1810):1–131.
A32. al-Jannābī — Al-baḥr al-zakhkhār wa'l-'aylam al-tayyār: ex. tr. w.n. E. Fagnan in Extraits inédits relatifs au Maghreb (pp. 285–359), Algiers, 1924.
A33. al-Jaznā'ī — Zahrat al-ās: ed. & tr. w.n. A. Bel in Bulletin de Correspondance Africaine LIX(1923):3–198, Arabic 1–86.
A34. Ibn-Jubayr — Riḥlah:(a) (ed. W. Wright, Leyden, 1852);(b) tr. w.n. C. Schiaparelli as Viaggio …, Rome, 1906;(c) ed. w.n. M.J. de Goeje, Leyden, 1907.
A35. Ibn-Khaldūn — Kitāb al-'ibar: (a) ex. tr. w.n. P. de Gayangos in al-Maqqarī's The history of the Mohammedan dynasties in Spain … (v. II, pp. xlix–lxxx), London, 1843; (b) ex. ed. & tr. w.n. C.J. Tornberg as "Narratio de expeditionibus Francorum …", in ActaUpsaliensis XII(1844):1–154; (c) ex. tr. w.n. M(ac)G. de Slane as "Autobiographie", in Journal Asiatique 4:III(1844):5–60, 187–210, 291–308, 325–353;(d) v. 6, 7 ed. w.n. (MacG.) de Slane as Histoire des Berbères (2 v.), Algiers, 1847–1851;(e) v. 6, 7 tr. w.n. (MacG.) de Slane as Histoire des Berbères (4 v.), Algiers, 1852–1856 (3 v. reprinted Paris, 1925–1934 as "revised");(f) v. 1 ed. (E.M.) Quatremère as "Les prolégomènes", in Notices et Extraits XVI(1), XVII(1), XVIII(1), Paris 1858;(g) v. 1 tr. w.n. (MacG.) de Slane as "Les prolégomènes", in Notices et Extraits XIX(1) (1862), XX(1) (1865), XXI(1) (1868);(h) ed. at Būlāq, 1867/8;(i) ex. tr. w.n. (M.) Gaudefroy-Demombynes as "Histoire des benou'l-Ahmar", in Journal Asiatique 9:XII(1898):309–340, 407–462.
A36. Ibn-Khallikān — Kitāb wafayāt al-a'yān wa-anbā' abnā' al-zamān:(a) ed. w.n. F. Wüstenfeld as Vitae illustrium virorum … (2 v.), Göttingen, 1835–1843;(b) v. 1 ed. MacG. de Slane, Paris, 1838–1842;(c) tr. w.n. MacG. de Slane as Biographical dictionary (4 v.), Paris, 1843–1845;(d) ed. at Cairo, 1881/2.
A37. Ibn-Khāqān — Qalā'id al-'iqyān wa-maḥāsin al-a'yān:(a) (ed. Sulaymān al Ḥarā'irī as Le collier d'or, Paris, 1860);(b) (tr. E. Bourgade, Paris, 1865);(c) ed. at Būlāq, 1866/7.
A38. Ibn-al-Khaṭīb — Al-ḥulal al-marqūmah …:(a) ex. ed. & tr. M. Casiri, Bibliotheca arabicohispana escurialensis (v. II, pp. 246–319), Madrid, 1770;(b) (ed. at Tunis, 1898);(c) ed. at Tunis, 1915/6.
A39. Ibn-al-Khaṭīb — Al-lumḥah al-badrīyah fī'l-daulah al-Naṣrīyah:(a) ex. ed. & tr. M. Casiri, Bibliotheca arabico-hispana escurialensis (v. II, pp. 177–246), Madrid, 1770;(b) ed. Muḥibb al-dīn al-Khaṭīb, Cairo, 1928/9.
A40. Ibn-al-Khaṭīb — Al-iḥāṭah bi-ta'rīkh Gharnāṭah:(a) ex. tr. w.n. M. Casiri, Bibliotheca arabico-hispana escurialensis (v. II, pp. 71–121), Madrid, 1770;(b) ed. at Cairo, 1901/2.
A41. Ibn-al-Khaṭīb — A'māl al-a'lām:(a) ex. ed. w.n. H.H. 'Abd-al-Wahhāb in Centenario della nascita di Michele Amari (v. II, pp. 427–482), Palermo, 1910;(b) (ed. w.n. E. Lévi-Provençal, Rabat, 1934).
A42. Ibn-al-Khaṭīb — Mi'yār al-ikhtiyār:(a) (ed. & tr. F.X. Simonet as Descripcion del Reino de Granada …, Madrid, 1861);(b) ex. ed. w.n. M.J. Müller, Beiträge zur Geschichte der westlichen Araber (pp. Arabic 45–100), Munich, 1866 (text reprinted Fez, 1907/8);(c) rev. tr. w.n. F.X. Simonet, Granada, 1872.
A43. Ibn-al-Khaṭīb — Mufākharat Mālaqah wa-Salā:(a) ed. w.n. M.J. Müller, Beiträge zur Geschichte der westlichen Araber (pp. Arabic 1–13), Munich, 1866 (text reprinted Fez, 1907/8);(b) tr. w.n. E. García Gomez in al-Andalus II(1934):185–196.
A44. Ibn-Khayr — Fihrist mā rawāhu 'an shuyūkhihi …: ed. w.n. F. Codera (y Zaidin) and J. Ribera (y) Tarragó as Index librorum … (2 v.), Saragossa, 1894–1895.
A45. Ibn-Khurdādhbih — Kitāb al-masālik wa'l-mamālik:(a) ed. & tr. w.n. C. Barbier de Meynard in Journal Asiatique 6:V(1865):5–127, 227–296, 446–532;(b) ed. & tr. w.n. M.J. de Goeje, Leyden, 1889.
A46. Leo Africanus — (Arabic original lost, name unknown):(a) tr. w.n. C. Schéfer as Description de l'Afrique … (3 v.), Paris, 1896–1898;(b) tr. w.n. J. Pory as The history and description of Africa (3 v.), London, 1896.
A47. al-Maqdisī — Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī ma'rifat al-aqālīm:(a) ed. w.n. M.J. de Goeje as Descriptio imperii Moslemici, Leyden, 1877;(b) ex. tr. w.n. G.S.A. Ranking and R.F. Azoo, Calcutta, 1897–1910;(c) (rev. ed. w.n. M.J. de Goeje, Leyden, 1906).
A48. al-Maqqarī — Nafḥ al-ṭīb min ghuṣn al-Andalus …:(a) tr. w.n. P. de Gayangos as The history of the Mohammedan dynasties in Spain … (2 v.), London, 1840–1843;(b) ex. ed. w.n. G. Dugat, Analectes sur l'histoire et la littérature des Arabes d'Espagne (v. ii, pp. Arabic 395–835), Leyden, 1858–1861;(c) ed. at Cairo, 1884/5.
A49. al-Maqrīzī — Al-sulūk li-ma'rifat duwal al-mulūk: tr. w.n. (E.M.) Quatremère as Histoire des Sultans Mamlouks (4 v. in 2), Paris, 1837–1844.
A50. al-Maqrīzī — Shudhūr (or Nubdhat) al-'uqūd fī umūr al-nuqūd:(a) ed. & tr. w.n. O.G. Tychsen as Historia monetae Arabicae …, Rostock, 1797;(b) ex. tr. w.n. A.I.S. de Sacy as "Traité des monnoies musulmanes", in Magasin Encyclopédique 3:I(1797): 38–89.
A51. al-Marrākushī — Kitāb al-mu'jib fī talkhīṣ akhbār al-Maghrib:(a) (ed. R. Dozy as The history of the Almohades, Leyden, 1847);(b) rev. ed. w.n. R. Dozy, Leyden, 1881;(c) tr. w.n. E. Fagnan as Histoire des Almohades, Algiers, 1893.
A52. Ibn-Maryam — Al-bustān fī dhikr al-auliyā' wa'l-'ulamā' bi-Tilimsān:(a) (ed. M. ben Cheneb, Algiers, 1908);(b) tr. w.n. F. Provenzali, Algiers, 1910.
A53. Ibn-Marzūq — Kitāb al-musnad al-ṣaḥīḥ al-ḥasan …: ed. & tr. w.n. E. Lévi-Provençal as "Un nouveau texte d'histoire mérinide", in Hespéris V(1925):1–82.
A54. al-Mas'ūdī — Murūj al-dhahab wa-ma'ādin al-jawāhir:(a) ex. tr. w.n. de Guignes in Notices et Extraits I(1787):1–67;(b) ex. tr. w.n. A. Sprenger as Historical encyclopaedia, London, 1841;(c) ed. & tr. w.n. C. Barbier de Meynard and (v. 1–3) P. de Courteille as Les prairies d'or (9 v.), Paris 1861–1877.
A55. al-Mas'ūdī — Kitāb al-tanbīh wa'l-ishrāf:(a) ed. w.n. M.J. de Goeje, Leyden, 1893–1894;(b) (tr. Carra de Vaux, Paris, 1896).
A56. al-Māzinī — Tuḥfat al-albāb wa-nukhbat al-a'jāb: ed. w.n. G. Ferrand in Journal Asiatique CCVII(1925):1–148, 193–304.
A57. al-Miknāsī — Al-rauḍ al-hatūn fī akhbār Miknāsat al-Zaytūn: tr. w.n. O. Houdas as "Monographie de Méquinez", in Journal Asiatique 8:V(1885):101–147.
A58. al-Munajjim — Kitāb ākām al-marjān fī dhikr al-madā'in al-mashhūrah fī kull makān: ed. & tr. w.n. A. Codazzi as "Il compendio geografico arabo", in Rendiconti … dei Lincei … 6:V(1929):373–463.
A59. Mūsâ II — Wāsiṭat al-sulūk fī siyāsat al-mulūk:(a) (ed. M. Kābādū and M. Bashīr al-Tuwātī, Tunis, 1862);(b) tr. w.n. M. Gaspar (y Remiro) as El collar de perlas, Saragossa, 1899.
A60. al-Nuwayrī — Nihāyat al-arab fī funūn al-adab:(a) ex. tr. MacG. de Slane in Ibn-Khaldūn's Histoire des Berbères (v. I, p. 313), Algiers, 1852;(b) ex. ed. & tr. w.n. M. Gaspar y Remiro as Historia de los Musulmanes de España y Africa, Granada, 1917–1919;(c) ed. A. Zakī (14 of 24 v. pub. by 1943), Cairo, 1923—.
A61. al-Qalqashandī — Ṣubḥ al-a'shā fī ṣinā'at al-inshā':(a) ex. tr. w.n. H. Sauvaire in Mémoires de l'Académie de Marseille (1886/7):79–111;(b) ed. M.A. Ibrāhīm (14 v.), Cairo, 1913–1920.
A62. Ibn-al-Qāsim — Ikhtiṣār al-akhbār 'ammā kānah bi-thaghr Sabtah …: ed. w.n. E. Lévi-Provençal as "Une description de Ceuta musulmane au XVe siècle", in Hespéris XII(1931): 145–176.
A63. Ibn-al-Qaṭṭān — Naẓm al-jumān: ed. & tr. w.n. E. Lévi-Provençal in Mélanges René Basset (v. II, pp. 335–393), Paris, 1925.
A64. Qudāmah — Kitāb al-kharāj …: ex. ed. & tr. w.n. M.J. de Goeje, Leyden, 1889.
A65. Ibn-al-Qunfūdh — Al-fārisīyah fī mabādī al-daulah al-Ḥafṣīyah: ex. ed. & tr. w.n. A. Cherbonneau in Journal Asiatique 4:XII(1848):237–258; 4:XIII(1849):185–211; 4:XVII (1851):51–84; 4:XX(1852):208–244.
A66. Ibn-al-Qunfūdh — Kitāb al-wafayāt: ed. H. Husain in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 2:VIII(1912):1–38.
A67. Ibn-Rustah — Kitāb al-a'lāq al-nafīsah: v. 7 ed. w.n. M.J. de Goeje, Leyden, 1891–1892.
A68. Ibn-Sa'id — Kitāb al-mughrib fī ḥulâ al-Maghrib: v. 4. ed. & tr. K.L. Tallqvist, Leyden, 1898–1899.
A69. al-Sakhāwī — Al-tibr al-masbūk fī dhayl al-sulūk: ex. tr. w.n. E. Fagnan, Extraits inédits relatifs au Maghreb (pp. 271–284), Algiers, 1924.
A70. Ibn-al-Sammāk — Al-ḥulal al-maushīyah fī'l-akhbār al-Marrākushīyah: (a) (ed. at Tunis, 1909–1911);(b) ed. w.n. I.S. Allouche, Rabat, 1936.
A71. Ibn-Shākir — Fawāt al-wafayāt: ed. at Būlāq 1866/7 (reprinted 1881).
A72. al-Shantarīnī — Kitāb al-dhakhīrah fī maḥāsin ahl al-jazīrah: ex. ed. at Cairo, 1939.
A73. Shihāb-al-Dīn — Kitāb 'uqūd al-jumān fī mukhtaṣar akhbār al-zamān: ex. ed. w.n. (A.I.) S. de Sacy in Notices et Extraits II(1789):124–163.
A74. Ibn-Taghribirdī — Al-nujūm al-zāhirah fī mulūk Miṣr wa'l-Qāhirah: tr. w.n. E. Fagnan in Recueil de Notices et Mémoires de la Société Archéologique, Historique, et Géographique de Constantine XL(1906):269–382.
A75. al-Tanasī — Naẓm al-durr wa'l-'iqyān fī bayān sharaf Banī Zayān: ex. tr. w.n. J.J.L. Bargès as Histoire des Beni Zeiyan, Paris, 1852.
A76. al-Tauzarī — Kitāb al-iktifā' fī akhbār al-khulafā': ex. tr. w.n. P. de Gayangos in al-Maqqarī's The history of the Mohammedan dynasties in Spain … (v. II, pp. xxii–xlviii), London, 1843.
A77. al-Tijānī — Riḥlah: ex. tr. w.n. A. Rousseau in Journal Asiatique 4:XX(1852):57–208; 5:I(1853):101–168, 354–425.
A78. Ibn-Tūmart — Tauḥīd al-bārī …: ed. w.n. J.D. Luciani, Algiers, 1903.
A79. al-Ṭurṭūshī — Sirāj al-mulūk:(a) (ed. at Cairo, 1872/3); (b) ed. at Cairo, 1888/9;(c) tr. w.n. M. Alarcón as Lámpara de los príncipes (2 v.), Madrid, 1930–1931.
A80. al-'Umarī — Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṣār:(a) ex. ed. w.n. A. Zakī, Cairo, 1924;(b) ex. tr. w.n. (M.) Gaudefroy-Demombynes as L'Afrique moins l'Égypte, Paris, 1927;(c) ex. ed. w.n. (M.) Gaudefroy-Demombynes as "Quelques passages relatifs au Maroc", in Mémorial Henri Basset (v. i, pp. 269–280), Paris, 1928.
A81. Yaḥyâ Ibn-Khaldūn — Bughyat al-rūwād fī dhikr al-mulūk min Banī 'Abd al-Wād: ed. & tr. w.n. A. Bel as Histoire des Beni 'Abd el-Wād (2 v.), Algiers, 1904–1913.
A82. al-Ya'qūbī — Kitāb al-buldān:(a) (ex. ed. w.n. M.J. de Goeje as Descriptio al Maġribi, Leyden, 1860);(b) ex. ed. w.n. A.W.T. Juynboll, Leyden, 1860–1861;(c) ed. w.n. M.J. de Goeje, Leyden, 1891–1892;(d) (tr. w.n. G. Wiet as Les pays, Cairo, 1937).
A83. Yāqūt — Mu'jam al-buldān: ed. w.n. F. Wüstenfeld as Geographisches Wörterbuch (6 v.), Leipzig, 1866–1873.
A84. Ibn-Abī-Zar' — Kitāb al-anīs al-muṭrib bi-rauḍ al-qirṭās fī akhbār mulūk al-Maghrib wata'rīkh madīnat Fās:(a) (tr. F. von Dombay (2 v.), Zagreb, 1794–1795);(b) (tr. J. Moura, Lisbon, 1828);(c) ex. ed. & tr. C.J. Tornberg as "Primordia dominationis Murabitorum …", in Nova ActaUpsaliensis XI(1839):297–407;(d) ed. & tr. w.n. C.J. Tornberg as Annales regum Mauritaniae, Upsala, 1843–1846;(e) tr. w.n. A. Beaumier as Roudh elkartas, Paris, 1860;(f) (ed. Muḥammad ibn-al-Ḥusayn al-Fāṭimī, Fez, 1888).
A85. al-Zarkashī — Ta'rīkh al-daulatayn al-Muwaḥḥidīyah wa'l-Ḥafṣīyah:(a) ex. ed. & tr. A. Rousseau in Journal Asiatique 4:XIII (1849): 269–315;(b) ed. at Tunis, 1872/3;(c) tr. w.n. E. Fagnan as Chronique des Almohades et des Hafçides, Constantine, 1895.
A86. al-Zuhrī — Kitāb al-jaghrāfīyah:(a) ex. ed. & tr. w.n. O. Houdas and R. Basset as "Description du Sous el Aqs'a", in Bulletin de Correspondance Africaine II(1884):192–198;(b) ex. tr. w.n. R. Basset, Documents géographiques sur l'Afrique septentrionale (pp. 14–30), Paris, 1898;(c) ex. ed. & tr. w.n. R. Basset in Homenaje à D(on) Francisco Codera (pp. 619–647), Saragossa, 1904.
A87.? — Ta'rīkh … mulūk al-tawā'if:(a) ex. ed. w.n. E. Lévi-Provençal in Ibn-al-'Idhārī's Kitāb al-bayān al-mughrib … (v. III) (pp. Arabic 287–316, 327–368), Paris, 1930;(b) ex. tr. E. Lévi-Provençal in Histoire des musulmans d'Espagne (v. III, pp. 215–235), Leyden, 1932.
A88.? — Kitāb al-istibṣār fī 'ajā'ib al-amṣār:(a) ex. ed. w.n. A. von Kremer in Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften (in Wien) VIII(1852):389–428;(b) tr. w.n. E. Fagnan in Recueil de Notices et Mémoires de la Société Archéologique de Constantine XXXIII(1899).
A89.? — Kitāb al-ansāb fī ma'rifat al-aṣḥāb: ex. ed. & tr. w.n. E. Lévi-Provençal, Documents inédits d'histoire almohade (pp. i–ix, 25–74, Arabic 18–49), Paris, 1828.
A90.? — Kitāb mafākhir al-Barbar: ex. ed. w.n. E. Lévi-Provençal as Fragments historiques sur les berbères au moyen-age, Rabat, 1934.
A91.? —?: ed. & tr. w.n. E. Lévi-Provençal as "Notes d'histoire almohade", in Hespéris X(1930):49–90.
A92.? — Al-dhakhīrah al-sanīyah fī'l-ta'rīkh al-daulah al-Marīnīyah: ed. w.n. M. ben Cheneb as Chronique anonyme des Mérinides, Algiers, 1920–1921.

B. INSCRIPTIONS

In this section are included the modern compilations of non-numismatic and non-documentary medieval Arabic inscriptions; the large majority occur on tombstones or buildings, but some are also found on textiles and other artifacts. The works are alphabetized under the name of the compiler.

B1. Amador de los Rios, Rodrigo, "Noticia", in Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia XIV(1889):563–565.
B2. Basset, Henri, and Lévi-Provencal, E., "Chella, une nécropole mérinide", in Hespéris II(1922):1–92, 255–316, 385–425.
B3. Basset, René, Nédromah et les Traras, Paris, 1901.
B4. Bel, Alfred, "Inscriptions arabes de Fès", in Journal Asiatique II:IX(1917):303–329; II:X(1917):81–170, 215–267; II:XII(1918):189–276, 337–399; II:XIII(1919):5–96; II:XIV(1919):467–479.
B5. van Berchem, Max, "L'épigraphie musulmane en Algérie: étude sur le corpus", in Revue Africaine XLIX(1905):160–191, and Algiers, 1905.
B6. van Berchem, Max, "Titres califiens d'occident à propos de quelques monnaies mérinides et ziyanides", in Journal Asiatique 10:IX(1907):245–335, and Paris, 1907.
B7. Brosselard, Ch(arles), "Inscriptions arabes de Tlemcen", in Revue Africaine III(1858):81–94, 161–172, 241–248, 321–340, 401–419; IV(1859/60):1–17, 81–93, 161–174, 241–258, 321–331.
B8. Brosselard, C(harles), "Mémoire épigraphique et historique sur les tombeaux des émirs Beni-Zeiyân …", in Journal Asiatique 7:VII(1876): 5–197, and Paris, 1876.
B9. Codera (y Zaidin), Francisco, and Saavedra, Eduardo, "Inscriptiones árabes de Xela", in Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia XII(1888):503–507.
B10. Colin, Gabriel, Corpus des inscriptions arabes et turques de l'Algérie: Département d'Alger, Paris, 1901.
B11. Combe, Etienne, Sauvaget, J., and Wiet, G(aston), Répertoire chronologique d'épigraphie arabe (13 v. pub. by 1951), Cairo, 1931—.
B12. Hélouis, E., "Une inscription arabe du XIVe siècle …", in Journal Asiatique 9:V(1895): 174–181.
B.13. Houdas, O., and Basset, René, "Épigraphie Tunisienne", in Bulletin de Correspondance Africaine I(1882):161–200.
B14. Lafuente y Alcántara, Emilio, Inscripciones árabes de Granada, Madrid, 1859.
B15. Lévi-Provençal, E., Inscriptions arabes d'Espagne (2 v.), Leyden, 1931.
B16. (Marçais, William, Corpus des inscriptions arabes et turques de l'Algérie: Département d'Oran, Paris, 190x. Not available).
B17. Marçais, William, Musée de Tlemcen, Paris, 1906.
B18. Marçais, William, "Six inscriptions arabes de Tlemcen", in Bulletin Archéologique (1902): 538–551.
B19. Mercier, Ernest, "Une inscription arabe de Gafça", in Recueil des Notices et Mémoires de la Société Archéologique, Historique, et Géographique de Constantine 3:I(1882):191–194.
B20. Mercier, Gustave, Corpus des inscriptions arabes et turques de l'Algérie: Département de Constantine, Paris, 1902.
B21. Michaux-Bellaire, Éd(ouard), "Á propos d'une inscription mérinide à al-Qaṣr al-Kabir", in Hespéris VII(1927):393–399.
B22. Michaux-Bellaire, E(douard), and Salmon, G., "El-Qçar el-Kebir", in Archives Marocaines II(2)(1904):1–228.
B23. Ricard, Prosper, "Sur un type de reliure des temps almohades", in Ars Islamica I(1934):74–79.
B24. Rieu, Charles, Supplement to the catalogue of the Arabic manuscripts in the British Museum, London, 1894.

C. DOCUMENTS

In this section are included the published medieval and modern collections of documents dating from the late medieval period; they include chiefly treaties between the North African Moslems and the Christians of Spain, France, and Italy, and letters from the Moslem rulers to both Moslem and Christian contemporaries. The works are alphabetized under the name of the compiler.

C1. Alarcón y Santón, Maximiliano, and García de Linares, Ramón, Les documentos árabes diplomáticos del Archivo de la Corona de Aragón, Madrid, 1940.
C2. Amari, Michele, I diplomi arabi del Reale Archivio Fiorentino, Florence, 1863 (1867 appendix not available).
C3. Amari, Michele, "Nuovi ricordi arabici su la storia di Genova", in Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria V(1867):549–635.
C4. Brunschvig, Robert, "Note sur un traité conclu entre Tunis et l'empereur Frédéric II" in Revue Tunisienne NS:III(1932):153–160.
C5. de las Cagigas, Isidro, "Un traité de paix entre le roi Pierre IV d'Aragon et le sultan de Tunis Abū Isḥāḳ II (1360)" in Hespéris XIX(1934):65–77.
C6. de Castries, Henri, et al., Les sources inédites de l'histoire du Maroc (series 1, part 5, v. I–II), Paris, 1921–1946.
C7. Champollion Figeac in Documents historiques inédits tirés des collections manuscrites de la Bibliothèque Royale … (v. II), Paris, 1843 (Arabic edited and translated by Reinaud).
C8. Gaspar y Remiro, M(ariano), "Correspondencia diplomática entre Granáda y Fez, siglo XIV", from Revista del Centro de Estudios Históricos de Granáda y su Reino, and Granada, 1916.
C9. Gaudefroy-Demombynes, (M.), "Une lettre de Saladin au Calife Almohade" in Mélanges René Basset (v. II, pp. 279–304), Paris, 1925.
C10. Lévi-Provençal, E., "Lettres d'Ibn-Tūmart et de 'Abd al-Mu'min", Documents inédits d'histoire almohade (pp. i–vii, 1–24, I–IV, Arabic 134–145), Paris, 1928.
C11. Lévi-Provençal, E., "Un recueil de lettres officielles almohades" in Hespéris XXVIII (1941): 1–80.
C12. de Mas-Latrie, (J.M.J.) L(ouis), Traités de paix et de commerce et documents divers concernant les relations de l'Afrique septentrionale au moyen âge, Paris, 1866 (1872 supplement not available).
C13. (de la Primaudaie, Elie, Documents inédits sur l'histoire de l'occupation espagnole en Afrique, 1506–1574, Algiers, 1875. Not available).
C14. al-Qalqashandī: A61b.
C15. de Sacy, (A.I. Silvestre), "Mémoire sur le traité fait entre le roi de Tunis et Philippe-le-Hardi, en 1270 …" in Mémoires de l'Académie des Inscriptions … IX(1831):448–477.
C16. de Sacy, (A.I. Silvestre), "Mémoire sur une correspondance de l'Empereur de Maroc Yakoub, fils d'Abd-alhakk, avec Philippe-le-Hardi …" in Mémoires de l'Académie des Inscriptions … IX(1831):478–506.
C17. de Sacy, (A.I.) Silvestre, "Pièces diplomatiques tirées des archives de la république de Gènes" in Notices et Extraits XI(1)(1827):1–96.
C18. Tafel, G.L.F., and Thomas, G.M., "Urkunden zur älteren handels- und staatsgeschichte der republik Venedig …" in Fontes Rerum Austriacarum (v. XII–XIV), Vienna, 1856–1857.
C19. Tisserant, Eugène, and Wiet, Gaston, "Une lettre de l'Almohade Murtad'â au pape Innocent IV" in Hespéris VI(1926):27–53.

D. MODERN

Unlike the three previous sections of the historical reference bibliography, this section is highly selective rather than relatively comprehensive. Only the outstandingly useful reference works and monographs prepared by modern historians are listed here, alphabetically by author.

D1. Bargès, J.J.L., Complément de l'histoire des Beni-Zeiyân, rois de Tlemcen, Paris, 1887.
D2. Bel, Alfred, Les Benou Ghânya …, Paris, 1903.
D3. Brockelmann, Carl, Geschichte der arabischen litteratur (2 v., 1898–1902, rev. 1943–1949, and 3 supp. v., 1937–1942), Weimar and Leyden, 1898–1949.
D4. Brunschvig, Robert, La Berbérie orientale sous les Ḥafṣides … (2 v.), Paris, 1940–1947,
D5. Cour, A(uguste), "Les derniers mérinides", in Bullétin de la Société de Géographie d'Alger … X(not IX)(1905):103–119.
D6. Cour, Aug(uste), La dynastie marocaine des Beni Waṭṭās, Constantine, 1920.
D7. Cour, Auguste, L'établissement des dynasties des chérifs au Maroc …, Paris, 1904.
D8. Hazard, Harry W., et al., Atlas of Islamic history, Princeton, 1951.
D9. Houtsma, M.T., et al., The encyclopaedia of Islām (4 v. and supp.), Leyden, 1913–1938.
D10. Lévi-Provençal, E., "Réflexions sur l'empire almoravide au début du XIIe siècle", in Cinquantenaire de la Faculté des Lettres d'Alger (pp. 307–320), Algiers, 1932.
D11. Marçais, Georges, Les Arabes en Berbérie du XIe au XIVe siècle, Constantine, 1913.
D12. Marçais, Georges, La Berbérie musulmane et l'orient au moyen âge, Paris, 1946.
D13. Massignon, Louis, Le Maroc dans les premières années du XVIe siècle, Algiers, 1895.
D14. Mercier, Ernest, Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (3 v.), Paris, 1888–1891.
D15. al-Salāwī, "Les almohades (tr. by Ismaël Hamet)", in Archives Marocaines XXXII(1927).
D16. al-Salāwī, "Les almoravides (tr. by G.S. Colin)", in Archives Marocaines XXXI(1925): 111–238.
D17. al-Salāwī, "Les mérinides (tr. by Ismaël Hamet)", in Archives Marocaines XXXIII(1934).
D18. de (for von) Zambaur, Éd(uard), Manuel de généalogie et de chronologie pour l'histoire de l'Islam, Hanover, 1927.

INDEX OF SOURCES OF COINS

The categories of coins are listed in the same order as in the corpus; within each category the sources are listed alphabetically by abbreviation, followed by the numbers of the coins derived from each source and by a notation in parentheses of the number of additional specimens recorded, whether duplicates, rejected coins, or inadequately described coins which cannot be indentified.

  • 'ABBĀSID GOLD: see ZīRID, ḥAMMāDID, MURāBIṭ, and HūDID.
  • FĀṬIMID GOLD: see ZīRID,.
  • ZĪRID GOLD:

    ANS: 20.

    B(rèthes): 7.

    Balog: 21.

    Bergmann: 16.

    Blau: N(achlese): 17 (+2).

    BM IV: 19, 22.

    BN II: 14.

    BN III: 1, 18.

    Casanova: 13.

    F(arrugia): Fatimites: 1–4, 6–8 (+2).

    F(arrugia): Fatimites II: 2, 7–10, 23.

    Farrugia: 3, 4, 11, 12, 15, 24.

    Ibn-Khaldūn: 24a.

    KM II: 3, 6.

    Miles: 20.

    Ø(strup): 10, 12a.

    P(rieto): Miscelánea: 24a.

    S(chulman): Beyram: 24a.

    Schiepati: 3, 5, 7, 8.

    Soret: F(raehn): 3, 6.

    Vollers (+2).

    Welzl: 3, 5 (+1).

  • ḤAMMĀDID GOLD:

    (de) Beylie (+1).

    Ibn-Khaldūn: 25.

  • ḤAMMŪDID GOLD: none reported.
  • MURĀBIṬ GOLD:

    Adler: C(ollectio): 43, 282, 377.

    ANS: 43, 76, 215, 220, 268, 374, 397.

    B(rèthes): 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 38, 40, 45–53, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64, 65, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 86, 87, 91, 121, 123–125, 161, 164, 168, 173, 178, 188, 191, 193, 195, 199, 205, 210, 211, 216, 218, 219, 224, 232, 234, 241, 244, 256, 258, 271–273, 284, 286, 288, 292–295, 297, 299, 303, 307–309, 311, 312, 314–335, 337–342, 351–354, 357, 358, 364, 365, 370, 372, 375, 377, 378, 380, 382, 383, 385, 389, 390, 392, 393, 401, 404, 405, 410, 411, 413, 414, 418, 422, 424, 425, 427–429, 433–436, 444 (+30).

    Balog: 47, 158, 402.

    Bartholomaei: 58, 224.

    BM V: 33, 49, 54, 58, 61, 63, 96, 113, 153, 163, 167, 170, 184, 215, 216, 218–220, 245, 246, 256, 263, 268, 273, 275, 287, 289, 291, 338, 339, 342, 344, 349, 350, 357, 363, 367, 374, 378, 384, 386, 396, 400a, 425, 431, 432, 446 (+3).

    BM X: 66, 78, 79, 95, 127, 132, 152, 166, 182, 272, 283, 320, 377, 394, 399, 403, 407.

    BN II: 26, 32, 36, 39, 40, 47, 54, 55, 59–62, 64–69, 74, 78, 79, 87, 89, 91, 97, 103, 111, 118, 121, 127, 128, 133, 135, 144, 146, 148, 153, 156, 159, 163, 186, 203, 213, 214, 216, 218–220, 224–227, 230, 232, 239, 243, 245, 246, 248, 255, 256, 260, 268, 270, 281, 283–286, 289–291, 297, 302–304, 309, 311a, 316, 318, 319, 322, 327, 338, 351, 354, 356, 358, 360, 363, 366, 371, 377–379, 381, 392, 396, 400, 401, 408, 410, 412, 414, 417–419, 426, 432, 438, 439, 442 (+6).

    Brooke: 95.

    Brosset: 215, 216 (+1).

    C(odera): Çecas: 106.

    C(odera): Decadencia: 26, 59, 378, 432.

    C(odera): Donativo: 272, 319, 356.

    C(odera): Familia: 443.

    C(odera): Monedas: 158, 209, 216, 244, 251, 254, 255, 277, 291, 314, 315, 332, 337, 352, 360, 369.

    C(odera): Tratado: 114, 135, 256, 348, 402a, 430.

    Caballero: 126, 134–136, 138, 140, 230, 232, 235–237.

    Calvo: 58, 213 (+369).

    Cerdá: 39, 48, 73, 77–80, 82, 212, 213, 215, 216, 218–221, 224, 228, 243, 248, 254, 260, 283, 284, 286, 289–291, 296, 339, 342, 343, 346, 351, 355, 356, 377, 397, 401.

    Cimino (+3).

    Colson: 69, 78, 92, 98, 110, 115, 130, 132, 152, 168, 171, 224, 225, 227–230, 232, 241–243, 261, 263, 264, 267, 268, 270, 271 (+37).

    Condé: 220, 235, 273, 361.

    Cunha II: 65.

    D(elgado): García: 200, 226, 228, 278.

    D(elgado): Lorichs: 77, 91, 133, 213, 224, 248, 259, 285, 289, 322, 352, 362, 430a (+1).

    Demaeght: 66.

    Dorn: A(siatische): 213, 286.

    Dorn I: 214–216, 218, 247, 249, 283, 285, 286, 290 (+7).

    Eichhorn (+2).

    Figanier: 160, 212, 213, 216, 243, 391, 410.

    Fleischer: 222.

    Fraehn: B(ose): 284, 398, 432.

    Fraehn: N(ova): 214, 215, 283, 285, 286, 290.

    Fraehn: O(pusculorum): 153, 246.

    G: 194, 246.

    González: 120, 257 (+1).

    Höst: E(fterretninger) and N(achrichten): 67, 414.

    HSA: 42, 44, 66, 79, 159, 164, 214, 216–219, 221, 247, 283, 284, 287, 296, 301, 324, 329, 334, 339, 359, 369, 377, 378, 401, 401a, 439, 440, 446 (+1).

    J(ohnston): Mohammedan: 42, 65, 388.

    KM II: 35, 107, 127, 163, 207, 213, 215, 216, 218, 220, 225, 243, 246–248, 253–255, 257, 263, 265, 283–286, 304, 310, 323, 325, 338, 340, 348, 350–352, 354, 356–359, 361, 376, 378, 395, 398, 400a, 402a, 414, 418, 419, 432, 437–439 (+5).

    L(ane-Poole): Calvert: 40, 50, 64, 72, 251.

    L(ane-Poole): Khedivial: 84, 218, 253, 291, 349.

    L(ane-Poole): Oriental: 213, 235, 283.

    Lagumina: 160.

    Leite: 345.

    Lisbon: 157, 284, 328, 388 (+1).

    London : 283 (+1).

    Longpérier: A(rt): 289.

    Longpérier: D(ocuments): 103, 105, 118, 128, 133, 134, 144, 147, 148, 210, 213, 215, 220, 225, 228, 230, 232, 233, 235, 239, 242, 244, 246, 260, 263, 268, 269, 275, 284, 285, 289, 290, 349–351, 355, 361, 400, 402, 418, 432 (+1).

    MA: 73, 129, 158, 192, 197, 200, 209, 212–216, 218–222, 226, 229, 245, 246, 248, 250–252, 254–257, 268, 269, 271, 277, 278, 283, 284, 286, 289, 291, 295, 314, 315, 317, 322, 324, 332, 337, 347, 350–352, 355–357, 360, 364, 368, 369, 377, 392, 406, 409, 410, 415, 420, 432 (+20).

    Marçais: 202.

    Markov: E(rmitazha): 49, 60, 61, 65–68, 75, 77, 79, 86, 88, 104, 133, 148, 162, 206, 215, 216, 218, 230, 240, 246, 248, 255, 283, 285, 287, 291, 295–297, 318, 349, 358, 362, 377, 381, 402, 432 (+4).

    Markov: T(opografiya): 214.

    Marsden: 54, 96, 153, 170, 246, 275, 349.

    Mateu (+1).

    Mateu I: 378.

    Ø(strup): 27, 35–37, 66, 67, 75, 169, 216, 230, 232, 253, 259, 267, 268, 271, 284, 318, 323, 338a, 347, 414.

    Rivero: E(spaña): 103, 257.

    Rivero: M(oneda): 27, 61, 73, 118, 230, 239, 324, 388, 432, 437.

    Rodgers: 432.

    Romero (+1).

    S(chulman): Beyram: 28, 32, 402.

    S(chulman): Ciscar: 129.

    S(chulman): Dodgson: 351.

    S(chulman): Gotha: 42, 89, 129, 175, 209, 272, 362, 410.

    S(chulman): Grantley: 42, 43.

    S(chulman): Judice II: 42, 216, 219, 283, 287, 309, 324, 334.

    S(chulman): Karabaczek: 351.

    S(chulman): Michael I: 164, 439.

    S(chulman): Michael II: 39, 41–43 (+2).

    S(chulman): White: 42, 66, 79, 91, 284, 301.

    Sawaszkiewicz: 432, 440 (+3).

    Seaby: 199.

    Sentenach: 222.

    Soret: D(orn): 274.

    Soret: F(raehn): 30, 59, 66, 290.

    Soret: S(awalief): 321, 391.

    Sotheby: 39, 42, 44, 65, 74, 224, 267, 313, 355, 388, 397.

    Spink: 39, 40, 44, 74, 191, 192, 215, 219, 284, 287, 358, 360 (+10).

    Thorburn: 161, 213, 282, 338b.

    Tornberg: 214, 290.

    Tychsen, O.: 213.

    UM: 287.

    V(ives): 26, 27, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38–40, 42–49, 54–56, 58–71, 73–81, 84, 85, 87–90, 93–97, 100–104, 108–114, 116–122, 126–137, 139–141, 143–163, 165–167, 170–174, 176, 177, 179–187, 189, 190, 192, 196–198, 200, 201, 203–205, 208, 209, 212–232, 234–246, 248–257, 260, 262–264, 266–273, 275–281, 283–287, 289–291, 295–300, 302–311, 312, 314–327, 332, 334–340, 342–344, 347, 349–358, 360–369, 371, 373, 374, 377–382, 384, 386–389, 392, 394, 395–397, 399, 400, 401, 402, 406–410, 412, 414–421, 423, 425, 430, 431, 432, 437–442, 445, 446 (+271).

    Vollers (+12).

    Welzl: 37, 284.

    Weyl: G(agarin): 60, 67, 68, 75, 88, 133, 142, 148, 206, 215, 218, 233, 240, 246, 248, 255, 283–285, 287, 295, 297, 318, 351, 358, 377 (+1).

    Yale: 99.

    Zambaur II: 80, 154.

    Ziya: 86, 432.

  • MUWAḤḤID GOLD:

    ANS: 447, 453, 466, 495, 501, 522 (+1).

    B(rèthes): 448, 451, 454, 456, 457, 463, 464, 466, 467, 470, 472–474, 476, 478, 481, 485, 488, 489, 491, 496, 501, 502, 505, 506, 511, 514, 515, 517–519, 524, 525, 527–529, 533, 534, 536, 538, 539, M1 (+149).

    Balog (+3).

    Bartholomaei: 449.

    BM V: 451, 453, 466, 467, 491, 495, 500–502, 509, 511, 517, 522, 524, 525, 528, 531–533, 537, 538 (+14; 2 hybrids).

    BM X: 456, 469, 526, 534, 535 (+1).

    BN II: 455, 458, 465–467, 470, 481, 491, 497, 501, 506, 507, 517, 525, 533, 536 (+4; 2 hybrids).

    C(odera): Çecas: 471.

    C(odera): Lebrija: 453, 495.

    C(odera): Tratado: 470, 495, 533.

    Calvo (+64).

    Castiglioni: 495.

    Cerdá: 465, 466, 470, 478, 495, 496.

    Cimino: 565 (+1; 1 hybrid).

    Codrington, H.: Ceylon: 495.

    Codrington, H.: Colombo: 491.

    Condé: 466, 491, 533.

    D(elgado): García: 466, 495, 525, 533, 536, 539 (+4).

    D(elgado): Lorichs: 495, 497, 533 (1 hybrid).

    Demaeght: 498.

    Dieulafoy: 501 (+139).

    Figanier: 513, 533.

    Fraehn: R(ecensio): 495.

    González: 506, 527.

    Grotefend: 501.

    Holu: 501.

    HSA: 446a, 458, 460, 466, 470, 477–479, 494, 495, 497, 501, 506, 535 (+10).

    Ibn-Abī-Zar': 499.

    J(ohnston): Gold: 450, 457, 466, 473, 477–479, 482–492, 501 (+277).

    KM II: 459, 465, 466, 485, 491, 495, 502, 506, 508, 533, 536 (+3; 1 hybrid).

    L(ane-Poole): Inedited: 451.

    L(ane-Poole): Khedivial: 456, 491, 495, 501, 509, 525.

    L(ane-Poole): Muwaḥḥids : 466, 495, 501, 502, 509, 525, 533, 537 (+8; 2 hybrids).

    Lagumina: 495, 501.

    Leite: 479 (+1).

    Lisbon: 466 (+1).

    MA: 448, 458, 459, 466, 495, 519, 525, 528, 533, 535, 536, 539 (+17; 2 hybrids).

    Maguelonne: 466, 480.

    Markov: E(rmitazha): 455, 495, 533.

    Mateu I: 504, 525, 533.

    Mateu II: 485, 495.

    Ø(strup): 466, 491, 519, 533 (+1).

    P(rieto): 448, 451, 453–456, 458–461, 464–467, 469, 470, 473, 475, 477, 478, 481, 485, 488, 491, 494–497, 500, 501, 503, 504, 506–509, 511–513, 515–517, 519–521, 523–528, 530–536, 538, 539.

    Rivero: A(dquisiciones): 506.

    Rivero: E(spaña): 466, 481, 496, 501 (+1).

    Rivero: M(oneda): 469, 478, 495, 501, 528, 539.

    Rodgers: 509.

    S(chulman): Beyram: 467, 495, 501.

    S(chulman): Castro: 466, 495.

    S(chulman): Ciscar: 456, 465, 495 (+2).

    S(chulman): Comte: 456.

    S(chulman): Gotha: 452, 455, 466, 491, 533, 536.

    S(chulman): Grantley: 467.

    S(chulman: Judice II: 446a, 458, 470, 479.

    S(chulman): Karabaczek: 453, 466, 467, 469, 491, 495, 533 (+1).

    S(chulman): Michael I: 455, 473.

    S(chulman): White: 451, 493, 497, 502, 510.

    Sacy: 480, 491, 495, 501, 533 (+2).

    Sallet: 508.

    Sawaszkiewicz: 512.

    Seco: 524, 533 (+3).

    Soret: F(raehn): 533.

    Sotheby: 450, 458, 466, 473, 477, 478, 481, 483–487, 491, 492, 501, 506, 533, 538 (+10).

    Spink: 466, 473, 477, 478, 481, 482, 484, 486–491, 495, 497, 501 (+44).

    Thorburn: 459, 495, 534, 538.

    Tychsen, O.: Introductionis: 533.

    UM: 496.

    V(ives): 448, 451, 453, 455, 456, 458–460, 464–470, 473, 475, 478, 481, 491, 495–497, 500, 501, 503, 506, 507, 511, 517, 519, 525, 527, 528, 531–534, 536–539 (+38; 2 hybrids).

    Vollers: 462 (+20).

    Welzl: 466.

    Weyl: F(onrobert): 495, 501 (+4).

    Weyl: G(agarin): 451, 453, 466, 495, 501, 503, 517 (+4).

  • HŪDID GOLD:

    D(elgado): García: 541.

    P(rieto): 540, 541.

    S(chulman): Karabaczek: 540.

    Weyl: G(agarin): 540.

  • ḤAFṢID GOLD:

    ANS: 551, 559, 643.

    Ashmolean: 598.

    B(rèthes): 542, 543, 546, 547, 550–553, 556, 558, 562, 564, 566–572, 575, 585a, 586, 598, 599, 624, 631, 639 (+5).

    Bigonet: 601.

    Blancard: 626.

    BM V: 546, 551, 560, 567, 606, 614, 615 (+2).

    BM X: 564, 572, 590 (+1).

    BN II: 544, 545, 550–552, 557, 559, 563, 564, 569, 572, 576, 580, 582, 584, 586, 588, 591, 594, 596, 603, 604, 607–609, 613, 618, 623, 626, 629, 630, 632, 634, 637, 640–644 (+10; 2 hybrids).

    Cerdá (+1).

    Chalon: 551.

    Cimino: 617 (+3).

    Codrington, O.: 589.

    Condé: 565.

    D(elgado): García: 548, 560, 564, 566, 572 (+3).

    Dorn II: 552.

    F(arrugia): Hafsites: 551, 552, 559–562, 564, 572–574, 577, 577a, 578, 583, 585, 586a–588, 591–593, 595, 597, 598, 600, 602, 604–606, 610–612, 616, 617, 619–622, 624, 628–630, 635, 636 (+18; 1 hybrid).

    Friedlander (+2).

    KM II: 543, 551, 552, 569, 586, 637, 638 (+1).

    L(ane-Poole): Khedivial: 559.

    Lagumina: 569, 579, 581.

    Lavoix: H(afss): 551, 559, 572, 576, 584, 603, 609, 613, 626, 644 (1 hybrid).

    Longpérier: A(rt): 572, 626.

    Markov: E(rmitazha) (+1).

    Marsden: 615, 625.

    Ø(strup): 551, 560, 588.

    P(rieto): 543, 545–548, 550–556.

    Rivero: M(oneda): 548, 565.

    S(chulman): Gotha: 551, 572.

    S(chulman): Karabaczek: 551, 559, 562.

    S(chulman): White: 551.

    Sacy: 632, 633.

    Seco: 555.

    Soret: D(orn): 627.

    Soret: F(raehn): 549, 561.

    Sotheby (+2).

    Spink: 552.

    Tychsen, O.: 569.

    Vollers (+8).

    Weyl: F(onrobert): 552, 638 (+1).

    Weyl: G(agarin): 551, 559.

    Ziya: 551 (+1).

  • ZIYĀNID GOLD:

    B(rèthes): 645, 646, 648, 649, 652, 655, 661, 663, 666 (+3).

    Berchem: 646, 650 (+1).

    BM V: 648, 650.

    BN II: 646–648, 654, 658, 667, 669–671.

    Brosselard: 664.

    D(elgado): Lorichs: 659.

    Demaeght: 646, 650, 651, 657, 662.

    HSA: 660.

    L(ane-Poole): Khedivial: 670.

    Mareschal: 665, 668 (+4).

    Moyse: 653, 656, 661, 672.

    Ø(strup): 648.

    Rivero: A(dquisiciones): 663.

    Rivero: M(oneda): 663.

    Soret: F(raehn): 648.

    Sotheby (+2).

    Spink (+2).

    Thorburn: 648.

    Vollers (+2).

  • MARĪNID GOLD:

    Anderson: 724.

    ANS: 682, 767.

    B(rèthes): 675, 678–680, 682, 686, 688–691, 693–695, 697, 698, 703–708, 713, 715, 721, 727, 733, 734, 737, 739, 741–743, 745, 756, 756a, 757, 759, 763, 764, 768–771, 773, 775, 776, 783, 785, 786, 788, 790–792, 794, 795, 808, 810, 818–820, 825, 832–835, 837–839, 842–845, 850, 851, 858, 861, 862, 864 (+29; 1 hybrid).

    BM V: 678, 682, 684, 689, 690, 692, 695, 715, 716, 718, 719, 721, 722, 725, 750, 751, 753, 754, 766–768, 770, 772, 775, 778, 779, 782, 784, 785, 794, 795, 797, 798, 810–814, 816, 823, 825, 829, 833, 838, 847, 849, 853 (+12; 2 hybrids).

    BM X: 681, 696, 697, 699, 703, 726, 729, 732, 735, 736, 738–740, 742, 744, 746–748, 757, 758, 781, 787, 789, 793, 799–801, 803–805, 817, 823, 828, 830, 840, 856, 858, 860, 863 (+4; 2 hybrids).

    BN II: 678, 682, 687, 690, 693, 700–702, 704, 706, 709, 715, 720, 723, 728, 736, 739, 743, 765, 767, 771, 772, 774, 779, 782, 796, 797, 814, 821, 825, 827, 832, 846, 848, 852, 865 (+11; 2 imitations).

    Brosset (+1).

    Cerdá (+4).

    Condé: 706.

    D(elgado): García: 675, 690, 716, 717 (+18).

    Demaeght: 743, 772, 775, 777, 824.

    Dombay: 739, 742, 782 (+2).

    Dorn II: 703.

    F(arrugia): Hafsites: 673, 690, 695, 706, 710–712, 759, 762 (+53).

    Fraehn: N(ova): 690.

    Höst: E(fterretninger) and N(achrichten): 674, 682.

    HSA: 706, 736, 760, 806, 822, 825, 860.

    KM II: 683, 715, 716, 766, 854.

    L(ane-Poole): Calvert: 761.

    L(ane-Poole): Khedivial: 695, 700 (+2).

    Lavoix: H(afss): 682.

    Markov: E(rmitazha) (+3).

    Metropolitan: 797, 826.

    Moyse: 750, 752, 809.

    Ø(strup): 690, 706, 756a (+5).

    P(rieto): 675–678, 681, 682, 685, 687, 689–691, 692, 693, 695, 697, 700–702, 706, 709, 714, 715, 716, 717, 719, 722, 725–732, 736, 738, 739, 743, 744, 746–750, 752–756, 757, 758, 765–772, 774–776, 778–781, 784, 785, 787, 789, 793–795, 797, 799–803, 807, 810, 811, 814–817, 822, 825, 828–833, 836, 838, 841, 845, 848, 850, 855, 857, 859–861, 864, 866 (3 hybrids).

    Rivero: A(dquisiciones): 821.

    Rivero: M(oneda): 775.

    S(chulman): Castro (+1).

    S(chulman): Gotha: 690, 706, 785, 823.

    S(chulman): Judice III (+2).

    S(chulman): Karabaczek: 678, 690, 715a.

    S(chulman): White: 732, 770, 795, 817.

    Seaby: 835.

    Soret: B(artholomae): 867.

    Soret: F(raehn): 678, 682, 775.

    Sotheby: 690, 767, 817 (+8).

    Spink: 736, 770, 774, 796 (+12).

    Thorburn: 682, 779, 817, 825 (1 hybrid).

    Tychsen, O.: 691a.

    Vollers (+7).

    Weyl: G(agarin): 678, 716, 852 (1 hybrid).

  • NAṢRID GOLD:

    P(rieto): Granadina: 868.

  • WAṬṬĀSID GOLD:

    B(rèthes): 869.

    BM X: 870.

    Spink (+2).

  • OTTOMAN GOLD: see ZIYāNID.
  • 'ABBĀSID SILVER: see HūDID.
  • FĀṬIMID SILVER: none reported.
  • ZĪRID SILVER:

    F(arrugia): Fatimites: 871.

  • ḤAMMĀDID SILVER: none reported.
  • ḤAMMŪDID SILVER:

    BM IX (+1).

    C(odera): Estudio: 874, 877.

    C(odera): Hammudies (+1).

    Guillén: 875.

    HSA: 883, 887.

    P(rieto): Reyes: 872–874, 875–877, 879, 883–887.

    S(chulman): Judice II: 874a.

    V(ives): 873, 874, 875, 877–887 (+18).

  • MURĀBIṬ SILVER AND ELECTRUM:

    ANS: 893, 894, 906, 926, 928, 951, 953, 976, 982, 983, 1004, 1017, 1027, 1035, 1052 (+7).

    B(rèthes): 888, 891, 892, 906, 919, 927–929, 981, 985, 999, 1003, 1019, 1020, 1025, 1034–1036, 1039, 1040, 1045, 1051, 1052 (+20).

    BM V: 927, 941, 943, 976, 982, 983, 997, 999, 1001, 1003, 1004, 1015, 1022, 1029, 1032, 1035, 1041, 1052 (+11).

    BM X: 931, 1004.

    BN II: 888, 894, 895, 905, 927, 933, 976, 979, 982, 983, 988, 997, 1001, 1002, 1004, 1032, 1034, 1040, 1041, 1052 (+11).

    C(odera): Çecas: 950.

    C(odera): Decadencia: 943, 958, 961, 965, 1050, 1054, 1056.

    C(odera): Monedas: 1056 (+12).

    C(odera): Tratado: 894, 903, 927, 941, 976, 983, 1004, 1032, 1035, 1041, 1052.

    Calvo (+322).

    Castiglioni: 999.

    Cerdá: 975, 1016a, 1016b, 1017 (+15).

    Condé: 894, 927, 928, 988, 1000, 1001, 1040, 1041, 1047 (+1).

    D(elgado): García: 891, 892, 905, 906, 921, 927, 939, 952, 954, 956, 957, 976, 978, 981, 983, 992, 1000, 1001, 1004, 1036, 1040, 1041, 1043 (+21).

    D(elgado): Lorichs (+20).

    Dombay: 893, 902a, 983.

    Figanier: 927, 1002, 1035 (+1).

    González (+1).

    Höst: E(fterretninger) and N(achrichten): 1039.

    HSA: 894, 953, 976, 982, 983, 989, 998, 999, 1001, 1003, 1004, 1013, 1014, 1022, 1032, 1035, 1036, 1040, 1041, 1052 (+27).

    KM II: 894–896, 927, 976, 982, 983, 988, 999, 1001, 1002, 1004, 1024, 1036, 1037, 1040, 1041, 1045, 1047–1049 (+21).

    L(ane-Poole): Khedivial: 924.

    Lisbon: 982, 983, 1001.

    Longpérier: D(ocuments): 959, 1037, 1052 (+15).

    Lopes: 983, 1004.

    MA: 888, 889, 891, 894, 902, 905, 906, 908, 911, 915, 917, 918, 922, 923, 925–928, 932, 938–940, 945, 946, 963, 965, 973, 976, 982, 983, 988, 991, 997, 999–1001, 1002, 1004, 1014, 1019, 1022, 1024–1026, 1032, 1035, 1040, 1041, 1049, 1052, 1053, 1056 (+89).

    Markov: E(rmitazha) (+15).

    Marsden: 1041.

    Müller: 920.

    Münter: 928, 1000 (+1).

    Nasir: 976, 983, 997, 999.

    Ø(strup): 894, 921, 922, 927, 928, 939, 956, 977, 983, 1000, 1044 (+4).

    P(rieto): Reyes: 908, 939, 947–949, 951, 952, 955–957, 966, 968, 969, 971, 972, 991–994.

    Pedersen: 922, 927, 976, 982, 983 (+2).

    Rivero: E(spaña): 896, 904, 940, 943, 952, 958, 965, 971, 1013, 1017, 1025, 1049, 1050 (+1).

    Rivero: M(oneda): 888, 896, 904, 957, 965, 1013, 1017, 1025, 1032, 1036, 1040, 1052.

    S(chulman): Castro: 976, 982, 983, 999, 1003, 1004, 1009, 1028, 1035, 1045.

    S(chulman): Ciscar: 982.

    S(chulman): Judice II: 894, 953, 982, 983, 998, 1003, 1004, 1022, 1041, 1052 (+2).

    Sawaszkiewicz (+4).

    Soret: B(artholomae): 895, 1046.

    Soret: D(orn): 922, 985, 1046.

    Soret: F(raehn) (+2).

    Soret: R(einaud): 1035.

    Sotheby: 952, 1052 (+13).

    Thorburn: 897, 927, 928, 952, 982, 983, 986, 1004, 1022, 1040.

    UM: 928.

    V(ives): 888–891, 893–896, 898–902, 903–910, 912–918, 921–928, 930, 932–949, 951, 952, 956–970, 972–980, 982–984, 987–1001, 1003–1006, 1008–1014, 1016, 1017–1026, 1029–1033, 1035, 1037–1039, 1041–1043, 1045, 1047, 1049, 1050, 1052–1056 (+337).

    Vollers (+18).

    Welzl: 1007.

    Weyl: G(agarin): 981, 983, 1004 (+5).

    Zambaur I: 965.

    Zambaur: W(indisch): 1000.

  • MUWAḤḤID SILVER:

    Adler: C(ollectio): 1068, 1081, 1101 (+2).

    Adler: M(useum): 1088.

    ANS: 1068, 1085, 1088, 1088a, 1091, 1093, 1095, 1096, 1098, 1101, 1103, 1112 (+32).

    B(rèthes): 1066–1068, 1085, 1087, 1088, 1090, 1092, 1096, 1098, 1101, 1103, 1106–1108, 1111, 1112, 1115, 1116, (+15; 5 amulets).

    Bel: 1066, 1068, 1085, 1087, 1088, 1089, 1092–1094, 1096, 1099, 1101, 1103–1106, 1112, 1113, 1115, 1116 (+2).

    Blancard: 1101.

    Blau: O(dessa): 1101.

    BM V: 1066, 1085, 1087, 1093, 1096, 1098, 1101, 1103, 1109, 1115 (+26).

    BM X: 1066, 1096, 1106 (+2).

    BN II: 1063, 1066, 1068, 1085, 1087, 1088, 1093, 1096, 1101, 1103, 1106–1108, 1115 (+18).

    Boneschi: 1087, 1101.

    C(odera): Tratado: 1060, 1071, 1112.

    Calvo: 1113 (+2116).

    Campaner: M(onedas): 1114, 1116.

    Campaner: N(umismática): 1114, 1116.

    Casanova: 1101 (+7).

    Castiglioni: 1088, 1096, 1101 (+1).

    Cerdá: 1068, 1074, 1093, 1096, 1101, 1106, 1115 (+3).

    Cimino (+2).

    Condé: 1063, 1103.

    Cottevieille: 1092.

    D(elgado): García: 1068, 1093, 1096, 1099, 1101, 1106 (+61).

    D(elgado): Lorichs: 1096, 1101, 1116, (+12).

    Dombay: 1106, 1115 (+1).

    Dorn I: 1101 (+8).

    F(arrugia): Dragut: 1102.

    F(arrugia): Hafsites: 1088, 1101 (+1).

    Fasmer I: 1076, 1083.

    Figanier: 1068, 1101 (+28).

    Fraehn: N(ova): 1096.

    Fraehn: R(ecensio): 1080, 1101.

    Geitlin: 1082.

    González: 1101.

    Guillén: 1113.

    Höst: E(fterretninger) and N(achrichten): 1101.

    HSA: 1062, 1068, 1085, 1087, 1092, 1093, 1096–1098, 1101, 1103, 1106, 1107, 1111, 1112, 1115 (+134).

    KM II: 1066, 1068, 1078, 1080, 1085, 1087, 1088, 1088a, 1093, 1096, 1100a, 1101, 1103, 1106, 1115 (+64).

    Krehl: 1088, 1101 (+4).

    L(ane-Poole): Bodleian: 1080, 1103 (+1).

    L(ane-Poole): Calvert: 1084 (+1).

    L(ane-Poole): Johnston: 1079 (+1).

    L(ane-Poole): Khedivial: 1087, 1101 (+10).

    L(ane-Poole): Muwaḥḥids ; 1085, 1087, 1088, 1093, 1096, 1101 (+19).

    Lagumina: 1101, 1103.

    Leite: 1068, 1101 (+3).

    Lisbon: 1059, 1061, 1068, 1096, 1115, 1116 (+2).

    Longpérier: A(rt): 1101.

    MA: 1062, 1064, 1066, 1068–1070, 1073, 1075, 1076, 1085–1088, 1092–1094, 1096, 1098, 1101, 1106–1108, 1110–1113, 1115 (+5176).

    Marcel (+1).

    Markov: E(rmitazha): 1083, 1088, 1096, 1101 (+4).

    Marsden: 1101.

    Moeller: 1101.

    Moura: 1068, 1101.

    Münter (+11).

    Nasir: 1101 (+2).

    Nesselmann: 1101.

    Ø(strup): 1066, 1068, 1085, 1088, 1093, 1096, 1098, 1101, 1115 (+11).

    P(rieto): 1066, 1068, 1070–1076, 1085–1088, 1092–1096, 1098, 1099, 1101, 1106–1116.

    Pedersen: 1101 (+1).

    Rivero: E(spaña): 1062, 1066 (+1).

    Rivero: M(oneda): 1066, 1088, 1099, 1110, 1114.

    S(chulman): Beyram: 1093, 1096, 1101 (+1).

    S(chulman): Castro: 1066, 1068, 1093, 1096, 1101, 1103.

    S(chulman): Ciscar: 1101.

    S(chulman): Judice II: 1068, 1074, 1085, 1087, 1095, 1096, 1098, 1100, 1101, 1103, 1106, 1107, 1112, 1115 (+99).

    S(chulman): White: 1093, 1096 (+1).

    Sawaszkiewicz (+2).

    Schiepati: 1096.

    Seco: 1101.

    Soret: D(orn): 1080.

    Sotheby (+12).

    Spink: 1101.

    Thorburn: 1066, 1068, 1079, 1080.

    Tychsen, O.: 1096, 1115.

    Tychsen, T.: 1101 (+2).

    UM: 1096, 1101 (+1).

    V(ives): 1057–1062a, 1064, 1066, 1068, 1070, 1071, 1073–1075, 1077, 1085–1088, 1092–1096, 1098, 1099, 1101, 1106–1116 (+323).

    Vollers: 1103 (+24).

    Welzl: 1096, 1098, 1101 (+1).

    Weyl: F(onrobert): 1065, 1080, 1096, 1101 (+13).

    Weyl: G(agarin): 1066, 1101 (+4).

    Zambaur II (+1).

    Zambaur: W(indisch): 1085, 1101, 1103 (+7).

  • HŪDID SILVER:

    B(rèthes): 1119, 1121 (+1).

    Bel: 117, 118.

    HSA: 1119.

    MA: 1119 (+3).

    P(rieto): 1117–1120.

    Soret: F(raehn): 1121.

    Soret: K(rehl): 1121.

    V(ives): 1120 (+2).

  • ḤAFṢID SILVER:

    ANS: 1123, 1129 (+1).

    B(rèthes): 1123 (+1).

    Bel: 1123.

    BM V: 1122, 1123 (+1).

    BN II: 1123 (+1).

    F(arrugia): Hafsites: 1122.

    F(arrugia): Somâ: 1124–1129 (+53).

    HSA: 1123 (+1).

    KM II: 1122 (+1).

    L(ane-Poole): Muwaḥḥids : 1122.

    Monchicourt: 1130–1132.

    Ø(strup): 1122, 1123 (+1).

    S(chulman): Judice II: 1123 (+1).

    Weyl: F(onrobert): 1122.

  • ZIYĀNID SILVER: none reported.
  • MARĪNID SILVER:

    Adler: C(ollectio): 1146.

    ANS: 1144.

    B(rèthes): 1136–1138, 1141, 1143–1145, 1151, 1152 (+450).

    Bel: 1137, 1143.

    BM V: 1137.

    BN II: 1137.

    D(elgado): García (+1).

    Höst: E(fterretninger) and N(achrichten): 1146.

    HSA: 1142.

    KM II: 1144, 1146 (+3).

    MA: 1135, 1137 (+2).

    Mateu III: 1138, 1139 (+3).

    Moura: 1146.

    Ø(strup): 1141, 1144, 1146, 1147 (+1).

    P(rieto): 1134, 1135, 1137, 1138, 1143, 1146–1150.

    S(chulman): Beyram: 1149.

    S(chulman): Castro: 1146 (+3).

    Tychsen, O.: 1146.

    Tychsen, T.: 1146.

    V(ives): 1133, 1135, 1137, 1139, 1140, 1146, 1149 (+7).

    Vollers (+1).

  • NAṢRID SILVER:

    BN II: 1153.

    Figanier: 1153 (+1).

    Mateu III: 1153 (+15).

    P(rieto) (+2).

    Thorburn: 1153.

    V(ives): 1153 (+8).

  • WAṬṬĀSID SILVER:

    B(rèthes): 1154–1156 (+3).

    Höst: E(fterretninger) and N(achrichten): 1156.

  • OTTOMAN SILVER: none reported.
  • 'ABBĀSID COPPER: none reported.
  • FĀṬIMID COPPER: none reported.
  • ZĪRID COPPER: none reported.
  • ḤAMMĀDID COPPER: none reported.
  • ḤAMMŪDID COPPER:

    BN II: 1157–1159 (+1).

    Cerdá: 1160.

    D(elgado): García: 1157, 1160 (+3).

    MA: 1157, 1160 (+3).

  • MURĀBIṬ COPPER:

    ANS: 1165.

    BM V: 1165 (+1).

    BN II: 1164, 1168 (+1).

    Calvo (+26).

    Cerdá: 1164.

    Fraehn: N(ova): 1169.

    Fraehn: V(erzeichniss): 1169.

    HSA: 1169.

    KM II: 1164, 1165.

    MA: 1161, 1162, 1165–1167 (+1).

    Sawaszkiewicz (+1).

    Tychsen, O.: 1164, 1165.

    V(ives): 1161, 1163.

    Vollers (+1).

  • MUWAḤḤID COPPER:

    Blau: O(dessa): 1171.

    KM II: 1170.

    Vollers (+1).

  • HŪDID COPPER: none reported.
  • ḤAFṢID COPPER:

    Babelon (+3).

    F(arrugia): Hafsites: 1173, 1174.

    Ibn-Khaldūn: 1172.

    al-Zarkashī: 1172.

  • ZIYĀNID COPPER: none reported.
  • MARĪNID COPPER: none reliably reported.
  • NAṢRID COPPER: none reported.
  • WAṬṬĀSID COPPER: none reported.
  • OTTOMAN COPPER: none reported.

INDEX OF SCRIPTS

  • Kūfī script: 1–90, 92–446a, 871–957, 959–964, 966–977, 981–1000, 1002–1011, 1013, 1017–1021, 1024–1051, 1060, 1103, 1157–1169.
  • Kūfī and Naskhī script: 91, 958, 965, 1053, 1054, 1056, 1103a.
  • Kūfī or Naskhī script: 978, 980, 1012, 1016, 1023, 1057–1059, 1061.
  • Modified Kūfī script: 637, 638, 862.
  • Naskhī script: 447–561, 567–570, 574, 577, 578, 579, 581–606, 608–636, 639–678, 681–685, 687–690, 691a, 692, 695–697, 699–703, 705–861, 863–870, H1–H14, M1, 979, 1001, 1014, 1015, 1022, 1052, 1055, 1062–1102, 1104–1121, 1124–1156, 1170–1174.
  • Ornamented Kūfī script: 562–566, 571–573, 575, 576, 577a, 580, 607, 679, 680, 686, 691, 693, 694, 698, 704, 1122, 1123.

INDEX OF DENOMINATIONS

Gold

TWENTY-ONE DINAR WEIGHT MEDAL

Muwaḥḥid M1

DOUBLE DINAR

Muwaḥḥid 500–502, 504–508, 511–525, 528, 530–533, 537, 538.
Hūdid 540, 541.
Ḥafṣid 542, 543, 545, 547–550, 553, 555–557, 562, 564, 567, 569–572, 574–582, 584–589, 592, 594, 595, 597–599, 601–614, 616–619, 626–629, 631–633, 637–642, 644.
Ziyānid 645–650, 652–656, 659–663, 665, 670, 671.
Marīnid 674, 675, 678, 679, 682–686, 689–693, 713, 715–733, 735–741, 749–755, 759–779, 782–785, 787–791, 793–798, 802, 806–816, 818, 819, 821–827, 829, 831, 833, 835–842, 845–847, 855–866.
Naṣrid 868.
hybrid H1–6, H9–12.

DINAR

Zīrid 1–5, 7–13, 15–24a.
Ḥammādid 25.
Murābiṭ 26–51, 53–90, 92–209, 211–446.
Muwaḥḥid 447–466, 469–495, 497–499, 509, 510, 526, 527, 529, 534, 535.
Ḥafṣid 546, 551, 554, 558, 559, 563, 565, 566, 568, 573, 583, 590, 593, 615, 620–623, 630, 634, 635.
Ziyānid 651, 657, 658, 664, 666, 667.
Marīnid 673, 676, 677, 680, 681, 687, 694–699, 714, 734, 742–744, 746–748, 756–757, 780, 781, 786, 792, 799–801, 817, 820, 828, 830, 832, 834, 843, 848–852, 854.
Waṭṭāsid 869, 870.
hybrid H7, H8, H13, H14.

HALF DINAR

Murābiṭ 52, 210.
Muwaḥḥid 467, 468, 496, 503, 536, 539.
Ḥafṣid 544, 552, 560, 591, 600, 624, 625, 636, 643.
Ziyānid 668, 669, 672.
Marīnid 688, 700–705, 745, 758, 803–805, 844, 853, 867.

QUARTER DINAR

Zīrid 6.
Murābiṭ 91.
Muwaḥḥid 446a.
Ḥafṣid 561.
Marīnid 706–710.

EIGHTH DINAR

Zīrid 14.
Ḥafṣid 596.
Marīnid 711, 712.

Electrum

Murābiṭ 939, 991, 992.

Silver

DIRHEM

Ḥammūdid 872–887.
Murābiṭ 908–910, 947–949, 951–957, 966, 968–972, 975, 993, 994, 1017.
Muwaḥḥid 1062a, 1066.
Hūdid 1121.

HALF DIRHEM

Zīrid 871.

QIRAT

Murābiṭ 888, 891–897, 900, 902–906, 911–933, 940–943, 950, 958–965, 967, 973, 974, 976–987, 996–1008, 1016a, 1018–1023, 1034–1036, 1039–1046, 1052–1055.
Muwaḥḥid 1057–1060, 1062, 1063, 1078–1084.

HALF QIRAT

Murābiṭ 889, 890, 898, 901, 907, 934, 935, 944, 945, 988–990, 995, 1009–1012, 1016b, 1024–1028, 1037, 1047–1049, 1056.
Muwaḥḥid 1061, 1064.

QUARTER QIRAT

Murābiṭ 899, 936, 946, 1013–1015, 1029, 1030, 1038, 1050.

EIGHTH QIRAT

Murābiṭ 937, 938, 1031, 1032, 1051.

SIXTEENTH QIRAT

Murābiṭ 1016, 1033.

SQUARE DOUBLE DIRHEM

Muwaḥḥid 1100a.
Ḥafṣid 1127.

SQUARE DIRHEM

Muwaḥḥid 1067, 1076, 1077, 1085–1104, 1106–1116.
Hūdid 1117–1120.
Ḥafṣid 1122–1126, 1128–1130, 1132.
Marīnid 1142, 1145, 1147, 1150–1152.
Waṭṭāsid 1154–1156.

SQUARE HALF DIRHEM

Muwaḥḥid 1065, 1068, 1070–1075, 1105.
Ḥafṣid 1131.
Marīnid 1133, 1135, 1137, 1141, 1143, 1144, 1146, 1148, 1149.

SQUARE QUARTER DIRHEM

Muwaḥḥid 1069.
Marīnid 1134, 1136, 1138, 1139.
Naṣrid 1153.

SQUARE EIGHTH DIRHEM

Marīnid 1140.

Copper

PSEUDO-DINAR

Murābiṭ 1161, 1163.

PSEUDO-ELECTRUM

Murābiṭ 1169.

PSEUDO-DIRHEM

Ḥammūdid 1157–1160.
Murābiṭ 1162, 1164–1168.

SQUARE PSEUDO-DIRHEM

Muwaḥḥid 1170, 1171.

FELS

Ḥafṣid 1172–1174.

INDEX OF WEIGHTS AND DIAMETERS

The early (pre-Muwaḥḥid) gold is listed first, followed by the later gold, the electrum, the silver, and the copper. Weights are expressed in grams, diameters in millimeters (sides for square coins).

Dynasty Issues Recorded Specimens Recorded Specimens Weighed Maximum Weight Average Weight Maximum Diameter Minimum Diameter
Early Gold
DINAR
Zīrid 24 36 10 4.35 4.11 24 22
Ḥammādid 1 1 0
Murābiṭ 425 561 605 4.30 4.05 27 23
HALF DINAR
Murābiṭ 2 4 1 2.10 2.10 16 15
QUARTER DINAR
Zīrid 1 3 2 1.02 .92 13 13
Murābiṭ 1 8 3 1.10 1.08 15 14
EIGHTH DINAR
Zīrid 1 1 1 .52 .52 11 11
Late Gold
TWENTY-ONE DINAR WEIGHT MEDAL
Muwaḥḥid 1 1 1 49.4 49.4 65 65
DOUBLE DINAR
Muwaḥḥid 30 364 276 4.70 4.55 32 27
Hūdid 2 5 1 4.72 4.72 30 27
Ḥafṣid 74 140 112 4.80 4.67 31 25
Ziyānid 19 37 26 4.70 4.47 34 29
Marīnid 136 279 185 4.73 4.57 33 28
Naṣrid 1 1 0 32 32
DINAR
Muwaḥḥid 57 674 148 2.51 2.27 22 19
Ḥafṣid 21 49 35 2.46 2.34 23 20
Ziyānid 6 6 4 2.50 2.32 25 22
Marīnid 43 68 52 2.50 2.26 25 21
Waṭṭāsid 2 2 2 2.30 2.10 24 22
HALF DINAR
Muwaḥḥid 6 47 21 1.40 1.15 16 14
Ḥafṣid 9 29 24 1.30 1.15 16 15
Ziyānid 3 6 6 1.05 1.01 20 14
Marīnid 15 25 21 1.30 1.13 19 15
QUARTER DINAR
Muwaḥḥid 1 2 1 .55 .55 13 13
Ḥafṣid 1 2 1 .57 .57 14 14
Marīnid 5 19 16 .60 .57 14 12
EIGHTH DINAR
Ḥafṣid 1 1 1 .30 .30 9 9
Marīnid 2 46 46 .25 .25 10 8
ELECTRUM
Murābiṭ 3 14 3 2.55 1.92 13 13
Silver
DIRHEM
Ḥammūdid 17 49 4 5.70 3.69 24 23
Murābiṭ 23 74 7 6.20 3.92 25 23
Muwaḥḥid 2 27 12 1.55 1.46 18 16
Hūdid 1 2 1 1.45 1.45 17 17
HALF DIRHEM
Zīrid 1 1 1 1.17 1.17 13 13
QIRAT
Murābiṭ 101 724 242 1.35 .93 15 10
Muwaḥḥid 13 35 10 1.13 .95 19 13
HALF QIRAT
Murābiṭ 28 100 22 .55 .47 9 7
Muwaḥḥid 2 3 1 .45 .45
QUARTER QIRAT
Murābiṭ 10 37 9 .29 .25 8 7
EIGHTH QIRAT
Murābiṭ 5 61 11 .15 .13 7 5
SIXTEENTH QIRAT
Murābiṭ 2 4 0
SQUARE DOUBLE DIRHEM
Muwaḥḥid 1 1 1 3.04 3.04 14 14
Ḥafṣid 1 1 1 3.48 3.48 29 25
SQUARE DIRHEM
Muwaḥḥid 36 5862+ 204 1.60 1.41 19 13
Hūdid 4 16 1 1.50 1.50 15 15
Ḥafṣid 9 82 75 1.75 1.67 16 14
Marīnid 6 345 4 1.51 1.43 15 15
Waṭṭāsid 3 7 2 1.50 1.50 17 13
SQUARE HALF DIRHEM
Muwaḥḥid 9 153 103 .77 .75 13 11
Ḥafṣid 1 1 0 11 11
Marīnid 9 155 14 .93 .84 13 11
SQUARE QUARTER DIRHEM
Muwaḥḥid 1 1 1 .38 .38
Marīnid 4 10 1 .49 .49 11 11
Naṣrid 1 29 1 .47 .47 11 11
SQUARE EIGHTH DIRHEM
Marīnid 1 2 0
Copper
PSEUDO-DINAR
Murābiṭ 2 2 1 2.44 2.44
PSEUDO-ELECTRUM
Murābiṭ 1 2 0 13 13
PSEUDO-DIRHEM
Ḥammūdid 4 9 3 3.25 2.47 23 22
Murābiṭ 6 16 8 4.66 3.90 24 22
SQUARE PSEUDO-DIRHEM
Muwaḥḥid 2 2 0
FELS
Ḥafṣid 3 3 2 3.05 2.55 18 15

INDEX OF MINTS

Mints are listed by continents, with those in Africa preceding those in Spain. In the interests of uniformity strict Arabic alphabetical order is followed, so that all names preceded by al- are grouped together. Dates are all A.H. Diacritical marks are omitted from dynastic names. Abbreviations used are g (gold), e (electrum), s (silver), c (copper).

Mint Date Dynasty Ruler Coins
Azammūr (631–640) Muwahhid 10 g: 514
(710–731) Marinid 10 g: 726
(731–752) 11 746–748
(775–796) 20 800, 810–817, H13
(796–799) 24 840–842
(799–800) 25 855, 856
(869–910) Wattasid 1 g: 869
Aghmāt 486 Murabit 2 g: 58
487 59
488 60
489 61
490 62, 63
491 64
492 65
493 66
494 67
495 68
496 69
497 70
498 71
498 2+3 121
499 122
500 3 152
501 153
502 154
503 155
504 156
505 157
506 158
507 159
508 160
509 161
Aghmāt 510 162
511 163
512 164
513 165
514 166
515 167
523 3+3A 292
527 293
528 294
529 295
530 296
531 297
532? 298
533 299
533 3+4 362, 363
535 364
536 365
537 4 404
538 405
539 4+5 422, 423
540 6 433
590 (error) 2 63
al-Jazā'ir (see also Jazā'ir) (558–668) Muwahhid 2–13 s: 1091
al-Ḥāmmah (796–837) Hafsid 19 g: 616
al-Qayrawān 441 Zirid 4 g: 3
442 4, 5
443 6
444 7
445 8
446 9, 10
448 11
al-Mahdīyah (see also Mahdīyah) 446 Zirid 4 g: 12a
447 13
449 15
451 16
453 17
454 18
455 19, 20
456 21
457 22
459 23
al-Nāṣirīyah 543 Hammadid 9 g: 25
Bijāyah (see also al-Nāṣirīyah) (547–551) Muwahhid 1 g: 447, 448
(551–558) 1+1A 473, 474
(558–563) 2 481, 482
(558–640) 2–10 s: 1085
(640–647) Hafsid 1 g: 547
Mint Date Dynasty Ruler Coins
(647–650) 2 557, 558
(650–675) 562, 563
(683–684) 6 571
(684–700) 6A 574, 575
(710–718) 10 581
(718–747) 584–586a
(748–749) Marinid 11 g: 759
(749) Hafsid 15 g: 597
(753–759) Marinid 12 g: 769, 778
(761–767) Hafsid 15B g: 603
(796–837) 19 610
(839–856) 20A 627
Biskirah (796–837) Hafsid 19 g: 611
Banī-Tāwadā 513 Murabit 3 g: 168
Tāzā (559) Muwahhid 2A g: 499?
Tadghah (540–551) Muwahhid 1 g: 449?
Taṭwān (775–796) Marinid 20 g: 818?
Tilimsān 494 Murabit 2 g: 72?
505 3 169
511 170, 171
534 3+4 366
535 367
536 368
540 4 406
(558–563) Muwahhid 2 g: 483
(558–640) 2–10 s: 1086, 1087
(640) Hafsid 1 g: 548
(640–681) Ziyanid 1 g: 645
(707–718) 4 646
(718–737) 5 647, 648
(737–749) Marinid 11 g: 760; s: 1147
(753–759) 12 g: 770
(760–791) Ziyanid 8 g: 650, 651
(772–774) Marinid 18 g: 794
(788–795) Ziyanid 9 g: 652
Tilimsān (796–802) 12 653
(802–804) 13 654?
(804–813) 14 655–657
(813–814) 15 658
(814–833) 17 659–662
(827–834) 18 663, 664
(834–866) 19 665–668
(839–893) Hafsid 21 g: 639
(866–873) Ziyanid 20 g: 669
(934–942) 26 670?
(947–949) 27 671
(957–964) 29 672
Tanas (839–893) Hafsid 21 g: 640, H8
Tūzar (839–893) Hafsid 21 g: 628
Tūnis (554–558) Muwahhid 1 g: 450
(558–563) 2 484
(558–627) 2–8 s: 1088, 1088a
(642–668) Marinid 4, 6 g: 673?
(650–711) Hafsid 2–8 s: 1122
(681–683) 4A g: 570
(683–694) 6 572, 573
(694–709) 7 577–578
(748–749) Marinid 11 g: 761, 762
(749–751) Hafsid 15 g: 599
(796–837) 19 612–615
(948–977) 27 c: 1173, 1174
952 s: 1124
954 1125
955 1126
956 1127
958 1128
95x 1129
961 1130
962 1131?
964 1132
Tin Mallal (558–668) Muwahhid 2–13 s: 1089?
Jarbah (558–627) Muwahhid 2–8 s: 1090
Jazā'ir (see also al-Jazā'ir) (640–647) Hafsid 1 g: 549
(718–737) Ziyanid 5 g: 649
(748–750) Marinid 11 g: 763
(839–893) Hafsid 21 g: 637, 638
Ribāṭ al-Fatḥ (551–558) Muwahhid 1+1A g: 475
(558–668) 2–13 s: 1092
(630–631) 10 1078
Sabtah 439 Hammudid 6+9 s: 872
440? 873
441 874, 874a
442 875
443 876
444 877
446? 878
44x 879
455? 9A+9B 880
456? 881
462 882?; c: 1157
464 s: 883; c: 1158
465 s: 884; c: 1159
466 s: 885
467 886; c: 1160
484 Murabit 2 g: 73
(500–522) 3 s: 905
(522–533) 3+3A 973
(533–537) 3+4 995
(540) Muwahhid 1 s: 1057, 1058
543 Murabit 6A g: 443
(541–551) Muwahhid 1 g: 451–453
(558–668) 2–13 s: 1093
(563–580) 2 g: 493
(630) Hudid 1 s: 1117
635 1A 1121
(635–640) Muwahhid 10 g: 515
(640) 11 518
(642–668) Marinid 4, 6 g: 674–677
(643–647) Hafsid 1 g: 553
(647–665) Muwahhid 12 g: 522–527
(685–706) Marinid 7 g: 715, 715a, 716; s: 1136
(705–789) Nasrid 3–8 s: 1153
(710–731) Marinid 10 g: 727
(731–752) 11 s: 1141
(775–796) 20 g: 819, 820
(786–789) Nasrid 8 g: 868
(800–823) Marinid 26 g: 860
Sijilmāsah 450 Murabit 1 g: 26
451 27
452 28
Sijilmāsah 454? 29, 30
455 31
456 32
457 33
458 34
45x 1A 53
461 1 35
462 36
462 1B 54
463 1 37
465 1B 55
466 56
467 1 38
467? 1B 57
468 1 39
469 40
470 41; c: 1161
471 g: 42
472 43
473 44
474 45
475 46
476 47
477 48
478 49
479 50
480 51
480 2 74
481 75
482 76
483 77
484 78
485 79
486 80
487 81
488 82
490 83
491 84
493 85
494 86
495 87
496 88
497 89
498 90
(480–498) 91
499 3 172
Sijilmāsah 500 173
502 174
504 175
505 176
508 177
511 178
513 179
518 180
520 181
521 182
523 3+3A 300
524 301
525 302
526 303
527 304
528 305
529? 306
530 307
531 308
532 309
533 310
533 3+4 369
534 370
535 371
536 372
538? 4+5 424
544 (error) 4 407
(558–563) Muwahhid 2 g: 485
(558–668) 2–13 s: 1094
(630–631) 10 1079
(640–641) Hafsid 1 g: 554
(642–668) Marinid 4, 6 g: 678–681
(646–665) Muwahhid 12 g: 528, 529
(685–706) Marinid 7 g: 717, 718
(710–731) 10 728–734
(731–752) 11 H11; s: 1142, 1143
(731–740) g: 750–752, H10
(737–752) 764–766
(749–759) 12 771–773, 779–781, H12
(764–765) 17A 793
(775–796) 20 806
(796–799) 24 843, 844
(799–800) 25 857
(800–823) 26 861–863
Safāqus 449 Zirid 4 g: 12
461 4A 24
Salā 508 Murabit 3 g: 183
(540–551) Muwahhid 1 g: 454, 455
(763–767) Marinid 17 g: 789
Ṣabrah 439 Zirid 4 g: 1
440 2
Ṭarābulus (749) Hafsid 15 g: 598
(751–770) 16 604
(796–837) 19 617
(839–893) 21 629, 630?
Ṭanjah (522–533) Murabit 3+3A s: 974
Fas 484 Murabit 2 g: 92
494 93
497 94
(480–498) s: 891
501? 3 g: 184
508 185, 186
509 187
511 188
512 189
515? 190
520 191
521 192
522 193
524 3+3A 311, 311a
525 312
526 313
527 314
528 315
529 316
530 317
531 318
532 319
533 320
533 3+4 373
534 374, 375
535 376, 377
536 378
537 379
537 4 408, 409
538 410
539 4+5 425, 426
(540–551) Muwahhid 1 456–462; s: 1065
(551–558) 1+1A g: 476, 477
(558–563) 2 483
Fās (558–668) 2–13 s: 1095–1097; c: 1170
(580–595) 3 g: 500
(595–610) 4 504, 505
(610–620) 5 507
(630–631) 10 s: 1080, 1081
(642–668) Marinid 4, 6 g: 682–688
(685–706) 7 719–721
(710–731) 10 735–743
(731–752) 11 s: 1144
(731–740) g: 753–756a
(737–752) g: 767
(749–759) 12 774, 775, 782–784
(763–767) 17 790–792
(768–774) 18 795, 796
(774–776) 19 797–799
(775–796) 20 801, 821–828, H14
(786–788) 21 833, 834
(788) 22 835
(796–799) 24 836, 845–849
(799–800) 25 858, 859
(800–823) 26 864, 865
Qābis 551 Zirid 8A g: 24a
Qusanṭīnah (710–718) Hafsid 10 g: 582, H7
(749–755) 15A 601
(796–837) 19 618
(839–893) 21 631
Qafṣah (735–747) Hafsid 10 g: 587
(751–770) 16 605
(796–837) 19 619, 620
Marrākush 401 (error) Murabit 2 g: 97
490 95
491 96, 97
499 2+3 123
500 3 194
510 195
516 196
518 197
519 198
520 199
521 200
522 3+3A 321
523 322
524 323
Marrākush 525 324
527 325
528 326
529 327
530 328
531 329
533 330
533 3+4 380
534 381
535 382
536 383
537 384
537 4 411
538 412
539 4+5 427
540 428
540 6 434
541 435
(541–551) Muwahhid 1 g: 463
(551–558) 1+1A 478, 479
(558–563) 2 487–489
(558–668) 2–13 s: 1098
(563–580) 2 g: 494
(621–624) 7 510
(630–631) 10 s: 1082, 1083
(668) Marinid 4, 6 g: 689
(744) 10 744
(749–759) 12 776, 777, 785, 786
(759–760) 13 787
(775–796) 20 802, 807, 808, 829, 830
(776–784) 20A 831, 832
(796–799) 24 837–839, 850, 851
(800–823) 26 866
Miknāsah (500–522) Murabit 3 s: 906, 907
(540–551) Muwahhid 1 g: 464, 465
(558–668) 2–13 s: 1099
Mahdīyah (796–837) Hafsid 19 g: 621?
(see also al-Mahdīyah)
Nūl 494 Murabit 2 g: 98
(see also Nūl Lamṭah) 497 2+3 124
501 3 201
509 202
510 203
511 204
Nūl Lamṭah 513 Murabit 3 g: 205
(see also Nūl) 515 206
516 207
518 208
522 209
522 3+3A 331
523 332
524 333
525 334
527 335
528 336
530 337
531 338
532 338a
533 338b
533 3+4 385, 386
534 387, 388
535 389
536 390
537 391, 392
537 4 413
538 414
539 415
539 4+5 429
540 4 416
540 6 436
542 6D 444
(558–563) Muwahhid 2 g: 490?
(558–668) 2–13 s: 1100?
? 44x Zirid 4 g: 14; s: 871
(448–480) Murabit 1 g: 52
(496–500) 2+3 s: 902
(500–522) 3 908–911; c: 1168
(522–533) 3+3A 975
(627–634) Hafsid 1 g: 542
(630–631) Muwahhid 10 s: 1084
(631–640) g: 516
(646–665) 12 530
(647–675) Hafsid 2 c: 1172
(709–711) 8 g: 580
(745) Marinid 10 g: 745
(760–762) 14 788
(775–796) 20 803
(796–799) 24 852, 853
(910–932) Wattasid 2 g: 870
no mint (448–480) Murabit 1 s: 888–890
no mint (471–476) Hammudid 9B+9C s: 887
(480–498) Murabit 2 s: 892–899
(496–500) 2+3 902a, 903
506 3 912
(500–522) g: 210; e: 939; s: 913–938; c: 1169
(522–533) 3+3A e: 991, 992; s: 976–990
(533–537) 3+4 s: 996–1016
(537–540) 4 1018–1033
(539–540) 4+5 1034–1037
(540–541) 6 1039–1051
(540) Muwahhid 1 g: 446a; s: 1059–1064
(540–551) 466–468
(540–558) s: 1066–1069
(541–543) Murabit 6B s: 1053–1056
(551–558) Muwahhid 1+1A g: 480
(558–563) 2 491
(558–668) 2–13 s: 1100a–1105; c: 1171
(563–580) 2 g: 495, 496
(580–595) 3 501–503
(587–595) 3+4 s: 1075
(595–610) 4 g: 506
(610–620) 5 508, 509
(624–627) 8 511
(624–633) 9 512
(627–634) Hafsid 1 g: 543, 544
(629–630) Muwahhid 9A s: 1076, 1077
(630) Hudid 1 g: 540; s: 1118–1120
(630–631) Muwahhid 10 g: 513
(631–640) 517
(634–640) Hafsid 1 g: 545, 546
(640–647) 550–552
(640–646) Muwahhid 11 g: 519–521
(642–668) Marinid 4, 6 g: 690–712; s: 1133, 1134
(646–665) Muwahhid 12 g: 531–536
(647–656) Hudid 3A g: 541
(647–650) Hafsid 2 g: 559–561
(650–675) 564–566
(650–711) 2–8 s: 1123
(665–668) Muwahhid 13 g: 537–539
(668–685) Marinid 6 g: 713, 714; s: 1135
(675–678) Hafsid 3 g: 567, 568
(677–681) 4 569
(683–700) 6A 576
(685–706) Marinid 7 g: 722–725; s: 1137–1140
(694–709) Hafsid 7 g: 579
(710–718) 10 583
no mint (711–717) 11 592, 593
(717–723) 12 594
(718–747) 10 588–591
(731–752) Marinid 11 749; s: 1145, 1146
(731–740) g: 757, 758
(737–752) 768
(747–748) Hafsid 13 595, 596
(749–751) 15 600
(749–753) 15B 602
(751–770) 16 606, 607
(755–758) 17 608
(760–762) Marinid 14 s: 1148
(761–796) Hafsid 17 g: 609
(775–796) Marinid 20 g: 804, 805?, 809; s: 1149
(776–784) 20A s: 1150
(796–799) 24 g: 854
(796–837) Hafsid 19 g: 622–625
(800–823) Marinid 26 g: 867
(823–869) 28 s: 1151, 1152
(837–839) Hafsid 20 g: 626
(839–893) 21 632–636
(899–932) 25 641–643
(910–932) Wattasid 2 s: 1154
(932) 3 1155
(932–957) 4 1156
(932–941) Hafsid 26 g: 644
SPANISH MINTS
Ishbīliyah 489 Murabit 2 g: 99
491 100
493 101
496 102
497 103
498 2+3 125
499 126
510 3 211
515 212
516 213, 214
517 215
518 216, 217
519 218
520 219
521 220
522 221
(500–522) s: 940–946
522 3+3A g: 339
Ishbīliyah 523 340
524 341
525 342
526 343
535 3+4 393
536 394
537 395
(533–537) s: 1016a, 1016b
538 4 g: 417
539 4+5 430, 430a
540 431
541 6 437
(541–558) Muwahhid 1 g: 469, 470; s: 1070
(558–563) 2 g: 492
(558–624) 2–7 s: 1106
(563–580) 2 g: 497, 498
(641–646) Hafsid 1 g: 555
Ighranāṭah 504 Murabit 3 g: 241
(see also Gharnāṭah) 508 242
509 243; c: 1163
515 g: 244, 245
516 246, 247
517 248, 249
518 250
519 251, 252; s: 951
520 g: 253, 254; s: 952; c: 1164
521 g: 255
522 256
(500–522) s: 953
523 3+3A g: 344
524 345?
527 346
540 6 438, 439
541 440
al-Jazīrah 507 Murabit 3 g: 230, 231
508 232
509 233
al-Qanṭarah 496 Murabit 2 g: 115?
al-Marīyah 492 Murabit 2 g: 117
494 118
495 119, 120
497 2+3 148, 149
498 150
499 151
al-Marīyah 506 3 273
507 274?
508 275
509 276
510 277
511 278
512 279
513 280
514 281
515 282, 283
516 284
517 285
518 286
519 287
520 288, 289
521 290
522 291
522 3+3A 347, 348
523 349
524 350
525 351
526 352
527 353
528 354
529 355, 356
530 357
531 358
532 359, 360
533 361
533 3+4 396
534 397–399
535 400, 400a
536 401, 401a
537 402, 402a, 403
538 4 418, 419
539 420, 421
539 4+5 432
Balansiyah 494 Murabit 2 g: 72?
496 104
497 105
497 2+3 127
498 128, 129
499 130, 131
500 132
500 3 222
501 223
Balansiyah 503 s: 947
504 g: 224
505 225
508 226
509 227
512 228, 229
(558–624) Muwahhid 2–7 s: 1107
Bayyāsah 497 Murabit 2 g?: 106
Jayyān 536 Murabit 3+4 s: 1017
(541–558) Muwahhid 1 g: 471; s: 1071
(558–624) 2–7 s: 1108
Dāniyah 495 Murabit 2 g: 107
497 2+3 133
498 134, 135
499 136–139
500 140
500 3 234, 235
501 236
504 237
(558–624) Muwahhid 2–7 s: 1109
Saraqusṭah 504 Murabit 3 s: 948
509 949; c: 1162
Sanlūkah 491 Murabit 2 g: 108
(480–498) s: 900, 901
Shāṭibah 489 Murabit 2 g: 109
497 2+3 141
498 142
499 143
500 3 238
Sharīsh (500–522) Murabit 3 s: 950
(558–624) Muwahhid 2–7 s: 1110
Gharnāṭah 493 Murabit 2 g: 110
(see also Ighranāṭah) 501 3 239
502 240
(500–522) s: 954–957; c: 1165, 1166
545 6C g: 445
(549–558) Muwahhid 1 s: 1072
(558–624) 2–7 1111
(640–647) Hafsid 1 g: 556
Qurṭubah 486 Murabit 2 g: 111
490 112
492 113
496 114
497 2+3 144
Qurṭubah 498 145
(496–500) s: 904
502 3 958
503 g: 257
505 s: 959–961
506 962
507 963
(500–522) 964, 965
(539–540) 4+5 1038
540 6 g: 441
541 442
(540–541) s: 1052
542 6B g: 446
(542–558) Muwahhid 1 g: 472
(558–624) 2–7 s: 1112
Qanṭarat al-Sayf 496 Murabit 2 g: 115?
Qūnkah 506 Murabit 3 s: 966
Laushah 511 Murabit 3 g: 258?
Mālaqah 494 Murabit 2 g: 116
500 2+3 146, 147
500 3 259
501 260
502 261
506 262
(500–522) s: 967
(548–558) Muwahhid 1 s: 1073
(558–624) 2–7 1113
Mānurqah (599–624) Muwahhid 4–7 s: 1114
Mursiyah 501 Murabit 3 g: 263
502 264, 265; s: 968
503 g: 266; s: 969
504 g: 267
505 268
506 269
508 270; s: 970, 971; c: 1167?
509 g: 271
511 s: 972
512 g: 272
525 3+3A s: 993
526 994
(567) Muwahhid 2 s: 1074
(567–624) 2–7 1115
Mayūrqah (599–624) Muwahhid 4–7 s: 1116

INDEX OF DATES

All dates are A.H. Diacritical marks are omitted from names of mints and dynasties.

Date Mint Dynasty Ruler Coins
401 (error) Marrakush Murabit 2 97
439 Sabtah Hammudid 6+9 872
Sabrah Zirid 4 1
440 Sabtah Hammudid 6+9 873?
Sabrah Zirid 4 2
441 al-Qayrawan Zirid 4 3
Sabtah Hammudid 6+9 874, 874a
442 al-Qayrawan Zirid 4 4, 5
Sabtah Hammudid 6+9 875
443 al-Qayrawan Zirid 4 6
Sabtah Hammudid 6+9 876
444 al-Qayrawan Zirid 4 7
Sabtah Hammudid 6+9 877
445 al-Qayrawan Zirid 4 8
446 al-Qayrawan Zirid 4 9, 10
al-Mahdiyah 12a
Sabtah Hammudid 6+9 878?
447 al-Mahdiyah Zirid 4 13
448 al-Qayrawan Zirid 4 11
449 al-Mahdiyah Zirid 4 15
Safaqus 12
450 Sijilmasah Murabit 1 26
451 al-Mahdiyah Zirid 4 16
Sijilmasah Murabit 1 27
452 Sijilmasah Murabit 1 28
453 al-Mahdiyah Zirid 4 17
454 al-Mahdiyah Zirid 5 18
Sijilmasah Murabit 1 29?, 30?
455 al-Mahdiyah Zirid 5 19, 20
Sabtah Hammudid 9A+9B 880?
Sijilmasah Murabit 1 31
456 al-Mahdiyah Zirid 5 21
Sabtah Hammudid 9A+9B 881?
Sijilmasah Murabit 1 32
457 al-Mahdiyah Zirid 5 22
Sijilmasah Murabit 1 33
458 Sijilmasah Murabit 1 34
459 al-Mahdiyah Zirid 5 23
Sijilmasah Murabit 1A 53?
461 Sijilmasah Murabit 1 35
Safaqus Zirid 4A 24
462 Sabtah Hammudid 9A+9B 882?, 1157?
Sijilmasah Murabit 1 36
Sijilmasah 1B 54
463 Sijilmasah Murabit 1 37
464 Sabtah Hammudid 9A+9B 883, 1158
465 Sabtah Hammudid 9A+9B 884, 1159
Sijilmasah Murabit 1B 55
466 Sabtah Hammudid 9A+9B 885
Sijilmasah Murabit 1B 56
467 Sabtah Hammudid 9A+9B 886, 1160
Sijilmasah Murabit 1 38
Sijilmasah 1B 57?
468 Sijilmasah Murabit 1 39
469 Sijilmasah Murabit 1 40
470 Sijilmasah Murabit 1 41, 1161
471 Sijilmasah Murabit 1 42
472 Sijilmasah Murabit 1 43
473 Sijilmasah Murabit 1 44
474 Sijilmasah Murabit 1 45
475 Sijilmasah Murabit 1 46
476 Sijilmasah Murabit 1 47
477 Sijilmasah Murabit 1 48
478 Sijilmasah Murabit 1 49
479 Sijilmasah Murabit 1 50
480 Sijilmasah Murabit 1 51
Sijilmasah 2 74
481 Sijilmasah Murabit 2 75
482 Sijilmasah Murabit 2 76
483 Sijilmasah Murabit 2 77
484 Sabtah Murabit 2 73
Sijilmasah 78
Fas 92
485 Sijilmasah Murabit 2 79
486 Aghmat Murabit 2 58
Sijilmasah 80
Qurtubah 111
487 Aghmat Murabit 2 59
Sijilmasah 81
488 Aghmat Murabit 2 60
Sijilmasah 82
489 Ishbiliyah Murabit 2 99
Aghmat 61
Shatibah 109
490 Aghmat Murabit 2 62, 63
Sijilmasah 83
Qurtubah 112
Marrakush 95
491 Ishbiliyah Murabit 2 100
Aghmat 64
Sijilmasah 84
Sanlukah 108
Marrakush 96, 97
492 Aghmat Murabit 2 65
al-Mariyah 117
Qurtubah 113
493 Ishbiliyah Murabit 2 101
Aghmat 66
Sijilmasah 85
Gharnatah 110
494 Aghmat Murabit 2 67
al-Mariyah 118
Balansiyah? 72
Tilimsan? 72
Sijilmasah 86
Fas 93
Malaqah 116
Nul 98
495 Aghmat Murabit 2 68
al-Mariyah 119, 120
Daniyah 107
Sijilmasah 87
496 Ishbiliyah Murabit 2 102
Aghmat 69
al-Qantarah? 115
Balansiyah 104
Sijilmasah 88
Qurtubah 114
Qantarat al-Sayf? 115
497 Ishbiliyah Murabit 2 103
Aghmat 70
al-Mariyah 2+3 148, 149
Balansiyah 2 105
Balansiyah 2+3 127
Bayyasah 2 106
Daniyah 2+3 133
Sijilmasah 2 89
Shatibah 2+3 141
Fas 2 94
Qurtubah 2+3 144
Nul 124
498 Ishbiliyah Murabit 2+3 125
Aghmat 2 71
Aghmat 2+3 121
al-Mariyah 150
Balansiyah 128, 129
Daniyah 134, 135
Sijilmasah 2 90
Shatibah 2+3 142
Qurtubah 145
499 Ishbiliyah Murabit 2+3 126
Aghmat 122
al-Mariyah 151
Balansiyah 130, 131
Daniyah 136–139
Sijilmasah 3 172
Shatibah 2+3 143
Marrakush 123
500 Aghmat Murabit 3 152
Balansiyah 2+3 132
Balansiyah 3 222
Daniyah 2+3 140
Daniyah 3 234, 235
Sijilmasah 173
Shatibah 238
Malaqah 2+3 146, 147
Malaqah 3 259
Marrakush 194
501 Aghmat Murabit 3 153
Balansiyah 223
Daniyah 236
Gharnatah 239
Fas 184?
Malaqah 260
Mursiyah 263
Nul 201
502 Aghmat Murabit 3 154
Sijilmasah 174
Gharnatah 240
Qurtubah 958
Malaqah 261
Mursiyah 264, 265, 968
503 Aghmat Murabit 3 155
Balansiyah 947
Qurtubah 257
Mursiyah 266, 969
504 Ighranatah Murabit 3 241
Aghmat 156
Balansiyah 224
Daniyah 237
Sijilmasah 175
Saraqustah 948
Mursiyah 267
505 Aghmat Murabit 3 157
Balansiyah 225
Tilimsan 169
Sijilmasah 176
Qurtubah 959–961
Mursiyah 268
506 Aghmat Murabit 3 158
al-Mariyah 273
Qurtubah 962
Qunkah 966
Malaqah 262
Mursiyah 269
no mint 912
507 Aghmat Murabit 3 159
al-Jazirah 230, 231
al-Mariyah? 274
Qurtubah 963
508 Ighranatah Murabit 3 242
Aghmat 160
al-Jazirah 232
al-Mariyah 275
Balansiyah 226
Sijilmasah 177
Sala 183
Fas 185, 186
Mursiyah 270, 970, 971, 1167?
509 Ighranatah Murabit 3 243, 1163
Aghmat 161
al-Jazirah 233
al-Mariyah 276
Balansiyah 227
Saraqustah 949, 1162
Fas 187
Mursiyah 271
Nul 202
510 Ishbiliyah Murabit 3 211
Aghmat 162
al-Mariyah 277
Marrakush 195
Nul 203
511 Aghmat Murabit 3 163
al-Mariyah 278
Tilimsan 170, 171
Sijilmasah 178
Fas 188
Laushah? 258
Mursiyah 972
Nul 204
512 Aghmat Murabit 3 164
al-Mariyah 279
Balansiyah 228, 229
Fas 189
Mursiyah 272
513 Aghmat Murabit 3 165
al-Mariyah 280
Bani-Tawada 168
Sijilmasah 179
Nul Lamtah 205
514 Aghmat Murabit 3 166
al-Mariyah 281
515 Ishbiliyah Murabit 3 212
Ighranatah 244, 245
Aghmat 167
al-Mariyah 282, 283
Fas 190?
Nul Lamtah 206
516 Ishbiliyah Murabit 3 213, 214
Ighranatah 246, 247
al-Mariyah 284
Marrakush 196
Nul Lamtah 207
517 Ishbiliyah Murabit 3 215
Ighranatah 248, 249
al-Mariyah 285
518 Ishbiliyah Murabit 3 216, 217
Ighranatah 250
al-Mariyah 286
Sijilmasah 180
Marrakush 197
Nul Lamtah 208
519 Ishbiliyah Murabit 3 218
Ighranatah 251, 252, 951
al-Mariyah 287
Marrakush 198
520 Ishbiliyah Murabit 3 219
Ighranatah 253, 254, 952, 1164
al-Mariyah 288, 289
Sijilmasah 181
Fas 191
Marrakush 199
521 Ishbiliyah Murabit 3 220
Ighranatah 255
al-Mariyah 290
Sijilmasah 182
Fas 192
Marrakush 200
522 Ishbiliyah Murabit 3 221
Ishbiliyah 3+3A 339
Ighranatah 3 256
al-Mariyah 291
al-Mariyah 3+3A 347, 348
Fas 3 193
Marrakush 3+3A 321
Nul Lamtah 3 209
Nul Lamtah 3+3A 331
523 Ishbiliyah Murabit 3+3A 340
Ighranatah 344
Aghmat 292
al-Mariyah 349
Sijilmasah 300
Marrakush 322
Nul Lamtah 332
524 Ishbiliyah Murabit 3+3A 341
Ighranatah? 345
al-Mariyah 350
Sijilmasah 301
Fas 311, 311a
Marrakush 323
Nul Lamtah 333
525 Ishbiliyah Murabit 3+3A 342
al-Mariyah 351
Sijilmasah 302
Fas 312
Marrakush 324
Mursiyah 993
Nul Lamtah 334
526 Ishbiliyah Murabit 3+3A 343
al-Mariyah 352
Sijilmasah 303
Fas 313
Mursiyah 994
527 Ighranatah Murabit 3+3A 346
Aghmat 293
al-Mariyah 353
Sijilmasah 304
Fas 314
Marrakush 325
Nul Lamtah 335
528 Aghmat Murabit 3+3A 294
al-Mariyah 354
Sijilmasah 305
Fas 315
Marrakush 326
Nul Lamtah 336
529 Aghmat Murabit 3+3A 295
al-Mariyah 355, 356
Sijilmasah 306?
Fas 316
Marrakush 327
530 Aghmat Murabit 3+3A 296
al-Mariyah 357
Sijilmasah 307
Fas 317
Marrakush 328
Nul Lamtah 337
531 Aghmat Murabit 3+3A 297
al-Mariyah 358
Sijilmasah 308
Fas 318
Marrakush 329
Nul Lamtah 338
532 Aghmat Murabit 3+3A 298?
al-Mariyah 359, 360
Sijilmasah 309
Fas 319
Nul Lamtah 338a
533 Aghmat Murabit 3+3A 299
Aghmat 3+4 362, 363
al-Mariyah 3+3A 361
al-Mariyah 3+4 396
Sijilmasah 3+3A 310
Sijilmasah 3+4 369
Fas 3+3A 320
Fas 3+4 373
Marrakush 3+3A 329
Marrakush 3+4 380
Nul Lamtah 3+3A 338b
Nul Lamtah 3+4 385, 386
534 al-Mariyah Murabit 3+4 397–399
Tilimsan 366
Sijilmasah 370
Fas 374, 375
Marrakush 381
Nul Lamtah 387, 388
535 Ishbiliyah Murabit 3+4 393
Aghmat 364
al-Mariyah 400, 400a
Tilimsan 367
Sijilmasah 371
Fas 376, 377
Marrakush 382
Nul Lamtah 389
536 Ishbiliyah Murabit 3+4 394
Aghmat 365
al-Mariyah 401, 401a
Tilimsan 368
Jayyan 1017
Sijilmasah 372
Fas 378
Marrakush 383
Nul Lamtah 390
537 Ishbiliyah Murabit 3+4 395
Aghmat 4 404
al-Mariyah 3+4 402, 402a, 403
Fas 379
Fas 4 408, 409
Marrakush 411
Nul Lamtah 3+4 391, 392
Nul Lamtah 4 413
538 Ishbiliyah Murabit 4 417
Aghmat 405
al-Mariyah 418, 419
Sijilmasah 4+5 424?
Fas 4 410
Marrakush 412
Nul Lamtah 414
539 Ishbiliyah Murabit 4+5 430, 430a
Aghmat 422, 423
al-Mariyah 4 420, 421
al-Mariyah 4+5 432
Fas 425, 426
Marrakush 427
Nul Lamtah 4 415
Nul Lamtah 4+5 429
540 Ishbiliyah Murabit 4+5 431
Ighranatah 6 438, 439
Aghmat 433
Tilimsan 4 406
Qurtubah 6 441
Marrakush 4+5 428
Marrakush 6 434
Nul Lamtah 4 416
Nul Lamtah 6 436
541 Ishbiliyah Murabit 6 437
Ighranatah 440
Qurtubah 442
Marrakush 435
542 Qurtubah Murabit 6B 446
Nul Lamtah 6D 444
543 al-Nasiriyah Hammadid 9 25
Sabtah Murabit 6A 443
544 (error) Sijilmasah Murabit 4 407
545 Gharnatah Murabit 6C 445
551 Qabis Zirid 8A 24a
590 (error) Aghmat Murabit 2 63
635 Sabtah Hudid 1A 1121
952 Tunis Hafsid 27 1124
954 Tunis Hafsid 27 1125
955 Tunis Hafsid 27 1126
956 Tunis Hafsid 27 1127
958 Tunis Hafsid 27 1128
961 Tunis Hafsid 27 1130
962 Tunis? Hafsid 27 1131
964 Tunis Hafsid 27 1132

INDEX OF TITLES

Titles are listed in strict Arabic alphabetical order. The rulers listed are those to whom the given title refers, not necessarily those who struck the coins. Diacritical marks are omitted from dynastic names.

Title Dynasty Ruler Coins
al-imām 'Abbasid 26 26–37, 53–56
26, 27 38, 52, 57
27 39–51, 58, 73–80, 92, 111, 1161
27, 28 59, 81
28 60–72, 82–90, 93–110, 112–163, 169–178, 183–188, 194, 195, 201–204, 211, 222–227, 230–243, 257–271, 273–278, 1163
28, 29 164, 189, 210, 228, 229, 272, 279
29 165–168, 179–182, 190–193, 196–200, 205–209, 212–221, 244–256, 280–294, 300–305, 311–315, 321–326, 331–336, 339–354
29, 30 295, 306, 316, 327, 355, 356
30, 31 296, 307, 317, 328, 337, 357
31 24a, 25, 297–299, 308–310, 318–320, 329, 330, 338, 338a, 358–446
36 540, 1121
Fatimid 8 1, 2, 15–23
Hammudid 6 872–879
880–887, 1157–1160
Muwahhid 1 522–525, 528, 530–533, 537, 538, H3, H4, H5, M1
2 M1
12 M1
446a, 1059–1061
al-umarā' Muwahhid 1–3 1075
al-umarā' al-rāshidīn Muwahhid 1–3 1076, 1077
Hafsid 562–568, 571–576, 580–594, 601, 602, 608, 626, 628, 629, 631–634, 637, 638, 641, 642, H6, H7
al-amīr Zirid 8A 24a
Hammadid 9 25
Hammudid 9 872–874
al-amīr Murabit 1 26–52, 888–890, 1161
1B 54–57
2 58–151, 891–898, 900–904, 914
3 121–145, 148–151, 172–180, 234, 238, 902–904, 913–917, 934, 936, 938, 959–963, 967, 989, 1009, 1012, 1015, 1016
3A 292–361, 974–994
4 362–375, 378–385, 387, 391, 393–403, 995–1006, 1009–1011, 1013, 1014, 1017, 1024, 1027, 1032, 1037
5 422–432, 1034–1036, 1038
6 1046, 1047
Muwahhid 4 1075
9A 1076, 1077
536
Hafsid 6A 574–576
12 594
557–561, 603, 609
Nasrid 8 868
al-amīr al-ajall Muwahhid 1A 473–480
2 481–492
Hafsid 1 545–556, 569
2 557–561
4 569
10 581, 582
al-amīr al-ṭāhir Muwahhid 522–535, M1
al-amīrayn Muwahhid 1, 2 503
al-ḥājib Hammudid 9B 880–886, 1157–1160
9C 887
al-khulafā' Muwahhid 1–3 512
1–4 512
al-khulafā' al-rāshidīn 'Abbasid 540
Muwahhid 1, 2 513–517
1–3 504–506
1–4 507–509, 511–521
Ziyanid 648, 649
Marinid 731, 794–798, 810–816, 818, 823–826a, 829, 835
al-khalīfah 'Abbasid 36 540, 1121
37 541
Muwahhid 1 473–495, 497, 498, 500–502, 504–509, 511–535, 537, 538, 554, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, M1
2 M1
12 M1
al-khalīfatayn Muwahhid 1, 2 507, 508, 511, 512, 522–525, 528, 530–533, M1
al-khalīfatayn al-rāshidayn Muwahhid 1–3 H4
al-sulṭān Hafsid 21 637, 638
26 644
27 1124–1129
al-sayyid Marinid 20A 831, 832
al-malik Hafsid 21 637, 638
Marinid 13 787
imām al-ummah 'Abbasid 37 541
Muwahhid 0 447–466, 469–495, 497, 498, 500–502, 504–509, 511, 512, 514–535, 537, 538, 546, 551, 554, 558, 559, 594, H3, H4, H5, M1
imāmunā 'Abbasid 36 1117–1120
Muwahhid 0 446a, 1058–1063, 1085–1096, 1098–1116, 1122, 1123, 1170, 1171
10 1078–1083
umarā' al-mu'minīn Muwahhid 1–3 507, 508, 511
1–4 520, 521
amīr al-muslimīn Murabit 2 913
3 152–171, 181–233, 235–237, 239–403, 905–912, 918–933, 939–944, 947–949, 951–958, 964–966, 970–987, 990–1008, 1010, 1011, 1017, 1162–1169
4 404–432, 1018–1023, 1025–1030, 1033–1036, 1038
6 433–442, 1039–1046, 1048–1052
6A 443
Ziyanid 4 646
5 647
8 650
9 652
12 653
13 654
14 655–657
17 659–662
18 663
19 665, 667
26 670
27 671
Marinid 6 713, 714
10 726, 727, 729–743
10A 793
14 788
17 789–791
17A 793
18 794–796
19 797, 798
amīr al-muslimīn 20 810–830, H14, 1149
21 833, 834
22 835
26 861–866
28 1151, 1152
Wattasid 2 870, 1154
3 1155
4 1156
amīr al-mu'minīn 'Abbasid 26 26–37, 53–56
26, 27 38, 52, 57
27 39–51, 58, 73–80, 92, 111, 1161
27, 28 59, 81
28 60–72, 82–90, 93–110, 112–163, 169–178, 183–188, 194, 195, 201–204, 211, 222–227, 230–243, 257–271, 273–278, 1163
28, 29 164, 189, 210, 228, 229, 272, 279
29 165–168, 179–182, 190–193, 196–200, 205–209, 212–221, 244–256, 280–294, 300–305, 311–315, 321–326, 331–336, 339–354
29, 30 295, 306, 316, 327, 355, 356
30, 31 296, 307, 317, 328, 337, 357
31 24a, 25, 297–299, 308–310, 318–320, 329, 330, 338, 338a, 358–446
36 540, 541, 1121
37 541
Fatimid 8 1, 2, 15–23
Hammudid 6 872–879
880–887, 1157–1160
Muwahhid 1 447–498, 500–509, 511, 512, 522–539, 542, 543, 545, 546, 554, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, M1, 1062–1063, 1065–1074
2 493–498, 500–509, 511–539, 554, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, M1
3 500–508, 511–521, H1, H2
4 504–508, 511, 512, H3, H4
5 507–509, 511, 512
8 511, 513–521
9 512
10 513–521
11 518–521
12 522–536, M1
13 537–539
Hafsid 2 562–566, 577–579, H6
3 567, 568, 570, 577–579
4A 570
amīr al-mu'minīn 6 571–573
7 577–579
8 580
10 584–591, 595, 597–600, 602–607, 609, H7
11 592, 593
13 595, 596
15 597–600
15B 603
16 604–607
17 608–614, 616–619
19 610–623, 625, 627
20 626
21 628–640, H8
25 641–643
26 644
Ziyanid 5 648, 649
Marinid 12 769–786, H12
24 839, 853
26 867
Ottoman 10 670, 671
amīray al-mu'minīn Muwahhid 1, 2 511
khalīfat Allāh Muwahhid 0 467, 468, 496, 503, 536, 539, 542–545, 547–550, 552, 553, 555–557, 560, 562–593, 595–638, 640, 641, 644, H6, 1127
sulṭān Hafsid 27 1130, 1132
sayyid Muwahhid 537
sayyidinā Muwahhid 538, M1
sayyidaynā Muwahhid 1, 2 M1
walī al-'ahd Hammudid 9 875–879
Murabit 4 1017
Muwahhid 4 1075
walī 'ahdihi Murabit 3 146, 147
3A 292–331, 333, 334, 336–343, 345, 347–361, 973, 975, 991–994
4 362, 366–403, 1007, 1008, 1012, 1015, 1016
5 423–426, 430–432

INDEX OF PROPER NAMES AND EPITHETS

Names and epithets are listed in strict Arabic alphabetical order, including the prefixes al-, abū-, and ibn-.

Name Coins
Ibrāhīm 54–57, 422–432, 569, 604–607, 1034–1038
abū-Isḥāq 569, 604–607
abū'l-Baqā' 580
abū'l-Ḥasan 518–521, 627
abū'l-Rabī' 670, 671
abū'l-'Abbās 570, 597–600, 608, 609, 665–668, 827, 1173, 1174
abū'l-'Ulâ 511, 513–519, 537–539
Abū-Bakr 26–52, 581–591, 888–890, H7, 1161
abū-Tamīm 16, 18, 19, 22, 23
abū-Ja'far 1121
abū-Ḥafṣ 522–536, 571–573, 595, 596, M1
abū-Zakarīyā' 512, 545–556, 567, 568, 574–576
abū-Zayd 601
abū-Sālim 788
abū-Sa'īd 726–745
abū-'Abd-Allāh 25, 473–480, 504–508, 511, 512, 557–566, 577–579, 594, 602, 626, 641–644, 663, 664, 669, 671, 787, H3, H4, H6, 1075
abū-'Amr 628–640, H8
abū-Fāris 610–625, 833
abū-Mālik 793
abū-Muḥammad 447–498, 500–509, 511–539, 542, 543, 545, 546, 554, 654, 672, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, M1, 1065–1074
abū-Mūsâ 1076, 1077
abū-Yaḥyâ 581–592, H7
abū-Ya'qūb 481–498, 500–509, 511–539, 554, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, M1
abū-Yūsuf 500–508, 511–521, H1, H2
Aḥmad 608, 609, 665–668, 800–803, 805–830, H13, H14, 1124–1132, 1149, 1156, 1173, 1174
Idrīs 511, 872–879
arḥam umarā' al-muslimīn 445, 446, 1053–1056
Isḥāq 433–442, 1039–1052
al-As'ad 518–521
al-Ḥasan 644
al-Rashīd 24a, 513–521, 787, 1078–1083
al-Rashīd-bi-Allāh 1084
al-Sa'īd 787, 789–792, 797–799, 869
al-'Alī-bi-Allāh 872–879
al-'Abbāsī 25, 377–379, 382–384, 393–395, 404–406, 408–412, 417, 422, 424–435, 437–443, 540, 541, 1117–1120
al-'Izz 880–887, 1157–1160
al-Gharīb 499
al-Ghanī-bi-Allāh 653, 868
al-Faḍl 570, 597–600
al-Qā'im-bi-amr-Allāh 447–466, 469–495, 497, 498, 500–502, 504–509, 511–535, 537, 538, 540, 546, 551, 554, 558, 559, 592, 593, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, M1
al-Qā'im-bi-ḥaqq-Allāh 570
al-Qā'im-li-Allāh-bi-a'lā'-dīn-al-ḥaqq 713, 714
al-Ma'mūn 511, 513–521
al-Mutawakkil-'alâ-Allāh 581–590, 597–599, 608–613, 616–619, 627, 629, 631, 636–638, 641, 647, 658–664, 670, 671, 778, 779, 782–785, 787, 789–792, 833, 834, H7, 1127, 1150
al-Mutawakkil-'alâ-Allāh-waḥdihi 630
al-Mutawakkil-'alâ-rabb-al-'ālamīn 646, 650, 652–656, 769–777, H12, 1155
al-Mujāhid 511, 594
al-Mujāhid-fī-sabīl-Allāh 513–519, 569, 610–623, 625, 629, 631, 637, 638
al-Murtaḍâ 524, 525, 528, 530, 533
al-Murtaḍâ-li-amr-Allāh 522, 523, 531, 532
al-Murtaḍâ-li-amrihi M1
al-Musta'īn-bi-Allāh 788
al-Mustanṣir 603, 805
al-Mustanṣir-bi-Allāh 1, 2, 15–23, 562–566, 571–573, 577–579, 602, 604–607, 626, 729, 730, 801, 802, 807–819, 821–830, 836, 840–849, 854–860, H6, H14, 1121
al-Muẓaffar-bi-Allāh 601
al-Ma'ān 880–886, 1157–1160
al-Mu'taṣim-bi-Allāh 665–667
al-Mu'taḍid-bi-Allāh 518–521
al-Mu'tamid 539
al-Muqtafī-li-amr-Allāh 25
al-Muntakhab-li-iḥyā'-dīn-Allāh 574–576
al-Muntaṣir-bi-Allāh 835
al-Manṣūr 25, 880–886, 1157–1160
al-Manṣūr-bi-faḍl-Allāh 562–566, 570, 577–580, 592, 595, 601, 602, 604–607, 609, H6
al-Mahdī 446a–498, 500–509, 511, 512, 514–539, 542–560, 562–595, 597–638, 640, 641, 644, H3, H4, H5, H6, M1, 1058–1063, 1085–1096, 1098–1116, 1122, 1123, 1127, 1170, 1171
al-Mahdī-alladhī-yashriku'l-nabī 443
al-Mu'min-bi-Allāh 524, 525, 528, 530, 533, M1
al-Mu'ayyad 583, 594
al-Mu'ayyad-bi-Allāh 1076, 1077
al-Mu'ayyad-bi-faḍl-Allāh 567, 568
al-Mu'ayyad-bi-naṣr-Allāh 571–573, 581, 582, 584–589, 597–599, 602, 608–623, 625, 626, 637, 638
al-Nāṣir-li-dīn-Allāh 580, 595
al-Wāthiq 539
al-Wāthiq-bi-Allāh 537, 538, 567, 568, 629, 655–657
ibn-abī-Ibrāhīm 522–536, M1
ibn-abī'l-'Abbās 610–614, 616–619
ibn-abī'l-'Ulâ 513–517, 520, 521
ibn-Abī-Bakr 54–57, 443, 595, 597, 598, 603–607, 609
ibn-abī-Ḥafṣ 537, 538, 545–561, 569
ibn-abī-Zakarīyā' 557–561, 569, 603
ibn-abī-'Abd-Allāh 537, 538, 609, 644
ibn-abī-'Alī 793
ibn-abī-Fāris 627
ibn-abī-Muḥammad 545–561, 569
ibn-abī-Yaḥyâ 595, 597, 598, 604–607
ibn-Aḥmad 610–614, 616–619
ibn-Ismā'īl 868
ibn-al-imām M1
ibn-al-umarā' 1075
ibn-al-umarā' al-rāshidīn 562–568, 571–576, 580–594, 601, 602, 608, 609, 626, 628, 629, 631–634, 637, 638, 641, 642, H6, H7, 1076, 1077
ibn-al-amīr 536, 557–561, 603, 609, 914
ibn-al-amīr al-ajall 569
ibn-al-amīr al-ṭāhir 522–535, M1
ibn-al-amīrayn 503
ibn-al-Ḥasan 1130, 1132
ibn-al-khulafā' 512
ibn-al-khulafā' al-rāshidīn 504–509, 511–521, 540, 648, 649, 731, 794–798, 810–816, 818, 819, 821–826, 829, 835
ibn-al-khalīfah 512, 522–534, 537, 538, H3, H4, M1
ibn-al-khalīfah (sic) al-rāshidīn H3
ibn-al-khalīfatayn 507, 508, 511, 512, 522–525, 528, 530–533, H4, M1
ibn-al-khalīfatayn al-rāshidayn H4
ibn-al-'Azīz-bi-Allāh 25
ibn-al-Ma'mūn 513–521
ibn-al-Manṣūr 511, 513–517
ibn-umarā'-al-mu'minīn 507, 508, 511, 520, 521
ibn-amīr-al-muslimīn 793
ibn-amīr-al-mu'minīn 473–498, 500–509, 511, 513–521, 536, 539, 541, 554, 570, 577–579, 595, 597–600, 602–607, 609–614, 616–619, 627, H1, H2, M1
ibn-amīray-al-mu'minīn 511
ibn-Tāshfīn 58–145, 148–151, 408–410, 891–897, 900, 901, 902a, 903
ibn-Rashīd 24a
ibn-sayyid 537
ibn-sayyidinā 538, M1
ibn-sayyidaynā M1
ibn-'Abd-al-Ḥaqq 713, 714
ibn-'Abd-al-'Azīz 627
ibn-'Alī 404–443, 447–498, 500–509, 511–539, 542, 543, 545, 546, 554, 831, 832, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, M1, 1019–1023, 1026, 1029–1031, 1034–1036, 1039–1048, 1052, 1062–1074, 1150
ibn-'Umar 26–52, 793, 888–890, 1161
ibn-Kaukab 907
ibn-Muḥammad 609, 644
ibn-Naṣr 868
ibn-Yaḥyâ 569, 602
ibn-Yūsuf 127–129, 133, 134, 141, 142, 152–313, 321–330, 332–338b, 340–372, 375, 378, 380–392, 396–405, 408–412, 417–422, 427–429, 433–435, 437–443, 868, 905, 908–912, 914–925, 928–931, 939, 947–949, 953–957, 964–967, 970–973, 975, 977, 978, 980–984, 993, 994, 998–1003, 1007, 1017, 1162, 1163, 1165–1169
Banī-Tāshfīn 445, 446, 1053–1056
Bahā'-al-Daulah 880–886, 1157–1160
Tāshfīn 362–432, 995–1038
Ḥasan 672
Khālid 580
Zakarīyā' 592, 593
Sa'd 904, 1017
Saqaut 880–887, 1157–1160
Sulaymān 670, 671
Sīr 292–361, 973–994
Diyā'-al-Daulah 887
'Abd-al-Ḥaqq 1151, 1152
'Abd-al-Raḥmān 601, 647–649, 652, 658, 831, 832, 1150
'Abd-al-'Azīz 610–625, 794–796, 836–854
'Abd-Allāh 24a, 26–90, 92–446, 603, 639, 640, 646, 647, 650–668, 670, 671, 713, 714, 726–745, 769–803, 806, 807, 809–830, 833–836, 839–849, 855–866, 868, 869, H8, H12, H13, H14, 880–887, 1060, 1127, 1149, 1154–1161, 1163
'Abd-al-Mu'min 447–498, 500–502, 504–509, 511–535, 537, 538, 542, 543, 545, 546, 554, 793, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, M1, 1062–1074
'Abd-al-Wāhid 513–519, 659–662
'Uthmān 628–640, 726–745, 860–867, H8
'Alī 53, 121–403, 627, 902–967, 970–1017, 1155, 1162–1169
'Umar 571, 572, 595
'Imrān 1076, 1077
Fāris 769–786, H12
Mālik 933
Muḥammad 473–480, 504–508, 511, 512, 557–562, 564, 566, 577–579, 594, 603, 626, 641–644, 653, 655–657, 669, 671, 787, 789–792, 797–799, 835, 868–870, H3, H4, H6, 872–879, 1154
Mazdara' 499
Ma'add 16, 18–23
Ma hdī-al-Dīn 1057
Mū sâ 646, 650, 651, 833, 834
Ma ulānā 808, 809, 837, 838, 850–852, 1124–1129
Nāṣir-al-Dīn 406, 432, 713, 906, 928–931, 953, 965, 981–987, 998–1006, 1017, 1020–1023, 1034–1036, 1039–1046, 1052
Yāshir 218–221, 339–343
Yaḥyâ 25, 443, 512, 545–556, 567, 568
Ya'qūb 500–508, 511, 512, 713, 714, H1, H2
Yūsuf 58–126, 130–132, 135–140, 143–151, 481–498, 500–509, 511, 512, 522–539, 554, H1, H2, H3, H4, H5, 891–904
? 897

INDEX OF CONVENTIONAL INSCRIPTIONS

Coins Phrase
648, 649 ابقاها الله تعالى للمسلمين
1148 استعين بالله نعم المعين
868 اعانه الله ونصره
831 اعانه الله ونصر بمنة يمينه
665 اعتصمت بالله
642, 648, 649, 691, 713, 715–725, 750–755, 758, 802, 806, 809, 827, 837, H1, H2, H10, 1076, 1085–1119, 1122, 1123, 1137, 1141–1147, 1150, 1170, 1171 و) الامر كله لله)
867, 1136, 1138 الامر كله لله وحده
592, 688, 700, 701, 778, 779, 782–785 و)التوكل على الله)
706, 707, 756–758 الحافظ الله
446a, 1061 الحق
603, 609, 639, 640, 666, 673, 676, 677, 679–681, 684–687, 691–697, 734, 742–744, 746, 749, 755, 759–768, 799–802, 807, 808, 817, 820, 834, 838, 840–843, 845–847, 855–866, H11, H14 و)الحمد لله)
447–472, 542, 543, 545, 648, 649, 698, 870, 1065–1074, 1105, 1135, 1137, 1139, 1140, 1148, 1149, 1151, 1154, 1156 و) الحمد لله رب الع(ا)لمين)
500–502, 504–508, 511, 512, 520–525, 528, 530–533, 537, 538, 650, 652, 726–733, 735–739, 741, 747–749, 751–755, 769–777, 793–798, 802, 807, 808, 810–816, 818, 819, 821–826, 828, 829, 833, 836–839, H3–H5, H10, H11, H13 و) الحمد لله وحده)
541, 547–550, 553, 555–557, 562, 564, 567, 568, 570–572, 574–580, 584–589, 594, 595, 597–599, 601, 602, 604–614, 616–619, 625–629, 631–634, 637, 638, 640, 641, 644, 645, 674, 675, 678, 682, 683, 689, 690, 714, 756, 756a, 757, 759–768, H6, H9, H11 و) الحول والقوة بالله)
1057 الذي بشر به رسول الله
541, 547–550, 553, 555–557, 562–568, 570–580, 583–590, 595, 597–599, 601–642, 644, 645, 666, 673–687, 689–697, 704, 749–755, 759–768, 806, 808, 809, 838, H6, H9, H11 و) الشكر لله)
600, 701, 749, 755, 807, 808, 838 و) العزة لله)
679, 680, 686, 688, 691a–694, 700, 704, 714–725, 750–754, 759–768, 806, 809, H10, H11 و) العظيم لله)
1141–1147 القران امامنا
513 القران حجة الله
645, 674, 675, 678, 682–685, 689, 690, 756–768, H12 القران كلام الله
1135 الله خير ح(ا)فظ وهو ارحم الراحمين
446a, 1058–1063, 1078–1083, 1085–1096, 1098–1120, 1122, 1123, 1141–1147, 1170, 1171 الله ربنا
699 الله ربي من توكل عليه
1134 الله نصر من توكل عليه
979, 997, 1027 الله ولى
831 الله ولى من توكل عليه ونصر من يقضى امره
1011 الله ينصر
603, 1121 المحروسة
593, 673, 676, 677, 679–681, 686, 687, 691–696, 714, 749, 802, 807, 837, 838, H10 و)الملك لله)
715–725 الملك لله وحده
541, 547–550, 553, 555–557, 574–576, 592, 645, 674, 675, 678, 682, 683, 689, 690, 749–754, 759–768, 806–809, 837, 838, 840–842, 845–847, 855–866, H9–H11 و) المنة لله)
541–543, 545, 547–550, 553, 555–557, 569, 574–576, 581, 582, 594, 645, 674, 675, 678, 682–685, 689, 690, 759–768, H12 الواحد الله
378, 552, 560, 591, 704, 707–709, 712 امنت
726, 727, 732, 733, 738–742, 744, 834 امنها الله
655, H10 امنها الله تعالى
791 امنها الله تعالى بمنه وكرمه
831 ان الله تعالى بالعباد
653 ان الله يامر بالعدل والاحسان وايتاذى القربى عن الفحشا والمنكر والبغى
789–791 انا فتحنا لك فتحا مبينا ليغفر لك الله ما تقدم من ذنبك وما تاخر وتم نعمتهموا عليك ويهديك صراط مستقيما وينصرك الله نصرا عزيزا
925, 926, 935 ايد الله
ايد الله امره واعز نصره
651, 654, 655, 672, 778–786, 800, 803, 832, 853, 861–867, H13 ايده الله
594, 639, 640, 816, H8 ايده الله تع(ا)لى
836 ايده الله تعالى ونصره
646, 647, 653, 656, 659–663, 665, 666, 670, 671, 726–733, 735–740, 744, 788–791, 794–798, 811–815, 818–822, 827, 854, 1152 ايده الله ونصره
541 ايدهم الله
1173 بامر الله
12 بركة
107, 366–368, 382, 409, 410, 427–429, 432, 439, 442, H8, 924, 974, 989, 1023 بسم الله
447–467, 469–495, 497, 498, 500–502, 504–509, 511–535, 537, 538, 540–551, 553–559, 562–590, 594, 595, 597–599, 601–614, 616–619, 626–629, 631–634, 637, 638, 640, 645–650, 652, 655–665, 669–687, 689–696, 698, 702, 703, 713–733, 735–739, 741, 749–777, 782, 787–791, 793–798, 802, 806–816, 818, 819, 821–827, 829, 831, 833, 836–842, 845–849, 855–866, H1–H6, H9–H12, M1, 953, 958, 1017 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
960 بسم الله الرجمن الرحيم ضرب
12a, 393–395 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب ب
959, 961–963 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب في
953, 1017 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هذ(ا) الدرهم ب
15, 17, 25, 147, 152, 169, 184, 194, 199, 201, 222–228, 235–237, 239, 240, 257, 259–261, 263–273, 289, 376, 377, 379, 382–384, 404–406, 408, 409, 411, 412, 417, 421, 427–432, 437, 439, 441–443 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم ضرب هذ(ا) الدين(ا)ر ب
378 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم عونك يالله ضرب هذ الدينار ب
24a بسم الله الرحمن ضرب هذا الدينار ب
252–256, 344, 346 بسم الله امر بضرب هذ الدينار في
3–9, 11, 14, 659 بسم الله ضرب ب
958 بسم الله ضرب هذ(أ) الدرهم
872–886, 900–902, 907, 947–949, 951, 952, 954–957, 966, 968–972, 993, 994, 1157–1160, 1162, 1164–1167 بسم الله ضرب هذ(أ) الدرهم ب
1, 2, 12, 13, 16, 18–24, 26–51, 53–90, 92–146, 148–151, 153–168, 170–183, 185–193, 195–198, 200, 202–209, 211–221, 229–234, 238, 241–251, 258, 262, 274–288, 290–343, 345, 347–375, 380, 381, 385–392, 396–403, 407, 410, 413–416, 418–420, 422–426, 433–436, 438, 440, 444–446, 1161, 1163 بسم الله ضرب هذ(أ) الدين(أ)رب
691 تبارك الذي بيده الملك وهو على كل شي قدير
M1 تع(أ)لى
704, 710, 711 توكل على الله
561 ثقتي بالله وحده
663, 665, 668, 670, 671, 803, 811, 817, 828, 830, 868, 869, H14 حرهسا الله
731, 734, 743, 846–849, 863 خرسها الله بمنه
662, 746–748, 750–752, 778–781, 784–786, 812–814, 818, 850–852, H11 حرسها الله تع(أ)لى
729, 730, 840–842, 845, 855–862, 864–866 حرسها الله تعالى بمنه
787, 789, 790 حرسها الله تعالى بمنه وكرمه
646, 647, 650–653, 656–658, 660, 661, 754, 782, 783, 815, 816 حرسها الله تع(أ)لى وامنها
132, 706, 708, 788, 900, 940 حسبي الله
1075 حسبي الله وحده
688, 700 حسبي الله ونعم الوكيل
488 حضر
715a, 759, 762, 1080, 1081, 1083 حضرة
18–23 دعا
446a ربع الدينار
1152 ربنا افتح بينا وبين قومنا بالحق وانت خير الفاتحين
1084 ربنا الله
955–957, 1165, 1166 ربنا عليك توكلنا واليك انبنا واليك المصير
741 رحمه الله
1–24, 25–51, 53–90, 92–111, 113–128, 130–133, 135, 140–147, 152–167, 169, 172–183, 185, 194, 201–209, 211–213, 215–220, 222–227, 230, 234–244, 246, 248, 250, 251, 257, 258, 263, 264, 266–269, 273–280, 282, 290, 292–310, 327, 331–338b, 340–343, 347, 349–351, 353–355, 359, 362–365, 369–372, 375, 383, 385–392, 397, 398, 402, 402a, 414–416, 419, 421–423, 430, 430a, 432, 436, 442, 444, 446, 872–886, 900, 912, 947–949, 951, 959, 960, 963, 966, 968–972, 993, 994, 1124–1129, 1157–1163 سنة
376, 377, 439 صدق الله
931, 942, 943 صلوات الله عليه
941 صلوات الله عليه وعلى اله
545, 547, 553, 556, 557, 562–574, 577–580, 583–590, 595, 597–599, 602–613, 616–619, 626–628, 631–634, 640, 645, 655, 663, 670, 671, 674, 675, 678, 679, 682–684, 686, 689, 690, 691a–693, 758–768, 782, H6, H9, H12 صلى الله على سيدنا محمد
680, 694 صل الله على سيدنا محمد واله
614 صلى الله على سيدنا محمد واله وسلم
575, 576, 849, 865 صلى الله على سيدنا محمد واله وسلم تسليما
840 صلى الله على سيدنا محمد واله وصحبه وسلم تسليما
581, 582, 846–848 صلى الله على سيدنا محمد وسلم تسليما
656, 673, 788, 855–864, 866 صلى الله على سيدنا محمد و على اله وسلم تسليما
787 صلى الله على سيدنا محمد و على اله وصحبه وسلم
601, 841, 842, 845 صلى الله على سيدنا محمد وعلى اله وصح(أ)به وسلم تسليما
M1 صلى الله على سيدنا ومولانا محمد وعلى اله وصحبه الاكرمين
522, 542, 543, 546, 555, 629, 637, 638, 647, 658, 660, 698, 702, 713–716, 720–724, 741, 750, 751, 770, 771, 774, 789–791, 806, 809, 823, 824, 827, 829, 831, 837, 838, H1, H2, H10, H11 صلى الله على محمد
467, 468 صلى الله على محمد خاتم النبيين
511, 513–519, 523–525, 528, 530–533, 537, 538, 540, 646, 648–650, 652, 717–719, 725–733, 735–739, 749, 752–755, 769, 772, 773, 775–777, 793–798, 802, 807, 808, 810–816, 818, 819, 821, 825, 826, 833, 836, 839 صلى الله على محمد واله
447–466, 469–472 صلى الله على محمد واله الطيبين الطاهرين
659, 703 صلى الله على محمد وعلى اله
541, 551, 558, 559, 657, 661, 676, 677, 681, 685, 687, 695, 696 صلى الله على محمد وعلى اله وسلم تسليما
691 صلى الله على محمد واله وصليه وسلم تسليما
344, 346, 423, 444 صلى الله عليه
382–384, 404, 405, 411, 412, 422, 427–429, 433–435, 439, 440 صلى الله عليه وسلم
393–395, 417, 430, 431, 437, 442 صلى الله عليه وسلم تسلما
1124–1126, 1128, 1129 ضرب
10, 603, 646–653, 655–658, 660–666, 668, 669, 672, 726–744, 746–748, 750–752, 754, 765, 766, 769–803, 806, 807, 810–830, 833–842, 845–852, 855–866, 869, H10–H14, 1078–1083, 1121, 1174 ضرب ب
1127 ضرب في
912 ضرب هذ الدرهم
670, 671, 868 طبع ب
24a, 112, 134, 136–139, 148–151, 168, 170, 171, 184, 186–193, 195–200, 214, 221, 228, 229, 231–233, 245, 247, 249, 252–256, 259–261, 265, 270–272, 281, 283–289, 291, 311–326, 328–330, 339, 344–346, 348, 352, 356–358, 360, 361, 366–368, 373, 374, 376–382, 384, 393–396, 399–401a, 403–413, 417, 418, 420, 424–429, 431, 433–435, 437–441, 443, 445, 952, 958, 961, 962, 1017, 1078–1083, 1121, 1164 عام
1124–1130, 1132, 1173, 1174 عز نصره
1127 عزة
18–23 و) علي افضل الوصيين ووزير خير المرسلين)
1, 2, 15–17 علي ولي الله
561, 699, 712, 788, 953 عليه توكلت
832 عليه توكلت واليه انيب
603, 639, 640, 646, 647, 650, 652–667, 670, 671, 726–744, 769–777, 787–803, 806–808, 810–830, 833–842, 845–852, 855–866, 869, H8, H12–H14, 1124–1129, 1152 عن امر
10 غرة شعبان
262 في سنة
13, 23 في شعبان
16 في شهر الربيع
22 في شهر شعبان
787 قل لن يصيبنا الا ما كتب الله لنا هو مولانا وعلى الله فليتوكل المؤمنون قل هل تربصون
1, 2, 8, 9, 15, 17–23, 24a–498, 500–509, 511–540, 544, 546, 551, 552, 554, 558–568, 570–573, 577–580, 583–592, 595, 597–600, 602–614, 616–619, 626–629, 631–634, 637, 638, 641, 646–652, 666, 668, 669, 672, 673, 676, 677, 679, 681, 686–688, 691–693, 695–698, 700–703, 713–739, 741–758, 769–786, 792–830, 833, 834, 836–839, 843, 844, 848–854, 867, H1–H8, H10, H11, H13, H14, M1, 888, 889, 891–897, 900, 901, 902a–907, 909–933, 940–946, 949, 951–964, 967, 970–987, 993, 994, 996–1008, 1011, 1014, 1015, 1017–1023, 1029, 1034–1036, 1039–1046, 1052–1054, 1057–1061, 1076, 1077, 1085–1120, 1122, 1123, 1130, 1132–1134, 1141–1147, 1150, 1153, 1161–1168, 1170, 1171 لا اله الا الله
3–7, 10–14, 16, 24, 596, 871–887, 902, 908, 939, 947, 948, 965, 966, 968, 969, 991, 992, 1157–1160, 1169 لا اله الا الله وحده
788 لا اله الا هو
473–495, 497, 498, 500–502, 540, 542, 543, 545, 547–550, 553, 555–557, 569, 574, 615, 620–623, 625, 645–647, 650, 652, 674, 675, 678–680, 682–684, 686, 689, 690, 691a–694, 697, 713–729, 732, 733, 735, 736, 738–741, 746–755, 759–772, 774–780, 782, 784–786, 788, 793–802, 806, 807, 809–819, 821–830, 833, 834, 836, 838, 839, H1, H2, H9, H12–H14 لا اله الا هو الرحمن الرحيم
603, 639, 1078–1084 و) لا حول ولا قوة الا بالله)
3–7, 10–14, 16, 24, 871–887, 902, 908, 947, 948, 965, 966, 1157–1160 لا شريك له
648, 649, 750–758, 806–809, 830, 837, 868, H10, 1153 لا غالب الا الله
648, 649, 679, 680, 684–686, 691a–694, 697, 715–725, 746–748, 820, 840–842, 845–847, 855–866, 1077, 1085–1103, 1106–1116, 1119, 1120, 1122, 1123, 1136–1138, 1141–1146, 1150, 1170, 1171 لا قوة الا بالله
18–23 لتوحيد الا له الصمد
646, 647, 759–768, H12, 1147 ما اقرب فرج الله
651 ما شا الله
1–498, 500–509, 511–593, 595, 597–600, 602–613, 616–619, 626–629, 631–634, 641, 645–652, 666, 668, 669, 672–679, 681–693, 695–698, 700–703, 713–739, 741–786, 792–830, 833, 834, 836–839, 843, 844, 848–854, 867, H1–H8, H10–H14, M1, 871, 888, 889, 891–897, 902a–930, 932, 933, 941, 947–949, 951–964, 966, 967, 970, 972–987, 993, 994, 996–1008, 1011, 1014, 1015, 1017–1023, 1029, 1034–1036, 1039–1046, 1052–1054, 1057–1061, 1076, 1077, 1084, 1104, 1117, 1118, 1120, 1130, 1132–1134, 1153, 1161–1168 محمد رسول الله
1, 2, 12, 15–24, 872–887, 900–902, 947–949, 951, 952, 954, 966, 970–972, 993, 994, 1157–1160, 1162, 1164, 1167 محمد رسول الله ارسله بالهدى ودين الحق ليظهره على الدين كله ولو كره المشركون
940 محمد رسول الله عبده
446a, 1059–1061, 1063, 1078–1083, 1085–1096, 1098–1120, 1122, 1123, 1141–1147, 1170, 1171 محمد رسولنا
968, 969 محمد رسوله وعبده
931, 943 محمد عبد الله ورسوله
942, 965 محمد عبده و رسوله
12, 92, 93, 95, 96, 100, 101, 111–113, 116, 120, 140, 146, 171, 184–193, 229, 234, 238, 275, 276, 288, 311–320, 366–368, 373, 374, 378, 379, 406, 408–410, 424–426, 445, 446, 448, 461–463, 470, 472, 474, 477, 479, 482, 483, 486, 489, 498, 525, 527, 542, 603, 646–653, 655–657, 659–663, 665, 666, 668–672, 675–677, 683, 716, 726–744, 746–748, 750–752, 754, 760, 767, 770, 772–776, 778–801, 803, 810–827, 830, 833–843, 845–851, 855–866, 868, 869, H10, H11, H13, H14, 873–875, 877–886, 902, 954–957, 968–972, 993, 1157–1160, 1165–1168 مدينة
3–11, 14 مدينة عز الاسلام و
665, 667 و) من يعنصم بالله فقد هدى الى صراط مستقيم)
980 نصر الله
781 نصر من الله
688, 700–703, 705, 803–805, 820, 832 نصر من الله وفتح قريب
1130, 1132 نصرتنا بالله
669, 787, 792, 805, 850–852, 932, 965 نصره الله
499 نصره الله قريب
756–768, H12 نعم القادر الله
645, 674, 675, 678, 682–684, 689, 690, 713, 715–727, 730, 731, 733, 736, 737, 739, 741, 749, 753, 755, 759–777, 783, 794–798, 808, 810, 819, 821–827, 829, 833, 835–837, 839, H9, H11, H12 هو الاول والاخر والظاهرو الباطن وهو بكل شى عليم
25 واتقوا يوما ترجعون فيه الى الله ثم توفى كل نفس ما كسب وهو لا يظلمون
542, 543, 831 وافوض امرى الى الله
592 والاستعانة
648, 649 والشكر لله على نعمته
679, 686, 691a–693, 714 والقدرة لله
756, 756a, 757 والله يهدى من يشا الى صراط مستقيم
592 والهداية من الله
473–495, 497, 498, 500–502, 540, 542, 543, 545, 547–550, 553, 555–557, 569, 574, 615, 620–623, 625, 645–647, 650, 652, 674, 675, 678–680, 682–684, 686, 690, 691a–694, 697, 713–729, 732, 733, 735, 736, 738–741, 746–755, 759–772, 774–780, 782, 784–786, 788, 793–802, 806, 807, 809–819, 821–830, 833, 834, 836, 838, 839, H1, H2, H9, H12–H14. والهكم اله واحد
710–712, 832 وبشر المؤمنين
254–256 وزن المؤمنين
662 وصلى الله على سيدنا ومولانا محمد
655, 656 وعد الله الذين امنوا منكم وعملوا الصالحات ليستخلفنهم في الارض كما استخلف الذين من قبلهم
5 ولقد كتبنا في الزبور من بعد الذكر ان الارض يرثها عبادي الصالحون
927, 978 ولي الله
609, 1139, 1140 وما النصر الامن عند الله
673, 676, 677, 681, 685, 687, 695–697, 715–725, 734, 742–744, 756–758, 799–801, 850–852, 854, H13 وما النصر الامن عند الله عزيز الحكيم
500–502, 542, 543, 552, 651, 666, 668, 701–703, 781, 1075, 1133 وما بكم من نعمة فمن الله
698 وما تشاون الا ان يشا الله ان الله كان عليما حكيما
500–502, 542, 543, 699, 831, 832, 953 وما توفيقي الا بالله
542, 543 وما من اله الا الله
1058, 1062, 1062a ومحمد نبينا
3–14, 24, 871 ومن يبتغ غير الاسلام دينا فلن يقبل منه
24a, 26–51, 53–90, 92–209, 211–446, 698, 969, 1161, 1163 ومن يبتغ غير الاسلام دينا فلن يقبل منه وهو في الاخرة من الخاسرين
658, 831 ومن يتق الله يجعل له مخرجا ويرزقه من حيث لايحتسب
664, 831, 1124–1126, 1128, 1129 ومن يتوكا على الله فهو حسبه ان الله نالغ امره
654, 659–663 ومن يتوكا على الله فهو حسبه ان الله نالغ امره قد جعل الله لكل شي قدرا
788 وهورب العرش العظيم
868 يا ايها الذين امنوا اصبروا وصابروا وربطوا واتقوا الله لعلكم تفلحون
657 يا ايها الذبن امنوا اطيعوا واطيعوالرسول واولى الامر منكم
3, 4, 6–11, 12a, 13, 14 يا ايها النبى انا ارسانا ك ش(أ) هدا ومبشرا ونذيرا وداعيا الى الله
941–943 يستعين بالله
25 يعتصم بحبل الله
648, 649 يوم الدين

INDEX OF MINT-MARKS

Coins Mint-mark
927 ا
466 بر
124?, 438?, 439? بكر
938, 985, 986, 1004 ج
275, 417, 442, 938, 985 ح
129, 222 ح
221, 339, 342, 927, 1164? د
19, 22 ر
260 ز
144, 226, 227, 283, 284, 466, 894, 929 س
113 ض
983, 1102 (counterstamped) ط
394, 395, 430, 432, 458, 953, 954, 1034, 1035, 1165 ع
438, 439 ف
58–61, 63–69, 71, 72, 78, 79, 84, 103, 121, 125, 126, 134, 152–154, 156, 158–161, 163, 164, 166, 167, 170, 178, 184, 186, 195, 199, 202, 203, 205, 207, 209, 210, 230, 232, 244, 274, 288, 293–297, 299, 311, 311a, 312, 316, 318–329, 331, 332, 334, 337, 338, 338a, 345, 363–367, 370, 374–384, 386, 388, 389, 391, 392, 394, 404, 405, 408, 410–414, 422, 424–427, 431, 433–437, 440, 444, 926, 928, 983, 999, 1039 ك
466, 926, 951, 952, 999, 1164? ل
251 لب
257 لح
123? لحر
952? لد
348, 350 لس
212–217, 245–249, 446, 1054, 1056 لك
253–256, 344 لم
263, 265, 271–273, 282–287, 289–291, 348–354, 356–361, 396–401a, 402a, 403, 417–419, 432, 466, 1034, 1035 م
245–249 ما
259 مون
265, 287, 289–291, 348–352, 354, 356, 357 ه
11 و
1165 ى
168, 173, 393 ?
Murābiṭ gold which may have unrecorded mint-mark beneath RF:
70, 75, 77, 81–83, 85, 86, 88, 90, 92–94, 98–102, 104–106, 108–110, 112, 115–117, 119, 122, 130–132, 136–143, 145, 147, 149–151, 155, 157, 162, 165, 169, 171–174, 176, 177, 179–181, 183, 185, 187–194, 196–198, 200, 201, 204, 206, 208, 211, 223, 228, 229, 231, 233, 236–238, 240–242, 250, 252, 261, 262, 264, 266, 269, 276–280, 292, 298, 300, 305–308, 313–315, 317, 330, 333, 335, 336, 346, 347, 355, 362, 368, 372, 373, 385, 387, 390, 402, 406, 407, 409, 415, 416, 420, 421, 423, 428, 429, 430a, 441, 443, 445
Murābiṭ gold recorded both with and without mint-mark beneath RF:
61, 79
Murābiṭ gold without mint-mark beneath RF:
26–57, 62, 73, 74, 76, 80, 87, 89, 91, 95–97, 107, 111, 114, 118, 120, 127–129, 133, 135, 146, 148, 175, 182, 222, 224, 225, 234, 235, 239, 243, 258, 267, 268, 270, 281, 301–304, 309, 310, 369, 371

KEY TO THE PLATES

Plate Coin Specimen
I 1 BN III 337 (pl. IV)
4 F:Fatimites 169 (pl. IV)
19 BM IV 166 (pl. II)
20 ANS; Miles 383 (pl. IV)
24a S:Beyram 293 (pl. II)
26 BN II 507 (pl. II)
28 S:Beyram 288 (pl. II)
53 B 821 (pl. XIII)
55 BN II 515 (pl. II)
66 HSA 13173
91 BN II 532 (pl. III)
127 KM II 564 (pl. III)
220 ANS
256 BM V 32 (pl. I)
377 HSA 13134
439 BN II 652 (pl. IV)
446 HSA 14169
II 446a HSA 14156
447 ANS
477 HSA 7898
507 BN II 733 (pl. VI)
511 BM V 106 (pl. II)
513 Figanier 158 (pl.)
516 P 15c (pl. II)
519 P 16 (pl. II)
530 P 19e (pl. III)
M1 B 1158 (pl. on title page)
III 540 P 63 (pl. VII)
541 P 62 (pl. VII)
546 P 30 (pl. IV)
556 P 31e (pl. IV, under no. 31c)
569 BN II 947 (pl. X)
570 B 1252 (pl. XIX)
572 BN II 948 (pl. X)
580 BN II 951 (pl. X)
603 BN II 968 (pl. XI)
609 BN II 963 (pl. X)
637 KM II 861 (pl. V)
643 ANS
644 BN II 983 (pl. XI)
IV 646 B 1323 (pl. XXII, under no. 1322)
648 BM V 195 (pl. V)
650 BM V 194 (pl. V)
655 B 1327 (pl. XXII)
660 HSA 10622
663 Rivero:M 145 (pl. III)
667 BN II 1013 (pl. XII)
671 BN II 986 (pl. XII)
678 BM V 215 (pl. V)
679 B 1356 (pl. XXIV)
695 P 38a (pl. V)
700 P 40 (pl. V)
706 HSA 13174
V 714 P 67 (pl. VIII)
725 BM V 200 (pl. V)
736 HSA 10623
747* BM X p. 31, no. 224f (pl. XXIII, under no. 224e)
753 BM V 205 (pl. V)
760 HSA 13180
775 BM V 184 (pl. IV)
778 BM V 193 (pl. IV)
788 B 1295 (pl. XXI)
793 BM X p. 27, no. 193ee (pl. XXII)
806 HSA 13176
831 P 90 (pl. IX)
VI 833 BM V 182 (pl. IV)
838 BM V 166 (pl. IV)
845 P 106a (pl. X)
852 BN II 997 (pl. XII)
853 BM V 169 (pl. IV)
858 BM X p. 25, no. 193t (pl. XXII)
865 BN II 984 (pl. XII)
868 P:Granadina p. 8 (pl. I)
870 BM X p. 28, no. 193ff (pl. XXIII)
H3 KM II 697 (pl. IV)
H11 B (pl. XXIII, under no. 1350)
H14 note HSA 13206
H14 note HSA 10621
VII 874 P:Reyes 94c (pl. IV)
883 HSA 14217
887 HSA 14218
888 BN II 513 (pl. II)
894 ANS
904 Rivero:M 103 (pl. II)
906 ANS
926 ANS
953 HSA 14147
965 Rivero:M 106 (pl. II)
968 P:Reyes 443a (pl. XVI)
983 HSA 13916
993 P:Reyes 451 (pl. XVI)
1001 HSA 13917
1004 ANS
1017 ANS
1022 HSA 15911
1036 HSA 15919
1041 HSA 15923
1052 ANS
1062 HSA 14168
1066 P 26 (pl. III)
1068 HSA 13906
1075 P 28 (pl. III)
1076 P 27 (pl. III)
1080 L:Bodleian 319 (now in Ashmolean Museum, photograph kindly supplied by Dr. J. G. Milne)
1085 HSA 13886
1087 obverse HSA 13887
1088 millares ANS
1090 reverse B 1263 (pl. XIX)
1091 obverse ANS
1097 HSA 13812
VIII 1101 gilded HSA 10632
1101 rules HSA 21868
1101 millares ANS
1102 obverse F:Dragut 13 (pl. II)
1103 ANS
1103a note obverse B 1266 (pl. XIX)
1104 Bel p. 11 (fig. 1)
1116 note B 1072 (pl. XVII)
1117 P 65b (pl. VII, under no. 64b)
1119 HSA 13808
1120 P 66 (pl. VII, under no. 65)
1121 B 427 (pl. IX)
1123 BM V 140 (pl. III)
1127 F:Somâ p. 56 (pl.)
1129 F:Somâ p. 56 (pl.)
1135 P 59 (pl. VII)
1137 BM V 157a (pl. III)
1142 HSA 13813
1147 P 56 (pl. VI)
1148 P 57 (pl. VII)
1149 P 104 (pl. X)
1150 P 92 (pl. IX)
1153 BN II 822 (pl. VI)
1154 B 1388 (pl. XXV)
1155 B 1392 (pl. XXV)
1156 B 1389 (pl. XXV)
1169 HSA 547
1173 F:Hafsites 61 (pl. V)
1174 note B 1270 (pl. XIX)

End Notes

*
Mistakenly numbered 746 on plate.

PLATES

I

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ZĪRID Gold: 1–24a; MURĀBIṬ Gold: 26–446

II

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MUWAḤḤID Gold Coins: 446a–530, and Medal: M1

III

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HŪDID Gold: 540–541; ḤAFṢID Gold: 546–644

IV

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ZIYĀNID Gold: 646–671; Early MARĪNID Gold: 678–706

V

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MARĪNID Gold: 714–831

VI

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Late MARĪNID Gold: 833–865; NAṢRID Gold: 868; WAṬṬĀSID Gold: 870

VII

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ḤAMMŪDID Silver: 874–887; MURĀBIṬ Silver: 888–1052; MUWAḤḤID Silver: 1062–1097

VIII

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MUWAḤḤID Silver: 1101–1104, Amulet: 1116 note; HŪDID Silver: 1117–1121 ḤAFṢID Silver: 1123–1129; MARĪNID Silver: 1135–1150; NAṢRID Silver: 1153